Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Goiter – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351834

  Goiter treatment depends on the size of the goiter, your signs and symptoms, and the underlying cause. If your goiter is small and your thyroid function is healthy, your health care provider may suggest a wait-and-see approach with regular checkups. […] Medications for goiters may include one of the following: […] An underactive thyroid is treated with a thyroid hormone replacement. The drug levothyroxine (Levoxyl, Thyquidity, others) replaces thyroxine (T-4) and results in the pituitary gland releasing less thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The drug liothyronine (Cytomel) may be prescribed as a triiodothyronine (T-3) replacement. These treatments may decrease the size of the goiter. […] An overactive thyroid may be treated with an anti-thyroid drug that disrupts hormone production. The most commonly used drug, methimazole (Tapazole), may also reduce the size of the goiter.

• #1 Goiter: Causes, treatment, types, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167559

  Goiters are often harmless and may go away after a short time without treatment. […] Medical professionals reserve active treatment of goiters for cases that cause symptoms. If the goiter is small and thyroid function is normal, people do not typically need treatment. […] In cases caused by an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism, treatment is a synthetic replacement of thyroid hormone. […] In goiters caused by an overactive thyroid, or hyperthyroidism, treatment aims to counter the excess hormone production. […] Doctors will reserve surgery to reduce the size of the swelling for cases where the goiter is causing troublesome symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or swallowing.

• #1 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  If the goiter is due to hyperthyroidism, the treatment will depend upon the cause of the hyperthyroidism. For some causes of hyperthyroidism, the treatment may lead to a disappearance of the goiter. For example, treatment of Graves disease with radioactive iodine usually leads to a decrease or disappearance of the goiter. […] Many goiters, such as the multinodular goiter, are associated with normal levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. These goiters usually do not require any specific treatment after the appropriate diagnosis is made. If no specific treatment is suggested, you may be warned that you are at risk for becoming hypothyroid or hyperthyroid in the future. However, if there are problems associated with the size of the thyroid per se, such as the goiter getting so large that it constricts the airway, your doctor may suggest that the goiter be treated by surgical removal. […] Whatever the cause, it is important to have regular (annual) monitoring when diagnosed with a goiter.

• #1 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Controlled trials have shown a beneficial effect of thyroxine treatment for both diffuse goitres and thyroid nodules. A goitre reduction of 2040% can be achieved, but results are variable and potential long term harms of TSH suppression warrant consideration. The most difficult challenge for the clinician is to obtain suppression of the serum TSH level to between 0.5 and 0.1 mIU/L without going beyond this limit. A recent trial demonstrated the combination of thyroxine and iodine was more effective than either agent alone. Thyroid nodule reduction was achieved with TSH being kept in the lower part of the normal range to minimise potential side effects. […] Thionamides (carbimazole and propylthiouracil) are used in patients with thyrotoxicosis and a goitre due to Graves disease. Patients with multinodular goitre will also respond to thionamide medication, but definitive treatment with surgery is generally preferred. Radioactive iodine is another option and reduces goitre size by about 50% in the majority of patients over 612 months. However, the required dose is usually high and may need to be fractionated to ensure radiation safety. In patients with toxic adenoma, goitre is rarely a significant problem in its own right, but radioactive iodine can be helpful to treat the hyperthyroidism and could also shrink the adenoma. Radioactive iodine carries a significant risk of causing hypothyroidism over time, and so patients require annual TSH follow up. Occasionally, hyperthyroidism can also occur with radioactive iodine treatment. […] Surgery is appropriate in patients who have troubling compressive symptoms and/or fail to respond to medical therapy. Thyroid surgery requires meticulous care to avoid damage to surrounding structures but is now a low risk procedure in experienced hands.

• #1 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Emergency surgical treatment of a goiter in a thyrotoxic patient requires antithyroid medications, beta blockers, and glucocorticoids at stress doses. Suppressive doses of iodine are helpful. […] An endocrinologist should assess a patient at least once, and assessment should be even more frequent if the goiter is complicated by thyroid dysfunction or malignancy or if the patient is being considered for surgical management. […] Nutrition plays a role in the development of endemic goiters. Dietary factors include iodine deficiency, goitrogens, protein malnutrition, and energy malnutrition. […] If it is practical, treat endemic goiters in iodine-deficient regions with iodine supplementation in the diet and avoidance of goitrogens. Treatment with iodine supplementation or levothyroxine may reduce goiter size. […] Goiter prevention is based on etiology. Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication.

• #1 Toxic Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/toxic-nodular-goiter

  Toxic nodular goiter involves an enlarged thyroid gland that contains a small rounded mass or masses called nodules, which produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Treatment: Radioactive iodine, surgery, or antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil, methimazole) are the treatments used for toxic nodular goiter. […] Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, can control some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism until thyroid hormone levels in the body are under control. […] To prevent toxic nodular goiter, treat hyperthyroidism and simple goiter as your health care provider recommends.

• #1 Toxic multinodular goitre – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/714

  Toxic multinodular goitre is most common in older patients. […] Spontaneous remission is rare. Definitive treatment, most commonly radioactive iodine, is usually required. […] If untreated, complications may include sequelae of hyperthyroidism, such as cardiac dysfunction or bone loss, or tracheal compression by large goitres. […] Treatment algorithm.

• #1 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  HOW IS A GOITER TREATED? The treatment will depend upon the cause of the goiter. If the goiter was due to a deficiency of iodine in the diet (not common in the United States), you will be given iodine supplementation given in preparations to take by mouth. This will lead to a reduction in the size of the goiter, but often the goiter will not completely resolve. […] If the goiter is due to Hashimotos Thyroiditis, and you are hypothyroid, you will be given thyroid hormone supplement as a daily pill. This treatment will restore your thyroid hormone levels to normal, but does not usually make the goiter go completely away. While the goiter may get smaller, sometimes there is too much scar tissue in the gland to allow it to get much smaller. However, thyroid hormone treatment will usually prevent it from getting any larger.

• #1 Goiter – simple Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/goiter-simple

  A goiter only needs to be treated if it is causing symptoms. […] Treatments for an enlarged thyroid include: […] Thyroid hormone replacement pills if the goiter is due to an underactive thyroid […] Small doses of Lugol’s iodine or potassium iodine solution if the goiter is due to a lack of iodine […] Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland if the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone […] Surgery (thyroidectomy) to remove all or part of the gland.

• #1 Treatment Options for Goiters: Vandana Kumra, MD: Ear, Nose & Throat Doctor

  https://www.entnewyork.com/blog/treatment-options-for-goiters

  If a lack of iodine in your diet has led to the goiter, you may be put on supplements and asked to add some iodized salt to your food. […] If you have an overactive thyroid, you may need to take radioactive iodine pills to kill the offending thyroid cells. […] Sometimes, Dr. Kumra may need a sample of thyroid tissue to see if there are any cancer cells present. If cancer is causing your goiter and thyroid malfunction, she may remove part or all of your thyroid gland. […] If thyroid cells are killed, or if the thyroid is removed, you’ll have to take thyroid medication to replace it. The medication will help keep your body running smoothly for the rest of your life.

• #1 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Potential treatment options for goitre will depend on the cause and the clinical picture. Options include observation, iodine supplementation, thyroxine suppression, thionamides (carbimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I131) ablation and surgery. Patients with an asymptomatic euthyroid goitre can usually be observed without specific treatment. Growth preventing intervention is usually unnecessary, as benign nodules usually grow quite slowly. […] Iodine supplementation will usually reduce thyroid volume in children and adolescents living in iodine deficient environments. However, for the general population and nonpregnant, nonlactating women in Australia, iodine supplementation over what is obtained from iodine fortified bread is not necessary. Iodine supplementation is unlikely to be beneficial for other forms of goitre. High dose iodine supplements, such as kelp, should be avoided as they have the potential to trigger hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

• #1 Goiter – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351834

  You may need surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland (total or partial thyroidectomy) may be used to treat goiter with the following complications: […] Radioactive iodine is a treatment for an overactive thyroid gland. The dose of radioactive iodine is taken orally. The thyroid takes up the radioactive iodine, which destroys cells in the thyroid. The treatment lowers or eliminates hormone production and may decrease the size of the goiter.

• #1 Fixed-dose radioactive iodine therapy reduces goiter size and treats hyperthyroidism in most patients with toxic multinodular goiter

  https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/september-2020/vol-13-issue-9-p-13-14/

  HYPERTHYROIDISM Fixed-dose radioactive iodine therapy reduces goiter size and treats hyperthyroidism in most patients with toxic multinodular goiter […] Definitive treatment for both causes of hyperthyroidism includes radioactive iodine therapy and surgery. […] Radioactive iodine therapy is better tolerated in older people who have additional medical problems that result in an increased surgical risk. […] One year after the radioactive iodine therapy, the size of the thyroid was reduced by about 30%. […] The treatment of toxic multinodular with a fixed dose of radioactive iodine (15 mCi) was effective in resolving hyperthyroidism in almost 90% of patients and significantly reducing the size of the goiter by more than half. […] The treatment was well tolerated and safe. […] This suggests that fixed dose radioactive iodine therapy is effective in treating hyperthyroidism.

• #1 Radioiodine treatment for non-toxic goitre

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2948305/

  There is no ideal treatment for benign multinodular goitre. […] Besides surgery, which is recommended for large goitres or when malignancy cannot be excluded, the non-surgical treatment options are levothyroxine therapy and radioiodine (131I) therapy. […] Conventional 131I therapy [without recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH)] has been used for more than a decade in symptomatic non-toxic multinodular goitre, and although it does lead to significant thyroid volume reduction, relatively high activities of radioiodine are needed because of a frequent finding of a low thyroid radioiodine uptake. […] rhTSH, even when used in very small doses in combination with 131I therapy, enhances the thyroid volume reduction at lower 131I activities by doubling the thyroid radioiodine uptake.

• #1 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/treatment-of-an-over-active-or-enlarged-thyroid-gland-with-radioactive-iodine

  Radioactive iodine is also used in higher doses in the treatment of thyroid cancer. […] Sometimes the thyroid gland is a bit tender after treatment. This will usually clear up after a few days. A common longer term side-effect of radioactive iodine treatment is an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), so it is very important to have regular thyroid blood tests starting from four to six weeks after the treatment to identify and treat this early, with levothyroxine. […] For some patients who are treated with radioactive iodine to reduce the size of a goitre, there is also a small risk that they may develop Graves disease. […] Radioactive iodine is an effective and safe treatment option for children and teenagers with an overactive thyroid gland, but will usually be given as a second-line treatment after a reasonably long course of antithyroid medication. This is particularly the case for younger children. […] Radioactive iodine has been used for several decades to treat an overactive thyroid gland safely. […] It should not be used in people who are pregnant or planning pregnancy shortly after treatment.

• #1 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Thyroid hormone replacement is often required following surgical and radiation treatment of a goiter. Use of radioactive iodine for the therapy of nontoxic goiter has been disappointing and is controversial. […] Goiters with primary thyroid malignancy require levothyroxine replacement after surgery and radioactive iodine ablation. Metastatic lesions to the thyroid gland require treatment of the primary malignancy. Granulomatous and infectious etiologies for goiter require specific treatment depending on the underlying cause. […] Surgery is reserved for the following situations: Large goiters with compression, Malignancy, When other forms of therapy are not practical or are ineffective. […] Preoperatively, establish euthyroid state prior to surgical treatment. Evaluation must include the stability of the airway. This must be secured immediately if ventilatory status appears tenuous. Emergency surgical treatment of a goiter in a patient with hypothyroidism requires intravenous levothyroxine and glucocorticoids at stress doses.

• #1 Nontoxic Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-treatment

  After bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy, all patients require thyroid hormone replacement therapy. […] The use of total thyroidectomy to treat benign multinodular goiter has met with some concern, owing to the risk of parathyroid function damage and laryngeal nerve injury posed by the procedure. […] The incidence of transient hypoparathyroidism in the above study, as well as that of transient and permanent laryngeal nerve injuries, was greater in total thyroidectomy than in the other types of surgery. […] Results from a Swiss study of 72 patients indicated that a single dose of steroid prior to thyroidectomy for benign disease can, within 48 hours postsurgery, significantly reduce pain, nausea, vomiting, and voice alteration related to the procedure.

• #1 NONSURGICAL TREATMENTS OF THYROID NODULES AND GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/

  Some thyroid disorders can be treated with simple nonsurgical interventions. […] In parallel with these developments in diagnosis, several nonsurgical treatments have been introduced in the last 15 years, including ablations and embolizations. […] This web site has been prepared by Prof Saim Yilmaz, MD, and is aimed at providing objective information on these new treatment options, which have a huge therapeutic potential in many thyroid disorders. […] thermal ablation of thyroid nodules, nonsurgical ablation of thyroid nodules, new goiter treatment. […] Giant goiter, plunging goiter: we can treat them with a simple angiography. […] Alcohol ablation is the ideal treatment for cystic thyroid nodules.

• #1 Goiter Treatment Without Surgery l OCC clinic

  https://rfathyroidtn.com/goiter-treatment/

  If your goiter is large (toxic), disfiguring, or symptomatic, you will need to seek treatment options for your goiter which includes: Surgery: The removal of one half or the entirety of your thyroid gland, Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA): Non-surgical option in which the nodule is only ablated/ targeted, allowing you to keep your thyroid gland intact. […] The answer to this question is yes. Anyone can receive nodular goiter treatment without undergoing surgery. […] You can benefit from RFA if you have a goiter which is: Large and growing rapidly, Causing cosmetic problems, Causing neck compression symptoms, Causing anxiety due to its presence. […] Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is a very safe procedure with minimal risk. […] Unlike surgery, no thyroid hormone replacement medications are needed following an RFA procedure.

• #1 Goiter Treatment Options: Is Thyroid Ablation Right for You?Facebook iconYouTube iconLinkedIn icon

  https://www.rfamd.com/goiter-treatment-thyroid-ablation-options/

  Goiters, characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland, can precipitate a variety of symptoms and health complications, including dysphagia, dyspnea, and aesthetic concerns. While treatment modalities range from pharmacological interventions to surgical procedures, thyroid ablation has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative. This comprehensive analysis examines the advantages and limitations of thyroid ablation in the management of goiters, providing a framework to assess its suitability for individual patients. […] Thyroid ablation, specifically Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) and Microwave Ablation (MWA), involves the application of thermal energy to reduce thyroid gland volume. This minimally invasive procedure is performed under ultrasound guidance. […] Thyroid ablation represents a promising therapeutic option for select patients with goiters, offering a minimally invasive approach with reduced morbidity and accelerated recovery compared to traditional surgical interventions. However, it is not universally applicable to all goiters, and multiple sessions may be requisite. Patients should engage in comprehensive consultations with their healthcare providers to determine the optimal treatment strategy based on their individual clinical presentation and overall health status.

• #1 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Although surgery is frequently offered for such patients, percutaneous ablation and embolization are increasingly preferred because of their important advantages. […] Classic treatments of multinodular goiter (MNG) include oral medications, radioactive iodine and surgery. […] In conclusion, each classic goiter treatment has specific disadvantages and side effects. Therefore, new treatment options that preserve thyroid gland and have little side effects are necessary. […] In MNG patients, new options such as percutaneous ablation and embolization has been increasingly used in the last 2 decades. […] In MNG, if the nodules are few, percutaneous ablation must be the first line treatment. However, if the nodules are too many, ablation may take too long and become impractical. […] Embolization is especially beneficial in plunging goiters that extends into the chest cavity and compress the trachea (windpipe) causing shortness of breath.

• #1 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Following embolization, a 70-90% volume reduction of the goiter mass can be achieved. As a result, compressive complaints such as shortness of breath, hoarseness and swallowing difficulty decrease or disappear. […] Surgically challenging goiters such as plunging or giant goiters can be easily and effectively treated with embolization, in which the feeding vessels of the goiter are occluded angiographically. After embolization, such goiters decrease in size substantially (around 80% volume reduction) in 6 months, which also continues thereafter for years. After the goiter shrinks compressive symptoms like hoarseness, swallowing difficulty and shortness of breath either disappears or decreases substantially.

• #1 NONSURGICAL TREATMENTS IN THYROID NODULES AND GOITER

  https://www.interventionaloncology.center/thyroid-nodules

  The ideal treatment for malignant (cancer) nodules is still surgery, although percutaneous ablation may be a good alternative in some cases. […] In such patients, ablation can be tried, but since the thyroid gland is too large and the nodules are numerous, it is not a very good option. […] This method, which is called embolization, is performed under local anesthesia and is very comfortable for the patient. After embolization, the goiter mass becomes smaller, but normal thyroid continues to maintain its vitality. Therefore, hypothyroidism usually does not develop and the patient does not need to take any medication for life.

• #1 Multinodular goitre | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/multinodular-goitre/

  Goitre is a general term for an enlarged thyroid gland. […] How is multinodular goitre treated? […] It is important to establish whether or not the thyroid gland is functioning normally. Most patients will have a normally functioning, but lumpy thyroid gland that will never harm them and do not require any treatment. […] If function is normal (euthyroid), the goitre is not causing any local structural problems, and if there is no concern about any abnormal areas within the gland, the only form of management likely to be required would be regular monitoring of thyroid function. […] In the case of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) with no other symptoms of concern, thyroxine therapy would be given which may, over a period of time, help to slightly reduce the goitres size, especially in cases where there is a history of iodine deficiency.

• #1 What Is a Goiter? What Causes Goiters?

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-goiter-basics

  A goiter may not need treatment, especially if it is small and thyroid hormone levels are normal. But if your thyroid hormone levels are too high or too low, you will need treatment. […] Treatment involves getting the thyroid hormone levels back to normal. Depending on what caused your goiter and how serious it is, your doctor can treat it with: […] Medication. If you have hypothyroidism, your doctor may prescribe a thyroid hormone replacement medication. When the medication takes effect, the thyroid may begin to return to its normal size. But a large nodular goiter with a lot of internal scar tissue will not shrink with treatment. For goiters caused by inflammation, you might take aspirin or corticosteroids. […] Surgery. If the goiter is uncomfortable, causes overproduction of thyroid hormone unresponsive to medications, is large enough that it causes symptoms because of its size, or becomes cancerous, the entire thyroid gland may have to be surgically removed. Or they might take out only part of it. Afterward, you may need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/treatment/

  An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) is usually treatable. […] The 3 main treatments are: medicine, radioactive iodine treatment, surgery. […] Medicines called thionamides are commonly used to treat an overactive thyroid. They stop your thyroid producing excess hormones. […] Radioactive iodine treatment is a type of radiotherapy used to destroy the cells in the thyroid gland, reducing the amount of hormones it can produce. It’s a highly effective treatment that can cure an overactive thyroid. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid may be recommended. […] Removing all of the thyroid gland is usually recommended because it stops the symptoms of hyperthyroidism coming back.

• #1 Multinodular goitre | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/multinodular-goitre/

  In the case of an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), the terms toxic multinodular goitre or multinodular goitre with thyrotoxicosis may be used. […] Treatment with drugs such as carbimazole can help control thyroid overactivity but this does not lead to a cure, and thyroid overactivity is likely to return if the treatment is stopped. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove all or most of the thyroid can be carried out, particularly in the following cases. […] For further treatment options, see the article on goitre. […] The side-effects are the same as those for the treatment of goitre. […] A multinodular goitre that is not causing any symptoms, is unlikely to cause problems in the long term. It is, however, important that thyroid function tests are performed by the doctor periodically to determine whether any future treatment is needed.

• #1 Thyroid Goiter

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-goiter

  Radioactive Iodine Therapy is used in circumstances where the thyroid goiter is associated with excess thyroid hormone production. […] Sometimes clearly thyroid goiters and multinodular goiters are managed with surgery. Some potential indications for removing thyroid goiters include: The thyroid goiter is large (producing a visible mass in the neck), The thyroid goiter is producing symptoms on the breathing tube or swallowing tube, The thyroid goiter is producing excessive thyroid hormone, Thyroid nodules which have Indeterminate or suspicious for cancer FNAs.

• #1 Thyroid Goiter

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-goiter

  Patients have diffuse enlargement of their thyroid gland during the early stages of their autoimmune condition. […] The disease can be diagnosed by blood tests that show antibodies to the protein produced by the thyroid gland called thyroglobulin. […] The diagnosis of thyroid goiter is made with a comprehensive ultrasound examination of the entire thyroid gland and neck lymph nodes. […] If the ultrasound with or without biopsy suggests that the patient has benign small thyroid goiter and there are little to no symptoms, the doctor may suggest simply watching the patient and the goiter. […] If you have hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone), your doctor will prescribe you thyroid hormone in the form of a pill or capsule. […] If you have hyperthyroidism, your doctor will likely prescribe you a medication to control your hyperthyroidism.

• #1 Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/treatments/radioactive-iodine-therapy-for-thyroid-nodules-cancers

  NYU Langone doctors may prescribe radioactive iodine therapy to manage some toxic, or overactive, nodules and some types of thyroid cancers. […] They may prescribe it for people with a toxic nodule or a toxic multinodular goiter, which produce high levels of thyroxine and can lead to a condition called hyperthyroidism. […] The therapy is especially beneficial for people with toxic nodules that do not respond to other medications or who need medication throughout their lifetime. Radioactive iodine therapy may also help shrink a large toxic multinodular goiter. […] In this treatment, doctors give you a pill or liquid containing radioactive iodine. Iodine is a mineral found in table salt, seafood, and dairy products that the thyroid absorbs from the bloodstream and converts into thyroid hormone. Radioactive iodine travels to the thyroid, where it is absorbed and gradually destroys overactive thyroid tissue, along with other thyroid tissue.

• #1 Substernal Goiters: Diagnosis and Treatment of Substernal goiters

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/goiters/substernal-goiters

  Substernal goiters clearly need surgical management. Indications of removal include: […] Even though a substernal goiter may extend extensively below the sternum (breast bone) and go well into the chest, these goiters can almost routinely be removed through a relatively straight forward low collar incision in the lower neck. […] These operations should not be performed by occasional thyroid surgeons. Only expert thyroid surgeons should be doing this operations. Incomplete removal of the thyroid and complications in preserving all of the critical structures beneath and around the thyroid gland are frequent events among inexperienced and occasional thyroid surgeons. […] If your surgeon is telling you that they need to „split your chest” or „open your sternum”, make sure that you have identified a highly experience thyroid surgeon. Seek an expert second opinion. Opening of the chest in the surgical management of substernal goiter is almost never actually required.

• #1 Goiters and Thyroid Nodules (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/goiter.html

  An enlarged thyroid gland can be felt as a lump under the skin at the front of the neck. When it is large enough to see easily, it’s called a goiter. […] Goiters can happen due to inflammation of the thyroid gland or when the gland makes too much or too little thyroid hormone. A goiter also can develop with other thyroid problems, such as infections of the thyroid or thyroid cysts, tumors, or thyroid cancer. […] A goiter that’s present at birth is called a congenital goiter. […] A goiter that develops later is called an acquired goiter. In the United States, most acquired goiters are caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: The immune system attacks the thyroid, making it swell. […] Sometimes this swelling can be dramatic and even look like a growth. Over time, the thyroid can become so damaged that it can’t make enough thyroid hormone. In that case, a person might need to take a thyroid hormone.

• #1 Goiters and Thyroid Nodules (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/goiter.html

  Surgery might be needed if the thyroid keeps getting bigger even with treatment and causes discomfort or a very large lump in the neck. […] Thyroid nodules may need treatment if they grow or cause symptoms, or if there is concern that it could be a cancer. Surgery is the preferred treatment for thyroid nodules in children. […] If only part of the thyroid is removed and the rest of the gland is healthy, a child may not need to take a thyroid hormone after surgery. If the rest of the gland isn’t healthy or if the whole thyroid is removed, the child will need to take a thyroid hormone. […] Thyroid cancer is relatively uncommon. When it does happen, it is very treatable. Most thyroid cancers can be cured or controlled with treatment.

• #1 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  Another autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system produces a protein that mimics TSH. This rogue protein prompts the thyroid to overproduce hormones (hyperthyroidism) and can result in thyroid growth. […] Thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers and generally treatable. […] A hormone produced during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may cause the thyroid gland to be overactive and enlarge slightly. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid caused by an autoimmune disorder, bacterial or viral infection, or medication. The inflammation may cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

• #1 Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/treatments/radioactive-iodine-therapy-for-thyroid-nodules-cancers

  Your doctor can increase your TSH levels by using recombinant human thyroid hormone (rhTSH), which is a thyroid-stimulating hormone made in a laboratory. A single injection of rhTSH is given on the two days before radioactive iodine therapy begins. The medication elevates thyroid-stimulating hormone levels sufficiently to make the radioactive iodine therapy highly effective. […] Before radioactive iodine treatments, doctors typically ask you to go on a low-iodine diet. This depletes the body’s levels of inorganic iodine, a mineral the thyroid uses to make thyroid hormone. Low iodine levels cause thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer to better absorb radioactive iodine, making treatment as effective as possible. […] When radioactive iodine therapy is being considered for thyroid cancer, the body must be depleted of inorganic iodine, so the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone increase, helping with the effectiveness of radioactive iodine therapy.

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/neck/thyroid-goitre

  Thyroid goitre […] Prevalence: […] 1 in 5,000 births. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: […] Anterior cervical echogenic mass of variable size. The fetal head may be hyperextended and polyhydramnios is common due to mechanical obstruction of the esophagus. […] Most cases of fetal thyroid goitre are the consequence of fetal hypothyroidism due to transplacentally derived anti-thyroid drugs used for the treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism. A less common cause of hypothyroid goitre is congenital dyshormonogenesis due to defects in genes involved in the pathway of thyroid hormone production. In hypothyroidism the fetus may have impaired growth and bradycardia. […] Hyperthyroid goitre is rare and it is caused by transplacentally derived maternal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in recently diagnosed Graves disease. The fetus may have impaired growth, tachycardia, heart failure and decreased movements.

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/neck/thyroid-goitre

  Investigations: […] Detailed ultrasound examination. […] In most cases assessment of the maternal condition can help decide whether the cause is fetal hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. In uncertain cases, cordocentesis and measurement of fetal blood thyroid hormones and TSH can help distinguish between hypothyroidism, with low thyroid hormones and high TSH, due to antithyroid drugs or congenital dyshormonogenesis, and hyperthyroidism, with high thyroid hormones and low TSH, due to thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. […] Therapy: […] Fetal hyporthyroid goitre: reduce or even discontinue maternal antithyroid medication aiming to maintain maternal blood thyroxine levels in the upper level of the normal range. The second-line of treatment is intra-amniotic injection of levothyroxine (100 g / kg) every 1-2 weeks until delivery at term. The goitre usually decreases in size within a few days after the first course of treatment. Subsequent injections are given depending on sonographic evidence of re-enlargement of the gland or serial measurements of levels of thyroid hormones in amniotic fluid or fetal blood. […] Fetal hyperthyroid goitre: administration of antithyroid drugs to the mother. The fetal goitre usually decreases in size within a few days, but if this does not occur measurement of levels of thyroid hormones in fetal blood may be needed and the dose of antithyroid drugs given to the mother adjusted as necessary.

• #1 Colloid Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/colloid-nodular-goiter

  Colloid nodular goiter is the enlargement of an otherwise normal thyroid gland. […] Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is prescribed for iodine deficiency. Hormone replacement inhibits thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and allows the thyroid to recover. […] A large goiter that is unresponsive to medical management or restricts swallowing and breathing may require partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland. […] If the goiter is producing too much thyroid hormone, treatment with radioactive iodine, antithyroid medication, or surgery may be necessary. […] The prognosis is good with treatment. […] A simple goiter may progress to a toxic nodular goiter. […] Thyrotoxicosis may occur spontaneously with iodine re-exposure.

• #1 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Monitoring and observation are recommended initially if there are no compressive symptoms, as certain goiters can spontaneously regress with time. […] For patients that fall into this latter category, the treatment of choice is surgery. […] Surgery is also indicated when malignancy is suspected or diagnosed. […] When surgery is the treatment option, total or near-total thyroidectomy is preferred over subtotal thyroidectomy. […] In patients with toxic goiters, treatment options include surgery, radioiodine therapy, or antithyroid drugs. […] The most effective and preferred treatment option is radioiodine therapy for toxic goiters. […] Surgery is a definitive treatment option and indications include goiters that are obstructive or large, malignancy, coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism, or need for immediate or definitive correction of hyperthyroidism. […] After a total thyroidectomy, thyroid hormone replacement should be initiated. […] Regular follow up with neck palpation and thyroid ultrasound is recommended, no matter the treatment option the patient chooses.

• #2 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Small benign euthyroid goiters do not require treatment. The effectiveness of medical treatment using thyroid hormone for benign goiters is controversial. Large and complicated goiters may require medical and surgical treatment. Malignant goiters require medical and surgical treatment. […] The size of a benign euthyroid goiter may be reduced with levothyroxine suppressive therapy. The patient is monitored to keep serum TSH in a low but detectable range to avoid hyperthyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias, and osteoporosis. The patient has to be compliant with monitoring. Some authorities suggest suppressive treatment for a definite time period instead of indefinite therapy. Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis respond better. […] Treatment of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism often reduces the size of a goiter.

• #2 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Monitoring and observation are recommended initially if there are no compressive symptoms, as certain goiters can spontaneously regress with time. […] For patients that fall into this latter category, the treatment of choice is surgery. […] Surgery is also indicated when malignancy is suspected or diagnosed. […] When surgery is the treatment option, total or near-total thyroidectomy is preferred over subtotal thyroidectomy. […] In patients with toxic goiters, treatment options include surgery, radioiodine therapy, or antithyroid drugs. […] The most effective and preferred treatment option is radioiodine therapy for toxic goiters. […] Surgery is a definitive treatment option and indications include goiters that are obstructive or large, malignancy, coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism, or need for immediate or definitive correction of hyperthyroidism. […] After a total thyroidectomy, thyroid hormone replacement should be initiated. […] Regular follow up with neck palpation and thyroid ultrasound is recommended, no matter the treatment option the patient chooses.

• #2 Nontoxic Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-treatment

  Nontoxic goiters usually grow very slowly over decades without causing symptoms. Without evidence of rapid growth, obstructive symptoms (eg, dysphagia, stridor, cough, shortness of breath), or thyrotoxicosis, no treatment is necessary. Therapy is considered if growth of the entire goiter or a specific nodule is present, especially if intrathoracic extension of the goiter, compressive symptoms, or thyrotoxicosis exists. The currently available therapies include thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy, and levothyroxine (L-thyroxine, or T4) therapy. […] Radioactive iodine therapy for nontoxic goiters was reintroduced in the 1990s. Careful studies have shown a reduction in thyroid volume in nearly all patients after a single dose of therapy. […] Obstructive symptoms improved in most patients who received radioactive iodine.

• #2 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Controlled trials have shown a beneficial effect of thyroxine treatment for both diffuse goitres and thyroid nodules. A goitre reduction of 2040% can be achieved, but results are variable and potential long term harms of TSH suppression warrant consideration. The most difficult challenge for the clinician is to obtain suppression of the serum TSH level to between 0.5 and 0.1 mIU/L without going beyond this limit. A recent trial demonstrated the combination of thyroxine and iodine was more effective than either agent alone. Thyroid nodule reduction was achieved with TSH being kept in the lower part of the normal range to minimise potential side effects. […] Thionamides (carbimazole and propylthiouracil) are used in patients with thyrotoxicosis and a goitre due to Graves disease. Patients with multinodular goitre will also respond to thionamide medication, but definitive treatment with surgery is generally preferred. Radioactive iodine is another option and reduces goitre size by about 50% in the majority of patients over 612 months. However, the required dose is usually high and may need to be fractionated to ensure radiation safety. In patients with toxic adenoma, goitre is rarely a significant problem in its own right, but radioactive iodine can be helpful to treat the hyperthyroidism and could also shrink the adenoma. Radioactive iodine carries a significant risk of causing hypothyroidism over time, and so patients require annual TSH follow up. Occasionally, hyperthyroidism can also occur with radioactive iodine treatment. […] Surgery is appropriate in patients who have troubling compressive symptoms and/or fail to respond to medical therapy. Thyroid surgery requires meticulous care to avoid damage to surrounding structures but is now a low risk procedure in experienced hands.

• #2 Toxic Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/toxic-nodular-goiter

  Toxic nodular goiter involves an enlarged thyroid gland that contains a small rounded mass or masses called nodules, which produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Treatment: Radioactive iodine, surgery, or antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil, methimazole) are the treatments used for toxic nodular goiter. […] Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, can control some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism until thyroid hormone levels in the body are under control. […] To prevent toxic nodular goiter, treat hyperthyroidism and simple goiter as your health care provider recommends.

• #2 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Emergency surgical treatment of a goiter in a thyrotoxic patient requires antithyroid medications, beta blockers, and glucocorticoids at stress doses. Suppressive doses of iodine are helpful. […] An endocrinologist should assess a patient at least once, and assessment should be even more frequent if the goiter is complicated by thyroid dysfunction or malignancy or if the patient is being considered for surgical management. […] Nutrition plays a role in the development of endemic goiters. Dietary factors include iodine deficiency, goitrogens, protein malnutrition, and energy malnutrition. […] If it is practical, treat endemic goiters in iodine-deficient regions with iodine supplementation in the diet and avoidance of goitrogens. Treatment with iodine supplementation or levothyroxine may reduce goiter size. […] Goiter prevention is based on etiology. Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication.

• #2 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Potential treatment options for goitre will depend on the cause and the clinical picture. Options include observation, iodine supplementation, thyroxine suppression, thionamides (carbimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I131) ablation and surgery. Patients with an asymptomatic euthyroid goitre can usually be observed without specific treatment. Growth preventing intervention is usually unnecessary, as benign nodules usually grow quite slowly. […] Iodine supplementation will usually reduce thyroid volume in children and adolescents living in iodine deficient environments. However, for the general population and nonpregnant, nonlactating women in Australia, iodine supplementation over what is obtained from iodine fortified bread is not necessary. Iodine supplementation is unlikely to be beneficial for other forms of goitre. High dose iodine supplements, such as kelp, should be avoided as they have the potential to trigger hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

• #2 Fixed-dose radioactive iodine therapy reduces goiter size and treats hyperthyroidism in most patients with toxic multinodular goiter

  https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/september-2020/vol-13-issue-9-p-13-14/

  HYPERTHYROIDISM Fixed-dose radioactive iodine therapy reduces goiter size and treats hyperthyroidism in most patients with toxic multinodular goiter […] Definitive treatment for both causes of hyperthyroidism includes radioactive iodine therapy and surgery. […] Radioactive iodine therapy is better tolerated in older people who have additional medical problems that result in an increased surgical risk. […] One year after the radioactive iodine therapy, the size of the thyroid was reduced by about 30%. […] The treatment of toxic multinodular with a fixed dose of radioactive iodine (15 mCi) was effective in resolving hyperthyroidism in almost 90% of patients and significantly reducing the size of the goiter by more than half. […] The treatment was well tolerated and safe. […] This suggests that fixed dose radioactive iodine therapy is effective in treating hyperthyroidism.

• #2 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/treatment-of-an-over-active-or-enlarged-thyroid-gland-with-radioactive-iodine

  Radioactive iodine (I-131) has been used to treat overactive thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism) since the early 1940s. It is an effective method of treatment and is now being offered as first-line definitive treatment rather than surgery. Radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid, and destroys the cells in the thyroid gland. This has the effect of reducing the amount of thyroxine made by the thyroid gland and may also reduce the size of the gland. […] As treatment for Graves disease either because the disease fails to settle after antithyroid medication, or returns after stopping antithyroid medication, or if patients do not tolerate antithyroid medication. It can also be considered early after diagnosis of Graves disease should patients wish to have the treatment at this stage […] To shrink the gland when there is a goitre (enlarged thyroid).

• #2 Radioiodine treatment for non-toxic goitre

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2948305/

  The general treatment modalities for non-toxic goitre are medical treatment with levothyroxine, surgery, and radioactive iodine. […] An alternative to this treatment has been presented as repeated doses of radioiodine rather than pre-stimulation. […] Although surgeons still advocate surgery as the treatment of choice in non-toxic goitres, it seems clear to most clinicians that radioactive iodine therapy is an attractive alternative with few side effects and is easy for the patient as it does not require hospitalisation. […] The limitation of the therapy of having to use either very high or repeated doses of radioiodine due to many large goitres with low iodine uptake has been overcome by pre-treatment with rhTSH. […] To further document a more widespread use of rhTSH as a pre-treatment, additional randomised clinical trials comparing doses of rhTSH and comparing radioiodine therapy with surgery in terms of outcome measures such as efficacy of goitre control, thyroid function, health care costs, and health-related quality of life are needed.

• #2 Multinodular Goiter | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/multinodular-goiter

  The appropriate treatment of a multinodular goiter depends on the size, how fast it is growing, the FNAB results, risk of cancer, if there are compressive symptoms, and whether the goiter is big enough to be cosmetically unappealing. […] In general, if the goiter is growing quickly, growing steadily over time, is concerning for cancer, is causing compressive symptoms, is growing substernally, or is cosmetically unappealing, it should be removed (i.e. thyroidectomy).

• #2 Goiter Treatment Options: Is Thyroid Ablation Right for You?Facebook iconYouTube iconLinkedIn icon

  https://www.rfamd.com/goiter-treatment-thyroid-ablation-options/

  Goiters, characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland, can precipitate a variety of symptoms and health complications, including dysphagia, dyspnea, and aesthetic concerns. While treatment modalities range from pharmacological interventions to surgical procedures, thyroid ablation has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative. This comprehensive analysis examines the advantages and limitations of thyroid ablation in the management of goiters, providing a framework to assess its suitability for individual patients. […] Thyroid ablation, specifically Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) and Microwave Ablation (MWA), involves the application of thermal energy to reduce thyroid gland volume. This minimally invasive procedure is performed under ultrasound guidance. […] Thyroid ablation represents a promising therapeutic option for select patients with goiters, offering a minimally invasive approach with reduced morbidity and accelerated recovery compared to traditional surgical interventions. However, it is not universally applicable to all goiters, and multiple sessions may be requisite. Patients should engage in comprehensive consultations with their healthcare providers to determine the optimal treatment strategy based on their individual clinical presentation and overall health status.

• #2 What is Non-Surgical Goiter Treatment? Prices | Doç.Dr. Bülent Çekiç

  https://bulentcekic.com/en/ameliyatsiz-guatr-tedavisi

  Non-surgical goiter treatment has gained great interest in recent years and offers effective solutions for many patients without the need for surgical intervention. […] Yes, although the word goiter often immediately brings surgery to mind, surgery is not required for every case, and goiter can be treated without surgery. […] The most commonly used non-surgical goiter treatments are thyroid ablation therapies. Among these, Microwave Ablation and Radiofrequency Ablation methods provide effective results in most cases. […] Non-surgical goiter treatment is generally preferred for individuals with benign nodules or those whose nodules do not show significant growth. […] If thyroid nodules are benign and not growing rapidly, non-surgical options like microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, or radioactive iodine therapy can yield successful results.

• #2 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Following embolization, a 70-90% volume reduction of the goiter mass can be achieved. As a result, compressive complaints such as shortness of breath, hoarseness and swallowing difficulty decrease or disappear. […] Surgically challenging goiters such as plunging or giant goiters can be easily and effectively treated with embolization, in which the feeding vessels of the goiter are occluded angiographically. After embolization, such goiters decrease in size substantially (around 80% volume reduction) in 6 months, which also continues thereafter for years. After the goiter shrinks compressive symptoms like hoarseness, swallowing difficulty and shortness of breath either disappears or decreases substantially.

• #2 Thyroid Goiter Embolization Treatment | CVI Thyroid Center

  https://cvithyroidcenter.com/thyroid-goiter-embolization-treatment-tae/

  Thyroid artery goiter embolization, or TAE, is a non-surgical outpatient procedure that is an alternative treatment option to prevent total surgical removal and loss of the thyroid gland. […] Currently the gold standard treatment for a thyroid goiter is surgical removal called hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. […] The use of radioactive iodine is another option when patients do not wish to get surgery. […] Recently, non-surgical thyroid artery embolization (TAE) has become an effective, minimally invasive, and safer alternative for a thyroid goiter. […] Thyroid Artery Goiter Embolization, or TAE, is a non-surgical image-guided procedure that effectively treats an enlarged thyroid gland, or goiter. […] TAE is a minimally invasive, cost-feasible, effective, and a safer alternative to invasive surgical removal that would result in complete loss of thyroid function.

• #2 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  If the goiter is due to hyperthyroidism, the treatment will depend upon the cause of the hyperthyroidism. For some causes of hyperthyroidism, the treatment may lead to a disappearance of the goiter. For example, treatment of Graves disease with radioactive iodine usually leads to a decrease or disappearance of the goiter. […] Many goiters, such as the multinodular goiter, are associated with normal levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. These goiters usually do not require any specific treatment after the appropriate diagnosis is made. If no specific treatment is suggested, you may be warned that you are at risk for becoming hypothyroid or hyperthyroid in the future. However, if there are problems associated with the size of the thyroid per se, such as the goiter getting so large that it constricts the airway, your doctor may suggest that the goiter be treated by surgical removal. […] Whatever the cause, it is important to have regular (annual) monitoring when diagnosed with a goiter.

• #2 Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/treatments/radioactive-iodine-therapy-for-thyroid-nodules-cancers

  Radioactive iodine may also be helpful for people with certain types of thyroid cancer. Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers develop from follicular cells, which absorb iodine. When you are given radioactive iodine, it is taken up by cancer cells and destroys them including those that have spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. […] If you’ve had surgery for papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, your doctor may prescribe radioactive iodine afterward. It may help prevent the cancer from returning. […] Radioactive iodine therapy is usually not effective for medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers, because they do not absorb iodine. […] Whether you’ve been treated for a toxic nodule or thyroid cancer, you may need to take the thyroid hormone medication levothyroxine daily as part of your long-term care because radioactive iodine therapy destroys healthy thyroid tissue.

• #3 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Patients with goiter commonly present to outpatient facilities with a variety of complaints. […] Accurate diagnosis is essential for the proper treatment approach. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of goiter, reviews different causes and types, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team from various specialties in evaluating and treating goiter. […] Describe the management options available for goiter. […] The aim of goiter treatment is to relieve compression and to restore euthyroidism. […] If there is any coexistent hypothyroidism, treatment includes thyroid hormone administration. Patients with toxic goiter require modalities that address thyroid enlargement and thyrotoxicosis. […] Today the main treatment options include monitoring without any treatment and thyroidectomy.

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