Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #2 What Foods Prevent Goiter? – RFAMDFacebook iconYouTube iconLinkedIn icon

  https://www.rfamd.com/what-foods-prevent-goiter/

  Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is a relatively common condition that can result from iodine deficiency. While goiter itself may not be life-threatening, it can lead to hypothyroidism and other thyroid disorders if left untreated. Fortunately, goiter is highly preventable through proper nutrition. […] The thyroid depends on several micronutrients to function optimally: Iodine – Iodine is critical for making thyroid hormones. Low iodine leads to hypothyroidism and goiter. The RDA for adults is 150 mcg per day. […] To prevent iodine deficiency: Use iodized table salt. Consume seafood (e.g., cod, shrimp, tuna) and dairy products regularly. Incorporate seaweed into your diet in small servings for an iodine boost. […] Consuming adequate iodine is the most critical dietary factor for preventing goiter. Iodine deficiency is the primary cause of hypothyroidism and enlarged thyroid glands globally.

• #3

  https://www.koruhastanesi.com/what-is-goiter-how-to-treat-it-symptoms-of-goiter-3153-5

  There are several ways to prevent goiters. First, make sure you eat enough iodine-rich foods such as seafood, milk, eggs, and iodized salt. Second, avoid exposure to radiation. Third, wear protective clothing when using radioactive materials. Fourth, avoid eating large amounts of food at one time. Finally, drink plenty of water. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiters. This condition occurs when there isn’t enough iodine in the body. In fact, more than half of the world’s population has insufficient levels of iodine in their bodies.

• #4 Goiter prevention in the United States

  https://digitalcollections.ohsu.edu/record/43521?ln=en

  Preventative medicine now includes within its domains fields which were unheard of only a few years ago. Goiter is probably the most widespread and spectacular of the preventable diseases, so is causing much interest, especially among public health workers. The prevention of goiter means more than preserving the normal outline of the neck, but means the prevention of cretinism, iodicy and mutism. […] Nor should the high mortality of infants with congenital goiter be forgotten.

• #5 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  A goiter caused by iodine deficiency (simple goiter) is generally the only type of goiter you can prevent. Consuming a diet that includes fish, dairy and a healthy amount of iodized table salt prevents these types of goiters. Iodine supplements and other supplements are generally not recommended for other types and may do more harm than good.

• #6 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. […] The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. […] Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. […] Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements. […] Iodine fortification is a therapeutic strategy to prevent thyroid enlargement in patients chronically exposed to goitrogenic substances, particularly when iodine uptake and metabolism are affected.

• #7 Nontoxic Goiter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-overview

  Studies have shown that iodine supplementation can eliminate cretinism and is highly effective in the prevention of endemic goiter. […] Table salt has been supplemented in the United States since the 1920s for the prevention of cretinism and endemic goiter. […] The iodine intake in the United States, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), is adequate at 145 mcg/mg of creatinine. This adequate iodine intake in the United States eliminates the most common cause of endemic goiter in most populations.

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03346590

  In developed countries, the use of iodised salt represents the best prophylaxis of endemic goitre in areas exposed to iodine deficiency. […] In conclusion, our studies indicate a progressive reduction in goitre prevalence over a period of about 30 years in schoolchildren in a well-characterised endemic area in northeastern Sicily. The decrease in goitre prevalence was associated with a significant increase in urinary iodine excretion. […] Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L. Legislazione sulla iodoprofilassi in Italia. Ann Ist Super Sanit 1998, 34: 3636. […] Squatrito S, Vigneri R, Runello F, Ermans AM, Polley RD, Ingbar SH. Prevention and treatment of endemic iodine-deficiency goiter by iodination of a municipal water supply. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 63: 36875. […] Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Pinchera A, et al. Effect of iodised salt on thyroid volume of children living in an area previously characterized by moderate iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82: 11369.

• #9 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] The amount of iodine added to iodized salt is regulated by law and is set at a level to prevent excessive intake. […] The benefits of taking iodine tablets as a dietary supplement should be discussed with a doctor. […] The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #10 Iodine deficiency – symptoms, causes, treatment & prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of thyroid disease, specifically hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). […] Iodine deficiency is usually treated by eating more iodine-rich salt, using iodised salt and taking iodine supplements. […] Most people can get enough iodine from eating iodine-rich foods such as seafood. Seasoning your food with small amounts of iodised salt and eating packaged bread will also help increase iodine in your diet. […] The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that you take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms a day if you are: pregnant, breastfeeding, planning a pregnancy. […] It’s important that you don’t take more than the recommended dose of supplements. If you have a thyroid condition, speak to your doctor before taking iodine supplements. […] Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #11 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #12 More than a decade of iodine prophylaxis is needed to eradicate goiter among school age children in a moderately iodine-deficient region – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19265497/

  More than a decade of iodine prophylaxis is needed to eradicate goiter among school age children in a moderately iodine-deficient region. […] The time required to normalize the prevalence of goiter in SAC living in a moderately iodine-deficient environment was at least a decade. […] To achieve a goiter rate of less than 5% among SAC, it may require that, as a population, they were born and grew up under conditions of iodine sufficiency.

• #13 Iodine prophylaxis in Italy: the 2015-2019 ISS data

  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/iodine/iodine-prophylaxis-italy

  Italy has achieved iodine sufficiency and goitre has disappeared among school-age children: these are the key findings in the ISTISAN report Monitoring of iodine prophylaxis in Italy – 2015-2019 data, published by the ISS on the occasion of the International Thyroid Awareness Week (24-30 May). […] The OSNAMI monitoring also aims to assess possible adverse effects of the prophylaxis programme, such as increased incidence of hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Iodine sufficiency has been achieved in Italy 15 years after the approval of Law 55/2005, which introduced the national iodine prophylaxis programme and regulates the sale and use of iodized salt. This important result was obtained despite the fact that salt consumption among Italians has been declining in recent years (-12%), which confirms that iodine content in the salt sold in our country (30 mg/kg) is, at least for the moment, sufficient to make up for that decline. While representing a major public health success, iodine sufficiency is only a first step in the long process of consolidating the national iodine prophylaxis programme. The country should now aim to ensure the sustainability of the programme. Effective measures will be required to achieve this objective, such as ensuring proper training of healthcare professionals and raising peoples awareness of strategies to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. More extensive and accurate monitoring will also be needed, with involvement from all the regions and the groups most at risk of iodine deficiency, such as pregnant women, for whom national-level epidemiological data are not yet available.

• #14 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  The IDD control program in Calabria is one of the success stories of public health in Italy. The epidemiological data over the last three decades clearly indicate the improvement of iodine status in the Calabria region also due to the commitment of the Regional Observatory of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis. Although substantial progress has been made, efforts should focus on ensuring there is adequate iodine intake in the entire population to achieve and maintain the IDD control goal.

• #14 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). […] The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. […] Universal salt iodization is the most cost-effective strategy for IDDs and the WHO, UNICEF, and IGN recommend that iodine is added at a concentration of 20–40 mg per kg salt, dependent on local salt intake. […] To the aim of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the nationwide program of iodine prophylaxis, in 2009 the Italian National Observatory for Monitoring Iodine Prophylaxis (OSNAMI) was established at the Italian National Institute of Health.

• #15 Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter with iodized oil in rural Ecuador and Peru – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4312017/

  Endemic goiter is a health problem in many areas of the world; in some areas the disease is so severe that cretinism and other defects are found. […] Field studies were begun in 1966 to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of parenteral administration of iodized oil in goiter prevention. […] The use of iodized oil as a public health procedure for the prevention of endemic goiter and its associated defects is an acceptable measure in regions where salt iodization cannot be done.

• #16 Goitre primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Goitre_primary_prevention

  Using iodized table salt to prevent from goitre caused by iodine deficiency. […] Making regular check of thyroid gland function and under the doctor’s direction when taking medications such as immunosuppressants, antiretrovirals, amiodarone and lithium. […] Avoiding or decreasing radiation exposure of thyroid gland.

• #17 Goiter in Animals – Endocrine System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/the-thyroid-gland/goiter-in-animals

  Goiter that is due to iodine deficiency is most common in neonatal pigs, lambs, and calves in areas with iodine-deficient soil. The thyroid lobes of the young animal usually are at least twice their normal size, soft, and dark red. Severe cases are accompanied by a lack of hair (especially in pigs) or wool (lambs). The neck is usually grossly enlarged, and the skin and other tissue may be thickened, flabby, and edematous. […] In mild cases of goiter, treatment with iodized salt (containing 0.007% iodine) may resolve the goiter and its associated clinical signs. However, because thyroid hormone is critical to normal fetal development, iodine deficiency during gestation may result in death in utero or soon after birth. […] To combat goiter, prophylaxis is more effective than treatment. Feeding stabilized iodized salt or ensuring that the ration is balanced for iodine content is recommended in all areas known or suspected to have iodine-deficient soil. […] Another important measure to prevent goiter is to bar access to goitrogenic plants. For example, members of the family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables) can contain goitrogens that interfere with iodine metabolism.

• #18 Avian goiter in Chickens: Signs, Treatment & Prevention

  https://poultrydvm.com/condition/avian-goiter

  Supplement iodine in diet of living in an iodine deficient area or feeding goitrogenic substances to chickens – Provide one drop of dilute Lugol’s solution in 1 oz. of fresh drinking water, x 1 week […] Eating an iodine deficient diet […] Eating large quantities of goitrogenic agents such as soybeans, rapeseed, cabbage, turnips, broccoli, cabbage, and flax.

• #19 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/diets-and-supplements-for-thyroid-disorders

  Many websites offer advice on what foods to eat or not eat with thyroid disease. However, there are no specific foods or dietary supplements that you can use to treat your thyroid disorder. It is important to eat the right variety of foods in the correct proportions. Having a balanced diet is the best way to ensure your body gets all the nutrients it needs. […] The following foods, however, are known to affect thyroid function: […] Brassicas (e.g. cabbage, cauliflower, kale) may contribute to the formation of a goitre (swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland) in some cases, but consumption would need to be very high before this is a real concern. In the UK, under normal dietary conditions, this is not normally a problem, and the risk is very low. […] Avoid products such as kelp and sea moss as they may interfere with thyroid function and wellbeing. Kelp supplement is derived from seaweed and is naturally high in iodine. Because of this, it is sometimes marketed as a thyroid booster and can be purchased in dry preparations and tablets. As with iodine supplements, it is of no health benefit to people with a diagnosed thyroid condition.

• #20 Lithium and the thyroid – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lithium-and-the-thyroid

  Lithium can cause goiter and hypothyroidism, and its use has been associated with both thyroid autoimmunity and hyperthyroidism. […] Because of the high incidence of thyroid dysfunction that occurs during lithium treatment, patients should have a careful thyroid physical examination and determination of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers before lithium treatment is begun. […] The development of thyroid dysfunction does not typically require discontinuation of lithium. […] Goiter is the most common thyroid abnormality in lithium-treated patients, occurring in approximately 40 to 50 percent. […] The goiters usually occur within the first two years of treatment.

• #21 Basics of prevention and management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction — position paper by the Polish Society of Endocrinology | Bednarczuk | Endokrynologia Polska

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/endokrynologia_polska/article/view/EP.a2023.0014/71404

  Medical practice involves a high number of radiological examinations using iodinated contrast media (ICM). Therefore, it is crucial for doctors of different specialties to be aware of possible adverse effects associated with ICM use. […] The authors advise an individualized approach to prevention and treatment of ICM-induced thyroid dysfunction, based on patients age, clinical symptoms, pre-existing thyroid diseases, coexisting morbidities, and iodine intake. […] Therefore, the Polish Society of Endocrinology has proposed national, simplified principles of ICM-induced thyroid dysfunction prevention and treatment. […] Prophylactic treatment in patients at risk of developing ICM-induced hyperthyroidism. […] Prophylactic therapy with methimazole and/or sodium perchlorate can be administered: to selected patients at high risk of developing ICM-induced hyperthyroidism (endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism, large nodular goitre); prior to emergency radiological examinations; especially to elderly patients or those with cardiovascular comorbidities, in whom hyperthyroidism may pose a significant burden.

• #22 Basics of prevention and management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction — position paper by the Polish Society of Endocrinology | Bednarczuk | Endokrynologia Polska

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/endokrynologia_polska/article/view/EP.a2023.0014/71404

  There is no single effective prophylactic treatment protocol. […] An individualized approach to the treatment of ICM-induced hyperthyroidism, based on clinical symptoms and aetiology as well as the patients age, concomitant diseases (especially cardiovascular comorbidities), and clinical status. […] In most cases of ICM-induced hypothyroidism, we suggest close monitoring without thyroid hormone replacement; temporary L-thyroxine (LT4) treatment should be commenced in line with the current guidelines, especially in patients with overt hypothyroidism, younger patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, those with an underlying chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and in women planning pregnancy.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01656141

  The present report is based on 13,778 patients who had thyroid surgery between 1952 and 1980. […] Until 1971, western Austria was considered an endemic goiter area (school children goiter incidence 50% in 1963), but with the advent of iodized salt in 1963, the goiter incidence has decreased to 13% in preadolescents in recent years. […] In conclusion, this study indicates that during iodine prophylaxis for endemic goiter, thyroid surgery will retain its significance in the treatment of thyroid disease but that a different therapeutic approach becomes necessary as a result of significant changes in thyroid pathology. […] Nodular goiters developing under adequate iodine supply require a much more aggressive therapy than those observed in iodine deficient areas.

• #24 Iodine Deficiency and Thyroid Health: Global IDD Prevention Day Insights

  https://www.thyforlife.com/iodine-deficiency-and-the-thyroid/

  Annual awareness campaigns by government institutions are also common especially on October 21, or for an extended duration, usually in October. […] Regular monitoring of salt iodine content and assessing the iodine status of populations helps identify regions where intervention is required. […] Through salt iodization programs in particular, countries have made significant progress in eliminating iodine deficiency. […] However, challenges remain, particularly in remote or conflict-affected areas and underserved areas where access to iodized salt and healthcare resources is limited. […] As individuals, we also have a role to play in preventing iodine deficiency and promoting thyroid health. […] Share information on the importance of iodine and iodized salt within your community and on social media.

• #25 8 Proactive Steps To Maintaining a Healthy Thyroid and Preventing Complications | Inspira Health

  https://www.inspirahealthnetwork.org/news/healthy-living/8-proactive-steps-maintaining-healthy-thyroid-and-preventing-complications

  Preventive measures like proper nutrition, lifestyle choices, stress management, and regular check-ups can help reduce your risk of thyroid disorders and support optimal thyroid function for a healthier life. Here are some proactive steps you can take. […] A well-rounded diet rich in nutrients is essential for thyroid health. Incorporate iodine-rich foods like seaweed, fish, dairy, and iodized salt. Selenium from nuts, seeds, and legumes supports thyroid function, while zinc from whole grains, nuts, and lean meats aids in hormone production. […] While iodine is crucial for thyroid function, excessive intake can also cause issues. Be mindful of your iodine consumption; excess and deficiency can both affect thyroid health. Consult your health care provider or an endocrinologist for personalized recommendations.

• #26 15 Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Thyroid Disease

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ways-to-reduce-thyroid-disease-risk-3233225

  While there aren’t any guaranteed ways to avoid thyroid disease, certain lifestyle changes may help reduce your risk. […] You can help prevent thyroid disease by making sure you get enough of this nutrient. […] Studies suggest that probiotics exert beneficial effects on thyroid hormones and thyroid function in general. In theory, this may lessen the risk of thyroid disease in people genetically predisposed to Graves’ disease or Hashimoto’s disease. […] It is important to see your primary care doctor for regular checkups. This is especially true if you’re at risk for developing thyroid disease. […] There are things you can do that may reduce your risk of thyroid disease. These include common sense practices like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting cigarettes, and getting plenty of vitamin D. Probiotic and selenium supplements may also help along with a reduction in your intake of sugar, soy, and processed foods.

• #27 8 Proactive Steps To Maintaining a Healthy Thyroid and Preventing Complications | Inspira Health

  https://www.inspirahealthnetwork.org/news/healthy-living/8-proactive-steps-maintaining-healthy-thyroid-and-preventing-complications

  Chronic stress can negatively impact thyroid function. Engage in stress-relieving activities like yoga, meditation, deep breathing exercises or hobbies to maintain healthy cortisol levels and support your thyroid. […] Regular physical activity boosts metabolism and helps regulate hormone levels. Aim for a balanced exercise routine that includes cardiovascular workouts, strength training and flexibility exercises for optimal thyroid health. […] Quality sleep is crucial for overall health, including thyroid function. Aim for 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night to support hormone production and regulate metabolism. […] Toxins in the environment, such as pollutants, chemicals and heavy metals, can interfere with thyroid function. Minimize exposure by using natural cleaning products, filtering drinking water and being mindful of environmental pollutants.

• #28 Thyroid Disease: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/thyroid-disease-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  The prevention of thyroid disease is not possible as autoimmune diseases are the major cause. However, the following measures can aid in minimizing the risk of developing thyroid diseases: […] Abstain smoking: Smoking can negatively impact thyroid function and increase the risk of thyroid disorders, so avoiding it is crucial for maintaining hormonal balance. […] Regular thyroid screening: Consistent thyroid screening helps detect any early signs of thyroid dysfunction, ensuring timely treatment and preventing complications. […] Limited soy intake: Soy contains compounds that may interfere with thyroid hormone production, so moderating its intake can help prevent potential thyroid issues. […] Avoiding processed food: Processed foods often contain unhealthy fats, excessive sugars, and artificial additives that can disrupt hormone balance, including thyroid function.

• #29 6 Common Thyroid Problems and Diseases

  https://www.healthline.com/health/common-thyroid-disorders

  While you can’t prevent all thyroid disorders, you can take some thyroid-friendly diet steps that can help keep your thyroid working as well as possible. Here are some tips for better thyroid health: […] Selenium is a trace mineral your body requires to activate thyroid hormone. Studies have linked low selenium levels with increased risks for chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves disease, and goiter.

• #30 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/diets-and-supplements-for-thyroid-disorders

  Although it is tempting to think that large doses of certain supplements will do us good, exceeding the recommended intake (RI) can often do us more harm than good. For example, a study has shown taking high-dose selenium supplements (more than 300 micrograms/day) increased all-cause rates of mortality. […] We therefore recommend you do not consume any vitamins or supplements in high doses, unless advised by your doctor. Please remember to check your thyroid medication patient leaflet to check whether the supplements are advised against. To avoid absorption issues, and unless otherwise indicated, you should always take supplements at least four hours apart from levothyroxine.

• #31 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/diets-and-supplements-for-thyroid-disorders

  If you are taking levothyroxine for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or for a goitre (thyroid swelling) there is no need to take iodine supplements. […] If you are being treated for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) taking an iodine supplement is unnecessary and can worsen the condition. The extra iodine can counteract the benefits of the antithyroid drugs. […] The thyroid needs iron to generate T4 and T3 (selenium, discussed below, is essential in converting T4 into T3, which is the active form of thyroid hormone). A literature review found that iron deficiency is often associated with hypothyroidism, especially in pregnant women. Some iron tablets (ferrous sulphate) can interfere with the absorption of thyroxine therefore doctors recommend a four-hour interval between taking thyroxine and the iron.

• #32 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Potential treatment options for goitre will depend on the cause and the clinical picture. Options include observation, iodine supplementation, thyroxine suppression, thionamides (carbimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I131) ablation and surgery. Patients with an asymptomatic euthyroid goitre can usually be observed without specific treatment. Growth preventing intervention is usually unnecessary, as benign nodules usually grow quite slowly. Iodine supplementation will usually reduce thyroid volume in children and adolescents living in iodine deficient environments. However, for the general population and nonpregnant, nonlactating women in Australia, iodine supplementation over what is obtained from iodine fortified bread is not necessary. Iodine supplementation is unlikely to be beneficial for other forms of goitre. High dose iodine supplements, such as kelp, should be avoided as they have the potential to trigger hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

• #33 Goitre decline in Italy and contribution of the silent and active prophylaxis | British Journal of Nutrition | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/goitre-decline-in-italy-and-contribution-of-the-silent-and-active-prophylaxis/2A003E0A316BFD504CD7A440090CC00E

  Goitre has been declining in Italy since the 1970s and because active prophylaxis (AP) has been very limited, it has been suggested that in most places the decline was due to silent prophylaxis (SP). […] The contribution of the SP can be quantified in an annual increase in urinary iodine excretion between 21 and 4g/l, and an annual decline in goitre prevalence between 21 and 36%. […] In the few areas with AP, there was an annual increase in urinary iodine between 65 and 131g/l, while the average annual decline of goitre was between 44 and 10%. […] The present results could be used by policy-makers to predict the future trends in the excretion of urinary iodine and prevalence of goitre in Italy with and without AP. […] AP is about three times faster than SP in increasing iodine intake, but policy-makers should estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of AP net of the iodine increase already occurring naturally with the SP.

• #34 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  The iodization of salt for human consumption remains the recommended strategy for adequate iodine exposure. […] Specific recommendations and strategies to implement iodine intake (as a supplement) are needed for categories of people in whom iodized salt alone appears insufficient to provide adequate requirements.

• #35 Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/goiter/

  Here are some tips for preventing goiter: […] Use only iodized salt for seasoning meals. […] Consume iodine-rich seafood, including seaweed, shrimp, and shellfish. […] Be careful not to overexpose yourself to radiation at work or while receiving radiation therapy.

• #36 Goitre (Thyroid Swelling) – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/goitre.htm

  Following are some tips to prevent goitre: […] Add only iodized salt to your food […] Eat seafood rich in iodine, such as sea weed, shrimps and shell fish. […] Avoid over exposure to radiation, be it at work place or during any kind of radiation treatment. […] […] […] Goitre due to iodine deficiency is treated with iodine-rich foods, such as seafood and iodized salt.

• #37 Primordial and Primary Preventions of Thyroid Disease

  https://brieflands.com/articles/ijem-57871

  All these sequelae can be avoided, ensuring a continuous supply of iodine to the entire population through salt iodization, a cost effective, inexpensive, and the most suitable method guaranteeing adequate iodine nutrition. […] In conclusion, iodine deficiency continues to be a major health problem in many countries. This is mainly due to the inefficient participation of the related policymakers, lack of function of national IDD committees, insufficient collaboration between health care providers, IDD experts, salt producers, communication specialists and consumer associates, and lack of efficient monitoring system for national country programs. […] Successful campaigns against smoking may decrease benign thyroid disease and Graves orbitopathy although this may be countered by increase in TPOAb, transient hypothyroidism, and a slight increase in the cases of thyroid cancer.

• #38 Primordial and Primary Preventions of Thyroid Disease

  https://brieflands.com/articles/ijem-57871

  Primordial and primary preventions of thyroid diseases are concerned with avoiding the appearance of risk factors, delaying the progression to overt disease, and minimizing the impact of illness. […] Prevention and elimination of iodine deficiency are major steps that have been successfully achieved and maintained in many countries of the world in last 2 decades. […] The cornerstone for successful prevention of thyroid disease entails timely implementation of its primordial and primary preventions, which must be highly prioritized in related health strategies by health authorities. […] In the realm of thyroid disease, prevention of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) by adequate iodine nutrition has been recognized and implemented in many parts of the world in the past century; this is a classic form of primordial prevention for health promotion and avoidance of iodine deficiency, a known risk factor for goiter, hypothyroidism, mental deficiency, and other manifestations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).

Zobacz więcej