Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydrocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559125/

  A hydrocele is a collection of peritoneal fluid between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis, which directly surrounds the testis and spermatic cord. Hydroceles arise from an imbalance of secretion and reabsorption of fluid from the tunica vaginalis. This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of hydrocele and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Summarize the appropriate evaluation of hydrocele. […] Hydroceles can be diagnosed on clinical grounds, as discussed in the history and physical section. However, in the presence of any concomitant medical condition or to exclude other medical or surgical conditions, further studies, including laboratory or imaging, should be considered. […] These are indicated to exclude other surgical or medical conditions that may be in the differential diagnosis.

• #2 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104

  A hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid between the layers of the membrane (tunica vaginalis) that surrounds the testis or along the spermatic cord. Rarely, similar fluid collection can occur in females along the canal of Nuck. […] The main symptom is a painless, swollen scrotum on 1 or both sides, which feels like a water-filled balloon. […] Treatment depends on the age of the patient and the degree of discomfort caused by the hydrocele. Surgery will only be performed if the hydrocele is causing problems or there is evidence of underlying pathology. […] Key diagnostic factors include scrotal mass, transillumination, enlargement of scrotal mass following activity, and variation in scrotal mass during the day. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include ultrasound.

• #3 Hydrocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16294-hydrocele

  A hydrocele is when abdominal fluid fills a sac in your scrotum, causing it to swell. The main symptom is swelling, which may cause discomfort or pain. Hydroceles are more common in infants than adults, and they often go away on their own. You may need surgery if a hydrocele doesnt go away on its own. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a hydrocele in a child or adult. Theyll ask questions about your symptoms and perform a physical examination. […] During the physical exam, the provider may apply pressure to the groin area or ask you to cough to see how the swelling changes. They may shine a light through your scrotum to highlight any abdominal fluid in the area. A provider can diagnose most hydroceles from a physical exam alone. […] To confirm their diagnosis, the provider may order imaging tests, including: Pelvic ultrasound. A pelvic ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the soft tissues in your pelvis, including your testicles. Its the most common imaging test providers order for a hydrocele diagnosis.

• #4 Hydrocele – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363971

  Your health care provider should start with a physical exam. It’s likely to include: […] Shining a light through the scrotum. If you or your child has a hydrocele, the light will show clear fluid surrounding the testicle. […] After that, you may need: […] An imaging test called ultrasound to check for a hernia, a tumor or other causes of swelling in the scrotum. […] What kinds of tests are needed? […] What treatment do you recommend, if any? […] What symptoms will mean that it’s time to treat this condition? […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you some questions. […] If your child is affected, the provider might ask: […] If you’re affected, your provider might ask: […] What you can do in the meantime.

• #5

  https://www.childrensaterlanger.org/conditions/hydrocele

  A hydrocele is a buildup of fluid around one or both testicles, causing the scrotum or groin area to swell. […] Hydroceles are diagnosed by history and physical exam. Sometimes an ultrasound is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Because inguinal hernias and hydroceles share a common cause, your doctor will also evaluate your child for a hernia.

• #6 Hydrocele: Causes, Types, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrocele

  Your doctor may also apply pressure to the abdomen to check for another condition called inguinal hernia; your doctor may also ask you to cough or bear down to check for this. This can occur when part of the small intestine protrudes through the groin due to a weak point in the abdominal wall. While its usually not life threatening, a doctor may recommend surgery to repair it.

• #7 Hydrocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocele

  A primary hydrocele is described as having the following characteristics: […] Transillumination positive […] Fluctuation positive […] Impulse on coughing negative (positive in congenital hydrocele) […] Reducibility absent […] Testis cannot be palpated separately. (exception – funicular hydrocele, encysted hydrocele) […] Hydroceles are usually painless, as are testicular tumors. A common method of diagnosing a hydrocele is by attempting to shine a strong light (transillumination) through the enlarged scrotum. A hydrocele will usually pass light, while a tumor will not (except in the case of a malignancy with reactive hydrocele). […] The accuracy of the diagnosis must be ascertained. Great care must be taken to differentiate a hydrocele from a scrotal hernia or tumor of the testicle. Ultrasound imaging can be very useful in these cases.

• #8

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tv7710spec

  A hydrocele is usually diagnosed by an exam of the scrotum, which may appear enlarged. […] As part of the exam, your doctor will shine a light behind each testicle (transillumination). This is to check for solid masses that may be caused by other problems, such as cancer of the testicle. Hydroceles are filled with fluid, so light will shine through them. Light will not pass through solid masses that may be caused by other problems, such as cancer. An ultrasound may be used to confirm the diagnosis of a hydrocele.

• #9 Hydrocele Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-workup

  Simple hydroceles are diagnosed on clinical grounds. Clinical findings that should raise the suggestion of a different diagnosis or some additional underlying pathology include the following: […] Scrotal ultrasonography is the next logical step in such cases. […] Few laboratory tests, if any, are warranted specifically for simple hydroceles, communicating or noncommunicating. […] Laboratory studies may be indicated to exclude other surgical or medical conditions that may be in the differential diagnosis. […] Findings that may favor urgent exploration in this setting include the following: […] Approximately 10% of patients with testicular teratomas may present with a cystic mass that may transilluminate during the physical examination. […] If this diagnosis is considered, measuring serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels is indicated to exclude malignant teratomas or other germ cell tumors.

• #10 Hydrocele Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-workup

  Occasionally, a reactive hydrocele occurs in association with underlying testicular infection. […] Although urinalysis and/or culture results are positive in only 30% of such cases, a positive culture result may be useful in guiding antimicrobial treatment. […] The radiographic evaluation of hydroceles is controversial. […] However, findings from radiographic or ultrasonographic studies can help evaluate for other underlying processes, such as a tumor or torsion, and can be useful in the setting of a non-communicating hydrocele or inability to palpate the testicle, acute onset of swelling/pain, or other atypical findings on presentation or examination. […] Ultrasonography provides excellent detail of the testicular parenchyma. […] If a testicular tumor is a diagnostic consideration, ultrasonography is an excellent screening study.

• #11 Hydrocele | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hydrocele-2?lang=us

  Hydroceles are acquired or congenital serous fluid collections between the layers of the tunica vaginalis surrounding a testis or spermatic cord. They present with painless scrotal enlargement. On imaging, hydroceles appear as simple fluid on all modalities, unless complicated by infection or hemorrhage. […] Hydroceles can be diagnosed at any age, with congenital hydroceles being more common in children. […] Most hydroceles are acquired and present with progressing painless scrotal mass. During the physical examination, hydrocele characteristically transilluminates when evaluated with a light source. They can become painful if infected (see pyocele). […] Ultrasound is the first modality usually used to evaluate hydrocele, which presents as a simple fluid collection. It is avascular on Doppler evaluation. It may contain septations, calcifications or cholesterol. […] In infants, most hydroceles (around 90%) resolve spontaneously, and they are thought to result from incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis. It is important to assess for any associated herniations in these patients.

• #12 Hydrocele | Greater Houston | Kelsey-Seybold Urology

  https://www.kelsey-seybold.com/medical-services-and-specialties/urology/scrotal-conditions/hydrocele

  A hydrocele is a buildup of fluid that can develop around one or both testicles, causing swelling in the scrotum and groin area. While it’s not typically painful or harmful, a hydrocele should be evaluated by a physician. […] To diagnosis a hydrocele, a physician typically checks for tenderness in an enlarged scrotum. He will also shine a light on the scrotum to illuminate any clear fluid surrounding the testicle. […] The doctor may also order blood and urine tests to determine if there’s an infection present. An ultrasound can help rule out hernia, tumors, and other causes of scrotal swelling. […] When a hydrocele presents in an infant boy, most physicians will recommend waiting to see if it disappears on its own. If it doesn’t, it may need to be surgically removed during an outpatient procedure known as hydrocelectomy. The procedure is usually recommended for adult men with a hydrocele, also, as it’s unlikely to go away on its own later in life. A follow-up examination is typically ordered because a hydrocele can recur. […] If you or your child is experiencing swelling in the scrotum and suspect a hydrocele, the Urology specialists at Kelsey-Seybold Clinic in Houston can recommend treatment and remove the hydrocele, if needed.

• #13 Hydrocele testis: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/hydrocele.html

  A hydrocele testis is an accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the testis, without communication of the hydrocele with the abdominal cavity. […] An open processus vaginalis leads to varying amounts of serous fluid in the cavum vaginalis testis. […] The typical testicular ultrasound imaging finding is an anechoic fluid collection in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the testis. […] Treatment of communicating hydroceles starts with an inguinal incision for exposure of the testis. […] Sclerotherapy is a therapeutic alternative to surgery for simple hydroceles of the testis and patients unfit for surgery.

• #14 Hydrocele Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-workup

  Failure to clearly delineate testicular anatomy with palpation indicates the need for further diagnostic imaging such as ultrasonography. […] Imaging studies for abdominoscrotal hydroceles typically include computed tomography (CT) to determine the true extent of the intra-abdominal component. […] If a hernia is identified along with the hydrocele, the sac may be removed following high ligation and sent for pathologic analysis.

• #15 Hydrocele Nursing Care Planning and Management Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hydrocele/

  Hydroceles typically manifest as the following: […] Simple hydroceles are diagnosed on clinical grounds. […] Few laboratory tests, if any, are warranted specifically for simple hydroceles, communicating or noncommunicating; concomitant medical conditions may be indications for preoperative laboratory studies; laboratory studies may be indicated to exclude other surgical or medical conditions that may be in the differential diagnosis. […] Ultrasonography provides excellent detail of the testicular parenchyma; spermatoceles can be clearly distinguished from hydroceles on sonograms; if a testicular tumor is a diagnostic consideration, ultrasonography is an excellent screening study. […] Duplex studies may provide substantial information regarding testicular blood flow when a hydrocele may be associated with chronic torsion. […] Plain radiography may be useful for distinguishing an acute hydrocele from an incarcerated hernia; gas overlying the groin may indicate an incarcerated hernia.

• #16

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/urology/hydroceles

  To get a hydroceles diagnosis, your Aurora urologist will complete a physical examination and ask about your potential hydrocele symptoms. […] In some cases, your provider may order imaging tests to confirm their hydrocele diagnosis, such as a CT scan, pelvic ultrasound or X-rays.

• #17 Hydrocele- Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/hydrocele-symptoms-causes-types-treatment

  Diagnostic evaluation of hydrocele is done using physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging tests. […] The urologist/andrologist will assess for pain and press on the belly and groin to rule out an inguinal hernia. […] Hydrocele transillumination test involves a light that is directed through the scrotum to see the clear fluid surrounding the testicle. […] Blood and urine tests are advised in order to rule out the infectious causes of hydrocele. […] Imaging tests may be used to detect hernias, tumors, and other causes of scrotal enlargement.

• #18 Pediatric Hydrocele | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hydrocele/

  A hydrocele is a space filled with fluid occurring below or next to a testicle in the male scrotum. It is usually painless. […] Hydroceles occur as the testicle descends from inside the abdomen and the opening into the scrotum through which it passes does not seal normally. This opening allows abdominal fluid to leak into and collect in the scrotum. […] There are two main types of hydroceles: communicating and non-communicating. […] With a communicating hydrocele, the opening from the abdomen remains open after birth. This type of hydrocele is more commonly associated with a hernia. With a non-communicating hydrocele, the channel closes by the time a baby is born. This leads to fluid within the scrotum but is not associated with a hernia. […] Hydroceles are very common in infants, affecting 12 percent of infant boys. […] Hydroceles can also occur later in life secondary to trauma or infection.

• #19 Hydrocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559125/

  Hydroceles can be diagnosed on clinical grounds, as discussed in the history and physical section. However, in the presence of any concomitant medical condition or to exclude other medical or surgical conditions, further studies, including laboratory or imaging, should be considered. […] Surgery is the treatment of choice for hydrocele, and it is warranted when hydrocele becomes complicated or symptomatic. For congenital hydroceles, herniotomy is performed, provided they do not resolve spontaneously. On the other hand, acquired hydroceles subside when the primary underlying condition resolves. […] The prognosis of the congenital hydrocele is excellent, while that of the adult-onset hydrocele depends on the underlying cause. […] The prognosis of the adult-onset hydrocele is mainly dependent on the underlying cause. For instance, filarial hydrocele’s prognosis depends on its size and the severity of lymphatic obstruction.

• #20 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067

  Hydroceles can be diagnosed on clinical grounds, as discussed in the history and physical section. However, in the presence of any concomitant medical condition or to exclude other medical or surgical conditions, further studies, including laboratory or imaging, should be considered. […] These are indicated to exclude other surgical or medical conditions that may be in the differential diagnosis. […] Hydroceles are divided into two types: primary and secondary. […] The primary hydrocele is predominant in middle and later life. A common predisposing factor for hydrocele is residing in a warm climate. […] Surgery is the treatment of choice for hydrocele, and it is warranted when hydrocele becomes complicated or symptomatic. […] Hydroceles tend to surround both testes and epididymis, rendering them impalpable. […] The prognosis of the congenital hydrocele is excellent, while that of the adult-onset hydrocele depends on the underlying cause. […] Hydroceles in infants tend to resolve spontaneously, they need to be monitored closely.

• #21 Hydrocele Info For Men: Signs, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://menshealthfoundation.ca/mens-health-conditions/hydrocele/

  A doctor will be able to determine if a hydrocele is present through a physical examination. As part of the exam, your doctor may shine a light behind each testicle to check for solid masses that may be caused by other problems. […] Be sure to do regular self-checks and have routine physical exams by a doctor.

• #22 Hydrocele | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydrocele

  How is a hydrocele diagnosed? Your son’s doctor will likely notice the scrotum is swollen. Often, the testicle can’t be felt because of the fluid surrounding it. A hydrocele can then be easily diagnosed by shining a light through the scrotum. If the scrotum is full of fluid, it will light up. Occasionally, the doctor may want to perform an ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis and check the testis on the side suspected of having a hydrocele. […] Closed hydroceles usually go away with time in infants. If the hydrocele has not disappeared by the time your son turns 1 or becomes very large, he may need surgery. Communicating hydroceles persisting for more than a year generally require surgery to prevent future complications.

• #23 Pediatric Hydrocele | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hydrocele/

  A hydrocele and the specific type of hydrocele is diagnosed based on the clinicians physical exam and the history obtained from family. […] In the case of a communicating hydrocele, the fluid may be present in the scrotum and able to be drained back into the abdomen with squeezing the scrotum. […] For non-communicating hydroceles, the clinician will detect fluid within the scrotum on exam. The fluid will not be able to be squeezed out of the scrotum. […] It is possible that your clinician will obtain ultrasound imaging to assist in the diagnosis and make sure there is a normal, healthy testicle present. Ultrasound is generally not used in the diagnosis of hydroceles otherwise.

• #24 Communicating Hydrocele: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16303-communicating-hydrocele

  A healthcare provider can usually diagnose a communicating hydrocele through a physical examination. They may shine a light through your or your child’s scrotum to look at any fluid that surrounds a testicle. […] Sometimes, a provider may order an ultrasound if the scrotum appears very swollen or feels hard to the touch. An ultrasound is a painless imaging test that can also rule out other possible causes of swelling, such as testicular cancer. […] Communicating hydroceles often disappear within the first year of life without any treatment. Your child’s pediatrician will usually suggest that you keep an eye on the area and schedule regular checkups every few months. […] If the communicating hydrocele doesn’t go away within a year, your child may need a hydrocelectomy. A hydrocelectomy is a surgical procedure that repairs a hydrocele. A surgeon will make a small (about 2 cm) incision in the groin, drain the fluid and close the processus vaginalis. […] The outlook for a communicating hydrocele is good. In many cases, it goes away on its own without treatment. If surgery is necessary to correct a communicating hydrocele, the pain usually goes away within a few days, and you or your child can return to normal physical activities in a few weeks.

• #25 Hydrocele Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-differential

  The following non-painful causes of testicular swelling should be considered in the workup of a hydrocele: Spermatocele, Varicocele, Hematocele, Inguinal hernia (bowel), Testicular tumors. […] Painful swelling of the testis can be due to the following conditions: Infected hydrocele, Epididymo-orchitis, Hematoma formation, Testicular torsion, Testicular trauma, Thrombosis of the pampiniform plexus.

• #26 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Scrotal masses can represent a wide range of medical issues, from benign congenital conditions to life-threatening malignancies and acute surgical emergencies. […] Benign lesions such as hydroceles and varicoceles are often found incidentally by the patient or physician on routine examination. […] Hydroceles are common in newborns, but often disappear within the first year of life. However, a hydrocele may appear at any age as a painless, unilateral scrotal swelling of acute or insidious onset. On examination, a hydrocele is fluctuant, ovoid, and nontender. […] Transillumination (shining a light through the swelling) demonstrates light transmission through the fluid-filled hydrocele, compared with nontransmission or limited transmission through the solid testis. […] Color Doppler ultrasonography is the test of choice for immediate evaluation of scrotal masses. […] Ultrasonography will readily confirm the diagnosis in extratesticular masses, such as hydrocele, spermatocele, and varicocele.

• #27 Hydrocele: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hydrocele-5077242

  A hydrocele is a condition involving swelling of the scrotum from fluid accumulation that sometimes occurs at birth. […] In adults, a hydrocele may be acquired through an injury to the groin or after surgery, or through infection. […] When a hydrocele is suspected, the healthcare provider will usually perform diagnostic tests to rule out a hernia. […] A physical examination of a newborn may reveal the presence of a hydrocele. The diagnostician (usually a pediatrician) may shine a light through the swollen scrotum (a procedure called transillumination), which may reveal clear fluid surrounding the testicle. […] Other diagnostic measures may include blood or urine tests to check to ensure there is no infection present, such as epididymitis, which is an inflammation of the coiled tube located at the posterior (back) side of the testicle.

• #28 Hydrocele (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/hydrocele-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Hydroceles need to be fully investigated if there is any suspicion of an underlying cause. […] Investigations are not required for simple hydroceles but are essential if there is any doubt in the diagnosis or any suggestion of an underlying hydrocele cause. […] Ultrasound can help to determine if any underlying pathology is present. […] Doppler ultrasound studies help to distinguish hydroceles from varicocele and testicular torsion, although these conditions may also be accompanied by a hydrocele. […] An exploratory operation is required if the diagnosis is uncertain or underlying pathology cannot be excluded. […] Many hydroceles in infancy resolve before the age of 2 years and so observation and non-intervention are usually appropriate for hydroceles in infants. […] Once underlying pathology has been excluded, adults with non-communicating hydroceles can be managed conservatively, with reassurance and a scrotal support.

• #29 HYDROCELE – Comprehensive Urology

  https://comprehensive-urology.com/mens-health/hydrocele/

  Hydrocele is what we urologist call the swelling in your scrotum from the buildup of fluid around the testicles. […] The first step is to determine what’s causing the swelling to rule out more serious conditions. […] A hydrocele is scrotal swelling that develops when fluid builds up in the thin casing surrounding your testicle. […] The swelling is rarely painful, but adults could experience some discomfort if their swollen scrotum is heavy. […] However, anytime that you have swelling in the scrotum, it’s important to see a board certified urologist to make sure that it’s not a symptom of testicular cancer or other conditions impacting the scrotum such as variocele or spermatocele. […] Fortunately, it doesn’t affect your fertility and is unlikely to harm you. […] Treatment may be necessary if the hydrocele grows large or causes discomfort, and options include surgery or draining the fluid with a needle.

• #30 Hydrocele: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/hydrocele

  Hydroceles are diagnosed based on the history and physical examination. Sometimes a hernia can be difficult to distinguish from a hydrocele. If the size of the bulge varies significantly from time to time, it is a hernia. If not, time will clarify the issue. A testicular ultrasound may also be done if the diagnosis is uncertain. If the swelling is still present at the first birthday, it should be considered to have always been a small inguinal hernia. […] If the hydrocele is still present after one year, the diagnosis should be changed to inguinal hernia. The structure has not changed only the recognition that a hernia is present.

• #31 Hydrocele in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/h/hydrocele-in-children.html

  A hydrocele is fluid buildup in the thin pouch that holds the testes in the scrotum. […] The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. They will give your child a physical exam. […] The healthcare provider may need to check if the mass is a hydrocele or an inguinal hernia. […] To check for this problem, your child may have an ultrasound study. This is a painless imaging test. It uses sound waves to look at tissues in the body. […] The healthcare provider may also shine a strong light through one side of the scrotum, and look at the scrotum from the other side. This is called transillumination. This will help show if the problem is a hydrocele or a hernia. […] A hydrocele that lasts longer than 12 to 18 months is often a communicating hydrocele. This often needs surgery to prevent an inguinal hernia. […] Talk with your child’s healthcare provider about the risks, benefits, and possible side effects of all treatments. […] Symptoms can include a lump or swelling that is smooth and not painful, or a scrotum that changes size. […] After it goes away or is treated, long-term problems are rare.

• #32 Hydrocele in Children: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.massgeneral.org/children/hydrocele/diagnosis-and-treatment

  How do doctors diagnose hydroceles in children? While most hydroceles get better on their own, it is necessary to see your childs care team to make sure they do not have other, more serious scrotal conditions, such as a hernia. Though an ultrasound can sometimes help make the diagnosis, usually an in-person physical examination is all that is needed to determine whether a hydrocele or hernia is the cause of swelling. […] If a non-communicating hydrocele does not resolve on its own, or if a communicating hydrocele is present, surgery is needed. Without surgery, the extra fluid keeps the testicle warmer than it should be to develop normally. Some hydroceles are actually hernias. These always need to be fixed with surgery in children.

• #33 Hydrocele in Adults: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/hydrocele-in-adults

  A hydrocele is a collection of fluid in the scrotum. Most develop for no apparent reason, are harmless and can be left alone. If needed, surgery can usually cure the hydrocele. In a small number of cases, a hydrocele is due to an underlying problem. […] A hydrocele feels like a small fluid-filled balloon inside your scrotum. It feels smooth and is mainly in front of one of the testicles. […] A doctor will usually be able to tell by examination whether it is a hydrocele or a different diagnosis. […] Even when they are confident that the swelling is due to a hydrocele they will normally arrange an ultrasound scan to confirm that there is no underlying cause. […] Usually the clinician will then arrange an ultrasound scan of the testicles. This is to make sure there is no underlying cause for the hydrocele.

• #34 Hydrocele in Adults: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/hydrocele-in-adults

  In adults, if the hydrocele causes no symptoms, the usual option is simply to leave it alone. If it becomes larger or troublesome, surgery can be offered. […] A hydrocelectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the hydrocele and tries to ensure that it will be less likely to recur. This is usually recommended if the hydrocele is large or uncomfortable. […] Occasionally hydroceles have an underlying serious cause such as testicular cancer.

• #35

• #36 Hydrocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16294-hydrocele

  A hydrocele usually doesnt need treatment. […] Most hydroceles go away on their own without treatment. But if a hydrocele doesnt resolve on its own, a healthcare provider may recommend a hydrocelectomy. […] A hydrocele is a relatively common condition that causes swelling in one or both sides of your scrotum. Hydroceles are especially common in infants. It can be awkward talking about symptoms that affect your scrotum. However, its important to talk to a healthcare provider if you notice swelling. They can officially diagnose a hydrocele and recommend the best treatment for you.

• #37

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/hydrocele

  Hydroceles are quite common in newborn boys, and they can grow to be very large. […] Your doctor can examine your child and determine if they have a hydrocele. It may be necessary to have an ultrasound to help with the diagnosis. The ultrasound works by shining a light through the scrotum thus making it easier to detect a hydrocele. […] Observation-wise, the scrotum on the side of the hydrocele will be swollen and may seem bluish if your child only has a hydrocele. […] Doctors advise delaying hydrocelectomy for most children with hydroceles until they are about 12 months old to see whether the hydrocele will go away on its own. […] A hydrocelectomy is only necessary in extreme cases. Over several months, as the body absorbs the fluid, most hydroceles resolve on their own.

• #38 Hydrocele: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/hydrocele

  Hydrocele can form as a congenital process where fluid collects around the testicle as it descends from the abdomen into the scrotum prior to birth. […] When there is difficulty telling the difference between a hydrocele and other scrotal lesions, a scrotal ultrasound can help determine the origin of scrotal swelling. […] Most hydroceles in babies and younger children are repaired surgically through an inguinal (groin) incision since the anatomy is similar to an inguinal hernia. […] Adolescents and teenagers are more likely to have non-communicating hydroceles than are corrected through a scrotal incision.

• #39 Hydrocele -Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.drvpareek.com/hydrocele-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Ultrasound to rule out inguinal hernia, testicular tumour, or other causes of scrotal swelling. […] If there is a communicating hydrocele, it must be repaired surgically with an incision in the groin area. […] For larger hydroceles, surgery is recommended, which over time increases or causes symptoms. […] Surgery is the only treatment option for older men. […] To remove a hydrocele by surgery is known as a hydrocelectomy. […] If a hydrocele does not go away on its own in adults, surgery may need to remove it. […] This procedure is performed by making an incision in the scrotum or lower abdomen to remove a hydrocele. […] Hydroceles can come back after surgery. […] Most hydroceles, in both infants and adults, go away without the need for medical intervention. […] In rare cases, the doctor may need surgery or aspiration to remove the fluid. […] The hydrocele does not harm the testicles in any way and does not cause pain.

• #40 Hydrocele: formation, diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hydrocele-formation-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Hydroceles, being an accumulation of fluid in the testicles that enlarges the size of one of them, are quickly suspected, therefore, a simple inspection and palpation can confirm an initial diagnosis. […] If a thorough physical examination still leaves any doubt as to the origin of the lesion, it is possible and definitive that a testicular Doppler ultrasound can be used to define the lesion categorically. […] The definitive treatment for hydrocele is surgical intervention. Surgical intervention for hydrocele lasts no more than 30-60 minutes and allows the patient to be discharged 24 hours after the operation. […] The patient can go home 24 hours after the operation to repair a hydrocele. Painkillers must be taken for the first few hours as it is possible that after the anaesthesia wears off the patient may suffer some slight discomfort.

• #41 Hydrocele (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/hydrocele-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Therapeutic aspiration may be required for large hydroceles. However, aspiration is otherwise not recommended unless for symptomatic relief in an elderly man who is unfit for hydrocele surgery. […] Surgical removal of a hydrocele can be performed by one of the following: Inguinal approach with ligation of the processus vaginalis high within the internal inguinal ring. […] This is the procedure of choice for paediatric communicating hydroceles. […] Scrotal aspiration and sclerotherapy of the hemiscrotum, using tetracycline or doxycycline solutions. […] There is a great need for further research to assess the effectiveness of different types of sclerosant agents, sclerosing solution concentration and injection volume for the treatment of hydroceles. […] The prognosis is dependent on the presence of any underlying cause. […] Most congenital hydroceles resolve by the end of the first year of life. […] Recurrence of a hydrocele after surgery is very uncommon but is more likely after treatment of a large hydrocele.

• #42 What is Hydrocele: Causes and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/what-is-hydrocele-causes-and-treatment/

  Differential diagnosis of hydrocele involves distinguishing it from other conditions that cause scrotal swelling. […] Treatment for a hydrocele depends on the severity of symptoms and whether the condition is causing discomfort or other complications. […] The treatment of hydrocele is surgery. This is standard treatment for hydrocele. […] In many cases, particularly for infants or if the hydrocele is small and painless, no immediate treatment is required. […] Fluid is drained from the hydrocele using a needle. […] After aspirating the fluid, a sclerosing agent is injected to seal the sac and prevent fluid from reaccumulating. […] If a hydrocele is caused by infection, trauma, or an underlying medical condition, treating the root cause can sometimes resolve the hydrocele.

• #43

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/121862/hydrocele

  Operative: surgical hydrocelectomy indication: if hydrocele does not self-resolve during monitoring. […] Non-operative: aspiration and sclerotherapy indications: for patients wanting a less invasive option. […] Prognosis: natural history of disease: congenital hydrocele usually resolves spontaneously by 1 year of age.

• #44 What is a hydrocele? Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.institutobernabeu.com/en/blog/what-is-a-hydrocele-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Symptoms are unilateral or bilateral scrotal volume increase with relative and variable discomfort due to space compromise and this increase in volume, ranging from not causing great discomfort to being very annoying. Causing swelling and discomfort especially when the liquid is under high tension. […] The testicle ultrasound will show a fluid in which the normal testicle floats, confirming the diagnosis. […] In general, hydrocele is a benign pathology that sometimes can be very annoying and is intervened by surgery only when its unsightly or causes discomfort. When the hydrocele appears after varicocele surgery or an inguinal hernia, it should be surgically repaired as quickly as possible. […] Hydrocele surgery is simple and the prognosis is usually good: it consists of removing the sac that contains the fluid, through a small incision in the scrotum as its very elastic. […] Needle drainage is never recommended because the fluid will reappear and if this drain becomes infected it can cause serious complications.

• #45 Hydrocele – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20363969

  A hydrocele often isn’t painful or harmful. It might not need any treatment. But it’s important to see a health care provider if the scrotum looks swollen. […] See your health care provider if you or your child has swelling of the scrotum. It’s important to find out if there are other causes of the swelling that could be treated. […] A baby’s hydrocele often goes away on its own. But if your baby still has a hydrocele after a year or if the swelling gets worse, ask your child’s health care provider to check the hydrocele again. […] Get help right away if you or your child has sudden, terrible pain or swelling in the scrotum. It’s extra important to get prompt treatment if the pain or swelling starts within a few hours of an injury to the scrotum. […] A hydrocele can form due to an injury. Or it can form because of a type of swelling, called inflammation, within the scrotum. Inflammation might be caused by an infection in the testicle or in the small, coiled tube at the back of each testicle.

• #46 Hydrocele – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20363969

  Risk factors for getting a hydrocele later in life include: Injury or inflammation within the scrotum. Infection, including a sexually transmitted infection. […] A hydrocele often isn’t dangerous and usually doesn’t affect the ability to have a baby. But a hydrocele might be linked with a health problem that can cause serious issues.

• #47 Hydrocele – Bellingham, WA: Pacific Northwest Urology Specialists: Urologist

  https://www.pacificnorthwesturology.com/services/hydrocele

  If youre not in pain and the swelling isnt interfering with your regular activities, your urologist may take a wait-and-see approach to treating a hydrocele. In many cases, adult hydroceles go away on their own within six months. […] Surgery is an outpatient procedure and usually takes less than one hour. You will limit your physical activity for four to six weeks post procedure. […] However, if your hydrocele is large and causing pain, your urologist can perform a surgery to remove the excess fluid. They may also offer needle aspiration to drain the fluid without having to complete a full surgical procedure.

• #48 Hydroceles in children: Causes, types and diagnosis | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/hydroceles-in-children-causes-types-and-diagnosis

  It is a fairly straightforward clinical diagnosis, based on a hydrocele’s painless symptoms and the fact that it can increase and decrease in size. Scans are normally not needed. Sometimes, a pen torch with a light on the end of it is used to shine behind the fluid. If the fluid lights up brilliantly, it is called a transillumination. This is a common method of detecting hydroceles in very young infants, as well as any possible hernias. Clinically, it is important to differentiate between a hydrocele and a hernia, and often, at a primary care level that will be possible. […] A hydrocele develops when fluid from the abdomen and the intestines drips down through the hole that joins the groin to the scrotum, which is a small, open channel that should have closed off at birth but did not quite do so. Eventually, a person grows the hole (making it bigger) and so, there is always a potential for an inguinal hernia, which occurs when the intestines push through the now larger hole. In terms of damage to the testicle, that is pretty unlikely. However, if a hydrocele is left untreated into adulthood, particularly if it is on both sides, then there is a risk that the testicle will undergo a warming effect that could possibly affect the function and the formation of one’s sperm. Certainly, I believe that about 10 per cent of adult males in infertility clinics have a hydrocele or have had hydroceles in the past. In adults, very large hydroceles are also at risk of suffering injury, trauma, and bleeding within them. However, this is rarely seen in children.

• #49 A Review of Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of Hydrocele – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38010662/

  This article summarizes and updates a number of issues related to hydrocele including anatomy, embryology, classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and management. […] The diagnosis should be based on medical history, clinical manifestations, and imaging studies. […] Understanding the causes and types of hydroceles is useful for accurately diagnosing and treatment strategy. […] Hydroceles can be managed by conservative treatment, fluid aspiration, or hydrocelectomy.

• #50 Hydrocele: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000518.htm

  A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum. […] Hydroceles are common in newborn infants. […] You will have a physical exam. Your health care provider will find that the scrotum is swollen, but not painful to the touch. […] Hydroceles can be easily seen by shining a flashlight through the swollen part of the scrotum. If the scrotum is full of clear fluid, the scrotum will light up. […] You may need an ultrasound or CT scan to confirm the diagnosis. […] Hydroceles are not harmful most of the time. They are treated only when they cause infection or discomfort. […] If surgery is needed, it is an easy procedure with very good outcomes. […] Contact your provider if you have symptoms of hydrocele. It is important to rule out other causes of a testicular lump.

• #51 Hydrocele: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hydrocele

  Diagnosis is usually straightforward, and there is often no need for treatment. […] When a person with swelling in the scrotum seeks treatment, the doctor will first ask questions to help determine the likely cause. […] The doctor will perform a physical exam, which will include feeling the scrotum to confirm the location and extent of the swelling. […] They might also check to see whether light passes through the swelling in the scrotum. This test is called transillumination. […] If the swelling is fluid filled, like a hydrocele, light will pass through it. A solid mass, such as a tumor, would not allow light to pass through. […] Transillumination can be very helpful in allowing doctors to work out the cause of scrotal swelling, but some other steps can help them make a definite diagnosis. […] For example, a doctor may want to order another investigation, such as an ultrasound scan, if they have any doubt about the underlying cause of the swelling. […] In rare cases, exploratory surgery might be the only way to determine what issue is responsible for this symptom.

• #52 Hydrocele Diagnosis & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/hydrocele

  Hydroceles typically do not pose any threat to the testicle and generally do not cause symptoms like pain. […] Diagnosis by is usually made on physical examination, and sometimes ultrasound can be used for confirmation. […] Any patient with any swelling of the scrotum ought to see their primary physician or urologist promptly to ensure there is no other ongoing problem.

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