Wodniak – Epidemiologia

Wodniak
Epidemiologia

Wodniak (hydrocele) to bezbolesne nagromadzenie płynu między warstwami osłonki pochwowej jądra, często komunikujące się z jamą brzuszną. Wodniaki wrodzone występują u około 25% noworodków płci męskiej, z klinicznie jawnymi przypadkami u 6% donoszonych noworodków po okresie noworodkowym, a ich globalne rozpowszechnienie u niemowląt do 12 tygodnia życia wynosi 0,001% (1 na 1000 żywych urodzeń). Wodniaki nabyte u dorosłych dotyczą około 1% mężczyzn, z roczną zapadalnością 60 na 100 000 w populacji powyżej 18 lat. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wcześniactwo, niską masę urodzeniową, położenie pośladkowe, późne zstąpienie jąder, urazy, infekcje, nowotwory jądra (10% guzów manifestuje się wodniakiem) oraz operacje żylaków powrózka nasiennego. W krajach endemicznych filariozy limfatycznej, takiej jak Indie, wodniak dotyka do 25% mężczyzn z tą chorobą, co przekłada się na około 27 milionów przypadków na świecie.

Wodniak (Hydrocele) – Epidemiologia i nadzór

Epidemiologia wrodzonego wodniaka
Epidemiologia wodniaka u dorosłych
Czynniki ryzyka
Filarioza jako globalna przyczyna wodniaka
Nadzór i monitorowanie wodniaka
Tendencje i trendy epidemiologiczne
Aspekty genetyczne wodniaka
Nowotwory a wodniaki
Kolejne rozdziały

Wodniak (Hydrocele) – Epidemiologia i nadzór

Wodniak (hydrocele) to zbiór płynu gromadzący się między warstwami osłonki pochwowej jądra (tunica vaginalis), który może komunikować się z jamą brzuszną. Stan ten prowadzi do bezbolesnego powiększenia moszny i jest powszechny zarówno wśród niemowląt, jak i dorosłych mężczyzn, choć przyczyny różnią się znacząco w zależności od wieku pacjenta.¹²

Epidemiologia wrodzonego wodniaka

Wodniaki wrodzone są częściej obserwowane u dzieci, szczególnie u noworodków płci męskiej. W momencie urodzenia około 80-90% donoszonych noworodków płci męskiej posiada drożny wyrostek pochwowy (processus vaginalis). Odsetek ten stopniowo maleje do około 25-40% w wieku 2 lat.³⁴ Badania autopsyjne wskazują, że wyrostek pochwowy często pozostaje drożny z częstotliwością około 20% do późnego wieku dorosłego, jednak tylko około 6% staje się klinicznie jawne po okresie noworodkowym.⁵

Rozpowszechnienie wodniaka wśród niemowląt i dzieci przedstawia się następująco:

U około 25% noworodków płci męskiej występuje wodniak⁶
Klinicznie jawne wodniaki moszny są obserwowane u 6% donoszonych noworodków płci męskiej po okresie noworodkowym⁷
Wodniaki są obserwowane u 1-5% dzieci, mimo wysokiego odsetka drożnego wyrostka pochwowego⁸
Według systematycznego przeglądu i metaanalizy, globalne rozpowszechnienie wodniaka u niemowląt (do 12 tygodnia życia) wynosi 0,001% (95% CI: 0,00007-0,018), czyli 1 na 1000 żywych urodzeń⁹
U dzieci w wieku 7-12 lat, globalne rozpowszechnienie wynosi 0,0034% (95% CI: 0,00004-0,21), czyli 3,4 na 1000 dzieci¹⁰
Wodniaki wrodzone w 1-5% przypadków występują u dzieci¹¹¹²

Większość woodniaków wrodzonych ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu pierwszego roku życia, a jeśli utrzymują się powyżej 24 miesięcy lub pojawiają się po urodzeniu, prawdopodobnie są komunikujące.¹³¹⁴

Epidemiologia wodniaka u dorosłych

Wodniaki nabyte są częstsze u dorosłych mężczyzn i mogą być wtórne do urazu, infekcji, skrętu jądra, zapalenia najądrza, operacji żylaków powrózka nasiennego lub nowotworu jądra.¹⁵ Epidemiologia wodniaka u dorosłych przedstawia się następująco:

Wodniaki dotykają około 1% dorosłych mężczyzn¹⁶¹⁷
W szwedzkim badaniu roczna zapadalność na wodniaki u pacjentów w wieku 18 lat i starszych, którzy zgłosili się do specjalistycznej opieki zdrowotnej, wynosiła 60 na 100 000 mężczyzn¹⁸
Zapadalność na wodniaki lub spermatocele w specjalistycznej opiece zdrowotnej wynosiła 100 na 100 000 mężczyzn¹⁹²⁰²¹
Leczenie chirurgiczne wodniaka lub spermatocele było wymagane jedynie u 17 na 100 000 mężczyzn²²²³²⁴

Czynniki ryzyka

Zidentyfikowano kilka czynników ryzyka związanych z rozwojem wodniaka:

Płeć męska (wodniaki występują głównie u mężczyzn, choć podobne zbiory płynu mogą rozwijać się wzdłuż kanału Nucka u kobiet, ale jest to rzadkość)²⁵
Wcześniactwo i niska masa urodzeniowa²⁶²⁷
Narażenie na progestyny w okresie ciąży²⁸
Położenie pośladkowe płodu²⁹
Późne zstąpienie jąder³⁰
Zwiększony płyn wewnątrzotrzewnowy lub zwiększone ciśnienie³¹
Stan zapalny lub uraz w obrębie moszny³²
Nowotwór jądra (10% guzów jądra objawia się wodniakiem)³³³⁴
Zaburzenia tkanki łącznej³⁵
Operacja żylaków powrózka nasiennego (varicocelectomy)³⁶
Filarioza³⁷
Narażenie matki na polibromowane bifenyle³⁸

Filarioza jako globalna przyczyna wodniaka

Na świecie najczęstszą przyczyną wodniaka w populacji dorosłych jest filarioza, zarażenie pasożytnicze wywołane przez Wuchereria bancrofti.³⁹⁴⁰ Epidemiologia filariozy w kontekście wodniaka przedstawia się następująco:

Filarioza dotyka ponad 90 milionów ludzi w ponad 52 krajach⁴¹
Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) uznaje filariozę limfatyczną (LF) za endemiczną w 72 krajach, w tym w Brazylii, Dominikanie, Gujanie i na Haiti w obu Amerykach⁴²
Częstość występowania wodniaka w obszarach endemicznych może sięgać 25% u mężczyzn z filariozą limfatyczną⁴³
Szacuje się, że 27 milionów mężczyzn na świecie cierpi na wodniaka z powodu filariozy⁴⁴
Około 5% mężczyzn z guzkami moszny rozwinie wodniaka, który może utrzymywać się przez 18 miesięcy lub dłużej⁴⁵
W Indiach odnotowano około 126 tysięcy przypadków wodniaka według danych z 2023 roku, co stanowi znaczącą część z 26,7 miliona przypadków wodniaka na świecie⁴⁶

Badania wskazują, że badania populacyjne i ankiety gospodarstw domowych konsekwentnie zaniżają rzeczywistą częstość występowania wodniaka i niepełnosprawności wynikającej z choroby. Osobista skromność może powodować, że niewielkie wodniaki są ignorowane przez pacjentów, szczególnie gdy zbieranie danych odbywa się za pomocą ankiet. Dlatego zgłaszana częstość występowania zależy głównie od badania klinicznego i może być niedokładna w odniesieniu do rzeczywistego zasięgu choroby.⁴⁷

Nadzór i monitorowanie wodniaka

Skuteczny nadzór i monitorowanie przypadków wodniaka, szczególnie w kontekście filariozy limfatycznej, stanowi wyzwanie dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Badania wykazały problemy w dokładnym raportowaniu przypadków wodniaka:

Rutynowe metody nadzoru często zaniżają rzeczywistą częstość występowania wodniaka o 41-52%⁴⁸
W Ghanie badano użycie mobilnego systemu telefonicznego (mIVRS) przez wolontariuszy zdrowia społeczności (CHVs) do zgłaszania przypadków chorobowości filariozy limfatycznej i ataków ostrego zapalenia skórno-limfatyczno-gruczołowego (ADLA)⁴⁹
System mIVRS zarejestrował większą liczbę przypadków wodniaka (n = 103) w porównaniu z raportami papierowymi (n = 76) i zapisami z programu masowej dystrybucji leków (MDA) (n = 84)⁵⁰

Potwierdza to potrzebę udoskonalenia metod nadzoru i monitorowania w celu dokładniejszego oszacowania obciążenia wodniakiem, szczególnie w regionach endemicznych dla filariozy limfatycznej.

Tendencje i trendy epidemiologiczne

Istnieje kilka zauważalnych trendów w epidemiologii wodniaka:

Wzrost częstości występowania wodniaka związany ze zwiększoną przeżywalnością wcześniaków⁵¹
Zwiększone wykorzystanie jamy otrzewnowej do zabiegów takich jak zastawki komorowo-otrzewnowe, dializa i przeszczepy nerek przyczynia się do wzrostu częstości występowania wodniaka⁵²
Ryzyko wystąpienia wodniaka po jednostronnej operacji wodniaka u dzieci poniżej 8 roku życia wynosi 4,9%, co jest niższe niż ryzyko przepukliny pachwinowej (7,6-11,6%)⁵³

Aspekty genetyczne wodniaka

Niedawne badania ujawniły potencjalne genetyczne podłoże wodniaka u dorosłych:

W badaniu obejmującym prawie 400 000 mężczyzn zidentyfikowano 24 geny związane z wodniakiem⁵⁴
Priorytetowo potraktowano cztery geny: PAX8, INHBB, TARBP2 i AMHR2, które spełniały trzy lub więcej kryteriów priorytetyzacji genu⁵⁵
Żaden z loci ani mapowanych genów wodniaka z tego badania nie był wcześniej związany z przepukliną pachwinową, co sugeruje odrębną architekturę genetyczną dla tych dwóch stanów, mimo ich anatomicznego i klinicznego nakładania się⁵⁶

Te odkrycia genetyczne otwierają nowe perspektywy w zrozumieniu etiologii wodniaka i mogą prowadzić do przyszłych innowacji w diagnostyce i leczeniu.

Nowotwory a wodniaki

Chociaż wodniaki mogą być związane z nowotworami jądra, badania pokazują, że przypadkowe znalezienie złośliwego nowotworu moszny u pacjentów z typowymi objawami idiopatycznego wodniaka jądra jest rzadkie:

W badaniu pacjentów z długotrwałym wodniakiem jądra badanych pod kątem dalszych patologii podstawowych za pomocą USG nie znaleziono żadnych dodatkowych nieprawidłowości⁵⁷
W innym badaniu nie znaleziono przypadków raka jądra ani żadnych innych nowotworów złośliwych moszny w przedoperacyjnym USG u pacjentów z wodniakiem⁵⁸⁵⁹

Podsumowując, wodniaki są powszechnym schorzeniem zarówno u niemowląt, jak i dorosłych mężczyzn, z różnymi przyczynami i czynnikami ryzyka w zależności od wieku pacjenta. Globalne obciążenie chorobą jest znaczące, szczególnie w regionach endemicznych dla filariozy. Dokładny nadzór i monitorowanie pozostają wyzwaniem, ale nowe metody, takie jak systemy mobilne, mogą pomóc w lepszym oszacowaniu rzeczywistego obciążenia chorobą.

Kolejne rozdziały

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Scrotal Masses | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html
Hydroceles are generally asymptomatic and are managed supportively. […] A hydrocele is a collection of fluid that usually occurs between the layers of the tunica vaginalis and may communicate with the abdominal cavity. Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. In infants, hydroceles can be associated with inguinal hernias or undescended testicles, which require surgical repair. Isolated hydroceles in infants will often resolve within the first year of life without intervention. Hydroceles after infancy are often idiopathic but may also be associated with inflammatory conditions, injuries, or neoplasms. On physical examination, hydroceles feel smooth and fluctuant, are extratesticular, and will transilluminate. Ultrasonography is useful for diagnosis and classification and to exclude other pathology that might not be palpable because of the hydrocele. Patients with symptomatic or communicating hydroceles should be referred to a urologist for definitive treatment.
#2 Filarial Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23069
Hydrocele results from the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis in the scrotal sac. It is a common condition, usually seen in adult males, that leads to painless enlargement of the scrotum. Chronic hydrocele has multiple etiologies and may occur secondary to other disorders like testicular malignancy or filarial infection. There is a high prevalence of chronic hydrocele, especially in filariasis endemic areas where Wuchereria bancrofti is the causative agent. […] The disease is uncommon in the USA, and most cases are seen in immigrants or travel acquired infections. In tropical regions, mainly in low and middle-income countries, lymphatic filariasis is the most significant risk factor for the development of non-communicating hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the mosquito-borne parasite Wuchereria bancrofti.
#3 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067
At birth, around 80-90% of term male infants possess a patent processus vaginalis. This figure declines steadily to settle at approximately 25-40% at two years of age. […] Autopsy data indicates that processus vaginalis tends to remain patent at a frequency of 20% until later in adult life. However, only 6% of these become clinically evident beyond the newborn period. Risk factors of hydrocele include breech presentation, low birth weight, and gestational progestin use.
#4 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#5 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067
At birth, around 80-90% of term male infants possess a patent processus vaginalis. This figure declines steadily to settle at approximately 25-40% at two years of age. […] Autopsy data indicates that processus vaginalis tends to remain patent at a frequency of 20% until later in adult life. However, only 6% of these become clinically evident beyond the newborn period. Risk factors of hydrocele include breech presentation, low birth weight, and gestational progestin use.
#6 Hydrocele | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/618109/2.0/Hydrocele
25% of male neonates have hydrocele. […] Male more common than female. […] Right more common than left. […] Majority asymptomatic. […] Simple (noncommunicating): commonly seen at birth, frequently bilateral, may be large. […] Majority spontaneously resolve in 12 to 24 months. […] Persistent hydroceles beyond 24 months and those presenting after birth more likely to be communicating. […] Age 12 years old: majority noncommunicating. […] Adolescent/adult hydroceles are generally acquired (reactive) and idiopathic in origin.
#7 Hydrocele (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)
https://patient.info/doctor/hydrocele-causes-symptoms-and-treatment
Clinically apparent scrotal hydroceles are evident in 6% of term males beyond the newborn period. […] Most paediatric hydroceles are congenital but rarer causes include malignancy and infection. […] Hydroceles presenting in older boys and men may be secondary to epididymo-orchitis, tuberculosis, torsion, testicular tumours, trauma, associated with generalised oedema (eg, nephrotic syndrome or heart failure), or following renal transplantation or post-radiation therapy. […] Rarely, similar fluid collections can develop along the canal of Nuck in females.
#8 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#9 Global prevalence of hydrocele in infants and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text
https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-025-05492-0
Following the assessment of 5 eligible studies with a sample size of 70,961 infants (12 weeks), the global prevalence of hydrocele in infants was found 0.001% (95%CI:0.000070.018, 1 per 1000 live births). […] In the review of 3 studies with a sample size of 278,597 children (712 years), the global prevalence of hydrocele in children was reported 0.0034% (95%CI:0.000040.21), 3.4 per 1000 children. […] According to the analyzed studies, a relatively high prevalence of hydrocele in infants was reported, globally. […] Thus, it is necessary to implement health policies to reduce the prevalence of pediatric hydrocele and associated adverse consequences. […] This study reported pediatric hydrocele disease with the prevalence of 1 and 3.4 per 1000 cases for infants and children, respectively.
#10 Global prevalence of hydrocele in infants and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text
https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-025-05492-0
Following the assessment of 5 eligible studies with a sample size of 70,961 infants (12 weeks), the global prevalence of hydrocele in infants was found 0.001% (95%CI:0.000070.018, 1 per 1000 live births). […] In the review of 3 studies with a sample size of 278,597 children (712 years), the global prevalence of hydrocele in children was reported 0.0034% (95%CI:0.000040.21), 3.4 per 1000 children. […] According to the analyzed studies, a relatively high prevalence of hydrocele in infants was reported, globally. […] Thus, it is necessary to implement health policies to reduce the prevalence of pediatric hydrocele and associated adverse consequences. […] This study reported pediatric hydrocele disease with the prevalence of 1 and 3.4 per 1000 cases for infants and children, respectively.
#11
https://step1.medbullets.com/reproductive/116052/hydrocele
Epidemiology […] incidence […] 1% of adult men […] 1-4.7% of male infants […] […] […] Hydrocele […] […] […] Epidemiology […] incidence […] 1% of adult men […] 1-4.7% of male infants
#12 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#13 Hydrocele | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/618109/2.0/Hydrocele
25% of male neonates have hydrocele. […] Male more common than female. […] Right more common than left. […] Majority asymptomatic. […] Simple (noncommunicating): commonly seen at birth, frequently bilateral, may be large. […] Majority spontaneously resolve in 12 to 24 months. […] Persistent hydroceles beyond 24 months and those presenting after birth more likely to be communicating. […] Age 12 years old: majority noncommunicating. […] Adolescent/adult hydroceles are generally acquired (reactive) and idiopathic in origin.
#14 Hydrocele | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hydrocele-2?case_id=encysted-hydrocele-of-the-spermatic-cord
Hydroceles can be diagnosed at any age, with congenital hydroceles being more common in children. […] In infants, most hydroceles (around 90%) resolve spontaneously, and they are thought to result from incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis 4.
#15 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#16
https://step1.medbullets.com/reproductive/116052/hydrocele
Epidemiology […] incidence […] 1% of adult men […] 1-4.7% of male infants […] […] […] Hydrocele […] […] […] Epidemiology […] incidence […] 1% of adult men […] 1-4.7% of male infants
#17 Incidental Testicular Pathologies in Patients With Idiopathic Hydrocele Testis: Is Preoperative Scrotal Ultrasound Justified? | Anticancer Research
https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/40/5/2861
Hydrocele testis is a common disease with a prevalence of 1% in adults. […] Hydrocele testis is a common urological disease with a reported prevalence of 6% in new-borns and 1% in adults. […] Although the guidelines give no clear recommendation, scrotal ultrasound is performed in adult men with hydrocele as part of the diagnostic work-up. […] Testicular cancer is an important differential diagnosis of hydrocele testis. However, in our study no case of incidental testicular cancer or scrotal malignancy was found in the pre-surgical ultrasound. […] No testicular cancer or any other malignancy of the scrotum was found in pre-surgical ultrasound (0%). […] Our results therefore strengthen the findings of Okorie et al. where 102 patients with longstanding hydrocele testis were examined for further underlying pathologies using ultrasound and no further abnormality was found.
#18 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#19 Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990342/
Objectives: To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men. Aspiration seems advantageous with respect to complications and can be recommended due to the benign course of the disease. The indication for conventional surgery might be questioned such as the use of orchiectomy as primary treatment.
#20
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1366627
Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications […] Objectives: To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was similar to 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men.
#21
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1318322
Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications […] To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men. Aspiration seems advantageous with respect to complications and can be recommended due to the benign course of the disease. The indication for conventional surgery might be questioned such as the use of orchiectomy as primary treatment.
#22 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#23 Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990342/
Objectives: To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men. Aspiration seems advantageous with respect to complications and can be recommended due to the benign course of the disease. The indication for conventional surgery might be questioned such as the use of orchiectomy as primary treatment.
#24
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1318322
Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications […] To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men. Aspiration seems advantageous with respect to complications and can be recommended due to the benign course of the disease. The indication for conventional surgery might be questioned such as the use of orchiectomy as primary treatment.
#25 Hydrocele (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)
https://patient.info/doctor/hydrocele-causes-symptoms-and-treatment
Clinically apparent scrotal hydroceles are evident in 6% of term males beyond the newborn period. […] Most paediatric hydroceles are congenital but rarer causes include malignancy and infection. […] Hydroceles presenting in older boys and men may be secondary to epididymo-orchitis, tuberculosis, torsion, testicular tumours, trauma, associated with generalised oedema (eg, nephrotic syndrome or heart failure), or following renal transplantation or post-radiation therapy. […] Rarely, similar fluid collections can develop along the canal of Nuck in females.
#26 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067
At birth, around 80-90% of term male infants possess a patent processus vaginalis. This figure declines steadily to settle at approximately 25-40% at two years of age. […] Autopsy data indicates that processus vaginalis tends to remain patent at a frequency of 20% until later in adult life. However, only 6% of these become clinically evident beyond the newborn period. Risk factors of hydrocele include breech presentation, low birth weight, and gestational progestin use.
#27 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#28 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067
At birth, around 80-90% of term male infants possess a patent processus vaginalis. This figure declines steadily to settle at approximately 25-40% at two years of age. […] Autopsy data indicates that processus vaginalis tends to remain patent at a frequency of 20% until later in adult life. However, only 6% of these become clinically evident beyond the newborn period. Risk factors of hydrocele include breech presentation, low birth weight, and gestational progestin use.
#29 Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23067
At birth, around 80-90% of term male infants possess a patent processus vaginalis. This figure declines steadily to settle at approximately 25-40% at two years of age. […] Autopsy data indicates that processus vaginalis tends to remain patent at a frequency of 20% until later in adult life. However, only 6% of these become clinically evident beyond the newborn period. Risk factors of hydrocele include breech presentation, low birth weight, and gestational progestin use.
#30 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#31 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#32 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#33
https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/121862/hydrocele
Epidemiology […] Adults and adolescents […] trauma […] infection […] acute epididymitis […] mumps […] tumor […] mesothelioma […] 10% of testicular tumors present with hydrocele […] Infants and children (congenital) […] incomplete obliteration of processus vaginalis […] […] […] monitor for 6-9 months for small noncommunicating hydrocele in adults […] monitor until after 1 year of age for communicating hydrocele in infants […] […] […] congenital hydrocele usually resolves spontaneously by 1 year of age
#34 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#35 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#36 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#37 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#38 Hydrocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1104?locale=de
Common in male infants and the newborn. Most pediatric hydroceles are congenital and, in the majority of cases, resolve within the first year of life. […] May occur in adult men where they are found secondary to minor trauma, infection, testicular torsion, epididymitis, varicocele operation, or testicular tumor. […] Risk factors include male sex, prematurity and low birth weight, infants 6 months of age, infants whose testes descend relatively late, increased intraperitoneal fluid or pressure, inflammation or injury within the scrotum, testicular cancer, connective tissue disorders, varicocelectomy, filariasis, and maternal exposure to polybrominated biphenyl.
#39 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#40 Filarial Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23069
Hydrocele results from the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis in the scrotal sac. It is a common condition, usually seen in adult males, that leads to painless enlargement of the scrotum. Chronic hydrocele has multiple etiologies and may occur secondary to other disorders like testicular malignancy or filarial infection. There is a high prevalence of chronic hydrocele, especially in filariasis endemic areas where Wuchereria bancrofti is the causative agent. […] The disease is uncommon in the USA, and most cases are seen in immigrants or travel acquired infections. In tropical regions, mainly in low and middle-income countries, lymphatic filariasis is the most significant risk factor for the development of non-communicating hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the mosquito-borne parasite Wuchereria bancrofti.
#41 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#42 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#43 Hydrocele: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438724-overview
A patent processus vaginalis is found in 80-90% of term male infants at birth. This frequency rate steadily decreases until age 2 years, at which point it appears to plateau at approximately 25-40%. Despite this, hydroceles are only observed in 1-5% of children. […] In a Swedish study, the annual incidence of hydroceles in patients age 18 years and older who presented to specialized healthcare was 60 per 100,000 men. However, surgical management of hydrocele or spermatocele was required in only 17 per 100,000 men. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hydrocele in the adult population is filariasis, a parasitic infestation caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (see Filarial Hydrocele). Filariasis affects more than 90 million people in more than 52 countries. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) considers lymphatic filariasis (LF) to be endemic in 72 countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Haiti in the Americas. Rates of hydrocele in endemic areas can reach 25% in males with LF.
#44 Filarial Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23069
While males and females are affected by this parasitic infection, only males can develop a scrotal hydrocele due to W. bancroftis penchant for residing in the spermatic cord lymphatics, causing scrotal nodules which cause more than 50 percent of infected men to develop chronic hydrocele over time. Thus, filarial hydrocele is seen in adult males, 20 years and older, that live in over 70 tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Pacific, and South America. It is estimated to affect over 27 million men in these regions. […] Overall, 5% of men with scrotal nodules will develop hydrocele that may persist for 18 months or longer. An Egyptian study found that 14 of 16 men infected with the parasite were found to have some detectable fluid in the scrotal sac after treatment, and out of these, at least three developed chronic hydroceles.
#45 Filarial Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23069
While males and females are affected by this parasitic infection, only males can develop a scrotal hydrocele due to W. bancroftis penchant for residing in the spermatic cord lymphatics, causing scrotal nodules which cause more than 50 percent of infected men to develop chronic hydrocele over time. Thus, filarial hydrocele is seen in adult males, 20 years and older, that live in over 70 tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Pacific, and South America. It is estimated to affect over 27 million men in these regions. […] Overall, 5% of men with scrotal nodules will develop hydrocele that may persist for 18 months or longer. An Egyptian study found that 14 of 16 men infected with the parasite were found to have some detectable fluid in the scrotal sac after treatment, and out of these, at least three developed chronic hydroceles.
#46 Hydrocele- Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N
https://www.pacehospital.com/hydrocele-symptoms-causes-types-treatment
Hydrocele affects approximately 1% of adult males. More than 80% of newborn boys have a patent processus vaginalis (an unusual gap that separates the scrotum from the peritoneal cavity), but the majority close spontaneously by 1.6 years of age. […] The incidence of hydrocele is rising with the increased survival rate of premature infants and the increasing usage of the peritoneal cavity for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, dialysis, and kidney transplants. […] Most hydroceles are congenital (inborn) and appear in children around 1-2 years old. Chronic or secondary hydroceles most commonly affect men over the age of 40 years. Noncommunicating hydroceles are the most frequent kind of hydrocele worldwide, affecting about 3 crore men and boys. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 2.5 crore males globally have hydrocele due to filariasis (filarial hydrocele). The most prevalent cause of hydrocele in adults worldwide is filariasis, a parasite infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. Filariasis affected more than 9 crore individuals across 52 nations. […] Hydrocele is a common condition in India, accounting for about 1.26 lakh recorded cases according to 2023 data. In 2009, a study indicated that India accounted for 48% of the world’s 2.67 crore hydrocele cases.
#47 Filarial Hydrocele | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23069
A number of studies report lymphedema and/or hydrocele following mass drug administration for filariasis management, but other studies report no such association. Additionally, studies indicate that population-based and household surveys consistently underestimate the true prevalence of hydrocele and disability from the disease. As personal modesty may be responsible for minor hydroceles to be ignored by patients, especially when data collection is done by surveys. Therefore the reported incidence is dependent mainly on clinical examination and may be imprecise for the true extent of the disease.
#48 Validation of routine lymphatic filariasis morbidity surveillance in the Upper West Region, Ghana | PLOS Global Public Health
https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0004336
In Ghana and other countries pursuing elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF), suspect cases of lymphoedema and hydrocele are routinely enumerated by community health workers (CHWs) during mass drug administration (MDA). […] Routine enumeration underestimated lymphoedema prevalence by 81% in both cases, and underestimated hydrocele prevalence by 41%52%. […] Routine surveillance underestimates the prevalence of LF morbidity in the study area. […] The prevalence of filarial hydrocele was 113.1 (95% CI 104.7121.8) per 10,000 in EU1, and 65.3 (95% CI 60.969.8) per 10,000 in EU2. […] Hydrocele prevalence was underestimated to a lesser degree, with a prevalence ratio of 0.41 (0.350.41) in EU2, 0.52 in EU2 (95% CI 0.450.60). […] We found that hydrocele and lymphedema were both underestimated by CHWs, and that the difference between CBS and prevalence survey estimates was more extreme for lymphoedema. […] The existing approach to LF morbidity surveillance underestimates the true burden of disease, indicating that modifications are required for reliable burden estimation.
#49 Morbidity management and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis disease and acute dermatolymphangioadenitis attacks using a mobile phone-based tool by community health volunteers in Ghana | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008839
Morbidity burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) relies on the information from the Mass Drug Administration (MDA) programme where Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) passively report cases identified. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a mobile phone-based Interactive Voice Response System (mIVRS) by CHVs in reporting LF morbidity cases and acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) attacks in Ghana. […] One hundred CHVs were trained to identify and report lymphedema and hydrocele cases as well as ADLA attacks by calling a hotline linked to the mIVRS. […] Higher numbers of lymphedema and hydrocele cases were recorded by the CHVs using the mIVRS (n = 590 and n = 103) compared to the paper-based reporting (n = 417 and n = 76) and the MDA records (n = 154 and n = 84). […] The system, when fully developed and linked to national databases, may help to overcome underreporting of morbidity cases and ADLA attacks in endemic communities.
#50 Morbidity management and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis disease and acute dermatolymphangioadenitis attacks using a mobile phone-based tool by community health volunteers in Ghana | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008839
The mIVRS was fully functional throughout the 12-month period, allowing the CHVs to record all cases of lymphedema and hydrocele in their respective communities using their mobile phones. […] Overall, our results show that of the 879 calls received by the IVR system from April 2018 to March 2019, 96.9% (n = 852) had complete data, while 3.1% (n = 27) were excluded due to incomplete data. […] Data on morbidity cases extracted from the mIVRS was compared with data from the national MDA programme and the paper report by the CHVs collected within the same period of time across 52 communities and 11 sub-districts. […] From these 52 communities where data were available for comparison, the mIVRS recorded the highest number of lymphedema (n = 590) and hydrocele cases (n = 103) compared to data captured by GHS in the national MDA programme (lymphedema (n = 154) and hydrocele (n = 84) and the paper-based records (lymphedema (n = 417) and hydrocele (n = 76). […] The use of CHVs using mIVRS can successfully fill the gaps of current health surveillance and overcome underreporting of neglected tropical diseases.
#51 Hydrocele- Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N
https://www.pacehospital.com/hydrocele-symptoms-causes-types-treatment
Hydrocele affects approximately 1% of adult males. More than 80% of newborn boys have a patent processus vaginalis (an unusual gap that separates the scrotum from the peritoneal cavity), but the majority close spontaneously by 1.6 years of age. […] The incidence of hydrocele is rising with the increased survival rate of premature infants and the increasing usage of the peritoneal cavity for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, dialysis, and kidney transplants. […] Most hydroceles are congenital (inborn) and appear in children around 1-2 years old. Chronic or secondary hydroceles most commonly affect men over the age of 40 years. Noncommunicating hydroceles are the most frequent kind of hydrocele worldwide, affecting about 3 crore men and boys. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 2.5 crore males globally have hydrocele due to filariasis (filarial hydrocele). The most prevalent cause of hydrocele in adults worldwide is filariasis, a parasite infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. Filariasis affected more than 9 crore individuals across 52 nations. […] Hydrocele is a common condition in India, accounting for about 1.26 lakh recorded cases according to 2023 data. In 2009, a study indicated that India accounted for 48% of the world’s 2.67 crore hydrocele cases.
#52 Hydrocele- Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N
https://www.pacehospital.com/hydrocele-symptoms-causes-types-treatment
Hydrocele affects approximately 1% of adult males. More than 80% of newborn boys have a patent processus vaginalis (an unusual gap that separates the scrotum from the peritoneal cavity), but the majority close spontaneously by 1.6 years of age. […] The incidence of hydrocele is rising with the increased survival rate of premature infants and the increasing usage of the peritoneal cavity for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, dialysis, and kidney transplants. […] Most hydroceles are congenital (inborn) and appear in children around 1-2 years old. Chronic or secondary hydroceles most commonly affect men over the age of 40 years. Noncommunicating hydroceles are the most frequent kind of hydrocele worldwide, affecting about 3 crore men and boys. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 2.5 crore males globally have hydrocele due to filariasis (filarial hydrocele). The most prevalent cause of hydrocele in adults worldwide is filariasis, a parasite infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. Filariasis affected more than 9 crore individuals across 52 nations. […] Hydrocele is a common condition in India, accounting for about 1.26 lakh recorded cases according to 2023 data. In 2009, a study indicated that India accounted for 48% of the world’s 2.67 crore hydrocele cases.
#53 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science
https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e79
Hydrocele on the contralateral side after surgical repair is an uncommon condition compared to surgical site recurrence. […] We have investigated the incidence and risk factors for metachronous contralateral occurrence of communicating and noncommunicating hydroceles in children younger than 8 years. […] Metachronous contralateral hydrocele occurred in 15 (4.9%) patients as communicating hydroceles. […] Clinically evident risk of metachronous contralateral hydrocele after unilateral hydrocelectomy was 4.9%. […] The risk of metachronous contralateral hydrocele after unilateral hydrocelectomy may be even lower than that of inguinal hernia. […] Metachronous contralateral occurrence is lower (4.9%) in hydrocele compared to inguinal hernia (7.6-11.6%) proposed in other recent studies. […] The clinically evident risk of metachronous contralateral hydrocele after unilateral hydrocelectomy in children younger than 8 years was 4.9%. […] Despite the low incidence, the possibility of metachronous contralateral hydrocele should always be consulted with parents before operation.
#54 Critical genes in genitourinary embryogenesis are related to the development of adult hydrocele | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81187-3
Despite being a common urologic disorder with potentially complicated sequela, the genetic background of adult hydrocele has not previously been described. We identified 6,548 adult men with hydrocele. This large study of nearly 400,000 men is the first genomic study of idiopathic hydrocele and defines our current understanding of the genetic background of this common condition. Research on adult hydrocele is largely focused on the indications and techniques for medical and surgical management. Despite the common nature of the condition, there is little etiologic research on inherent risk factors or heritability. We perform a novel investigation into the contribution of the genetic background of persistent adult hydrocele. We study 6,548 adult men with hydrocele, identifying genetic loci associated with hydrocele, and putatively mapping these loci to genes that imply a fundamentally different genetic architecture for hydrocele than its closely clinically related condition inguinal hernia. We identified 24 genes associated with hydrocele in a population of nearly 400,000 men. The association of common variants in these genes with adult hydrocele suggests potential novel roles for these genes in maintaining normal scrotal anatomy in adults.
#55 Critical genes in genitourinary embryogenesis are related to the development of adult hydrocele | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81187-3
Despite the commonality of hydrocele, there is little etiologic research into this condition. In this study, we identified 7 loci with hydrocele in over 6000 men. We prioritized four genes, PAX8, INHBB, TARBP2, and AMHR2, that met three or more gene prioritization criteria. However, a role for them in the development of a common adult trait is novel. Several genome-wide significant variants associated with hydrocele have been previously associated with markers of renal function and genitourinary cancers. However, despite the anatomic and clinical overlap, none of the loci or mapped hydrocele genes from our study have previously been associated with inguinal hernia, suggesting a distinct genetic architecture for these two conditions.
#56 Critical genes in genitourinary embryogenesis are related to the development of adult hydrocele | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81187-3
Despite the commonality of hydrocele, there is little etiologic research into this condition. In this study, we identified 7 loci with hydrocele in over 6000 men. We prioritized four genes, PAX8, INHBB, TARBP2, and AMHR2, that met three or more gene prioritization criteria. However, a role for them in the development of a common adult trait is novel. Several genome-wide significant variants associated with hydrocele have been previously associated with markers of renal function and genitourinary cancers. However, despite the anatomic and clinical overlap, none of the loci or mapped hydrocele genes from our study have previously been associated with inguinal hernia, suggesting a distinct genetic architecture for these two conditions.
#57 Incidental Testicular Pathologies in Patients With Idiopathic Hydrocele Testis: Is Preoperative Scrotal Ultrasound Justified? | Anticancer Research
https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/40/5/2861
Hydrocele testis is a common disease with a prevalence of 1% in adults. […] Hydrocele testis is a common urological disease with a reported prevalence of 6% in new-borns and 1% in adults. […] Although the guidelines give no clear recommendation, scrotal ultrasound is performed in adult men with hydrocele as part of the diagnostic work-up. […] Testicular cancer is an important differential diagnosis of hydrocele testis. However, in our study no case of incidental testicular cancer or scrotal malignancy was found in the pre-surgical ultrasound. […] No testicular cancer or any other malignancy of the scrotum was found in pre-surgical ultrasound (0%). […] Our results therefore strengthen the findings of Okorie et al. where 102 patients with longstanding hydrocele testis were examined for further underlying pathologies using ultrasound and no further abnormality was found.
#58 Incidental Testicular Pathologies in Patients With Idiopathic Hydrocele Testis: Is Preoperative Scrotal Ultrasound Justified? | Anticancer Research
https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/40/5/2861
Hydrocele testis is a common disease with a prevalence of 1% in adults. […] Hydrocele testis is a common urological disease with a reported prevalence of 6% in new-borns and 1% in adults. […] Although the guidelines give no clear recommendation, scrotal ultrasound is performed in adult men with hydrocele as part of the diagnostic work-up. […] Testicular cancer is an important differential diagnosis of hydrocele testis. However, in our study no case of incidental testicular cancer or scrotal malignancy was found in the pre-surgical ultrasound. […] No testicular cancer or any other malignancy of the scrotum was found in pre-surgical ultrasound (0%). […] Our results therefore strengthen the findings of Okorie et al. where 102 patients with longstanding hydrocele testis were examined for further underlying pathologies using ultrasound and no further abnormality was found.
#59 Incidental Testicular Pathologies in Patients With Idiopathic Hydrocele Testis: Is Preoperative Scrotal Ultrasound Justified? | Anticancer Research
https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/40/5/2861
Based on the literature and on the findings of the present study, scrotal ultrasound in patients with typical symptoms of idiopathic hydrocele testis might not be necessary in all cases, but should still be performed when resources and man power allows. […] No incidental testicular or scrotal cancer was found in the ultrasound examination of patients who presented with typical clinical symptoms of a hydrocele testis in our population.