Trimetyloaminuria (zespół zapachu rybnego)
Epidemiologia

Trimetyloaminuria (TMAU) to rzadkie, autosomalnie recesywne zaburzenie metaboliczne spowodowane mutacjami w genie FMO3 (chromosom 1q24), prowadzące do defektu monooksygenazy-3 i upośledzonej konwersji trimetyloaminy (TMA) do bezwonnego N-tlenku trimetyloaminy (TMAO). Prewalencja szacowana jest na 1:200 000 do 1:1 000 000, choć rzeczywista częstość może być wyższa z powodu niedodiagnozowania. Choroba manifestuje się charakterystycznym rybim zapachem ciała, nasilającym się w okresie dojrzewania i pod wpływem hormonów płciowych, zwłaszcza u kobiet. Diagnostyka opiera się na analizie moczu, w tym 24-godzinnej zbiórce moczu, testach obciążeniowych (600 mg TMA) oraz badaniach genetycznych potwierdzających mutacje w genie FMO3. W populacjach takich jak Papua-Nowa Gwinea czy Aszkenazyjczycy obserwuje się wyższy odsetek nosicieli (do 11%).

Epidemiologia trimetyloaminurii (zespołu zapachu rybnego)

Trimetyloaminuria (TMAU), znana również jako zespół zapachu rybnego, jest stosunkowo rzadkim zaburzeniem metabolicznym charakteryzującym się nieprzyjemnym zapachem ciała przypominającym zapach zepsutych ryb. Dokładne określenie częstości występowania tego schorzenia jest trudne, jednak szacunki globalnej prewalencji mieszczą się w zakresie od 1:200 000 do 1:1 000 000 osób.123 Warto jednak zauważyć, że rzeczywista częstość występowania może być znacznie wyższa ze względu na niską świadomość istnienia tego schorzenia wśród personelu medycznego i niski poziom diagnostyki.

W literaturze medycznej opisano dotychczas około 200 przypadków, co uważane jest za znaczne niedoszacowanie.4 Bardziej aktualne dane wskazują, że niezdiagnozowane przypadki trimetyloaminurii mogą być stosunkowo powszechne wśród pacjentów cierpiących na idiopatyczną produkcję nieprzyjemnego zapachu ciała.56 W jednym z brytyjskich badań, wśród 187 pacjentów zgłaszających się z powodu nieprzyjemnego zapachu ciała, 17 przypadków opisano jako zapach rybi, co może sugerować, że TMAU jest schorzeniem niedostatecznie rozpoznawanym.7

Zróżnicowanie etniczne i geograficzne

Przypadki trimetyloaminurii odnotowano w niemal wszystkich częściach świata i dotyczą one obu płci.8 Badania genetyczne oszacowały częstość występowania heterozygotycznych nosicieli wadliwego genu na poziomie od 0,5% do 11%, w zależności od badanej grupy etnicznej.910 Szczególnie wysoki odsetek nosicieli (11%) zaobserwowano wśród osób pochodzących z Papui-Nowej Gwinei.1112 W Wielkiej Brytanii szacuje się, że około 1% populacji stanowią nosiciele wadliwego genu odpowiedzialnego za trimetyloaminurię.13 Istnieją również doniesienia sugerujące wyższą częstość występowania TMAU wśród osób pochodzenia żydowskiego (Aszkenazyjczyków).14

Różnice związane z płcią

Trimetyloaminuria wydaje się częściej dotyczyć kobiet niż mężczyzn.151617 Naukowcy sugerują, że może to być związane z wpływem żeńskich hormonów płciowych, takich jak progesteron i estrogen, które mogą nasilać objawy choroby.1819 Badania wskazują również, że kobiety mogą doświadczać cięższych objawów w związku z wahaniami hormonalnymi podczas miesiączki i ciąży.20 Obserwuje się również nadreprezentację kobiet pochodzenia afrykańskiego wśród osób dotkniętych tym schorzeniem.21

Wiek zachorowania

Objawy trimetyloaminurii mogą być obecne od urodzenia, jednak często stają się bardziej zauważalne w okresie dojrzewania, kiedy zachodzą zmiany hormonalne.222324 Choroba może ujawnić się w każdym wieku, ale okres dojrzewania jest szczególnie istotny w kontekście nasilenia objawów.

Nadzór i rozpoznawanie choroby

Diagnoza trimetyloaminurii często umyka lekarzom przez wiele lat.25 Wiele osób nie szuka pomocy medycznej, wierząc, że ich nawyki higieniczne są odpowiedzialne za nieprzyjemny zapach ciała.26 Eksperci uważają, że choroba może być niedodiagnozowana z powodu niewyszukiwania przez pacjentów pomocy medycznej w przypadku łagodnych objawów lub z powodu błędnej diagnozy.27

Metody diagnostyczne

Rozpoznanie trimetyloaminurii opiera się na obrazie klinicznym i analizie moczu.28 Diagnozę można ustalić poprzez określenie współczynnika utleniania w próbce moczu lub za pomocą metod molekularnych stosowanych w testach genetycznych.29 W praktyce klinicznej stosuje się następujące testy diagnostyczne:

  • 24-godzinna zbiórka moczu przy normalnej diecie30
  • 8-godzinna zbiórka moczu po posiłku zawierającym ryby morskie (dla dzieci) lub po doustnym obciążeniu 600 mg trimetyloaminy (dla dorosłych)31
  • Test obciążenia TMA (tzw. „TMA challenge” lub „TMA load test”) – pozwala wykryć zarówno osoby chore, jak i nosicieli, ponieważ obie grupy wykazują zmniejszoną konwersję trimetyloaminy do N-tlenku trimetyloaminy3233
  • Badanie moczu mierzące stosunek trimetyloaminy (związku o rybim zapachu) do N-tlenku trimetyloaminy (bezwonnej wersji)34

Podłoże genetyczne

Trimetyloaminuria jest rzadką chorobą genetyczną o dziedziczeniu autosomalnym recesywnym (MIM 602079), co oznacza, że dotknięta osoba odziedziczyła dwie kopie wadliwego genu, po jednej od każdego z rodziców.3536 Badania wykazały, że trimetyloaminuria jest spowodowana mutacją w genie FMO3 (136132) kodującym monooksygenazę-3 zawierającą flawinę, znajdującym się na chromosomie 1q24.3738

Ayesh i wsp. (1993) badali 187 osób z podejrzeniem nieprzyjemnego zapachu ciała i doszli do wniosku, że trimetyloaminuria jest dziedziczona jako cecha autosomalna recesywna.39 Al-Waiz i wsp. (1987, 1988) przedstawili dowody na niedobór N-oksydacji trimetyloaminy u osób z trimetyloaminurią, a Akerman i wsp. (1997) oraz Dolphin i wsp. (1997) wykazali, że trimetyloaminuria jest spowodowana mutacją w genie FMO3.40

Implikacje społeczne i zdrowotne

Choć trimetyloaminuria nie stanowi bezpośredniego zagrożenia dla życia, ma znaczący wpływ psychospołeczny, który nie powinien być ignorowany.41 Choroba znacząco obniża jakość życia pacjentów i była nawet powiązana z próbami samobójczymi.42 Pacjenci z TMAU doświadczają izolacji społecznej, lęku i wykazują wysokie wskaźniki depresji.43

Z uwagi na poważne konsekwencje psychospołeczne, klinicyści powinni wykazywać niski próg podejrzenia TMAU, gdyż choroba ta ma dewastujący wpływ na jakość życia, a jednocześnie istnieją wiarygodne metody diagnostyczne i liczne opcje terapeutyczne.4445

Opcje terapeutyczne

Obecnie nie ma leku na trimetyloaminurię, ale istnieją metody, które mogą pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów:4647

  • Modyfikacja diety – podstawa leczenia, polegająca na unikaniu prekursorów trimetyloaminy, co zmniejsza nieprzyjemny zapach ciała. Zaleca się ograniczenie spożycia mleka krowiego, owoców morza i skorupiaków, jaj, fasoli, orzeszków ziemnych, wątroby i nerek oraz suplementów zawierających lecytynę.4849
  • Krótkie kursy antybiotyków (neomycyna, amoksycylina lub metronidazol) – mogą zmieniać bakterie jelitowe, zmniejszając produkcję trimetyloaminy.5051
  • Poradnictwo genetyczne – może pomóc zrozumieć ryzyko przekazania trimetyloaminurii potomstwu.52

Warto zauważyć, że prowadzone są badania nad nowymi metodami leczenia, w tym nad opracowaniem inżynieryjnie zmodyfikowanych szczepów E. coli zatwierdzonych przez FDA, które mogłyby przekształcać TMA w TMAO w jelicie cienkim i grubym jako potencjalny terapeutyk komórkowy dla TMAU.53

Podsumowanie epidemiologiczne

Trimetyloaminuria pozostaje stosunkowo rzadkim, ale prawdopodobnie niedodiagnozowanym schorzeniem o znaczącym wpływie na jakość życia pacjentów. Prewalencja szacowana na 1:200 000 do 1:1 000 000 osób może być znacznie zaniżona. Choroba występuje na całym świecie, z wyższą częstością wśród kobiet, szczególnie pochodzenia afrykańskiego, oraz w niektórych grupach etnicznych (np. wśród osób pochodzenia nowogwinejskiego).5455

Rosnąca świadomość na temat trimetyloaminurii wśród lekarzy jest kluczowa dla zapewnienia wczesnej diagnozy i właściwego leczenia. Choć nie ma obecnie skutecznego leku na tę chorobę, odpowiednia modyfikacja diety, okresowe stosowanie antybiotyków oraz poradnictwo psychologiczne mogą znacząco poprawić jakość życia pacjentów.5657

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #2 Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome or TMAU)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22356-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome
    One study suggests between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 1 million people worldwide have trimethylaminuria. TMAU typically affects females more than it does males. […] Some researchers believe it may be more common than the data shows. Research shows that often, people believe their personal hygiene habits are responsible for their situation, so they dont seek medical care or receive a diagnosis of TMAU.
  • #3 Fish odor syndrome | College of Medicine
    https://med.fsu.edu/iprd/fish-odor-syndrome
    Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a condition where patients have an odor of rotting fish due to the presence of trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath. The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 but due to lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher. […] TMAU can present at any age, although symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty. Patients with TMAU experience social isolation, anxiety, and high rates of depression. […] This research project will design, build, and test three FDA-approved strains of engineered E. coli that can convert TMA to TMAO in the small and large intestines, as a candidate cell-based therapeutic for TMAU.
  • #4 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Trimethylaminuria, better known as fish odor syndrome, is a psychologically disabling condition in which a patient emits a foul odor, which resembles that of rotting fish. […] The condition is uncommon, but there has been recent research to suggest that the diagnosis may often be overlooked. […] Moreover, it is important to be cognizant of this condition because there are reliable diagnostic tests and the disorder can be devastating from a psychosocial perspective. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of this syndrome, but a decade ago there were more than 200 cases described, which was considered an underestimate at that time. […] More recently, it has been shown that undiagnosed cases of trimethylaminuria may be fairly common among patients suffering from idiopathic malodor production, which supports the thought that this disorder is under recognized.
  • #5 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Trimethylaminuria, better known as fish odor syndrome, is a psychologically disabling condition in which a patient emits a foul odor, which resembles that of rotting fish. […] The condition is uncommon, but there has been recent research to suggest that the diagnosis may often be overlooked. […] Moreover, it is important to be cognizant of this condition because there are reliable diagnostic tests and the disorder can be devastating from a psychosocial perspective. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of this syndrome, but a decade ago there were more than 200 cases described, which was considered an underestimate at that time. […] More recently, it has been shown that undiagnosed cases of trimethylaminuria may be fairly common among patients suffering from idiopathic malodor production, which supports the thought that this disorder is under recognized.
  • #6 A Review of Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome) | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/a-review-of-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome/
    Trimethylaminuria, better known as fish odor syndrome, is a psychologically disabling condition in which a patient emits a foul odor, which resembles that of rotting fish. The disorder is most commonly caused by an inherited deficiency in flavin monooxygenase 3, the vital enzyme for the metabolism of trimethylamine, which is the compound responsible for the unpleasant odor. The condition is uncommon, but there has been recent research to suggest that the diagnosis may often be overlooked. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of this syndrome, but a decade ago there were more than 200 cases described, which was considered an underestimate at that time. More recently, it has been shown that undiagnosed cases of trimethylaminuria may be fairly common among patients suffering from idiopathic malodor production, which supports the thought that this disorder is under recognized. Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined.
  • #7 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #8 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #9 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #10 A Review of Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome) | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/a-review-of-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome/
    Trimethylaminuria, better known as fish odor syndrome, is a psychologically disabling condition in which a patient emits a foul odor, which resembles that of rotting fish. The disorder is most commonly caused by an inherited deficiency in flavin monooxygenase 3, the vital enzyme for the metabolism of trimethylamine, which is the compound responsible for the unpleasant odor. The condition is uncommon, but there has been recent research to suggest that the diagnosis may often be overlooked. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of this syndrome, but a decade ago there were more than 200 cases described, which was considered an underestimate at that time. More recently, it has been shown that undiagnosed cases of trimethylaminuria may be fairly common among patients suffering from idiopathic malodor production, which supports the thought that this disorder is under recognized. Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined.
  • #11 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #12 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #13 Trimethylaminuria (’fish odour syndrome’) | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/trimethylaminuria-fish-odour-syndrome
    Trimethylaminuria is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes a strong body odour usually described as like rotting fish, faeces or garbage. […] It is estimated than 1% of the UK population are carriers of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria. […] Women are more likely than men to have the condition possibly because female sex hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen aggravate the symptoms. […] Trimethylaminuria is diagnosed with a urine test that measures the ratio of trimethylamine (the fishy-smelling chemical) to trimethylamine N-oxide (the odourless version). […] If it is suspected that you are a carrier of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria, you can take the 'TMA challenge’ (also called the 'TMA load test’).
  • #14 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #15 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #16 Trimethylaminuria – Metabolic Support UKAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://metabolicsupportuk.org/condition/trimethylaminuria/
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare disorder and the amount of people who are affected is not known, although around 100 cases have been identified. […] Some experts believe that the disorder may be under-diagnosed, possibly due to people not seeking medical support for mild symptoms, or some cases being misdiagnosed. […] It seems that the disorder affects more females than males. Scientists believe that this may be due to higher levels of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen that are more likely to trigger Trimethylaminuria.
  • #17 Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome or TMAU)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22356-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome
    One study suggests between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 1 million people worldwide have trimethylaminuria. TMAU typically affects females more than it does males. […] Some researchers believe it may be more common than the data shows. Research shows that often, people believe their personal hygiene habits are responsible for their situation, so they dont seek medical care or receive a diagnosis of TMAU.
  • #18 Trimethylaminuria – Metabolic Support UKAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://metabolicsupportuk.org/condition/trimethylaminuria/
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare disorder and the amount of people who are affected is not known, although around 100 cases have been identified. […] Some experts believe that the disorder may be under-diagnosed, possibly due to people not seeking medical support for mild symptoms, or some cases being misdiagnosed. […] It seems that the disorder affects more females than males. Scientists believe that this may be due to higher levels of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen that are more likely to trigger Trimethylaminuria.
  • #19 Trimethylaminuria (’fish odour syndrome’) | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/trimethylaminuria-fish-odour-syndrome
    Trimethylaminuria is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes a strong body odour usually described as like rotting fish, faeces or garbage. […] It is estimated than 1% of the UK population are carriers of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria. […] Women are more likely than men to have the condition possibly because female sex hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen aggravate the symptoms. […] Trimethylaminuria is diagnosed with a urine test that measures the ratio of trimethylamine (the fishy-smelling chemical) to trimethylamine N-oxide (the odourless version). […] If it is suspected that you are a carrier of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria, you can take the 'TMA challenge’ (also called the 'TMA load test’).
  • #20 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #21 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #22 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #23 Woman, 41, reveals she has rare condition which makes her smell like fish | Daily Mail Online
    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-10895691/Woman-41-reveals-rare-condition-makes-smell-like-fish.html
    Trimethylaminuria is a condition so rare it has only been recorded 100 times. […] Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is an uncommon condition that causes an unpleasant, fishy smell. It’s also called „fish odour syndrome.” […] Trimethylaminuria symptoms can be present from birth, but they may not start until later in life, often around puberty. […] The only symptom is an unpleasant smell, typically of rotting fish although it can be described as smelling like other things that can affect the breath, sweat, pee, and vaginal fluids. […] When to see a GP: See a GP if you notice a strong, unpleasant smell that doesn’t go away. […] Tell your GP if you think it might be trimethylaminuria. It’s an uncommon condition and they may not have heard of it. […] In trimethylaminuria, the body is unable to turn a strong-smelling chemical called trimethylamine produced in the gut when bacteria break down certain foods into a different chemical that doesn’t smell.
  • #24 Fish odor syndrome | College of Medicine
    https://med.fsu.edu/iprd/fish-odor-syndrome
    Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a condition where patients have an odor of rotting fish due to the presence of trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath. The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 but due to lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher. […] TMAU can present at any age, although symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty. Patients with TMAU experience social isolation, anxiety, and high rates of depression. […] This research project will design, build, and test three FDA-approved strains of engineered E. coli that can convert TMA to TMAO in the small and large intestines, as a candidate cell-based therapeutic for TMAU.
  • #25 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #26 Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome or TMAU)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22356-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome
    One study suggests between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 1 million people worldwide have trimethylaminuria. TMAU typically affects females more than it does males. […] Some researchers believe it may be more common than the data shows. Research shows that often, people believe their personal hygiene habits are responsible for their situation, so they dont seek medical care or receive a diagnosis of TMAU.
  • #27 Trimethylaminuria – Metabolic Support UKAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://metabolicsupportuk.org/condition/trimethylaminuria/
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare disorder and the amount of people who are affected is not known, although around 100 cases have been identified. […] Some experts believe that the disorder may be under-diagnosed, possibly due to people not seeking medical support for mild symptoms, or some cases being misdiagnosed. […] It seems that the disorder affects more females than males. Scientists believe that this may be due to higher levels of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen that are more likely to trigger Trimethylaminuria.
  • #28 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #29 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #30 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #31 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #32 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #33 Trimethylaminuria (’fish odour syndrome’) | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/trimethylaminuria-fish-odour-syndrome
    Trimethylaminuria is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes a strong body odour usually described as like rotting fish, faeces or garbage. […] It is estimated than 1% of the UK population are carriers of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria. […] Women are more likely than men to have the condition possibly because female sex hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen aggravate the symptoms. […] Trimethylaminuria is diagnosed with a urine test that measures the ratio of trimethylamine (the fishy-smelling chemical) to trimethylamine N-oxide (the odourless version). […] If it is suspected that you are a carrier of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria, you can take the 'TMA challenge’ (also called the 'TMA load test’).
  • #34 Trimethylaminuria (’fish odour syndrome’) | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/trimethylaminuria-fish-odour-syndrome
    Trimethylaminuria is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes a strong body odour usually described as like rotting fish, faeces or garbage. […] It is estimated than 1% of the UK population are carriers of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria. […] Women are more likely than men to have the condition possibly because female sex hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen aggravate the symptoms. […] Trimethylaminuria is diagnosed with a urine test that measures the ratio of trimethylamine (the fishy-smelling chemical) to trimethylamine N-oxide (the odourless version). […] If it is suspected that you are a carrier of the faulty gene that causes trimethylaminuria, you can take the 'TMA challenge’ (also called the 'TMA load test’).
  • #35 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #36
    https://www.omim.org/entry/602079
    A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that trimethylaminuria, sometimes referred to as fish-odor syndrome, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3; 136132) on chromosome 1q24. […] Trimethylaminuria results from the abnormal presence of large amounts of volatile and malodorous trimethylamine within the body. This chemical, a tertiary aliphatic amine, is excreted in the urine, sweat (ichthyohidrosis), and breath, which take on the offensive odor of decaying fish (Mitchell, 1996). […] Individuals with trimethylaminuria excrete relatively large amounts of amino-trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath, and exhibit a fishy body odor characteristic of the malodorous free amine, leading to the designation fish-odor syndrome.
  • #37
    https://www.omim.org/entry/602079
    A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that trimethylaminuria, sometimes referred to as fish-odor syndrome, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3; 136132) on chromosome 1q24. […] Trimethylaminuria results from the abnormal presence of large amounts of volatile and malodorous trimethylamine within the body. This chemical, a tertiary aliphatic amine, is excreted in the urine, sweat (ichthyohidrosis), and breath, which take on the offensive odor of decaying fish (Mitchell, 1996). […] Individuals with trimethylaminuria excrete relatively large amounts of amino-trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath, and exhibit a fishy body odor characteristic of the malodorous free amine, leading to the designation fish-odor syndrome.
  • #38
    https://www.omim.org/entry/602079
    Ayesh et al. (1993) studied 187 subjects with suspected body malodor and concluded that the trimethylaminuria is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. […] Al-Waiz et al. (1987, 1988) presented evidence for deficiency in the N-oxidation of trimethylamine in persons with trimethylaminuria. […] Akerman et al. (1997) and Dolphin et al. (1997) demonstrated that trimethylaminuria is caused by mutation in the FMO3 gene (136132).
  • #39
    https://www.omim.org/entry/602079
    Ayesh et al. (1993) studied 187 subjects with suspected body malodor and concluded that the trimethylaminuria is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. […] Al-Waiz et al. (1987, 1988) presented evidence for deficiency in the N-oxidation of trimethylamine in persons with trimethylaminuria. […] Akerman et al. (1997) and Dolphin et al. (1997) demonstrated that trimethylaminuria is caused by mutation in the FMO3 gene (136132).
  • #40
    https://www.omim.org/entry/602079
    Ayesh et al. (1993) studied 187 subjects with suspected body malodor and concluded that the trimethylaminuria is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. […] Al-Waiz et al. (1987, 1988) presented evidence for deficiency in the N-oxidation of trimethylamine in persons with trimethylaminuria. […] Akerman et al. (1997) and Dolphin et al. (1997) demonstrated that trimethylaminuria is caused by mutation in the FMO3 gene (136132).
  • #41 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #42 A Review of Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome) | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/a-review-of-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome/
    The disease was once considered quite rare, but recent research has demonstrated that the condition may be more prevalent than historically appreciated. The disease itself is not life threatening, but it significantly diminishes the quality of patients lives, and has even been associated with suicide attempts. […] A low threshold of suspicion for TMAU should be maintained by clinicians as this condition has a devastating effect on quality of life, reliable methods of diagnosis, and myriad treatment options.
  • #43 Fish odor syndrome | College of Medicine
    https://med.fsu.edu/iprd/fish-odor-syndrome
    Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a condition where patients have an odor of rotting fish due to the presence of trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath. The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 but due to lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher. […] TMAU can present at any age, although symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty. Patients with TMAU experience social isolation, anxiety, and high rates of depression. […] This research project will design, build, and test three FDA-approved strains of engineered E. coli that can convert TMA to TMAO in the small and large intestines, as a candidate cell-based therapeutic for TMAU.
  • #44 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    The disease was once considered quite rare, but recent research has demonstrated that the condition may be more prevalent than historically appreciated. […] While there is no definitive cure at present, it is worth pursuing this diagnosis if clinically indicated as there are reliable diagnostic tests and efficacious treatment options. […] A low threshold of suspicion for TMAU should be maintained by clinicians as this condition has a devastating effect on quality of life, reliable methods of diagnosis, and myriad treatment options.
  • #45 A Review of Trimethylaminuria (Fish Odor Syndrome) | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/a-review-of-trimethylaminuria-fish-odor-syndrome/
    The disease was once considered quite rare, but recent research has demonstrated that the condition may be more prevalent than historically appreciated. The disease itself is not life threatening, but it significantly diminishes the quality of patients lives, and has even been associated with suicide attempts. […] A low threshold of suspicion for TMAU should be maintained by clinicians as this condition has a devastating effect on quality of life, reliable methods of diagnosis, and myriad treatment options.
  • #46
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/Trimethylaminuria(’fishodoursyndrome’)/
    Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is an uncommon condition that causes an unpleasant, fishy smell. It’s also called „fish odour syndrome.” […] There’s currently no cure, but there are things that can help. […] Tell your GP if you think it might be trimethylaminuria. It’s an uncommon condition and they may not have heard of it. […] Genetic counselling may help you understand the risks of passing trimethylaminuria on to any children you have. […] Your doctor may recommend: short courses of antibiotics this can help reduce the amount of trimethylamine produced in your gut.
  • #47 Woman, 41, reveals she has rare condition which makes her smell like fish | Daily Mail Online
    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-10895691/Woman-41-reveals-rare-condition-makes-smell-like-fish.html
    There’s currently no cure for trimethylaminuria, but some things might help with the smell. […] It can help to avoid certain foods that make the smell worse, such as cows’ milk, seafood and shellfish, eggs, beans, peanuts, liver and kidney, and supplements containing lecithin. […] Your specialist can refer you to a dietitian for advice. They’ll help you make sure your diet still contains all the nutrients you need.
  • #48 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #49 Woman, 41, reveals she has rare condition which makes her smell like fish | Daily Mail Online
    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-10895691/Woman-41-reveals-rare-condition-makes-smell-like-fish.html
    There’s currently no cure for trimethylaminuria, but some things might help with the smell. […] It can help to avoid certain foods that make the smell worse, such as cows’ milk, seafood and shellfish, eggs, beans, peanuts, liver and kidney, and supplements containing lecithin. […] Your specialist can refer you to a dietitian for advice. They’ll help you make sure your diet still contains all the nutrients you need.
  • #50 Trimethylaminuria
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trimethylaminuria
    Trimethylaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease (MIM 602079), meaning the affected person has inherited two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. […] It has been estimated that 1% of the general population in the UK carry one defective copy of the gene, ranging up to 11% in Papua New Guinea. […] The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting because of body odour, especially if described as fishy. […] In one study in the UK of 187 patients presenting due to body odour, 17 were described as fishy. […] The diagnosis is confirmed on 24-hour urine collection while on a normal diet, and an 8-hour urine collection after either a marine fish meal (for children) or 600mg oral trimethylamine load (adults). […] The trimethylamine challenge will detect both carriers and sufferers, as both will have a reduced conversion to trimethylamine N-oxide. […] Dietary modification is the basis of treatment as avoidance of trimethylamine precursors reduces the body odour. […] Some sufferers respond well to courses of neomycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole as these alter the bowel bacteria, reducing the production of trimethylamine.
  • #51
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/Trimethylaminuria(’fishodoursyndrome’)/
    Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is an uncommon condition that causes an unpleasant, fishy smell. It’s also called „fish odour syndrome.” […] There’s currently no cure, but there are things that can help. […] Tell your GP if you think it might be trimethylaminuria. It’s an uncommon condition and they may not have heard of it. […] Genetic counselling may help you understand the risks of passing trimethylaminuria on to any children you have. […] Your doctor may recommend: short courses of antibiotics this can help reduce the amount of trimethylamine produced in your gut.
  • #52
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/Trimethylaminuria(’fishodoursyndrome’)/
    Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is an uncommon condition that causes an unpleasant, fishy smell. It’s also called „fish odour syndrome.” […] There’s currently no cure, but there are things that can help. […] Tell your GP if you think it might be trimethylaminuria. It’s an uncommon condition and they may not have heard of it. […] Genetic counselling may help you understand the risks of passing trimethylaminuria on to any children you have. […] Your doctor may recommend: short courses of antibiotics this can help reduce the amount of trimethylamine produced in your gut.
  • #53 Fish odor syndrome | College of Medicine
    https://med.fsu.edu/iprd/fish-odor-syndrome
    Fish odor syndrome or trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a condition where patients have an odor of rotting fish due to the presence of trimethylamine (TMA) in their urine, sweat, and breath. The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 but due to lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher. […] TMAU can present at any age, although symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty. Patients with TMAU experience social isolation, anxiety, and high rates of depression. […] This research project will design, build, and test three FDA-approved strains of engineered E. coli that can convert TMA to TMAO in the small and large intestines, as a candidate cell-based therapeutic for TMAU.
  • #54 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    Genetic studies have estimated the incidence of heterozygous carriers to range from 0.5 to 11 percent depending on the ethnicity examined. […] Cases have been reported from nearly all parts of the world and in both sexes, although it seems that females, particularly those of African descent, may be over-represented. […] While not directly life threatening, FOS has a significant psychosocial impact that should not be overlooked. […] The diagnosis, which often eludes practitioners for years, is made on the basis of the clinical presentation and urinalysis. […] The diagnosis can be established effectively by determining the oxidizing ratio of a urine specimen or by molecular means which are utilized in genetic testing. […] TMAU is most commonly an inherited disorder that is characterized by an unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting fish.
  • #55 Trimethylaminuria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594255/
    The global prevalence of TMAU is estimated at 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. […] However, due to the lack of awareness and low diagnosis rates, the true prevalence may be higher, particularly in specific populations. It has been reported that individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent may have a higher incidence of TMAU. The carrier rate among individuals of New Guinean origin is 11%. […] TMAU affects both males and females; there may be differences in symptom severity. Some studies have suggested that females may experience more severe symptoms due to hormonal fluctuations during menstruation and pregnancy. […] While TMAU can present at any age, symptoms often become more noticeable during puberty when hormonal changes occur.
  • #56 A Review of Trimethylaminuria: (Fish Odor Syndrome)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3848652/
    The disease was once considered quite rare, but recent research has demonstrated that the condition may be more prevalent than historically appreciated. […] While there is no definitive cure at present, it is worth pursuing this diagnosis if clinically indicated as there are reliable diagnostic tests and efficacious treatment options. […] A low threshold of suspicion for TMAU should be maintained by clinicians as this condition has a devastating effect on quality of life, reliable methods of diagnosis, and myriad treatment options.
  • #57
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/Trimethylaminuria(’fishodoursyndrome’)/
    Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is an uncommon condition that causes an unpleasant, fishy smell. It’s also called „fish odour syndrome.” […] There’s currently no cure, but there are things that can help. […] Tell your GP if you think it might be trimethylaminuria. It’s an uncommon condition and they may not have heard of it. […] Genetic counselling may help you understand the risks of passing trimethylaminuria on to any children you have. […] Your doctor may recommend: short courses of antibiotics this can help reduce the amount of trimethylamine produced in your gut.