Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  Supraventricular tachycardia refers to a group of rapid heart rhythm disorders originating at or above the atrioventricular node. Supraventricular tachycardia is characterized by a narrow QRS complex of less than 120 ms and an elevated heart rate. In adults, the heart rate exceeds 100 bpm, whereas in children, it can range from 180 to 220 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia encompasses various atrial, junctional, and atrioventricular tachycardias, such as atrial ectopic tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. […] This activity describes a comprehensive overview of supraventricular tachycardia, addressing its causes, underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and current treatment approaches. […] Supraventricular tachycardia is a general term for dysrhythmias originating at or above the atrioventricular node, characterized by a narrow QRS complex (120 ms) with a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm, typically ranging from 150 to 220 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia includes various conditions, including atrial, junctional (ectopic), and atrioventricular tachycardias.

• #2 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  Supraventricular tachycardia refers to a group of rapid heart rhythm disorders originating at or above the atrioventricular node. Supraventricular tachycardia is characterized by a narrow QRS complex of less than 120 ms and an elevated heart rate. In adults, the heart rate exceeds 100 bpm, whereas in children, it can range from 180 to 220 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia encompasses various atrial, junctional, and atrioventricular tachycardias, such as atrial ectopic tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. […] This activity describes a comprehensive overview of supraventricular tachycardia, addressing its causes, underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and current treatment approaches. […] Supraventricular tachycardia is a general term for dysrhythmias originating at or above the atrioventricular node, characterized by a narrow QRS complex (120 ms) with a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm, typically ranging from 150 to 220 bpm. Supraventricular tachycardia includes various conditions, including atrial, junctional (ectopic), and atrioventricular tachycardias.

• #3 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  The most common types of supraventricular tachycardia are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Both conditions are characterized by a rapid ventricular rate, which can significantly impact the patient’s hemodynamic status. […] Electrical impulses originate in the sinus node and travel through the surrounding atrial tissue to the atrioventricular node. At the atrioventricular node, there is typically a delay of about 100 to 120 ms at rest before the signals are transmitted through the His-Purkinje system. […] A narrow QRS complex (120 ms) indicates that the ventricles are activated above the His bundle via the normal conduction pathway through the His-Purkinje system. In cases of a narrow complex tachycardia, the narrow QRS complex suggests that the arrhythmia originates from above the His-Purkinje system, which includes the sinoatrial node, the atrial walls, the atrioventricular node, or even within the His bundle itself.

• #4 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  The most common types of supraventricular tachycardia are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Both conditions are characterized by a rapid ventricular rate, which can significantly impact the patient’s hemodynamic status. […] Electrical impulses originate in the sinus node and travel through the surrounding atrial tissue to the atrioventricular node. At the atrioventricular node, there is typically a delay of about 100 to 120 ms at rest before the signals are transmitted through the His-Purkinje system. […] A narrow QRS complex (120 ms) indicates that the ventricles are activated above the His bundle via the normal conduction pathway through the His-Purkinje system. In cases of a narrow complex tachycardia, the narrow QRS complex suggests that the arrhythmia originates from above the His-Purkinje system, which includes the sinoatrial node, the atrial walls, the atrioventricular node, or even within the His bundle itself.

• #5 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) – ECG book

  https://www.ecgbook.com/svt/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a tachycardia (frequency 100/min.) with narrow QRS. […] Impulses originate in the supraventricular area (with a frequency 100/min.) and then pass through the AV junction to the ventricles. […] Impulses can originate through 3 mechanisms: Increased automaticity, Trigger activity, Re-entry. […] In every SVT, impulses originate in the atria (above the bifurcation of the His bundle) and then pass through the AV junction to the ventricles. […] If the impulse circulates, it is a reentry mechanism. […] The impulse can also circulate between the atria and ventricles. […] The mechanism is reentry.

• #6 Supraventricular tachycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. […] These abnormal rhythms start from either the atria or atrioventricular node. They are generally due to one of two mechanisms: re-entry or increased automaticity. […] The main pumping chamber, the ventricle, is protected (to a certain extent) against excessively high rates arising from the supraventricular areas by a „gating mechanism” at the atrioventricular node, which allows only a proportion of the fast impulses to pass through to the ventricles. An accessory „bypass tract” can avoid the AV node and its protection so that the fast rate may be directly transmitted to the ventricles. […] A congenital heart lesion, Ebstein’s anomaly, is most commonly associated with supraventricular tachycardia.

• #7 Common Types of Supraventricular Tachycardia: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p942.html

  The most common types of supraventricular tachycardia are caused by a reentry phenomenon producing accelerated heart rates. […] Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is tachycardia having an electropathologic substrate arising above the bundle of His and causing heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. […] AVNRT and AVRT are electrical aberrancies that occur mainly as a result of reentry. Less commonly, increased automaticity or triggered activity can be the mechanism and usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia. […] The coexistence of slow and fast pathways in atrioventricular nodal tissue is the basis of aberrant substrate for reentrant tachyarrhythmias. […] This SVT is caused by accessory pathways (or bypass tracts) that serve as aberrant conduits for impulses that pass from the sinoatrial node and travel in an antegrade or retrograde fashion through such tracts, establishing a reentry circuit. […] This SVT, if focal, usually has a definitive localized origin, such as adjacent to the crista terminalis in the right atrium or the ostia of the pulmonary veins in the left atrium.

• #8 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. […] SVT in general is any tachyarrhythmia that requires atrial and/or atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissue for its initiation and maintenance. […] Results from electrophysiologic studies have helped to determine that the pathophysiology of SVT involves abnormalities in impulse formation and conduction pathways. The most common mechanism identified is reentry. […] SVT and paroxysmal SVT are triggered by a reentry mechanism. […] The onset of AVNRT is triggered by a premature atrial impulse. […] The coexistence of these functionally different pathways serves as the substrate for reentrant tachycardia. […] Importantly, note that AVNRT does not involve the ventricles as part of the reentry circuit; the necessity of perinodal atrial tissue to the circuit is controversial.

• #9 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common disorder which is associated with significant morbidity due to recurrent symptoms and multiple hospital visits. […] However, for the procedure to be highly effective and safe it is imperative that the mechanism of tachycardia be understood accurately. […] The vast majority of SVTs are one of three types of arrhythmia, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia or AVNRT (responsible for approximately 65% of cases), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or AVRT (responsible for approximately 30% of cases), and atrial tachycardia or AT (responsible for approximately 5% of cases). […] Before radiofrequency ablation can be performed, however, an electrophysiologic study should be performed to correctly diagnose the mechanism of the SVT.

• #10 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. […] SVT in general is any tachyarrhythmia that requires atrial and/or atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissue for its initiation and maintenance. […] Results from electrophysiologic studies have helped to determine that the pathophysiology of SVT involves abnormalities in impulse formation and conduction pathways. The most common mechanism identified is reentry. […] SVT and paroxysmal SVT are triggered by a reentry mechanism. […] The onset of AVNRT is triggered by a premature atrial impulse. […] The coexistence of these functionally different pathways serves as the substrate for reentrant tachycardia. […] Importantly, note that AVNRT does not involve the ventricles as part of the reentry circuit; the necessity of perinodal atrial tissue to the circuit is controversial.

• #11 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  The most common types of supraventricular tachycardia are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Both conditions are characterized by a rapid ventricular rate, which can significantly impact the patient’s hemodynamic status. […] Electrical impulses originate in the sinus node and travel through the surrounding atrial tissue to the atrioventricular node. At the atrioventricular node, there is typically a delay of about 100 to 120 ms at rest before the signals are transmitted through the His-Purkinje system. […] A narrow QRS complex (120 ms) indicates that the ventricles are activated above the His bundle via the normal conduction pathway through the His-Purkinje system. In cases of a narrow complex tachycardia, the narrow QRS complex suggests that the arrhythmia originates from above the His-Purkinje system, which includes the sinoatrial node, the atrial walls, the atrioventricular node, or even within the His bundle itself.

• #12 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common disorder which is associated with significant morbidity due to recurrent symptoms and multiple hospital visits. […] However, for the procedure to be highly effective and safe it is imperative that the mechanism of tachycardia be understood accurately. […] The vast majority of SVTs are one of three types of arrhythmia, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia or AVNRT (responsible for approximately 65% of cases), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or AVRT (responsible for approximately 30% of cases), and atrial tachycardia or AT (responsible for approximately 5% of cases). […] Before radiofrequency ablation can be performed, however, an electrophysiologic study should be performed to correctly diagnose the mechanism of the SVT.

• #13 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common disorder which is associated with significant morbidity due to recurrent symptoms and multiple hospital visits. […] However, for the procedure to be highly effective and safe it is imperative that the mechanism of tachycardia be understood accurately. […] The vast majority of SVTs are one of three types of arrhythmia, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia or AVNRT (responsible for approximately 65% of cases), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or AVRT (responsible for approximately 30% of cases), and atrial tachycardia or AT (responsible for approximately 5% of cases). […] Before radiofrequency ablation can be performed, however, an electrophysiologic study should be performed to correctly diagnose the mechanism of the SVT.

• #14 The 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/10/08/09/19/the-2015-accahahrs-guideline-for-the-management-of-adult-patients-with-supraventricular-tachycardia

  Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) are a heterogeneous group of arrhythmias that require atrial and/or atrioventricular nodal tissue for their initiation and maintenance. […] These arrhythmias can often be very symptomatic, causing significant palpitations, lightheadedness, chest pain, shortness of breath, and even anxiety. […] The term paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) typically refers to three main arrhythmias: atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT), and focal atrial tachycardia (AT). […] The guideline begins with a thorough list of definitions and proceeds to a discussion of SVT epidemiology and initial evaluation of the patient with SVT of unknown mechanism. […] The first main update is that the current guideline more clearly separates the acute and the ongoing management of patients with SVT, providing flow charts and recommendations for acute and ongoing management of each individual arrhythmia and for SVTs of unknown mechanism.

• #15 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common cause of hospital admissions and can cause significant patient discomfort and distress. The most common SVTs include atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and atrial tachycardia. […] In many cases, the underlying mechanism can be deduced from electrocardiography during tachycardia, comparing it with sinus rhythm, and assessing the onset and offset of tachycardia. […] Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia are re-entrant tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node and are therefore highly sensitive to termination with vagal manoeuvres and administration of adenosine. […] Long-term management is dependent on underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms and patient preference. Catheter ablation is often preferable as first-line treatment over long-term medical management in view of high curative rates and low risk of major complications.

• #16 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  AVNRT is the most common SVT in the general population and accounts for over 60% of patients undergoing invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. It is facilitated by the presence of two functionally distinct electrophysiological tracts of differing conduction velocities and refractory periods within the AV node: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. […] In AVRT, one critical limb of the circuit is the AV node, while the other consists of an embryological remnant connecting the atria and ventricle, the accessory pathway. […] Patients with antegrade pathway conduction can be at risk of developing pre-excited atrial fibrillation. […] Atrial tachycardia (AT) originates within the atrium and is oblivious to the behaviour of the AV node. […] Long-term management is contingent on the underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms, patient safety and preference. However, the potential for substantial improvements in quality of life, reduced hospital attendances and cost burden make catheter ablation a particularly desirable option as first line therapy for all SVTs, especially in AVNRT and AVRT where documented cure rates can exceed 95% with an associated risk of 1% for major complications.

• #17 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  The term supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) refers to any tachydysrhythmia arising from above the level of the Bundle of His, and encompasses regular atrial, irregular atrial, and regular atrioventricular tachycardias. […] In comparison to AVRT, which involves an anatomical re-entry circuit (Bundle of Kent), in AVNRT there is a functional re-entry circuit within the AV node. […] There are two pathways within the AV node: The slow pathway (alpha): a slowly-conducting pathway with a short refractory period. The fast pathway (beta): a rapidly-conducting pathway with a long refractory period. […] During normal sinus rhythm, electrical impulses travel down both pathways simultaneously. The impulse transmitted down the fast pathway enters the distal end of the slow pathway and the two impulses cancel each other out.

• #18 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  The term supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) refers to any tachydysrhythmia arising from above the level of the Bundle of His, and encompasses regular atrial, irregular atrial, and regular atrioventricular tachycardias. […] In comparison to AVRT, which involves an anatomical re-entry circuit (Bundle of Kent), in AVNRT there is a functional re-entry circuit within the AV node. […] There are two pathways within the AV node: The slow pathway (alpha): a slowly-conducting pathway with a short refractory period. The fast pathway (beta): a rapidly-conducting pathway with a long refractory period. […] During normal sinus rhythm, electrical impulses travel down both pathways simultaneously. The impulse transmitted down the fast pathway enters the distal end of the slow pathway and the two impulses cancel each other out.

• #19 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  The term supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) refers to any tachydysrhythmia arising from above the level of the Bundle of His, and encompasses regular atrial, irregular atrial, and regular atrioventricular tachycardias. […] In comparison to AVRT, which involves an anatomical re-entry circuit (Bundle of Kent), in AVNRT there is a functional re-entry circuit within the AV node. […] There are two pathways within the AV node: The slow pathway (alpha): a slowly-conducting pathway with a short refractory period. The fast pathway (beta): a rapidly-conducting pathway with a long refractory period. […] During normal sinus rhythm, electrical impulses travel down both pathways simultaneously. The impulse transmitted down the fast pathway enters the distal end of the slow pathway and the two impulses cancel each other out.

• #20 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  However, if a premature atrial contraction (PAC) arrives while the fast pathway is still refractory, the electrical impulse will be directed solely down the slow pathway. […] By the time the premature impulse reaches the end of the slow pathway, the fast pathway is no longer refractory, and the impulse is permitted to recycle retrogradely up the fast pathway. […] This creates a circus movement whereby the impulse continually cycles around the two pathways, activating the Bundle of His anterogradely and the atria retrogradely. […] The short cycle length is responsible for the rapid heart rate. […] This most common type of re-entrant circuit is termed Slow-Fast AVNRT. […] Similar mechanisms exist for the other types of AVNRT.

• #21 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  However, if a premature atrial contraction (PAC) arrives while the fast pathway is still refractory, the electrical impulse will be directed solely down the slow pathway. […] By the time the premature impulse reaches the end of the slow pathway, the fast pathway is no longer refractory, and the impulse is permitted to recycle retrogradely up the fast pathway. […] This creates a circus movement whereby the impulse continually cycles around the two pathways, activating the Bundle of His anterogradely and the atria retrogradely. […] The short cycle length is responsible for the rapid heart rate. […] This most common type of re-entrant circuit is termed Slow-Fast AVNRT. […] Similar mechanisms exist for the other types of AVNRT.

• #22 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  However, if a premature atrial contraction (PAC) arrives while the fast pathway is still refractory, the electrical impulse will be directed solely down the slow pathway. […] By the time the premature impulse reaches the end of the slow pathway, the fast pathway is no longer refractory, and the impulse is permitted to recycle retrogradely up the fast pathway. […] This creates a circus movement whereby the impulse continually cycles around the two pathways, activating the Bundle of His anterogradely and the atria retrogradely. […] The short cycle length is responsible for the rapid heart rate. […] This most common type of re-entrant circuit is termed Slow-Fast AVNRT. […] Similar mechanisms exist for the other types of AVNRT.

• #23 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  However, if a premature atrial contraction (PAC) arrives while the fast pathway is still refractory, the electrical impulse will be directed solely down the slow pathway. […] By the time the premature impulse reaches the end of the slow pathway, the fast pathway is no longer refractory, and the impulse is permitted to recycle retrogradely up the fast pathway. […] This creates a circus movement whereby the impulse continually cycles around the two pathways, activating the Bundle of His anterogradely and the atria retrogradely. […] The short cycle length is responsible for the rapid heart rate. […] This most common type of re-entrant circuit is termed Slow-Fast AVNRT. […] Similar mechanisms exist for the other types of AVNRT.

• #24 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-ecg-library/

  However, if a premature atrial contraction (PAC) arrives while the fast pathway is still refractory, the electrical impulse will be directed solely down the slow pathway. […] By the time the premature impulse reaches the end of the slow pathway, the fast pathway is no longer refractory, and the impulse is permitted to recycle retrogradely up the fast pathway. […] This creates a circus movement whereby the impulse continually cycles around the two pathways, activating the Bundle of His anterogradely and the atria retrogradely. […] The short cycle length is responsible for the rapid heart rate. […] This most common type of re-entrant circuit is termed Slow-Fast AVNRT. […] Similar mechanisms exist for the other types of AVNRT.

• #25 Supraventricular Tachycardia | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-3/

  The other major mechanism involves abnormal automaticity where a cardiac tissue normally lacking automaticity becomes spontaneously active. Focal AT is an example of abnormal automaticity. […] Typical or common AVNRT, which accounts for 95% of cases, employs the slow pathway in the anterograde direction and the fast pathway in the retrograde direction of the circuit. […] Initiation of typical AVNRT is usually caused by a critically timed single premature atrial beat. […] In the case of a critically timed atrial premature beat, however, the circumstances may be present to initiate AVNRT. […] Approximately 30% of SVTs result from the presence of an accessory AV connection causing an AV reentrant circuit. Similar to the mechanisms described with AVNRT, AVRT requires the presence of two distinct pathways: the normal AV conduction system, which almost always serves as the anterograde limb of the circuit, and an AV accessory pathway (AP) that usually forms the retrograde limb.

• #26 Supraventricular Tachycardia | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-3/

  The other major mechanism involves abnormal automaticity where a cardiac tissue normally lacking automaticity becomes spontaneously active. Focal AT is an example of abnormal automaticity. […] Typical or common AVNRT, which accounts for 95% of cases, employs the slow pathway in the anterograde direction and the fast pathway in the retrograde direction of the circuit. […] Initiation of typical AVNRT is usually caused by a critically timed single premature atrial beat. […] In the case of a critically timed atrial premature beat, however, the circumstances may be present to initiate AVNRT. […] Approximately 30% of SVTs result from the presence of an accessory AV connection causing an AV reentrant circuit. Similar to the mechanisms described with AVNRT, AVRT requires the presence of two distinct pathways: the normal AV conduction system, which almost always serves as the anterograde limb of the circuit, and an AV accessory pathway (AP) that usually forms the retrograde limb.

• #27 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. […] SVT in general is any tachyarrhythmia that requires atrial and/or atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissue for its initiation and maintenance. […] Results from electrophysiologic studies have helped to determine that the pathophysiology of SVT involves abnormalities in impulse formation and conduction pathways. The most common mechanism identified is reentry. […] SVT and paroxysmal SVT are triggered by a reentry mechanism. […] The onset of AVNRT is triggered by a premature atrial impulse. […] The coexistence of these functionally different pathways serves as the substrate for reentrant tachycardia. […] Importantly, note that AVNRT does not involve the ventricles as part of the reentry circuit; the necessity of perinodal atrial tissue to the circuit is controversial.

• #28 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  AVNRT is the most common SVT in the general population and accounts for over 60% of patients undergoing invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. It is facilitated by the presence of two functionally distinct electrophysiological tracts of differing conduction velocities and refractory periods within the AV node: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. […] In AVRT, one critical limb of the circuit is the AV node, while the other consists of an embryological remnant connecting the atria and ventricle, the accessory pathway. […] Patients with antegrade pathway conduction can be at risk of developing pre-excited atrial fibrillation. […] Atrial tachycardia (AT) originates within the atrium and is oblivious to the behaviour of the AV node. […] Long-term management is contingent on the underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms, patient safety and preference. However, the potential for substantial improvements in quality of life, reduced hospital attendances and cost burden make catheter ablation a particularly desirable option as first line therapy for all SVTs, especially in AVNRT and AVRT where documented cure rates can exceed 95% with an associated risk of 1% for major complications.

• #29 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  AVRT results from the presence of 2 or more conducting pathways; specifically, the AV node and 1 or more bypass tracts. […] A reentry circuit is most commonly established by impulses traveling in an anterograde manner through the AV node and in a retrograde manner through the accessory pathway; this is called orthodromic AVRT. […] A reentry circuit may also be established by a premature impulse traveling in an anterograde manner through a manifest accessory pathway and in a retrograde manner through the AV node; this is called antidromic AVRT.

• #30 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  AVRT results from the presence of 2 or more conducting pathways; specifically, the AV node and 1 or more bypass tracts. […] A reentry circuit is most commonly established by impulses traveling in an anterograde manner through the AV node and in a retrograde manner through the accessory pathway; this is called orthodromic AVRT. […] A reentry circuit may also be established by a premature impulse traveling in an anterograde manner through a manifest accessory pathway and in a retrograde manner through the AV node; this is called antidromic AVRT.

• #31 Supraventricular tachycardia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Approx. 90% of cases are due to anterograde conduction across the slow-conducting pathway and retrograde conduction in the fast pathway (although the reverse is possible). […] Orthodromic AVRT (most common; 90-95%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the AV node (narrow QRS complex); retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the accessory pathway. […] Antidromic AVRT (rare; 5-10%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the accessory pathway; retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the AV node. […] AVRT is caused by an accessory pathway, whereas in AVNRT there are two functional pathways within the AV node.

• #32 Supraventricular tachycardia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Approx. 90% of cases are due to anterograde conduction across the slow-conducting pathway and retrograde conduction in the fast pathway (although the reverse is possible). […] Orthodromic AVRT (most common; 90-95%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the AV node (narrow QRS complex); retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the accessory pathway. […] Antidromic AVRT (rare; 5-10%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the accessory pathway; retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the AV node. […] AVRT is caused by an accessory pathway, whereas in AVNRT there are two functional pathways within the AV node.

• #33 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  AVRT results from the presence of 2 or more conducting pathways; specifically, the AV node and 1 or more bypass tracts. […] A reentry circuit is most commonly established by impulses traveling in an anterograde manner through the AV node and in a retrograde manner through the accessory pathway; this is called orthodromic AVRT. […] A reentry circuit may also be established by a premature impulse traveling in an anterograde manner through a manifest accessory pathway and in a retrograde manner through the AV node; this is called antidromic AVRT.

• #34 Supraventricular tachycardia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Approx. 90% of cases are due to anterograde conduction across the slow-conducting pathway and retrograde conduction in the fast pathway (although the reverse is possible). […] Orthodromic AVRT (most common; 90-95%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the AV node (narrow QRS complex); retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the accessory pathway. […] Antidromic AVRT (rare; 5-10%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the accessory pathway; retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the AV node. […] AVRT is caused by an accessory pathway, whereas in AVNRT there are two functional pathways within the AV node.

• #35 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  AVNRT is the most common SVT in the general population and accounts for over 60% of patients undergoing invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. It is facilitated by the presence of two functionally distinct electrophysiological tracts of differing conduction velocities and refractory periods within the AV node: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. […] In AVRT, one critical limb of the circuit is the AV node, while the other consists of an embryological remnant connecting the atria and ventricle, the accessory pathway. […] Patients with antegrade pathway conduction can be at risk of developing pre-excited atrial fibrillation. […] Atrial tachycardia (AT) originates within the atrium and is oblivious to the behaviour of the AV node. […] Long-term management is contingent on the underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms, patient safety and preference. However, the potential for substantial improvements in quality of life, reduced hospital attendances and cost burden make catheter ablation a particularly desirable option as first line therapy for all SVTs, especially in AVNRT and AVRT where documented cure rates can exceed 95% with an associated risk of 1% for major complications.

• #36 Supraventricular tachycardia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Approx. 90% of cases are due to anterograde conduction across the slow-conducting pathway and retrograde conduction in the fast pathway (although the reverse is possible). […] Orthodromic AVRT (most common; 90-95%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the AV node (narrow QRS complex); retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the accessory pathway. […] Antidromic AVRT (rare; 5-10%) involves antegrade conduction (atrium to ventricle) through the accessory pathway; retrograde conduction (ventricle to atrium) through the AV node. […] AVRT is caused by an accessory pathway, whereas in AVNRT there are two functional pathways within the AV node.

• #37 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterized by preexcitation, identified by a delta wave (a slurred upstroke to the QRS complex) and a prolonged QRS duration (100 ms). When patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome develop supraventricular tachycardia, it is typically an orthodromic reentry tachycardia where the atrioventricular node serves as the antegrade limb and the accessory pathway functions as the retrograde limb of the supraventricular tachycardia. […] In cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with supraventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal blocking agents, such as adenosine or calcium channel blockers, are contraindicated. […] Most supraventricular tachycardias are due to reentrant circuits involving the atrioventricular node or accessory pathways. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia involves a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node. In contrast, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, consists of an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles. […] Prolonged untreated supraventricular tachycardia may lead to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #38 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterized by preexcitation, identified by a delta wave (a slurred upstroke to the QRS complex) and a prolonged QRS duration (100 ms). When patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome develop supraventricular tachycardia, it is typically an orthodromic reentry tachycardia where the atrioventricular node serves as the antegrade limb and the accessory pathway functions as the retrograde limb of the supraventricular tachycardia. […] In cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with supraventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal blocking agents, such as adenosine or calcium channel blockers, are contraindicated. […] Most supraventricular tachycardias are due to reentrant circuits involving the atrioventricular node or accessory pathways. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia involves a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node. In contrast, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, consists of an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles. […] Prolonged untreated supraventricular tachycardia may lead to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #39 Reentrant (Paroxysmal) Supraventricular Tachycardias (PSVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/reentrant-paroxysmal-supraventricular-tachycardias-psvt

  When antegrade conduction through the slow pathway is sufficiently slow, it can find the lower portion of the fast pathway ready to conduct, but now in the retrograde direction. When this retrograde fast pathway transmission finds the upper portion of the slow pathway ready to conduct again in the antegrade conduction, around-and-around AV nodal reentry occurs. […] AVRT occurs in patients with an accessory AV connection and is the most common type seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It runs most commonly from an atrium to a ventricle and rarely from an atrium to a portion of the conduction system or from a portion of the conduction system to the ventricle. An accessory pathway connecting an atrium and a ventricle is the substrate for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. […] The accessory AV connection tends to have a longer refractory period than the AV node. At a premature atrial depolarization coupling interval less than the refractory period of the accessory AV pathway, but longer than the refractory period of the AV node, antegrade accessory AV pathway transmission is blocked but antegrade AV nodal conduction proceeds.

• #40 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  When accessory pathways are involved in supraventricular tachycardia, the most common type is orthodromic reentry supraventricular tachycardia. In this scenario, the electrical signal travels antegrade through the atrioventricular node and retrograde via an accessory pathway that connects the ventricles to the atria, resulting in persistent tachycardia. […] Antidromic reentry supraventricular tachycardia is a less common type of supraventricular tachycardia, in which the impulse flows from the atria to the ventricles through an accessory pathway and returns retrogradely to the atria via the atrioventricular node or through a different accessory pathway or pathways. […] Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia is a rare type of supraventricular tachycardia characterized by a nearly continuous form of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia.

• #41 Reentrant (Paroxysmal) Supraventricular Tachycardias (PSVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/reentrant-paroxysmal-supraventricular-tachycardias-psvt

  An uncommon near-incessant form of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, permanent junctional reentrant tachycardia (PJRT), occurs in the setting of an antegrade concealed, usually posteroseptal, accessory AV connection that has very slow retrograde conduction. […] Atrial reentrant tachycardias include the micro-reentrant atrial tachycardias and the macro-reentrant atrial tachycardias. The latter most commonly occur in patients with structural heart disease but may occur in isolation. […] Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia is a focal atrial tachycardia with a P-wave morphology the same as that during sinus rhythm. The reentry in this instance is located in the upper crista terminalis near the sinus node, and it is debatable whether the sinus node is actually involved in the circuit.

• #42 Supraventricular Tachycardia | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-6/

  (1) Pediatric Cardiology, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy In young people, premature atrial contractions (PACs) can be frequent. […] The reentry form is the most frequent mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in all ages. […] In newborns, SVT is normally caused by an accessory pathway and is conducted between 250-300 bpm, while in children older than 6 years, nodal reentry SVT could appear with a frequency around 200 bpm (Fig. 11.1) [1]. […] A particularly unique arrhythmia is Coumels tachycardia (also known as permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT), an inappropriate definition because it is not a junctional tachycardia but an AV orthodromic reentry due to a slow conducting para junctional accessory pathway), treacherous for its heart rate, not that fast, that could be interpreted as normal in a routine clinical evaluation, but nevertheless capable of causing tachycardiomyopathy if not discovered and treated [2].

• #43 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  AVNRT is the most common SVT in the general population and accounts for over 60% of patients undergoing invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. It is facilitated by the presence of two functionally distinct electrophysiological tracts of differing conduction velocities and refractory periods within the AV node: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. […] In AVRT, one critical limb of the circuit is the AV node, while the other consists of an embryological remnant connecting the atria and ventricle, the accessory pathway. […] Patients with antegrade pathway conduction can be at risk of developing pre-excited atrial fibrillation. […] Atrial tachycardia (AT) originates within the atrium and is oblivious to the behaviour of the AV node. […] Long-term management is contingent on the underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms, patient safety and preference. However, the potential for substantial improvements in quality of life, reduced hospital attendances and cost burden make catheter ablation a particularly desirable option as first line therapy for all SVTs, especially in AVNRT and AVRT where documented cure rates can exceed 95% with an associated risk of 1% for major complications.

• #44 Diagnosis and Management of Common Types of Supraventricular Tachycardia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1101/p793.html

  AVRT has a bypass pathway that bridges the atrium and ventricle, creating an accessory track that can conduct impulses in an anterograde or retrograde manner and establish a reentry circuit. […] Atrial tachycardia does not involve reentry through the AV node or ventricle. It is caused by a focal area of automaticity in the atrium.

• #45 Diagnosis and Management of Common Types of Supraventricular Tachycardia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1101/p793.html

  AVRT has a bypass pathway that bridges the atrium and ventricle, creating an accessory track that can conduct impulses in an anterograde or retrograde manner and establish a reentry circuit. […] Atrial tachycardia does not involve reentry through the AV node or ventricle. It is caused by a focal area of automaticity in the atrium.

• #46 Focal Atrial Tachycardia (FAT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/atrial-tachycardia-ecg-library/

  Focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) is a form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) originating from a single ectopic focus within the atria but outside of the sinus node. […] The underlying mechanism can involve increased automaticity, triggered activity or reentry. […] Multiple causes including: Digoxin toxicity, Atrial scarring due to ischaemic heart disease, Catecholamine excess, Stimulants including cocaine, caffeine, Alcohol, Congenital abnormalities, Idiopathic. […] Sustained atrial tachycardia may rarely be seen and can progress to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #47 Focal Atrial Tachycardia (FAT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/atrial-tachycardia-ecg-library/

  Focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) is a form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) originating from a single ectopic focus within the atria but outside of the sinus node. […] The underlying mechanism can involve increased automaticity, triggered activity or reentry. […] Multiple causes including: Digoxin toxicity, Atrial scarring due to ischaemic heart disease, Catecholamine excess, Stimulants including cocaine, caffeine, Alcohol, Congenital abnormalities, Idiopathic. […] Sustained atrial tachycardia may rarely be seen and can progress to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #48 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156670-overview

  Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. […] SVT in general is any tachyarrhythmia that requires atrial and/or atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissue for its initiation and maintenance. […] Results from electrophysiologic studies have helped to determine that the pathophysiology of SVT involves abnormalities in impulse formation and conduction pathways. The most common mechanism identified is reentry. […] SVT and paroxysmal SVT are triggered by a reentry mechanism. […] The onset of AVNRT is triggered by a premature atrial impulse. […] The coexistence of these functionally different pathways serves as the substrate for reentrant tachycardia. […] Importantly, note that AVNRT does not involve the ventricles as part of the reentry circuit; the necessity of perinodal atrial tissue to the circuit is controversial.

• #49 Supraventricular Tachycardias | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_137

  Supraventricular tachycardia can be subdivided into reentrant and automatic tachycardias, which each have differing mechanisms and clinical presentations. […] The mechanisms and anatomic substrates leading to this arrhythmia in children with and without structural heart disease are also discussed. […] The different types of supraventricular tachycardia that occur in the pediatric population are described including their mechanisms, ECG characteristics, and clinical features.

• #50 Reentrant (Paroxysmal) Supraventricular Tachycardias (PSVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/reentrant-paroxysmal-supraventricular-tachycardias-psvt

  When antegrade conduction through the slow pathway is sufficiently slow, it can find the lower portion of the fast pathway ready to conduct, but now in the retrograde direction. When this retrograde fast pathway transmission finds the upper portion of the slow pathway ready to conduct again in the antegrade conduction, around-and-around AV nodal reentry occurs. […] AVRT occurs in patients with an accessory AV connection and is the most common type seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It runs most commonly from an atrium to a ventricle and rarely from an atrium to a portion of the conduction system or from a portion of the conduction system to the ventricle. An accessory pathway connecting an atrium and a ventricle is the substrate for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. […] The accessory AV connection tends to have a longer refractory period than the AV node. At a premature atrial depolarization coupling interval less than the refractory period of the accessory AV pathway, but longer than the refractory period of the AV node, antegrade accessory AV pathway transmission is blocked but antegrade AV nodal conduction proceeds.

• #51 SVT: Supraventricular Tachycardia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/svt-supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Junctional tachycardia is a type of nonreentrant SVT. This arrhythmia arises from the AV junction. […] Various conditions can lead to the electrophysiologic abnormalities that cause SVT, including heart disease, heart failure, chronic lung disease, excessive caffeine intake, excessive alcohol intake, stimulant drug use, pregnancy, smoking, thyroid disease, and certain medications. […] SVT is generally not life-threatening, and the prognosis is usually good in the absence of structural heart disease. […] The management of SVT differs based on patient stability, patient preference, and the underlying SVT mechanism. […] First-line treatment for AVNRT in the acute setting is vagal maneuvers and/or IV adenosine. […] As with AVNRT, first-line acute orthodromic AVRT treatment is vagal maneuvers and/or IV adenosine. […] For long-term management, catheter ablation is the first-line treatment for AVRT, regardless of preexcitation.

• #52 Supraventricular Tachycardia SVT

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/supraventricular_tachycardia_svt/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is common in infancy and childhood. Most SVT in children is due to a re-entrant mechanism and usually occurs in otherwise normally well children […] SVT is an abnormally fast heart rate originating from above the ventricles […] Younger children: usually caused by atrioventricular re-entry (AVRT), including Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome […] Adolescents: more commonly caused by atrioventricular nodal re-entry (AVNRT) […] SVT typically has a fixed rate, usually 220 bpm. Onset and offset are abrupt, and p-waves are either not visible or seen after the QRS complexes […] Factors that may contribute to tachycardia (eg sepsis, pain, dehydration, anxiety, and fever) should also be considered and addressed when managing a patient presenting with a tachyarrhythmia

• #53 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22152-svt-supraventricular-tachycardia

  SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) is a common kind of arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm). […] SVT is an abnormal heart rhythm thats very fast and starts in the upper part of your heart. Various types of SVT all have a fast heart rate and start in your hearts upper chambers. […] A problem with your hearts electrical signals or circuitry causes SVT. […] Supraventricular tachycardia causes that can bring about symptoms include: Stress, Caffeine, Alcohol-containing beverages, Cigarette smoke, Physical activity, A shortage of sleep, Dehydration. […] Your provider can use these methods for supraventricular tachycardia treatment: Vagal maneuvers like applying pressure to specific areas of your neck (carotid sinus massage), Cardioversion, which uses a shock to return your heart to a normal rhythm, Catheter ablation, which can eliminate the areas causing the abnormal electricity.

• #54 Inflammatory Markers in Supraventricular Tachycardia: Insights for Emergency Management – Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine

  https://www.eajem.com/articles/inflammatory-markers-in-supraventricular-tachycardia-insights-for-emergency-management/doi/eajem.galenos.2025.60420

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common reason for emergency department visits and can significantly impact patients quality of life. […] This study highlights the potential role of NLR and RDW as supportive biomarkers in SVT diagnosis. Our findings indicate that NLR and RDW levels were significantly higher in SVT patients compared to controls, suggesting a link between inflammation and SVT pathogenesis. […] Inflammation has been recognized as a contributing factor in arrhythmogenesis, particularly in the development of premature cardiac beats, which can serve as triggers for SVT onset. […] Our findings suggest that inflammation serves as a key triggering factor in SVT pathogenesis, leading to premature beats and increasing SVT susceptibility. […] Among the hematological markers evaluated, NLR and RDW were found to be significant predictors of SVT in our study. […] Our study demonstrates that NLR, RDW, and NE may serve as valuable diagnostic markers and contribute to the clinical management of SVT patients.

• #55 Inflammatory Markers in Supraventricular Tachycardia: Insights for Emergency Management – Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine

  https://www.eajem.com/articles/inflammatory-markers-in-supraventricular-tachycardia-insights-for-emergency-management/doi/eajem.galenos.2025.60420

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common reason for emergency department visits and can significantly impact patients quality of life. […] This study highlights the potential role of NLR and RDW as supportive biomarkers in SVT diagnosis. Our findings indicate that NLR and RDW levels were significantly higher in SVT patients compared to controls, suggesting a link between inflammation and SVT pathogenesis. […] Inflammation has been recognized as a contributing factor in arrhythmogenesis, particularly in the development of premature cardiac beats, which can serve as triggers for SVT onset. […] Our findings suggest that inflammation serves as a key triggering factor in SVT pathogenesis, leading to premature beats and increasing SVT susceptibility. […] Among the hematological markers evaluated, NLR and RDW were found to be significant predictors of SVT in our study. […] Our study demonstrates that NLR, RDW, and NE may serve as valuable diagnostic markers and contribute to the clinical management of SVT patients.

• #56 The Relationship Between Inflammatory Markers and Supraventricular Tachycardia in Children – International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

  https://ijcscardiol.org/article/the-relationship-between-inflammatory-markers-and-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-children/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common arrhythmia in pediatric patients. […] Our study found that MLR was significantly higher in pediatric patients with SVT compared to controls, suggesting a potential role of inflammation in SVT pathogenesis. Further large-scale, prospective, and multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the relationship between inflammation markers and SVT.

• #57 Supraventricular tachycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. […] These abnormal rhythms start from either the atria or atrioventricular node. They are generally due to one of two mechanisms: re-entry or increased automaticity. […] The main pumping chamber, the ventricle, is protected (to a certain extent) against excessively high rates arising from the supraventricular areas by a „gating mechanism” at the atrioventricular node, which allows only a proportion of the fast impulses to pass through to the ventricles. An accessory „bypass tract” can avoid the AV node and its protection so that the fast rate may be directly transmitted to the ventricles. […] A congenital heart lesion, Ebstein’s anomaly, is most commonly associated with supraventricular tachycardia.

• #58

  https://journals.lww.com/nijc/fulltext/2020/17010/supraventricular_tachycardia_complicating.11.aspx

  Although the exact pathophysiology of SVT in patients with pneumonia is not clear, its being found that acute lower respiratory tract infections could alter the cardiovascular performance in several ways, including hypoxia and invasion of microorganisms, resulting in myocarditis and other potentially life-threatening cardiac complications such as arrhythmias. […] Ko et al. showed that in 90% of infants and about 50% of older children, an AV reentrant pathway initiates SVT. This accessory pathway normally conducts impulses from atrium to ventricle, giving rise to the delta wave on the surface ECG, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome). […] SVT could be triggered when for some reason the accessory pathway is refractory to the impulse it receives from the atrium, but later conducts the impulse in the reverse direction from the ventricle to atrium, in turn, initiating a second quick forward impulse that reenters the ventricle through AV node and normal conduction pathway.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/nijc/fulltext/2020/17010/supraventricular_tachycardia_complicating.11.aspx

  Although the exact pathophysiology of SVT in patients with pneumonia is not clear, its being found that acute lower respiratory tract infections could alter the cardiovascular performance in several ways, including hypoxia and invasion of microorganisms, resulting in myocarditis and other potentially life-threatening cardiac complications such as arrhythmias. […] Ko et al. showed that in 90% of infants and about 50% of older children, an AV reentrant pathway initiates SVT. This accessory pathway normally conducts impulses from atrium to ventricle, giving rise to the delta wave on the surface ECG, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome). […] SVT could be triggered when for some reason the accessory pathway is refractory to the impulse it receives from the atrium, but later conducts the impulse in the reverse direction from the ventricle to atrium, in turn, initiating a second quick forward impulse that reenters the ventricle through AV node and normal conduction pathway.

• #60 Supraventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/

  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterized by preexcitation, identified by a delta wave (a slurred upstroke to the QRS complex) and a prolonged QRS duration (100 ms). When patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome develop supraventricular tachycardia, it is typically an orthodromic reentry tachycardia where the atrioventricular node serves as the antegrade limb and the accessory pathway functions as the retrograde limb of the supraventricular tachycardia. […] In cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with supraventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal blocking agents, such as adenosine or calcium channel blockers, are contraindicated. […] Most supraventricular tachycardias are due to reentrant circuits involving the atrioventricular node or accessory pathways. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia involves a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node. In contrast, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, consists of an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles. […] Prolonged untreated supraventricular tachycardia may lead to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #61 Focal Atrial Tachycardia (FAT) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/atrial-tachycardia-ecg-library/

  Focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) is a form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) originating from a single ectopic focus within the atria but outside of the sinus node. […] The underlying mechanism can involve increased automaticity, triggered activity or reentry. […] Multiple causes including: Digoxin toxicity, Atrial scarring due to ischaemic heart disease, Catecholamine excess, Stimulants including cocaine, caffeine, Alcohol, Congenital abnormalities, Idiopathic. […] Sustained atrial tachycardia may rarely be seen and can progress to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #62 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common disorder which is associated with significant morbidity due to recurrent symptoms and multiple hospital visits. […] However, for the procedure to be highly effective and safe it is imperative that the mechanism of tachycardia be understood accurately. […] The vast majority of SVTs are one of three types of arrhythmia, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia or AVNRT (responsible for approximately 65% of cases), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or AVRT (responsible for approximately 30% of cases), and atrial tachycardia or AT (responsible for approximately 5% of cases). […] Before radiofrequency ablation can be performed, however, an electrophysiologic study should be performed to correctly diagnose the mechanism of the SVT.

• #63 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  It is important to recognize that as with most diagnostic tests, no single observation or maneuver discussed below is 100% sensitive or specific. […] The demonstration of dual AV nodal physiology during electrophysiology study has a positive predictive value of 86% for AVNRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia. […] Termination of the tachycardia with the development of AV block (spontaneous or induced by vagal maneuvers or AV nodal blocking medications) favors the diagnosis of the AV nodal-dependent tachycardias, AVNRT or AVRT. […] A sudden increase in the AH or VH interval with the delivery of a slightly decrementing single extrastimulus implies the presence of dual AV nodal pathways and is strongly suggestive of AVNRT as the mechanism of the SVT with a PPV of 91%. […] If the tachycardia continues during development of VA block, AVRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia is excluded because of the need for ventricular participation.

• #64 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  It is important to recognize that as with most diagnostic tests, no single observation or maneuver discussed below is 100% sensitive or specific. […] The demonstration of dual AV nodal physiology during electrophysiology study has a positive predictive value of 86% for AVNRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia. […] Termination of the tachycardia with the development of AV block (spontaneous or induced by vagal maneuvers or AV nodal blocking medications) favors the diagnosis of the AV nodal-dependent tachycardias, AVNRT or AVRT. […] A sudden increase in the AH or VH interval with the delivery of a slightly decrementing single extrastimulus implies the presence of dual AV nodal pathways and is strongly suggestive of AVNRT as the mechanism of the SVT with a PPV of 91%. […] If the tachycardia continues during development of VA block, AVRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia is excluded because of the need for ventricular participation.

• #65 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  It is important to recognize that as with most diagnostic tests, no single observation or maneuver discussed below is 100% sensitive or specific. […] The demonstration of dual AV nodal physiology during electrophysiology study has a positive predictive value of 86% for AVNRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia. […] Termination of the tachycardia with the development of AV block (spontaneous or induced by vagal maneuvers or AV nodal blocking medications) favors the diagnosis of the AV nodal-dependent tachycardias, AVNRT or AVRT. […] A sudden increase in the AH or VH interval with the delivery of a slightly decrementing single extrastimulus implies the presence of dual AV nodal pathways and is strongly suggestive of AVNRT as the mechanism of the SVT with a PPV of 91%. […] If the tachycardia continues during development of VA block, AVRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia is excluded because of the need for ventricular participation.

• #66 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  It is important to recognize that as with most diagnostic tests, no single observation or maneuver discussed below is 100% sensitive or specific. […] The demonstration of dual AV nodal physiology during electrophysiology study has a positive predictive value of 86% for AVNRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia. […] Termination of the tachycardia with the development of AV block (spontaneous or induced by vagal maneuvers or AV nodal blocking medications) favors the diagnosis of the AV nodal-dependent tachycardias, AVNRT or AVRT. […] A sudden increase in the AH or VH interval with the delivery of a slightly decrementing single extrastimulus implies the presence of dual AV nodal pathways and is strongly suggestive of AVNRT as the mechanism of the SVT with a PPV of 91%. […] If the tachycardia continues during development of VA block, AVRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia is excluded because of the need for ventricular participation.

• #67 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  Development of left bundle branch block (BBB) favors the diagnosis of AVRT with a positive predictive value of 92%. […] A PVC delivered during the tachycardia (but not in a His-synchronous fashion) can potentially affect the tachycardia either by pre-exciting, post-exciting, or terminating it and can be used to calculate a measurement known as the pre-excitation index (PI). […] The post-pacing interval can also help differentiate the arrhythmia mechanism. […] Evidence of the HH variation leading to subsequent AA variation requires that the tachycardia is dependent on the AV node and rules out the possibility of an atrial tachycardia.

• #68 Establishing the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Electrophysiology Laboratory

  https://www.innovationsincrm.com/cardiac-rhythm-management/2013/april/430-supraventricular-tachycardia-in-the-electrophysiology-laboratory

  It is important to recognize that as with most diagnostic tests, no single observation or maneuver discussed below is 100% sensitive or specific. […] The demonstration of dual AV nodal physiology during electrophysiology study has a positive predictive value of 86% for AVNRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia. […] Termination of the tachycardia with the development of AV block (spontaneous or induced by vagal maneuvers or AV nodal blocking medications) favors the diagnosis of the AV nodal-dependent tachycardias, AVNRT or AVRT. […] A sudden increase in the AH or VH interval with the delivery of a slightly decrementing single extrastimulus implies the presence of dual AV nodal pathways and is strongly suggestive of AVNRT as the mechanism of the SVT with a PPV of 91%. […] If the tachycardia continues during development of VA block, AVRT as the mechanism of the tachycardia is excluded because of the need for ventricular participation.

• #69 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common cause of hospital admissions and can cause significant patient discomfort and distress. The most common SVTs include atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and atrial tachycardia. […] In many cases, the underlying mechanism can be deduced from electrocardiography during tachycardia, comparing it with sinus rhythm, and assessing the onset and offset of tachycardia. […] Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia are re-entrant tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node and are therefore highly sensitive to termination with vagal manoeuvres and administration of adenosine. […] Long-term management is dependent on underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms and patient preference. Catheter ablation is often preferable as first-line treatment over long-term medical management in view of high curative rates and low risk of major complications.

• #70 New Supraventricular Tachycardia Initiative Seeks to Help Patients Find the Best Possible Care and Support – touchCARDIOLOGY

  https://touchcardio.com/arrhythmia/journal-articles/new-supraventricular-tachycardia-initiative-seeks-to-help-patients-find-the-best-possible-care-and-support/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is, as its name implies, a tachycardia or elevated heart rate (more than 100 beats per minute) that originates above the ventricles (i.e. in the atria). Or, to use the specific terminology of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), SVT literally indicates tachycardia, the mechanism of which involves tissue from the His bundle or above. […] The symptoms of SVT, as with many arrhythmias, depend on the individual characteristics of the person with SVT, and can range from palpitations to syncope. However, Kotadia et al. observe that SVT increases patient morbidity particularly when symptoms are frequent or incessant, and in a small cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation and ventricular pre-excitation, it can be life-threatening. […] The ESC state that, for the diagnosis of SVT, an electrocardiogram recorded during an episode of SVT is ideal, and people experiencing symptoms of SVT should be encouraged to seek medical assistance and a recording of their ECG during episodes.

• #71 Supraventricular tachycardia: diagnosis and management. – Document – Gale OneFile: Health and Medicine

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA190883882&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00256196&p=HRCA&sw=w

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) includes all forms of tachycardia that either arise above the bifurcation of the bundle of His or that have mechanisms dependent on the bundle of His. […] In patients with SVT, the heart rate is at least 100 beats/min, but ventricular rates can be lower as a result of atrioventricular (AV) block. […] On electrocardiography (ECG), QRS morphology is usually normal or supraventricular; however, it may be widened or abnormal because of intrinsic conduction disturbance, myocardial disease, or rate-related bundle branch block (BBB).

• #72 Management of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-in-children/print

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be defined as an abnormally rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles, often (but not always) with a narrow QRS complex; it conventionally excludes atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. […] Acute management of the child who presents with SVT can be a challenge because the exact mechanism of the tachycardia often is unknown. […] Continuous ECG monitoring during therapeutic maneuvers provides insight into the cause of tachycardia and helps in the planning of chronic therapy.

• #73 Supraventricular Tachycardia | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/supraventricular-tachycardia-6/

  Automatic SVT, including incessant SVT, can appear at any age sometimes after flu or surgical procedures. […] The clinical presentation can help to distinguish reentrant from automatic tachycardia. In a neonate the most likely tachycardia is the reentry form due to an accessory pathway, AVRT, while in an older child, an incessant tachycardia could be automatic (AET or JET) with the exception of PJRT. […] A newborn with an SVT usually has a heart rate 220 bpm, and a reentry SVT will often have a heart rate 250 bpm. […] The changing and paroxysmal nature of SVT makes diagnosis with a standard ECG difficult and requires extended monitoring either in the hospital or in the clinic.

• #74 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common cause of hospital admissions and can cause significant patient discomfort and distress. The most common SVTs include atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and atrial tachycardia. […] In many cases, the underlying mechanism can be deduced from electrocardiography during tachycardia, comparing it with sinus rhythm, and assessing the onset and offset of tachycardia. […] Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia are re-entrant tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node and are therefore highly sensitive to termination with vagal manoeuvres and administration of adenosine. […] Long-term management is dependent on underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms and patient preference. Catheter ablation is often preferable as first-line treatment over long-term medical management in view of high curative rates and low risk of major complications.

• #75 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common cause of hospital admissions and can cause significant patient discomfort and distress. The most common SVTs include atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and atrial tachycardia. […] In many cases, the underlying mechanism can be deduced from electrocardiography during tachycardia, comparing it with sinus rhythm, and assessing the onset and offset of tachycardia. […] Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia are re-entrant tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node and are therefore highly sensitive to termination with vagal manoeuvres and administration of adenosine. […] Long-term management is dependent on underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms and patient preference. Catheter ablation is often preferable as first-line treatment over long-term medical management in view of high curative rates and low risk of major complications.

• #76 Supraventricular tachycardia: An overview of diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6964177/

  AVNRT is the most common SVT in the general population and accounts for over 60% of patients undergoing invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. It is facilitated by the presence of two functionally distinct electrophysiological tracts of differing conduction velocities and refractory periods within the AV node: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. […] In AVRT, one critical limb of the circuit is the AV node, while the other consists of an embryological remnant connecting the atria and ventricle, the accessory pathway. […] Patients with antegrade pathway conduction can be at risk of developing pre-excited atrial fibrillation. […] Atrial tachycardia (AT) originates within the atrium and is oblivious to the behaviour of the AV node. […] Long-term management is contingent on the underlying mechanism, frequency of symptoms, patient safety and preference. However, the potential for substantial improvements in quality of life, reduced hospital attendances and cost burden make catheter ablation a particularly desirable option as first line therapy for all SVTs, especially in AVNRT and AVRT where documented cure rates can exceed 95% with an associated risk of 1% for major complications.

• #77 SVT: Supraventricular Tachycardia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/svt-supraventricular-tachycardia/

  Junctional tachycardia is a type of nonreentrant SVT. This arrhythmia arises from the AV junction. […] Various conditions can lead to the electrophysiologic abnormalities that cause SVT, including heart disease, heart failure, chronic lung disease, excessive caffeine intake, excessive alcohol intake, stimulant drug use, pregnancy, smoking, thyroid disease, and certain medications. […] SVT is generally not life-threatening, and the prognosis is usually good in the absence of structural heart disease. […] The management of SVT differs based on patient stability, patient preference, and the underlying SVT mechanism. […] First-line treatment for AVNRT in the acute setting is vagal maneuvers and/or IV adenosine. […] As with AVNRT, first-line acute orthodromic AVRT treatment is vagal maneuvers and/or IV adenosine. […] For long-term management, catheter ablation is the first-line treatment for AVRT, regardless of preexcitation.

• #78 Supraventricular Tachycardia | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/supraventricular-tachycardia

  SVT is often caused by faulty electrical signaling in your heart. It’s often brought on by premature beats. Some types of SVT run in families, so genes may play a role. Other types may be caused by lung problems. It can also be linked to some lifestyle habits or health problems. […] SVT is a type of abnormal heart rhythm. Something signals a part outside of the SA node to fire much faster than it should or something triggers the signal to follow a looping circuit. This results in a fast heartbeat that can last anywhere from a few seconds to several hours. […] There are several subtypes of SVT. Your treatment options may vary based on what subtype you have. […] In rare cases, SVT can cause sudden death.

• #79 Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22152-svt-supraventricular-tachycardia

  Catheter ablation has a cure rate that can surpass 95% depending on the specific SVT type. […] A serious case of SVT may lead to: Heart failure, Unconsciousness, Cardiac arrest. […] SVT isnt life-threatening in most cases, but it can be for people with other heart issues. […] The outlook is good for most people with SVT. But if you have a structural issue with your heart, your prognosis (outlook) may not be as good. It depends on the severity of the problem. […] With successful treatments like catheter ablation, you can do many of the typical things you want to. Ablation can cure certain forms of SVT.

• #80 Managing and Preventing Supraventricular Tachycardia

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/managing-and-preventing-supraventricular-tachycardia

  Short-term management treatment options can involve both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures. […] The use of intravenous adenosine or the calcium channel blocker verapamil are considered safe and effective therapies for controlling SVTs. […] Adenosine and calcium channel blockers are contraindicated for use in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is considered a safe, effective, and cost-effective surgical procedure for preventing or suppressing SVT episodes for those patients with frequent SVT episodes and/or those who want to avoid the use of pharmacologic agents. […] Pharmacologic agents commonly used in the long-term management of SVT include amiodarone, procainamide, calcium channel blockers (eg, diltiazem and verapamil), and beta-blockers (eg, metoprolol or atenolol).

• #81

  https://journals.lww.com/nijc/fulltext/2020/17010/supraventricular_tachycardia_complicating.11.aspx

  Another common mechanism of SVT in children involves an accessory pathway in or around the AV node (AV nodal reentry). […] Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is another treatment option. The major advantage of this mode of therapy is the prospect of a cure. Data on RF catheter ablation of the accessory pathway in SVT have shown an initial success rate of 94%, and freedom from the recurrence of 85%, 77%, and 66% at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years, respectively, after the procedure.

• #82 New Supraventricular Tachycardia Initiative Seeks to Help Patients Find the Best Possible Care and Support – touchCARDIOLOGY

  https://touchcardio.com/arrhythmia/journal-articles/new-supraventricular-tachycardia-initiative-seeks-to-help-patients-find-the-best-possible-care-and-support/

  Collaboration, with patients as well as between different healthcare specialists, is key to the optimal management of any condition, including SVT. Therefore, by working together, arrhythmia specialists, non-arrhythmia specialists and patients can help to create a new online resource that, with time, will become a truly global portal for finding the best possible care for SVT.

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