Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. […] Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but represents almost 50% of all biliary tract cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is the most common pathogenic pathway associated with gallbladder carcinoma. […] The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. […] The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation. […] Approximately 4% to 7% of the population may develop gallbladder polyps, the incidence of which increases with age.

• #2 Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations – Schmidt – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/28517/html

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a form of hepatobiliary malignancy that develops from the mucosal lining of the gallbladder. […] A poorly understood combination of predisposing factors makes gallbladder cancer a unique malignancy. Factors associated with higher rates of gallbladder cancer occurrence include female sex, geographical location, ethnicity, congenital developmental abnormalities, obesity, a personal or family history of gallstones, chronic infection and inflammation in the gallbladder and ill-defined genetic variants. […] The lack of preventive and therapeutic treatment options for gallbladder cancer is partly a result of the limited knowledge on etiology, associated risk factors and molecular pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer. […] A deeper understanding of the relationship between environmental and genetic risk is urgently needed to elucidate the multifactorial pathophysiology of gallbladder cancer.

• #3 Gallbladder Cancer Causes Symptoms And Risk Factors

  https://www.punarjanayurveda.com/blog/gallbladder-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

  The cause of cancer is unclear. Doctors believe it happens when healthy cells in the gallbladder develop changes in their DNA. These changes make the cells grow uncontrollably and survive when they should normally die. This excessive growth results in a tumour. It can extend beyond the gallbladder and spread to other body parts. […] Cancer in the gallbladder often starts in the glandular cells lining the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. The term adenocarcinoma describes how the cancer cells look under a microscope. […] Additionally, certain risk factors contribute to the development of gallbladder cancer, such as: Presence of gallstones or a history thereof, Gallbladder polyps, Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) over an extended period, Persistent infection with Salmonella typhi, the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever, Formation of calcium deposits in the gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder), Chronic inflammation within the bile ducts (primary sclerosing cholangitis), Presence of cysts in the common bile duct (choledochal cysts), Obesity, Smoking and potential exposure to specific chemicals utilised in textile and rubber manufacturing may elevate the risk of developing gallbladder cancer.

• #4 Gallbladder cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/gallbladder-cancer/

  Approximately 9095% of gallbladder cancers are adenocarcinomas, which means the cancer started in gland cells in the gallbladder lining. […] Evidence for what can cause gallbladder cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] We have strong evidence from our research that living with overweight or obesity increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. Other causes, except gallstones, have not been established.

• #5 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. […] Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but represents almost 50% of all biliary tract cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is the most common pathogenic pathway associated with gallbladder carcinoma. […] The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. […] The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation. […] Approximately 4% to 7% of the population may develop gallbladder polyps, the incidence of which increases with age.

• #6 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Researchers have found some risk factors that make a person more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is a common link among many of the risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] In another example, defects in the ducts that carry fluids from the gallbladder and pancreas to the small intestine might allow juices from the pancreas to flow backward (reflux) into the gallbladder and bile ducts. This reflux of pancreatic juices might inflame and stimulate growth of the cells lining the gallbladder and bile ducts, which might increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Scientists are starting to understand how risk factors like inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancer can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.

• #7 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. Youre more at risk of gallbladder cancer if you have conditions like gallstones or gallbladder inflammation. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs when healthy cells become malignant cells that grow and multiply out of control. This can happen when there are changes, or mutations, in the genetic material that tells healthy cells how to behave. With gallbladder cancer, these genetic mutations occur over time (acquired). You dont inherit them from your biological parents. […] Scientists dont know what causes cells to become cancer cells in the first place. But theyve identified several factors that may increase your risk. […] Other risk factors include having gallstones or a history of gallstones, gallbladder polyps, chronic (long-term) gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), chronic Salmonella typhi infection (the bacteria that causes typhoid), a build-up of calcium deposits in your gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder), chronic inflammation in your bile ducts (primary sclerosing cholangitis), cysts in your common bile duct (choledochal cysts), and obesity. […] Its also possible that smoking and exposure to certain chemicals used to create textiles and rubbers can increase your risk.

• #8 Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/2/234

  Interestingly, about 15% of cancers—including GBC—are preceded by chronic inflammation, which can be local (e.g., inflammation due to gallstones or infections) or systemic (e.g., metabolic syndrome). Therefore, the inflammatory component of GBC can come from different sources, producing an inflammatory state of a summative nature that provides the ideal niche for carcinogenic progress. […] The cumulative evidence described in this review shows that GBC is a chronic inflammatory disease promoted by different risk factors including gallstone disease (GSD), sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, metabolic disorders, high-fat diet, hypercholesterolemia, and some types of infections. In addition, gallbladder carcinogenesis has been strongly associated with specific populations (e.g., Mapuche ancestry), possibly because these populations present some genetic background (e.g., ABCG8 and TRAF3 gene variants) that predispose them to being more susceptible to gallstone formation and hence a greater predisposition to the development GBC, which could explain the high incidence of GBC in this population.

• #9 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallbladder cancer is rare. We don’t know what causes most gallbladder cancers but there are some known risk factors. […] Your risk of getting gallbladder cancer increases as you get older. Most people who develop it are aged between 85 and 89. […] Gallbladder cancer is more common in women than men. 71 out of 100 people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer (71%) are women. […] Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it.

• #10 Risk Factors for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found some risk factors that make a person more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. Many of these are related in some way to chronic inflammation (long-lasting irritation and swelling) in the gallbladder. […] Gallstones are the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Gallstones are pebble-like collections of cholesterol and other substances that form in the gallbladder and can cause chronic inflammation. Up to 4 out of 5 people with gallbladder cancer have gallstones when they’re diagnosed. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder becomes covered with calcium deposits. It sometimes occurs after long-term inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can be caused by gallstones. People with this condition have a higher risk of developing gallbladder cancer, possibly because both conditions can be related to inflammation.

• #11 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. […] Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but represents almost 50% of all biliary tract cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is the most common pathogenic pathway associated with gallbladder carcinoma. […] The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. […] The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation. […] Approximately 4% to 7% of the population may develop gallbladder polyps, the incidence of which increases with age.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gallbladder-cancer.aspx

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare cancer in the European countries. Around 640 to 670 new cases are diagnosed each year. […] The exact cause of gallbladder cancer is unknown but there are certain risk factors that raise the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Risk factors that predispose to gallbladder cancer include old age, sex of the patient, cholecystitis and so forth. […] Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder is also known as cholecystitis. This is by far the most common risk factor that predisposes to gallbladder cancer. […] About 8 out of 10 people with gallbladder cancer (80%) have gallstones or an inflamed gallbladder at diagnosis. However, most people with an inflamed gallbladder or gallstones do not get gallbladder cancer. […] Those with someone in the family (a first degree relative like a parent or a sibling) with gallstones have a double the chance of gallbladder cancer.

• #13 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #14 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. […] Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but represents almost 50% of all biliary tract cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is the most common pathogenic pathway associated with gallbladder carcinoma. […] The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. […] The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation. […] Approximately 4% to 7% of the population may develop gallbladder polyps, the incidence of which increases with age.

• #15 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=34&contentid=18038-1

  Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include: […] Gallstones cause a 4 to 5 times increase in gallbladder cancer prevalence. […] The risk increases with increased gallstone size and long-term inflammation. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs more often in women than in men in the U.S. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs more often in people older than age 65. […] Studies have shown a link between gallbladder cancer and obesity. […] Polyps bigger than 1 centimeter (about 1/2 inch) are more likely to be cancer. […] Abnormal bile ducts may slow the flow of bile from the gallbladder. […] This seems to increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This disease causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts and increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] If you have been regularly exposed to these infections, you have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] A family history of gallbladder cancer seems to raise a person’s risk.

• #16 Gallbladder Cancer – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/gallbladder-cancer.htm

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare cancer in which malignant (cancerous) transformation of cells occur in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include the following: […] Presence of gallstones: Gallstones are one of the strongest risk factors for gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder Stones are found in 70-90% of the people diagnosed with the cancer. […] One theory for why gallstones cause gallbladder cancer is that the gallbladder releases bile more slowly when gallstones are present. This exposes the gallbladder cells to chemicals in bile that could cause irritation and inflammation, thereby predisposing to cancer. […] Porcelain gallbladder: This is a condition that occurs due to chronic and recurrent inflammation or the gallbladder. It is characterized by calcium deposits in the wall of the gallbladder that can be seen on certain types of radiographic imaging tests. The chronic inflammation may cause changes in the DNA of the cells making them grow abnormally and resulting in cancerous transformation.

• #17 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #18 Risk Factors for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found some risk factors that make a person more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. Many of these are related in some way to chronic inflammation (long-lasting irritation and swelling) in the gallbladder. […] Gallstones are the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Gallstones are pebble-like collections of cholesterol and other substances that form in the gallbladder and can cause chronic inflammation. Up to 4 out of 5 people with gallbladder cancer have gallstones when they’re diagnosed. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder becomes covered with calcium deposits. It sometimes occurs after long-term inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can be caused by gallstones. People with this condition have a higher risk of developing gallbladder cancer, possibly because both conditions can be related to inflammation.

• #19 Gallbladder Cancer – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/gallbladder-cancer.htm

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare cancer in which malignant (cancerous) transformation of cells occur in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include the following: […] Presence of gallstones: Gallstones are one of the strongest risk factors for gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder Stones are found in 70-90% of the people diagnosed with the cancer. […] One theory for why gallstones cause gallbladder cancer is that the gallbladder releases bile more slowly when gallstones are present. This exposes the gallbladder cells to chemicals in bile that could cause irritation and inflammation, thereby predisposing to cancer. […] Porcelain gallbladder: This is a condition that occurs due to chronic and recurrent inflammation or the gallbladder. It is characterized by calcium deposits in the wall of the gallbladder that can be seen on certain types of radiographic imaging tests. The chronic inflammation may cause changes in the DNA of the cells making them grow abnormally and resulting in cancerous transformation.

• #20 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #21 Risk Factors for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Patients with gallbladder cancer are more likely to have excess body weight (overweight or obesity) than people without this disease. Obesity is also a risk factor for gallstones, which might help explain this link. […] People with PSC have an increased risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] People chronically infected with salmonella (the bacterium that causes typhoid) and those who are carriers of typhoid are more likely to get gallbladder cancer than those not infected. This is probably because the infection can cause gallbladder inflammation. […] A history of gallbladder cancer in the family seems to increase a persons chances of developing this cancer, but the risk is still low because this is a rare disease. […] Studies have found other factors that might increase the risk of gallbladder cancer, but the links are not as clear.

• #22 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is slightly more common in people born with abnormal bile ducts. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being very overweight can increase your risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] Close relatives of people with gallbladder cancer have a slightly higher risk. […] People from Peru and Northern India have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This is a rare condition that causes inflammation of the bile ducts. It can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #23 Gallbladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/gallbladder-cancer-causes-risk-factors

  It is not clear what causes gallbladder cancer. Certain factors make a person more likely to develop the disease. Gallbladder cancer usually affects older people (age 70 and above). Women are also much more likely than men to develop the disease. Gallbladder cancer is more common among Mexican Americans, southwestern Native Americans, and people from certain South American countries, particularly Chile. […] Up to 90 percent of people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer also have gallstones and longstanding inflammation of the gallbladder. These conditions are more common in women. Thats why women are more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the gallbladder becomes covered in calcium deposits, resembling porcelain ceramic. This condition can occur when the gallbladder becomes inflamed.

• #24 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Gallbladder cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Factors that may increase your chance of gallbladder cancer are: […] Having ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease can increase your risk for gallbladder cancer. […] Multiple and/or large gallstones are often associated with gallbladder cancer. However, gallstones are very common, and gallbladder cancer is rare. Very few people with gallstones will actually develop gallbladder cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer is often misdiagnosed as bile duct cancer or liver cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer can be cured if its caught and treated very early. […] The prognosis is poor for patients diagnosed with advanced disease; the average rate of survival is less than a year. […] We know that about 15% of gallbladder tumors have the HER2 gene, which is also seen in some types of breast cancer.

• #25 Risks for biliary tract cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/biliary-tract/risks

  Conditions that cause inflammation of the biliary tract increase the risk of developing gallbladder or bile duct cancer. […] Overweight or obesity increases the risk for biliary tract cancer. […] Infections with the following parasites or bacteria increase the risk of developing biliary tract cancer. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is another name for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBD is a type of autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Studies show that people with IBD have a higher risk for cancer of the biliary tract. […] Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) is a contrast medium that was used for imaging tests in the past. Studies show that people who were injected with Thorotrast have a higher risk for gallbladder cancer. […] Coming into contact with 1,2-dichloropropane at work increases the risk for biliary tract cancer.

• #26 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #27 Gallbladder carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gallbladder-carcinoma-1?lang=us

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a type of gallbladder cancer and specifically refers to primary epithelial malignancies arising from the gallbladder, in which the vast majority (90%) are adenocarcinomas, and the remainder are squamous cell carcinomas. […] Risk factors include chronic cholecystitis, gallstones are seen in 70-90% of cases, familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), porcelain gallbladder, gallbladder polyps 1 cm that are sessile and solitary, primary sclerosing cholangitis, anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary ducts, certain ethnicities and geographical groups (e.g. Native Americans and Chileans), chronic infections including the typhoid carrier state, exposure to carcinogens (e.g. lead, cadmium, chromium), obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dietary factors, family history of gallbladder carcinoma. […] Over 90% of cases of gallbladder cancer are adenocarcinomas, with the majority related to chronic inflammatory metaplasia and dysplasia. […] Unlike colonic lesions (adenoma-carcinoma sequence), gallbladder carcinoma likely follows a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma pathway.

• #28 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=34&contentid=18038-1

  Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include: […] Gallstones cause a 4 to 5 times increase in gallbladder cancer prevalence. […] The risk increases with increased gallstone size and long-term inflammation. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs more often in women than in men in the U.S. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs more often in people older than age 65. […] Studies have shown a link between gallbladder cancer and obesity. […] Polyps bigger than 1 centimeter (about 1/2 inch) are more likely to be cancer. […] Abnormal bile ducts may slow the flow of bile from the gallbladder. […] This seems to increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This disease causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts and increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] If you have been regularly exposed to these infections, you have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] A family history of gallbladder cancer seems to raise a person’s risk.

• #29 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. […] Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but represents almost 50% of all biliary tract cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is the most common pathogenic pathway associated with gallbladder carcinoma. […] The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. […] The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation. […] Approximately 4% to 7% of the population may develop gallbladder polyps, the incidence of which increases with age.

• #30 Gallbladder Cancer: Causes, Prognosis, Signs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gallbladder-cancer

  Some other factors associated with the risk of gallbladder cancer are: Porcelain gallbladder. This is when your gallbladder looks white, like porcelain, because its walls are calcified. This can occur after chronic cholecystitis, and its associated with inflammation. Gallbladder polyps. Only about 5 percent of these small growths in your gallbladder are cancerous. Sex. According to the ACS, women get gallbladder cancer up to four times more often than men. Age. Gallbladder cancer typically affects people over 65. On average, people are 72 when they find out they have it. Ethnic group. In the United States, Latin Americans, Native Americans, and Mexicans have the highest risk of gallbladder cancer. Bile duct problems. Conditions in the bile ducts that block the flow of bile can cause it to back up into the gallbladder. This causes inflammation, which increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scarring that forms due to inflammation of the bile ducts increases your risk of bile duct and gallbladder cancer. Typhoid. Salmonella bacteria causes typhoid. People with chronic, long-term infections with or without symptoms have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. Family members with gallbladder cancer. Your risk goes up slightly if theres a history of it in your family.

• #31 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #32 Gallbladder cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer

  Causes Unknown Risk factors History of Gallstones and other Gallbladder diseases Smoking […] Chronic typhoid infection of gallbladder; chronic Salmonella typhi carriers have 3 to 200 times higher risk of gallbladder cancer than non-carriers and 16% lifetime risk of development of cancer […] Various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with gallbladder cancer; however, existing genetic studies in GBC susceptibility have so far been insufficient to confirm any association […] Gallbladder polyps […] Calcified gallbladder wall (porcelain gallbladder) […] Congenital abnormalities of the bile duct such as choledochal cyst.

• #33 Gallbladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/gallbladder-cancer-causes-risk-factors

  People who have been repeatedly infected with salmonella (the bacteria that causes typhoid) are six times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Many people who develop gallbladder cancer are overweight or obese. They often have a high-carbohydrate or low-fiber diet. […] A family history of gallbladder cancer seems to increase a persons chances of developing the disease, although the risk is still low.

• #34 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

• #35 Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations – Schmidt – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/28517/html

  Development of gallbladder cancer has been associated with a broad range of risk factors. […] Gallstones also referred to as cholelithiasis is one of the most strongly associated risk factors for gallbladder cancer with 70-90% of gallbladder cancer cases noting a history of cholelithiasis. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic liver disease that results in inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts, is associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction is a rare congenital anomaly in which the junction of the pancreatic and biliary ducts is located outside of the duodenal wall. […] Irritation and inflammation of the gallbladder can also arise from chronic bacterial infections caused commonly by Salmonella typhi or Helicobacter bilis.

• #36

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/gallbladder-cancer/

  Gallbladder cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the gallbladder grow and multiply uncontrollably. […] The presence of gallstones can increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] Conditions like chronic cholecystitis or repeated inflammation of the gallbladder can increase cancer risk. […] Gallbladder cancer is more common in people over the age of 60 and is more prevalent in women. […] A family history of gallbladder cancer or other cancers may increase the risk. […] Being overweight or obese can contribute to gallbladder cancer development. […] A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Long-term exposure to industrial chemicals, such as those used in rubber production, may increase the risk. […] Liver fluke infections, particularly in parts of Asia, can increase gallbladder cancer risk.

• #37 The geographical, ethnic variations and risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma: a worldwide view  – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JIG/the-geographical-ethnic-variations-and-risk-factors-of-gallbladder-carcinoma-a-worldwide-viewnbsp.html

  The rate of GBC occurrence is increases 8.3 x higher in the gallstone patients than the general patients. […] Chronic bacterial infections also cause irritations and inflammations in the gallbladder. […] Anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction (APBDJ) or Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is one of the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma. […] Bacteria induced degradation of bile acid is a causative factors of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. […] Carcinogens are one of the important factors causing GBC. […] Beside, the environmental factors genetic factors are also very well known for development of GBC, although the details mechanism of GBC development by alteration in genetic or molecular level is still unexplainable.

• #38

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-012-0049-0

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy. […] The age-standardized incidence of GBC declined drastically over the last three decades. An increasing number of early cholecystectomies for gallstones may play a role. Parallel to the decreasing incidence of stomach cancer, the effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori may also have resulted in a lowered incidence of GBC.

• #39 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Some abnormalities of the pancreas and bile duct increase your risk of getting gallbladder cancer. […] Having choledochal cysts increases your risk of getting gallbladder cancer in the future. […] You might have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer or cancer of the bile duct if you have diabetes. […] Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Ionising radiation increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #40 Gallbladder Cancer – Causes & Risks – FUCK CANCER | F C Cancer Foundation, a 501c3 nonprofit organization

  https://www.fuckcancer.org/what-causes-gallbladder-cancer/

  In the US, gallbladder cancer occurs 3 to 4 times more often in women than in men. […] Patients with gallbladder cancer are more often overweight or obese than people without this disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is seen mainly in older people, but younger people can develop it as well. […] In the US, the risk of developing gallbladder cancer is highest among Mexican and Latin Americans and Native Americans. […] Choledochal cysts are bile-filled sacs along the common bile duct, the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. […] The pancreas is another organ that releases fluids through a duct into the small intestine to help digestion. […] A gallbladder polyp is a growth that bulges from the surface of the inner gallbladder wall. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis).

• #41 Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations – Schmidt – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/28517/html

  Development of gallbladder cancer has been associated with a broad range of risk factors. […] Gallstones also referred to as cholelithiasis is one of the most strongly associated risk factors for gallbladder cancer with 70-90% of gallbladder cancer cases noting a history of cholelithiasis. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic liver disease that results in inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts, is associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction is a rare congenital anomaly in which the junction of the pancreatic and biliary ducts is located outside of the duodenal wall. […] Irritation and inflammation of the gallbladder can also arise from chronic bacterial infections caused commonly by Salmonella typhi or Helicobacter bilis.

• #42 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Researchers have found some risk factors that make a person more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Chronic gallbladder inflammation is a common link among many of the risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] In another example, defects in the ducts that carry fluids from the gallbladder and pancreas to the small intestine might allow juices from the pancreas to flow backward (reflux) into the gallbladder and bile ducts. This reflux of pancreatic juices might inflame and stimulate growth of the cells lining the gallbladder and bile ducts, which might increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Scientists are starting to understand how risk factors like inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancer can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.

• #43 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #44 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallbladder cancer is rare. We don’t know what causes most gallbladder cancers but there are some known risk factors. […] Your risk of getting gallbladder cancer increases as you get older. Most people who develop it are aged between 85 and 89. […] Gallbladder cancer is more common in women than men. 71 out of 100 people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer (71%) are women. […] Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it.

• #45 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/gallbladder/guide/cancer/

  The average age at diagnosis for gallbladder cancer is 72, and 2 out of 3 people are 65 or older. […] Gallbladder cancer is more than twice as common in women as in men in the United States. […] People with this bacterial infection which is rare in the United States are at higher risk for gallbladder cancer, probably because of gallbladder inflammation caused by the infection. […] While most people with gallbladder cancer don’t have a family history of the disease, your risk is higher if you do.

• #46 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallbladder cancer is rare. We don’t know what causes most gallbladder cancers but there are some known risk factors. […] Your risk of getting gallbladder cancer increases as you get older. Most people who develop it are aged between 85 and 89. […] Gallbladder cancer is more common in women than men. 71 out of 100 people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer (71%) are women. […] Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it.

• #47 Gallbladder Cancer – Causes & Risks – FUCK CANCER | F C Cancer Foundation, a 501c3 nonprofit organization

  https://www.fuckcancer.org/what-causes-gallbladder-cancer/

  In the US, gallbladder cancer occurs 3 to 4 times more often in women than in men. […] Patients with gallbladder cancer are more often overweight or obese than people without this disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is seen mainly in older people, but younger people can develop it as well. […] In the US, the risk of developing gallbladder cancer is highest among Mexican and Latin Americans and Native Americans. […] Choledochal cysts are bile-filled sacs along the common bile duct, the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. […] The pancreas is another organ that releases fluids through a duct into the small intestine to help digestion. […] A gallbladder polyp is a growth that bulges from the surface of the inner gallbladder wall. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis).

• #48 Gallbladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/gallbladder-cancer-causes-risk-factors

  It is not clear what causes gallbladder cancer. Certain factors make a person more likely to develop the disease. Gallbladder cancer usually affects older people (age 70 and above). Women are also much more likely than men to develop the disease. Gallbladder cancer is more common among Mexican Americans, southwestern Native Americans, and people from certain South American countries, particularly Chile. […] Up to 90 percent of people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer also have gallstones and longstanding inflammation of the gallbladder. These conditions are more common in women. Thats why women are more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the gallbladder becomes covered in calcium deposits, resembling porcelain ceramic. This condition can occur when the gallbladder becomes inflamed.

• #49 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gallbladder-cancer.aspx

  The genetic mutation BRCA2 that leads to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer also slightly increases the risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] Some races and ethnicities are more at risk of gall bladder cancer than others. […] Cigarettes and some industrial chemicals containing nitrosamines can damage the DNA and lead to genetic mutations and raise the risk of gallbladder and other cancers. […] This is a condition where calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of the gallbladder hardening the walls. […] This is a form of inflammation of the bile ducts. This also raises the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Defects of the pancreas and bile ducts raise the gallbladder cancer risk. […] Being obese or overweight raises the risk of gallstones and cholecystitis. […] Diet high in carbohydrates and low in fibre may increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Diabetes may also raise the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Typhoid causing Salmonella infection can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer in people who have gallstones. […] Women who have increased exposure to the hormone oestrogen may have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #50 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #51 Gallbladder Cancer: Causes, Prognosis, Signs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gallbladder-cancer

  Some other factors associated with the risk of gallbladder cancer are: Porcelain gallbladder. This is when your gallbladder looks white, like porcelain, because its walls are calcified. This can occur after chronic cholecystitis, and its associated with inflammation. Gallbladder polyps. Only about 5 percent of these small growths in your gallbladder are cancerous. Sex. According to the ACS, women get gallbladder cancer up to four times more often than men. Age. Gallbladder cancer typically affects people over 65. On average, people are 72 when they find out they have it. Ethnic group. In the United States, Latin Americans, Native Americans, and Mexicans have the highest risk of gallbladder cancer. Bile duct problems. Conditions in the bile ducts that block the flow of bile can cause it to back up into the gallbladder. This causes inflammation, which increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scarring that forms due to inflammation of the bile ducts increases your risk of bile duct and gallbladder cancer. Typhoid. Salmonella bacteria causes typhoid. People with chronic, long-term infections with or without symptoms have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. Family members with gallbladder cancer. Your risk goes up slightly if theres a history of it in your family.

• #52 Gallbladder Cancer – Causes & Risks – FUCK CANCER | F C Cancer Foundation, a 501c3 nonprofit organization

  https://www.fuckcancer.org/what-causes-gallbladder-cancer/

  In the US, gallbladder cancer occurs 3 to 4 times more often in women than in men. […] Patients with gallbladder cancer are more often overweight or obese than people without this disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is seen mainly in older people, but younger people can develop it as well. […] In the US, the risk of developing gallbladder cancer is highest among Mexican and Latin Americans and Native Americans. […] Choledochal cysts are bile-filled sacs along the common bile duct, the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. […] The pancreas is another organ that releases fluids through a duct into the small intestine to help digestion. […] A gallbladder polyp is a growth that bulges from the surface of the inner gallbladder wall. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis).

• #53 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is slightly more common in people born with abnormal bile ducts. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being very overweight can increase your risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] Close relatives of people with gallbladder cancer have a slightly higher risk. […] People from Peru and Northern India have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This is a rare condition that causes inflammation of the bile ducts. It can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #54 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #55 Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in the Unites States: a population-based study – Alkhayyat – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/62842/html

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common neoplasm of the biliary tract with the lowest rates of survival. Most GBCs are adenocarcinomas that arise from the epithelial lining of the gallbladder. […] Current literature shows that unlike other gastroenterological malignancies, GBC is more common in women compared to men. It is also more common in older individuals with 72 years old being the average age of diagnosis in the US. It is more prevalent in certain ethnicities and regions of the world compared to others which is attributed to different environmental exposures and genetic predisposition. […] Other risk factors reported in the literature include a family history of GBC, gallbladder polyps, primary sclerosis cholangitis, chronic infections with Salmonella and H. pylori, congenital biliary cysts, abnormal pancreaticobiliary junction, hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and obesity.

• #56 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallbladder cancer is rare. We don’t know what causes most gallbladder cancers but there are some known risk factors. […] Your risk of getting gallbladder cancer increases as you get older. Most people who develop it are aged between 85 and 89. […] Gallbladder cancer is more common in women than men. 71 out of 100 people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer (71%) are women. […] Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it.

• #57 Study Identifies Common Gene Variants Associated With Gallbladder Cancer | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2017/study-identifies-common-gene-variants-associated-with-gallbladder-cancer

  The researchers estimate as much as 25 percent of gallbladder cancer risk could be explained by common genetic variants. […] The fact that they are in close proximity to genes known to be important for transporting a certain class of lipids from liver to gallbladder could provide an important clue to the cause of the disease. […] By better understanding the function of the genetic risk variants, as well as by investigating environmental and lifestyle causes, researchers might eventually be able to develop new treatments or interventions to prevent this disease from occurring in patients at high risk.

• #58 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Gene mutations related to gallbladder cancers are usually acquired during life rather than being inherited. […] For example, acquired changes in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene are found in many cases of gallbladder cancer. Other genes that may play a role in gallbladder cancers include KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. Some of the gene changes that lead to gallbladder cancer might be caused by chronic inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #59 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Gene mutations related to gallbladder cancers are usually acquired during life rather than being inherited. […] For example, acquired changes in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene are found in many cases of gallbladder cancer. Other genes that may play a role in gallbladder cancers include KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. Some of the gene changes that lead to gallbladder cancer might be caused by chronic inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #60 Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/2/234

  Interestingly, about 15% of cancers—including GBC—are preceded by chronic inflammation, which can be local (e.g., inflammation due to gallstones or infections) or systemic (e.g., metabolic syndrome). Therefore, the inflammatory component of GBC can come from different sources, producing an inflammatory state of a summative nature that provides the ideal niche for carcinogenic progress. […] The cumulative evidence described in this review shows that GBC is a chronic inflammatory disease promoted by different risk factors including gallstone disease (GSD), sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, metabolic disorders, high-fat diet, hypercholesterolemia, and some types of infections. In addition, gallbladder carcinogenesis has been strongly associated with specific populations (e.g., Mapuche ancestry), possibly because these populations present some genetic background (e.g., ABCG8 and TRAF3 gene variants) that predispose them to being more susceptible to gallstone formation and hence a greater predisposition to the development GBC, which could explain the high incidence of GBC in this population.

• #61 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gallbladder-cancer.aspx

  The genetic mutation BRCA2 that leads to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer also slightly increases the risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] Some races and ethnicities are more at risk of gall bladder cancer than others. […] Cigarettes and some industrial chemicals containing nitrosamines can damage the DNA and lead to genetic mutations and raise the risk of gallbladder and other cancers. […] This is a condition where calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of the gallbladder hardening the walls. […] This is a form of inflammation of the bile ducts. This also raises the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Defects of the pancreas and bile ducts raise the gallbladder cancer risk. […] Being obese or overweight raises the risk of gallstones and cholecystitis. […] Diet high in carbohydrates and low in fibre may increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Diabetes may also raise the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Typhoid causing Salmonella infection can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer in people who have gallstones. […] Women who have increased exposure to the hormone oestrogen may have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #62 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Gene mutations related to gallbladder cancers are usually acquired during life rather than being inherited. […] For example, acquired changes in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene are found in many cases of gallbladder cancer. Other genes that may play a role in gallbladder cancers include KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. Some of the gene changes that lead to gallbladder cancer might be caused by chronic inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #63 Gallbladder Cancer – Causes & Risks – FUCK CANCER | F C Cancer Foundation, a 501c3 nonprofit organization

  https://www.fuckcancer.org/what-causes-gallbladder-cancer/

  Chronic gallbladder inflammation is a common link among many of the risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] Gene mutations related to gallbladder cancers are usually acquired during life rather than being inherited. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations from their parents that greatly increase their risk for certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not thought to cause very many gallbladder cancers. […] Scientists have found some risk factors that make a person more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. Many of these are related in some way to chronic inflammation (long-lasting irritation and swelling) in the gallbladder. […] Gallstones are the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder becomes covered with calcium deposits.

• #64 What Causes Gallbladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/causes.html

  Gene mutations related to gallbladder cancers are usually acquired during life rather than being inherited. […] For example, acquired changes in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene are found in many cases of gallbladder cancer. Other genes that may play a role in gallbladder cancers include KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. Some of the gene changes that lead to gallbladder cancer might be caused by chronic inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #65 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #66 Gallbladder Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease, often with a poor prognosis. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of gallbladder cancer, but it often occurs when the person has chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. […] One of the most common reasons for inflammation of the gallbladder is a history of gallstones. At least 75% of people with gallbladder cancer have previously had gallstones. Gallstones may increase the risk of cancer four- or five-fold. […] Additionally, people are more likely to develop gallbladder cancer if they have, or have had: Gallstones, Gallbladder polyps, Chronic gallbladder inflammation, Gallbladder calcification, Bile duct cysts, A family history of gallstones or gallbladder cancer, Been exposed to pesticides, heavy metals (including lead), water pollution and radiation, Occupational exposure to chemicals in the textile, shoemaking, paper mill, or petroleum industries, Anatomical abnormalities in the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder and bile ducts, Inflammatory bowel disease, Obesity, Smoking, A high-carbohydrate diet, Chronic liver disease, Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, Lynch syndrome.

• #67 Risk Factors for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Patients with gallbladder cancer are more likely to have excess body weight (overweight or obesity) than people without this disease. Obesity is also a risk factor for gallstones, which might help explain this link. […] People with PSC have an increased risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] People chronically infected with salmonella (the bacterium that causes typhoid) and those who are carriers of typhoid are more likely to get gallbladder cancer than those not infected. This is probably because the infection can cause gallbladder inflammation. […] A history of gallbladder cancer in the family seems to increase a persons chances of developing this cancer, but the risk is still low because this is a rare disease. […] Studies have found other factors that might increase the risk of gallbladder cancer, but the links are not as clear.

• #68 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #69 Gallbladder Cancer: Types, Treatment, and Survival

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gallbladder-cancer-5093114

  Gallbladder cancer is rare, although it is the most common type of cancer affecting the biliary system. […] It is currently unknown what causes gallbladder cancer. However, certain risk factors are known to increase your vulnerability to the disease. […] Risk factors include: Age: The risk of gallbladder cancer increases with age. The average age of onset is 72. […] Sex: Gallbladder cancer is three to four times more common in females than in males. […] Obesity: Having a body mass index (BMI) over 35 increases the likelihood of gallbladder cancer. […] Family history: Having a parent or sibling with gallbladder cancer increases your risk of the disease, albeit slightly. […] Gallstones: Gallbladder cancer is more common in people with a history of gallstones. Even so, only around 3% of people with gallstones will go on to develop cancer. […] Gallbladder disease: Other conditions such as gallbladder polyps, biliary obstruction, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Smoking may also contribute, but studies are split on whether cigarette smoke poses a tangible risk.

• #70 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Some abnormalities of the pancreas and bile duct increase your risk of getting gallbladder cancer. […] Having choledochal cysts increases your risk of getting gallbladder cancer in the future. […] You might have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer or cancer of the bile duct if you have diabetes. […] Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Ionising radiation increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #71 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is slightly more common in people born with abnormal bile ducts. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being very overweight can increase your risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] Close relatives of people with gallbladder cancer have a slightly higher risk. […] People from Peru and Northern India have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This is a rare condition that causes inflammation of the bile ducts. It can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #72 Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations – Schmidt – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/28517/html

  Increased risk of gallbladder cancer has also been established in several non-hepatobiliary specific diseases. […] The association between diabetes and gallbladder cancer is difficult to demonstrate due to the established associations of diabetes with obesity and gallstone disease. […] A potential association between arsenic exposure due to natural contamination of groundwater and gallbladder cancer incidence has been postulated for a number of years, in part due to the similarities of the geographic distribution of arsenic exposure and incidence of gallbladder cancer in some countries and regions. […] The risk factors with the strongest links to the development of gallbladder cancer are those that induce inflammation over prolonged periods of time. […] Though many variables have been linked to gallbladder carcinogenesis, gallstone disease is the single risk factor most commonly identified in cases.

• #73 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gallbladder-cancer.aspx

  The genetic mutation BRCA2 that leads to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer also slightly increases the risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] Some races and ethnicities are more at risk of gall bladder cancer than others. […] Cigarettes and some industrial chemicals containing nitrosamines can damage the DNA and lead to genetic mutations and raise the risk of gallbladder and other cancers. […] This is a condition where calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of the gallbladder hardening the walls. […] This is a form of inflammation of the bile ducts. This also raises the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Defects of the pancreas and bile ducts raise the gallbladder cancer risk. […] Being obese or overweight raises the risk of gallstones and cholecystitis. […] Diet high in carbohydrates and low in fibre may increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Diabetes may also raise the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Typhoid causing Salmonella infection can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer in people who have gallstones. […] Women who have increased exposure to the hormone oestrogen may have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #74 Gallbladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/gallbladder-cancer-causes-risk-factors

  People who have been repeatedly infected with salmonella (the bacteria that causes typhoid) are six times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. […] Many people who develop gallbladder cancer are overweight or obese. They often have a high-carbohydrate or low-fiber diet. […] A family history of gallbladder cancer seems to increase a persons chances of developing the disease, although the risk is still low.

• #75 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gallbladder-cancer-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-treatment-prevention

  Chronic gallbladder inflammation, frequently caused by gallstones or chronic cholecystitis, is commonly associated with numerous GBC risk factors. Chronic inflammation can cause cellular alterations, leading to cancer growth. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC) grows considerably with age, particularly in people over 60 years, with an average age of diagnosis of approximately 72 years. […] Women are affected more commonly than men, with a ratio of 3 to 4 times greater rate, probably due to the higher prevalence of gallstones and chronic inflammation in women. […] High-fat diets, especially those high in cholesterol and sugar, increase the risk of gallstone development and chronic inflammation. On the other hand, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may minimize risk. […] Being overweight or obese is correlated with a greater chance of having gallstones, which increases the chance of gallbladder cancer (GBC).

• #76 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare. […] People who have primary sclerosing cholangitis have a slightly increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke increase their risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of many types of cancers, including gallbladder cancer. […] Being overweight or obese also means you are more likely to develop gallstones which increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #77 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is slightly more common in people born with abnormal bile ducts. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] People who smoke have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Being very overweight can increase your risk of developing gallbladder cancer. […] Close relatives of people with gallbladder cancer have a slightly higher risk. […] People from Peru and Northern India have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. […] This is a rare condition that causes inflammation of the bile ducts. It can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #78 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gallbladder-cancer.aspx

  The genetic mutation BRCA2 that leads to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer also slightly increases the risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer. […] Some races and ethnicities are more at risk of gall bladder cancer than others. […] Cigarettes and some industrial chemicals containing nitrosamines can damage the DNA and lead to genetic mutations and raise the risk of gallbladder and other cancers. […] This is a condition where calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of the gallbladder hardening the walls. […] This is a form of inflammation of the bile ducts. This also raises the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Defects of the pancreas and bile ducts raise the gallbladder cancer risk. […] Being obese or overweight raises the risk of gallstones and cholecystitis. […] Diet high in carbohydrates and low in fibre may increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Diabetes may also raise the risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Typhoid causing Salmonella infection can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer in people who have gallstones. […] Women who have increased exposure to the hormone oestrogen may have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #79 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Some abnormalities of the pancreas and bile duct increase your risk of getting gallbladder cancer. […] Having choledochal cysts increases your risk of getting gallbladder cancer in the future. […] You might have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer or cancer of the bile duct if you have diabetes. […] Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Ionising radiation increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #80 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

• #81 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #82 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #83 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #84 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #85 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #86 Gallbladder Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is rare. Approximately 12,610 people in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer of the gallbladder and large bile duct in 2025 according to the American Cancer Society. […] Although cancer research has not determined the causes of gallbladder cancer, certain factors may increase a persons risk of developing the disease. Often, these factors relate to chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. […] Common risk factors include: Obesity, Chemical exposure, Gallstones, Porcelain gallbladder, where calcium deposits cover the gallbladder wall, Choledochal cysts, Bile duct abnormalities, Gallbladder polyps, Typhoid, a chronic infection caused by salmonella poisoning. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer also seems to increase in families with a history of the disease. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs twice as often in women as in men. This may be related to the increased frequency of gallstones, found in over 75 percent of gallbladder cancer patients. […] People exposed to industrial chemicals, particularly those used in the rubber and textile industries, may also be at increased risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #87 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. […] In the vast majority of patients (75%), the source of this chronic inflammation is cholesterol gallstones. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of gallbladder cancer 4- to 5-fold. […] Other more unusual causes of chronic inflammation are also associated with gallbladder cancer. These causes include primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fluke infestation, chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections, and Helicobacter infection. […] Ingestion of certain medications (eg, oral contraceptives, isoniazid, methyldopa) can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Likewise, certain chemical exposures (eg, pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride) and occupational exposures associated with working in the textile, petroleum, paper mill, and shoemaking industries increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #88 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Some abnormalities of the pancreas and bile duct increase your risk of getting gallbladder cancer. […] Having choledochal cysts increases your risk of getting gallbladder cancer in the future. […] You might have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer or cancer of the bile duct if you have diabetes. […] Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of gallbladder cancer. […] Ionising radiation increases your risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #89 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. Youre more at risk of gallbladder cancer if you have conditions like gallstones or gallbladder inflammation. […] Gallbladder cancer occurs when healthy cells become malignant cells that grow and multiply out of control. This can happen when there are changes, or mutations, in the genetic material that tells healthy cells how to behave. With gallbladder cancer, these genetic mutations occur over time (acquired). You dont inherit them from your biological parents. […] Scientists dont know what causes cells to become cancer cells in the first place. But theyve identified several factors that may increase your risk. […] Other risk factors include having gallstones or a history of gallstones, gallbladder polyps, chronic (long-term) gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), chronic Salmonella typhi infection (the bacteria that causes typhoid), a build-up of calcium deposits in your gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder), chronic inflammation in your bile ducts (primary sclerosing cholangitis), cysts in your common bile duct (choledochal cysts), and obesity. […] Its also possible that smoking and exposure to certain chemicals used to create textiles and rubbers can increase your risk.

• #90 Gallbladder carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gallbladder-carcinoma-1?lang=us

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a type of gallbladder cancer and specifically refers to primary epithelial malignancies arising from the gallbladder, in which the vast majority (90%) are adenocarcinomas, and the remainder are squamous cell carcinomas. […] Risk factors include chronic cholecystitis, gallstones are seen in 70-90% of cases, familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), porcelain gallbladder, gallbladder polyps 1 cm that are sessile and solitary, primary sclerosing cholangitis, anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary ducts, certain ethnicities and geographical groups (e.g. Native Americans and Chileans), chronic infections including the typhoid carrier state, exposure to carcinogens (e.g. lead, cadmium, chromium), obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dietary factors, family history of gallbladder carcinoma. […] Over 90% of cases of gallbladder cancer are adenocarcinomas, with the majority related to chronic inflammatory metaplasia and dysplasia. […] Unlike colonic lesions (adenoma-carcinoma sequence), gallbladder carcinoma likely follows a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma pathway.

• #91 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

• #92 Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/2/234

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive neoplasm that in an early stage is generally asymptomatic and, in most cases, is diagnosed in advanced stages with a very low life expectancy because there is no curative treatment. Therefore, understanding the early carcinogenic mechanisms of this pathology is crucial to proposing preventive strategies for this cancer. The main risk factor is the presence of gallstones, which are associated with some environmental factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet. Other risk factors such as autoimmune disorders and bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections have also been described. All these factors can generate a long-term inflammatory state characterized by the persistent activation of the immune system, the frequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the constant production of reactive oxygen species that result in a chronic damage/repair cycle, subsequently inducing the loss of the normal architecture of the gallbladder mucosa that leads to the development of GBC.

• #93 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

• #94 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

• #95 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Gallbladder cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Factors that may increase your chance of gallbladder cancer are: […] Having ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease can increase your risk for gallbladder cancer. […] Multiple and/or large gallstones are often associated with gallbladder cancer. However, gallstones are very common, and gallbladder cancer is rare. Very few people with gallstones will actually develop gallbladder cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer is often misdiagnosed as bile duct cancer or liver cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer can be cured if its caught and treated very early. […] The prognosis is poor for patients diagnosed with advanced disease; the average rate of survival is less than a year. […] We know that about 15% of gallbladder tumors have the HER2 gene, which is also seen in some types of breast cancer.

• #96 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  In addition, exposures through water pollution (organopesticides, eg, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and benzene hexachloride); heavy metals (eg, cadmium, chromium, lead); and radiation exposure (eg, radon in miners) are associated with gallbladder cancer. […] An increased incidence of gallbladder cancer also occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I, and Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. […] The role of various oncogenic mutations in gallbladder cancer is an area of active research. […] Abnormal anatomy such as congenital defects with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junctions and choledochal cysts increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

• #97 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Areas with endemic Salmonella Typhi and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Extrinsic carcinogens, including medications (eg, methyldopa, isoniazid), work exposure (eg, methylcellulose, radon), and lifestyle (eg, cigarette smoking, obesity, high carbohydrate intake). […] Chronic inflammation is the primary oncogenic driver of gallbladder carcinoma. […] The mutational profile of gallbladder adenocarcinoma most commonly involves K-ras, TP53, CDKN2a, and c-erb-b2 mutations. […] The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is generally poor, with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%.

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