Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. […] Most cases arent caught until it has spread and the prognosis is poor. […] Gallbladder cancer begins in the innermost layer of your gallbladder, called the mucosal layer, and spreads outward. […] The cure rate for gallbladder cancer is excellent if its in the early stages and healthcare providers can remove it with surgery. Unfortunately, most people dont receive a diagnosis until the cancer has spread beyond their gallbladder. […] Because there are rarely signs or symptoms in the early stages, and those symptoms resemble other conditions, providers often diagnose gallbladder cancer late. […] If your provider suspects you might have gallbladder cancer, theyll examine you and ask about your medical history. Then, theyll perform tests.

• #2 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Gallbladder cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Gallbladder cancer is often misdiagnosed as bile duct cancer or liver cancer. So, its particularly important to see your doctor if you develop any symptoms and are at high risk. […] Typically, well start with an abdominal ultrasound. This will show us if theres any abnormal thickening of the gallbladder wall. […] We may also do blood tests to see if theres any elevation in blood count and to check liver function. […] This can be followed by a CT scan to get a better picture of the tumor, its relationship to the liver, involvement of lymph nodes and so on. […] Gallbladder cancer can be cured if its caught and treated very early. If its found before it spreads, its considered resectable and can be removed by surgery.

• #3 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Detection, Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/gallbladder-cancer-symptoms-male

  Gallbladder cancer tends to be difficult to diagnose in the early stages since there are no reliable screening tests. […] Doctors can use various imaging tests to help diagnose gallbladder cancer and rule out other conditions. […] Gallbladder cancer isn’t often diagnosed in the early stages. It’s usually found incidentally when your gallbladder is removed to treat gallstones. […] About 80% of gallbladder cancers are diagnosed after they’ve spread beyond the gallbladder. […] A doctor may first perform or order tests such as reviewing your personal and family medical history, reviewing your symptoms, a physical exam, blood tests to look for tumor markers and measure liver gallbladder and liver function. […] Your doctor may order imaging if they think you have a gallbladder problem. You may receive imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cholangiography, laparoscopy.

• #4 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. A suspicious mass may be seen, but often gallstones are found. In many cases, gallbladder cancer is found by chance when surgery is done to remove the gallbladder to treat a problem like gallstones. This surgery is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam.

• #5 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://cghmcib.preview.staywellsolutionsonline.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. […] A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. […] You may have one or more of these tests: Ultrasound, Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), CT scan, MRI scan, Cholangiography, Biopsy, Liver function blood tests, Tumor marker blood tests. […] A biopsy is when a small piece of tissue is removed to be checked for cancer.

• #6 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  Gallbladder cancer is hard to find early. The gallbladder lies deep inside the body and cannot be felt during routine physical exams. The disease is often diagnosed unexpectedly when the gallbladder is removed to treat gallstones or another condition. […] If you have symptoms that suggest you may have gallbladder cancer, its vital that your doctor has a clear and complete understanding of whats causing them. When making a diagnosis, our experts take the time to learn about your medical history and understand your overall health. We conduct a thorough physical examination. In addition, you may have some of the following tests. […] Diagnosing gallbladder cancer may begin with a test to measure the amount of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a chemical that comes from the breakdown of red blood cells and gives bile its yellow color. A high bilirubin level can mean that the gallbladder or liver is not functioning properly. Other blood tests measure levels of liver enzymes (such as alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, and GGT) and can identify abnormal amounts of other substances (such as the proteins CEA and CA 19-9). Finding any of these substances in the blood can indicate the presence of gallbladder cancer.

• #7 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  When gallbladder carcinoma is suspected, patients should undergo laboratory evaluations, including a complete blood count, basic chemistry panel, and liver function tests. A right upper quadrant ultrasound is usually the first step in evaluating biliary pathology and may demonstrate gallbladder tumors, polyps, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or biliary obstruction. […] Further imaging with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans may be indicated if the suspicion for gallbladder carcinoma is high. […] Tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), are frequently elevated but considered nondiagnostic due to lack of specificity and sensitivity.

• #8 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/34,18042-1?keyword=sleepase

  You may have one or more of these tests: Ultrasound, Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), CT scan, MRI scan, Cholangiography, Biopsy, Liver function blood tests, Tumor marker blood tests. […] A biopsy is when a small piece of tissue is removed to be checked for cancer. […] No blood test can diagnose gallbladder cancer. Blood test results may be abnormal, but they are not unique to gallbladder cancer, so they aren’t the only test used for diagnosis. […] If you have gallbladder cancer, 2 markers may be increased. They are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA-19-9). […] When your doctor has the results of your tests, they will contact you with the results. Your doctor will talk with you about other tests you may need if gallbladder cancer is found.

• #9 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  Gallbladder cancer is hard to find early. The gallbladder lies deep inside the body and cannot be felt during routine physical exams. The disease is often diagnosed unexpectedly when the gallbladder is removed to treat gallstones or another condition. […] If you have symptoms that suggest you may have gallbladder cancer, its vital that your doctor has a clear and complete understanding of whats causing them. When making a diagnosis, our experts take the time to learn about your medical history and understand your overall health. We conduct a thorough physical examination. In addition, you may have some of the following tests. […] Diagnosing gallbladder cancer may begin with a test to measure the amount of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a chemical that comes from the breakdown of red blood cells and gives bile its yellow color. A high bilirubin level can mean that the gallbladder or liver is not functioning properly. Other blood tests measure levels of liver enzymes (such as alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, and GGT) and can identify abnormal amounts of other substances (such as the proteins CEA and CA 19-9). Finding any of these substances in the blood can indicate the presence of gallbladder cancer.

• #10 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose. Often gallbladder cancer is detected incidentally, on pathological review of a gallbladder removed for a presumed benign disease. […] Some tests that may prove helpful in diagnosing gallbladder cancer include the following: Liver function tests, CA 19-9 assay, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. […] Ultrasonography (US) is a standard initial study in patients with right upper quadrant pain. A mass can be identified in 50-75% of patients with gallbladder cancer. […] Computed tomography (CT) scans also may be useful in patients with upper abdominal pain and can demonstrate tumor invasion outside of the gallbladder and identify metastatic disease elsewhere in the abdomen or pelvis. […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology.

• #11 Tests for gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-gallbladder-cancer

  You usually have a number of tests to diagnose gallbladder cancer and find out how far it has grown. […] The tests you might have include: blood tests, different types of scans, taking samples of cells (biopsy). […] Your GP might send you for blood tests and an ultrasound scan. […] A blood test can check your general health, including how well your liver and kidneys are working. […] You might also have a blood test to check for tumour markers. People with gallbladder cancer might have high blood levels of the markers called CEA and CA 19-9. […] You usually see a gastroenterologist, who may do more tests. These can include: CT scan, cholangiography, biopsy, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography), laparoscopy, Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), endoscopic ultrasound, MRCP and MRI scan, PET scan.

• #12 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://cghmcib.preview.staywellsolutionsonline.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  No blood test can diagnose gallbladder cancer. […] Blood test results may be abnormal, but they are not unique to gallbladder cancer, so they aren’t the only test used for diagnosis. […] If you have gallbladder cancer, 2 markers may be increased. They are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA-19-9). […] When your doctor has the results of your tests, they will contact you with the results.

• #13 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Most of the gallbladder tumors are benign. Adenoma, cholesterol polyps, or adenomyomatosis are most frequently typical on ultrasonographic images. It may be difficult to identify precancerous or malignant lesion. All symptomatic lesions must be considered as indications for surgery. […] The poor prognosis of GBC is related to its dissemination capacity and usually late diagnosis due to its nonspecific clinical appearance. […] When GBC is suggested by US findings, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can be considered complementary to establish the benign/malignant nature of the lesion and to obtain a primary staging study. […] Tumor markers have an increasing significance in the diagnosis and evaluation of GBC. Assay of CA242, CA15-3, CA19-9, and CA 125 are fairly good markers for discriminating patients of carcinoma of the gallbladder from cholelithiasis.

• #14 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Surgical Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85426

  Biopsy of suspicious gallbladder masses is not recommended, due to fear of tumor dissemination and bile peritonitis. […] Various tumor markers have been evaluated for gallbladder cancer, and currently, the most used tumor marker in clinical practice is CA19-9. The other tumor markers include CA242, CEA and CA125. […] Residual disease is another important predictor of prognosis in patients with GBCa. Found in more than half of the patients with incidental GBCa, it represents an independent poor prognostic factor, with survival rates similar to patients with metastatic disease. […] Timing to definitive surgery is a very important determinant of prognosis. Most studies suggest the best outcomes are noted in patients who undergo re-resection between 4 and 8 weeks after the initial cholecystectomy. […] All GBCa with T-stage including T1b to T3 warrant a radical cholecystectomy after having ascertained the absence of distal lymphadenopathy (i.e., periaortic, celiac, and retropancreatic) and metastatic disease.

• #15 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Most of the gallbladder tumors are benign. Adenoma, cholesterol polyps, or adenomyomatosis are most frequently typical on ultrasonographic images. It may be difficult to identify precancerous or malignant lesion. All symptomatic lesions must be considered as indications for surgery. […] The poor prognosis of GBC is related to its dissemination capacity and usually late diagnosis due to its nonspecific clinical appearance. […] When GBC is suggested by US findings, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can be considered complementary to establish the benign/malignant nature of the lesion and to obtain a primary staging study. […] Tumor markers have an increasing significance in the diagnosis and evaluation of GBC. Assay of CA242, CA15-3, CA19-9, and CA 125 are fairly good markers for discriminating patients of carcinoma of the gallbladder from cholelithiasis.

• #16

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis.php

  Medical history and physical exam. Your doctor will discuss your medical history with you, including any risk factors. They will also perform a physical exam, paying close attention to the abdominal area where they will check for any lumps, tenderness or swelling, as these may indicate a gallbladder issue. […] Blood tests. Blood tests can be used to find out if you have an elevated level of bilirubin, a byproduct of the digestive breakdown of red blood cells that naturally passes through the gallbladder. […] Imaging tests. Using X-rays, sound waves and magnetic fields, advanced imaging tests take detailed pictures of the inside of the body to detect any abnormalities or tumors. […] Ultrasound. A transducer uses sound waves to detect any abnormal growths inside the body. Ultrasound, along with CT, is often used to diagnose primary gallbladder tumors.

• #17 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/bile-duct-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Bile duct tumors are often discovered during a CT scan or ultrasound for unrelated health reasons. They can also be found during routine gallbladder surgery. Because early stages of biliary cancer may not have symptoms, only a small number of cases are diagnosed before they have spread to other areas of the body. […] Tools for diagnosing biliary cancer may include: […] Blood tests: No one blood test can definitively detect bile duct or gallbladder cancer. However, your doctor may test your blood for elevated bilirubin levels or other substances. These can help doctors understand how well your liver and gallbladder are functioning. Blood tests can also give clues about the cause of your symptoms and rule out other possible causes, like infection. […] Your doctor may also test your blood for tumor markers. Specific proteins that may be overproduced by cancerous bile ducts cells include carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). However, high levels of these markers do not definitively indicate cancer. They may be a sign of another condition, like bile duct obstruction.

• #18 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/gallbladder-cancer-diagnosis

  No blood test can diagnose gallbladder cancer. […] Blood test results may be abnormal, but they are not unique to gallbladder cancer, so they aren’t the only test used for diagnosis. […] If you have gallbladder cancer, 2 markers may be increased. They are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA-19-9).

• #19 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  At MSK, we use the latest imaging techniques to pinpoint the exact size and location of newly diagnosed gallbladder tumors. These details help us determine whether a tumor can be removed by surgery. They also help predict a tumors response to other treatments. Imaging helps guide our surgeons and interventional radiologists during various treatments. […] CT scans take cross-sectional pictures of the body, helping doctors determine if the cancer cells are only in the gallbladder or if they have spread to other areas. […] Ultrasound is useful for detecting the location and number of tumors and whether the tumor involves the main blood vessels. […] This technique uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to show how much a tumor has grown within the gallbladder. It helps doctors determine if the tumor can be removed by surgery.

• #20 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Gallbladder carcinoma represents the most aggressive biliary tract cancer and the sixth most common gastrointestinal malignancy. The diagnosis is a challenging clinical task due to its clinical presentation, which is often non-specific, mimicking a heterogeneous group of diseases, as well as benign processes such as complicated cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, porcelain gallbladder or metastasis to the gallbladder (most frequently derived from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma). […] Imaging plays a crucial and decisive role in the diagnosis, staging and subsequent management planning. […] Diagnostic imaging modalities for the gallbladder cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT and MRI are both effective imaging modalities, but MRI provides superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #21 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. A suspicious mass may be seen, but often gallstones are found. In many cases, gallbladder cancer is found by chance when surgery is done to remove the gallbladder to treat a problem like gallstones. This surgery is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam.

• #22 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #23 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose. Often gallbladder cancer is detected incidentally, on pathological review of a gallbladder removed for a presumed benign disease. […] Some tests that may prove helpful in diagnosing gallbladder cancer include the following: Liver function tests, CA 19-9 assay, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. […] Ultrasonography (US) is a standard initial study in patients with right upper quadrant pain. A mass can be identified in 50-75% of patients with gallbladder cancer. […] Computed tomography (CT) scans also may be useful in patients with upper abdominal pain and can demonstrate tumor invasion outside of the gallbladder and identify metastatic disease elsewhere in the abdomen or pelvis. […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology.

• #24 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Surgical Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85426

  Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing a gallbladder cancer. Ultrasound is the first imaging modality used for gallbladder pathologies. It comes with the advantage of lack of ionizing-radiation exposure, cost-effectiveness, and real-time imaging of the gallbladder (e.g., assessment of intraluminal mass mobility). Ultrasound findings of gallbladder wall thickening, mass, or polyp (measuring more than 10 mm in size) are most suggestive of malignancy. […] Cross sectional gallbladder imaging may be performed with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common CT imaging findings for GBCa include GB wall thickening, evidence of an isolated hypodense intraluminal mass, GB wall calcification, and porcelain GB. […] GBCa is an FDG-avid malignancy, and thus can be diagnosed with a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. Nonetheless, the low negative predictive value of this test limits its utility.

• #25 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis: Tests, Scans & Biopsy Explained

  https://dradityakulkarni.com/blog/gallbladder-cancer-diagnostic-tests/

  Gallbladder cancer is a concern for many individuals, especially in regions like North India, where it is more commonly seen. […] Early detection is key, and there are several tests doctors use to diagnose it. […] When doctors suspect gallbladder cancer, they rely on a series of diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of cancer, determine its stage, and decide the best course of treatment. […] The first and most common test performed is an abdominal ultrasound, also known as sonography. […] If there is any thickening of the walls or the presence of polyps, this can indicate a potential tumor. […] When ultrasound results raise concerns, doctors usually turn to more advanced imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans. […] A CT scan uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of your body, allowing doctors to see if the tumor is confined to the gallbladder or if it has spread to other organs like the liver or bile ducts.

• #26 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Most of the gallbladder tumors are benign. Adenoma, cholesterol polyps, or adenomyomatosis are most frequently typical on ultrasonographic images. It may be difficult to identify precancerous or malignant lesion. All symptomatic lesions must be considered as indications for surgery. […] The poor prognosis of GBC is related to its dissemination capacity and usually late diagnosis due to its nonspecific clinical appearance. […] When GBC is suggested by US findings, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can be considered complementary to establish the benign/malignant nature of the lesion and to obtain a primary staging study. […] Tumor markers have an increasing significance in the diagnosis and evaluation of GBC. Assay of CA242, CA15-3, CA19-9, and CA 125 are fairly good markers for discriminating patients of carcinoma of the gallbladder from cholelithiasis.

• #27 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/the-diagnosis-and-management-of-gallbladder-cancer/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. It is hypothesized that inflammation of the gallbladder wall mucosa may lead to dysplasia, and this dysplasia ultimately leads to carcinoma. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. The current 8th edition AJCC TNM staging, updated to improve prognostic precision, is noteworthy for division of T2 category into two sub-groups based on the anatomical location of the tumor: T2a (peritoneal side) and T2b (hepatic side). The only curative treatment for gallbladder cancer is surgical resection. This includes simple cholecystectomy for T1a disease and requires more extensive resection for T1b disease or greater. An extended resection includes liver resection of the gallbladder bed, portocaval lymph node dissection and if involved common bile duct resection, to ensure negative margins. The necessity of this resection is due to the anatomy of the gallbladder and the pattern of spread, as full thickness invasion of the muscular layer is into the perimuscular connective tissue. Care must be taken during cholecystectomy to avoid spillage as it has the potential for carcinomatosis. There is no role for port site excision, as it has demonstrated no benefit with regard to overall or recurrence free survival. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of neoadjuvant therapy in gallbladder cancer. In contrast, adjuvant chemotherapy has been associated with a survival benefit. Despite these recommendations, the majority of patients do not receive the appropriate treatment and further concentrated efforts are necessary to ensure patients receive stage appropriate care. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation. Patients with stage T1b and greater disease require an extended surgical resection and should be paired with adjuvant chemotherapy.

• #28 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #29 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rather uncommon disease, but at the time when it gives symptoms it has usually reached no longer curable stage. Therefore, all attempts must be made to make the diagnosis earlier to have better opportunity for cure. […] GBC can be clinically obvious, an unexpected finding at laparotomy, detected incidentally on histologic examination or may be missed only to present with recurrence during follow-up. […] In patients with suspected GBC, an open surgical resection is advocated. Adjuvant combination chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy are emerging as effective therapeutic options in those with advanced GBC. […] In the diagnosis of GBC, differential diagnosis and determination of the local extension of tumor are important. For these purposes, imaging modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), CT, MRI, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are useful. EUS has good sensitivity in differentiating benign gallbladder diseases from GBC.

• #30 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  PET scans can detect whether cancer has spread from the gallbladder to other tissues or organs. […] During a biopsy, a doctor removes a small amount of tissue from the area where the cancer is suspected. […] This technique involves inserting an endoscope (a long, narrow tube attached to a camera and light) through the mouth and down the throat to examine the gallbladder. […] In this procedure, a doctor inserts a laparoscope (a thin lighted tube with a camera on its tip) through a small incision (cut) in the abdominal wall to look at the organs in the belly or pelvis. […] Sometimes a gallbladder tumor is too small to do a biopsy. If cancer is suspected, surgery to remove the tumor may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

• #31 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/en/articles/diagnostyka-ta-likuvannya-raku-zhovchnogo-mihura/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Endoscopic Ultrasound can be a useful tool, particularly to assess tumor depth into the wall of the gallbladder and for evaluating lymph node involvement in the porta hepatis and peripancreatic regions. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation.

• #32 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rather uncommon disease, but at the time when it gives symptoms it has usually reached no longer curable stage. Therefore, all attempts must be made to make the diagnosis earlier to have better opportunity for cure. […] GBC can be clinically obvious, an unexpected finding at laparotomy, detected incidentally on histologic examination or may be missed only to present with recurrence during follow-up. […] In patients with suspected GBC, an open surgical resection is advocated. Adjuvant combination chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy are emerging as effective therapeutic options in those with advanced GBC. […] In the diagnosis of GBC, differential diagnosis and determination of the local extension of tumor are important. For these purposes, imaging modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), CT, MRI, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are useful. EUS has good sensitivity in differentiating benign gallbladder diseases from GBC.

• #33 Gallbladder Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-workup

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI reported a pooled sensitivity of 91% and a pooled specificity of 87% for differentiating benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. […] Cholangiography, via a percutaneous route, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology. […] Endoscopic ultrasonography can be useful to assess regional lymphadenopathy and depth of tumor invasion into the wall of the gallbladder. In conjunction with other studies, it also can provide a means of obtaining bile for cytologic analysis, which has a sensitivity of 73% for the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. […] The role of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the evaluation of patients with gallbladder cancer has not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that PET may be useful for detecting radiologically occult regional lymph node and distant metastatic disease in patients with otherwise potentially resectable disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system, with depth of tumor penetration and regional spread defined pathologically. […] Staging of tumor extent is essential in selection of the appropriate treatment approach.

• #34 Screening and Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gastrointestinal-cancers/gallbladder-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis

  Your care team will use a variety of leading-edge methods to diagnose pancreatic cancer. […] Tests and imaging to diagnose gallbladder cancer may include: […] Ultrasound or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs to assess blood flow through various vessels. […] Computed tomography scan (CT scan): This diagnostic imaging procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the body. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Using large magnets, radiofrequencies and a computer, an MRI produces detailed images of organs and structures in the body. […] Cholangiography: This procedure combines X-ray and an endoscope (a long, flexible, lighted tube guided through the digestive tract) to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts and pancreas.

• #35 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  At MSK, we use the latest imaging techniques to pinpoint the exact size and location of newly diagnosed gallbladder tumors. These details help us determine whether a tumor can be removed by surgery. They also help predict a tumors response to other treatments. Imaging helps guide our surgeons and interventional radiologists during various treatments. […] CT scans take cross-sectional pictures of the body, helping doctors determine if the cancer cells are only in the gallbladder or if they have spread to other areas. […] Ultrasound is useful for detecting the location and number of tumors and whether the tumor involves the main blood vessels. […] This technique uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to show how much a tumor has grown within the gallbladder. It helps doctors determine if the tumor can be removed by surgery.

• #36 Tests for gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-gallbladder-cancer

  You might have a CT scan to find out how big the cancer is, and whether it has spread. […] Cholangiography (or a cholangiogram) is a test that puts a dye into the bile ducts and gallbladder to show them up clearly on x-ray. […] It can help to find the size of a gallbladder cancer and whether it has spread. […] A biopsy means taking a sample of tissue and sending it to the laboratory so it can be looked at under a microscope. […] The type of biopsy you have will depend on your individual situation. […] This test can also show if there is a narrowing or blockage of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. This can help with planning surgery. […] The tests you have help to diagnose gallbladder cancer and find out how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer. […] You usually start by seeing your GP. They might refer you for tests or to a specialist if you have symptoms that could be caused by gallbladder cancer.

• #37 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Gallbladder cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the wall of the gallbladder. […] Gallbladder cancer is often misdiagnosed as bile duct cancer or liver cancer. So, its particularly important to see your doctor if you develop any symptoms and are at high risk. […] Typically, well start with an abdominal ultrasound. This will show us if theres any abnormal thickening of the gallbladder wall. […] We may also do blood tests to see if theres any elevation in blood count and to check liver function. […] This can be followed by a CT scan to get a better picture of the tumor, its relationship to the liver, involvement of lymph nodes and so on. […] Gallbladder cancer can be cured if its caught and treated very early. If its found before it spreads, its considered resectable and can be removed by surgery.

• #38

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis.php

  Computed tomography (CT) scan. CT scans take cross-sectional images of the inside of your body to detect any unusual growths or tumors in the gallbladder as well as thickening of the gallbladder wall. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRIs show detailed images of the soft tissue of the inside of the body using radio waves and strong magnets. […] Cholangiography. This imaging procedure uses contrast-enhanced x-ray to see if there are any blockages or gallstones in the bile ducts. […] FDG PET-CT scan. This type of scan uses contrast-enhancement to give doctors a highly accurate image of the gallbladder and its surrounding area. […] Laparoscopy. A minimally invasive surgical procedure involving the use of a laparoscope, or tiny fiber optic camera, to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs.

• #39 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose. Often gallbladder cancer is detected incidentally, on pathological review of a gallbladder removed for a presumed benign disease. […] Some tests that may prove helpful in diagnosing gallbladder cancer include the following: Liver function tests, CA 19-9 assay, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. […] Ultrasonography (US) is a standard initial study in patients with right upper quadrant pain. A mass can be identified in 50-75% of patients with gallbladder cancer. […] Computed tomography (CT) scans also may be useful in patients with upper abdominal pain and can demonstrate tumor invasion outside of the gallbladder and identify metastatic disease elsewhere in the abdomen or pelvis. […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology.

• #40 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #41 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #42 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Surgical Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85426

  Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing a gallbladder cancer. Ultrasound is the first imaging modality used for gallbladder pathologies. It comes with the advantage of lack of ionizing-radiation exposure, cost-effectiveness, and real-time imaging of the gallbladder (e.g., assessment of intraluminal mass mobility). Ultrasound findings of gallbladder wall thickening, mass, or polyp (measuring more than 10 mm in size) are most suggestive of malignancy. […] Cross sectional gallbladder imaging may be performed with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common CT imaging findings for GBCa include GB wall thickening, evidence of an isolated hypodense intraluminal mass, GB wall calcification, and porcelain GB. […] GBCa is an FDG-avid malignancy, and thus can be diagnosed with a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. Nonetheless, the low negative predictive value of this test limits its utility.

• #43 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  At MSK, we use the latest imaging techniques to pinpoint the exact size and location of newly diagnosed gallbladder tumors. These details help us determine whether a tumor can be removed by surgery. They also help predict a tumors response to other treatments. Imaging helps guide our surgeons and interventional radiologists during various treatments. […] CT scans take cross-sectional pictures of the body, helping doctors determine if the cancer cells are only in the gallbladder or if they have spread to other areas. […] Ultrasound is useful for detecting the location and number of tumors and whether the tumor involves the main blood vessels. […] This technique uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to show how much a tumor has grown within the gallbladder. It helps doctors determine if the tumor can be removed by surgery.

• #44 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #45 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/en/articles/diagnostyka-ta-likuvannya-raku-zhovchnogo-mihura/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Endoscopic Ultrasound can be a useful tool, particularly to assess tumor depth into the wall of the gallbladder and for evaluating lymph node involvement in the porta hepatis and peripancreatic regions. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation.

• #46 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/en/articles/diagnostyka-ta-likuvannya-raku-zhovchnogo-mihura/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Endoscopic Ultrasound can be a useful tool, particularly to assess tumor depth into the wall of the gallbladder and for evaluating lymph node involvement in the porta hepatis and peripancreatic regions. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation.

• #47 Gallbladder Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-workup

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI reported a pooled sensitivity of 91% and a pooled specificity of 87% for differentiating benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. […] Cholangiography, via a percutaneous route, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology. […] Endoscopic ultrasonography can be useful to assess regional lymphadenopathy and depth of tumor invasion into the wall of the gallbladder. In conjunction with other studies, it also can provide a means of obtaining bile for cytologic analysis, which has a sensitivity of 73% for the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. […] The role of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the evaluation of patients with gallbladder cancer has not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that PET may be useful for detecting radiologically occult regional lymph node and distant metastatic disease in patients with otherwise potentially resectable disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system, with depth of tumor penetration and regional spread defined pathologically. […] Staging of tumor extent is essential in selection of the appropriate treatment approach.

• #48 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/bile-duct-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Biopsy: A small tissue sample is surgically removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. […] Imaging tests: Your doctor may use imaging tests to see any abnormalities and determine whether and how far the cancer has spread. Tests may include: […] CT or CAT (computed axial tomography) scan: An x-ray takes pictures from different angles. This provides a highly detailed image of your body. […] MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Magnetic fields and radio waves create a detailed image of your organs. […] Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): This procedure is a non-invasive alternative to ERCP. It creates a 3D image of your bile ducts without using dye. […] Abdominal ultrasound: A special instrument bounces high-energy sound waves off your internal organs. The resulting echo patterns create a picture on a screen. An ultrasound may be used to determine if your cancer has spread to surrounding tissue.

• #49 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/en/articles/diagnostyka-ta-likuvannya-raku-zhovchnogo-mihura/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Endoscopic Ultrasound can be a useful tool, particularly to assess tumor depth into the wall of the gallbladder and for evaluating lymph node involvement in the porta hepatis and peripancreatic regions. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation.

• #50 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  PET scans can detect whether cancer has spread from the gallbladder to other tissues or organs. […] During a biopsy, a doctor removes a small amount of tissue from the area where the cancer is suspected. […] This technique involves inserting an endoscope (a long, narrow tube attached to a camera and light) through the mouth and down the throat to examine the gallbladder. […] In this procedure, a doctor inserts a laparoscope (a thin lighted tube with a camera on its tip) through a small incision (cut) in the abdominal wall to look at the organs in the belly or pelvis. […] Sometimes a gallbladder tumor is too small to do a biopsy. If cancer is suspected, surgery to remove the tumor may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

• #51 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Most of the gallbladder tumors are benign. Adenoma, cholesterol polyps, or adenomyomatosis are most frequently typical on ultrasonographic images. It may be difficult to identify precancerous or malignant lesion. All symptomatic lesions must be considered as indications for surgery. […] The poor prognosis of GBC is related to its dissemination capacity and usually late diagnosis due to its nonspecific clinical appearance. […] When GBC is suggested by US findings, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can be considered complementary to establish the benign/malignant nature of the lesion and to obtain a primary staging study. […] Tumor markers have an increasing significance in the diagnosis and evaluation of GBC. Assay of CA242, CA15-3, CA19-9, and CA 125 are fairly good markers for discriminating patients of carcinoma of the gallbladder from cholelithiasis.

• #52 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment – A Detailed Guide

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/gallbladder-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Endoscopic ultrasonography is a diagnostic tool for gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is a primary imaging modality for diagnosing gallbladder cancer. […] A PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) also aids in a gallbladder cancer diagnosis, especially for detecting metastases and evaluating the magnitude of cancer spread. […] Diagnosing gallbladder cancer requires a multifactorial approach that involves imaging techniques, biopsy, and blood tests.

• #53 Tests for gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-gallbladder-cancer

  You usually have a number of tests to diagnose gallbladder cancer and find out how far it has grown. […] The tests you might have include: blood tests, different types of scans, taking samples of cells (biopsy). […] Your GP might send you for blood tests and an ultrasound scan. […] A blood test can check your general health, including how well your liver and kidneys are working. […] You might also have a blood test to check for tumour markers. People with gallbladder cancer might have high blood levels of the markers called CEA and CA 19-9. […] You usually see a gastroenterologist, who may do more tests. These can include: CT scan, cholangiography, biopsy, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography), laparoscopy, Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), endoscopic ultrasound, MRCP and MRI scan, PET scan.

• #54 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-diagnosis/gallbladder-cancer-diagnosis/

  4. PET-CT as an examination to relatively confirm the malignancy of tumor. With the exclusion of acute cholecystitis, this examination helps to confirm the malignancy of the space-occupying lesions in gallbladder and can detect if other lesions existing besides the ones in gallbladder. […] 5. Laboratory tests. When canceration occurs from the lesions of gallbladder, normally the indexes of tumor marker would increase. Testing serum tumor marker range is helpful to diagnose the malignancy of gallbladder cancer. But it wont present increases tumor marker indexes in early stage of this cancer. […] Disease Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer […] Without any typical early symptoms, it is hard to diagnose gallbladder cancer. Most patients clinically would develop the symptoms similar to chronic cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. And the main symptom presents as pain in right upper abdomen, which could extends to right scapular region and is accompanied by poor appetite, lack of power, abdominal distension, low-grade fever, nausea, jaundice and so on. […] Specialists from Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou reminded that, if space-occupying lesions or irregular thickening occur in gallbladder wall are detected through ultrasound examination, a patient shall further have chemical or other examinations to confirm whether it is gallbladder cancer.

• #55 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Surgical Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85426

  Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing a gallbladder cancer. Ultrasound is the first imaging modality used for gallbladder pathologies. It comes with the advantage of lack of ionizing-radiation exposure, cost-effectiveness, and real-time imaging of the gallbladder (e.g., assessment of intraluminal mass mobility). Ultrasound findings of gallbladder wall thickening, mass, or polyp (measuring more than 10 mm in size) are most suggestive of malignancy. […] Cross sectional gallbladder imaging may be performed with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common CT imaging findings for GBCa include GB wall thickening, evidence of an isolated hypodense intraluminal mass, GB wall calcification, and porcelain GB. […] GBCa is an FDG-avid malignancy, and thus can be diagnosed with a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. Nonetheless, the low negative predictive value of this test limits its utility.

• #56 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) uses a dye to highlight the bile ducts on X-ray images. […] Gallbladder cancer diagnosis might start with a discussion about your symptoms. A healthcare professional might use blood tests to understand how your organs are working and imaging tests to look for signs of cancer in the gallbladder. […] Imaging tests that may be used to make pictures of the gallbladder include ultrasound, CT scan and MRI. […] Once your healthcare professional diagnoses your gallbladder cancer, the next step is to find the extent of the cancer. This is called staging. Your gallbladder cancer’s stage helps show your prognosis and helps with treatment choices. […] Tests and procedures used to stage gallbladder cancer include: […] Your healthcare team uses these procedures to give your cancer a stage. The stages of gallbladder cancer range from 0 to 4. A lower number generally means the cancer is small and likely to be cured.

• #57 Tests and next steps for gallbladder cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/

  You’ll need more tests and scans to check for gallbladder cancer if the GP refers you to a specialist. […] These tests can include: blood tests, scans, like an ultrasound scan (sometimes from inside your body using an endoscope), CT scan, PET scan, MRI scan, or a type of X-ray called a cholangiography, collecting a small sample of cells from the gallbladder (called a biopsy) to be checked for cancer, a small operation to look inside your tummy, called a laparoscopy, a test called an ERCP find out more about ERCP from Cancer Research UK. […] A specialist will explain what the results mean and what will happen next. […] If you’re told you have gallbladder cancer, the specialists will use the results of some of the tests and scans to help find out the size of the cancer and how far it’s spread (called the stage). […] The specialists will use the results of these tests and work with you to decide on the best treatment plan for you.

• #58 Diagnosis of biliary tract cancers | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/biliary-tract/diagnosis

  Blood chemistry tests that can help diagnose a biliary tract cancer include the following. […] Tumour marker tests can be used to diagnose either gallbladder or bile duct cancer and check if treatment is working. […] An abdominal ultrasound is often the first imaging test done when your healthcare team thinks you have either gallbladder or bile duct cancer. […] An abdominal CT scan is used to check for biliary tract cancers and determine where in the biliary tract the cancer is. […] Cholangiography is a procedure used to view the inside of biliary tract to look for blockages such as gallstones or cancer. […] An ERCP may be used to determine what is blocking the biliary tract. […] An MRI is used to see if biliary tract cancer has spread to nearby structures (for example, the peritoneum) or other organs.

• #59

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment

  In its early stages, gall bladder cancer is difficult to diagnose as its location deep inside the body makes it hard to feel in a physical examination. […] Your doctor will also speak to you about your symptoms and family history. There are also some tests which can help your doctor arrive at a diagnosis. These include: […] Liver function and blood tests to check for substances that may indicate disease […] Computed tomography (CT) scan to allow your doctor a clear view of the gall bladder and surrounding areas […] Endoscopic ultrasound to create images of internal tissues and structures […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) to create a clear X-ray image […] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to detect if there is narrowing of the bile duct which can lead to jaundice […] Laparoscopy to check for abnormalities […] Biopsy to remove cells or tissue samples to be tested for cancer cells. […] Gall bladder cancer is also sometimes detected when a person undergoes treatment for gallstones.

• #60 Gallbladder Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-workup

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI reported a pooled sensitivity of 91% and a pooled specificity of 87% for differentiating benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. […] Cholangiography, via a percutaneous route, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology. […] Endoscopic ultrasonography can be useful to assess regional lymphadenopathy and depth of tumor invasion into the wall of the gallbladder. In conjunction with other studies, it also can provide a means of obtaining bile for cytologic analysis, which has a sensitivity of 73% for the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. […] The role of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the evaluation of patients with gallbladder cancer has not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that PET may be useful for detecting radiologically occult regional lymph node and distant metastatic disease in patients with otherwise potentially resectable disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system, with depth of tumor penetration and regional spread defined pathologically. […] Staging of tumor extent is essential in selection of the appropriate treatment approach.

• #61 Gallbladder Cancer | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is rare and can be hard to diagnose early because of its small size and position under your liver. […] You may undergo several tests to confirm the presence of gallbladder cancer, determine its stage, and identify any possible spread. […] We look for physical symptoms of gallbladder cancer. […] Blood tests will look for abnormal levels of certain enzymes or proteins and will help determine the health of your organs and whether the cancer has spread. […] CT, MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), and X-ray scans identify the stage, type, and location of gallbladder cancer. […] A tissue sample may be removed and examined to determine if cancer is present. […] If you have jaundice (yellowing of the skin), you may need to undergo an ERCP to place a stent into the blocked bile duct.

• #62 Screening and Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gastrointestinal-cancers/gallbladder-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis

  Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): A needle is put through the skin and into the liver where the dye (contrast) is injected so that the bile duct structures can be seen by X-ray. […] Gallbladder biopsy: A sample of gallbladder tissue is removed, with a needle or during surgery, to be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells. […] Special blood tests: Blood tests can show how your liver is functioning and if you have tumor markers that could indicate gallbladder cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer is often hard to find, partly due to where the gallbladder is in the body. And many people don’t have symptoms in the early stages of the disease.

• #63 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose. Often gallbladder cancer is detected incidentally, on pathological review of a gallbladder removed for a presumed benign disease. […] Some tests that may prove helpful in diagnosing gallbladder cancer include the following: Liver function tests, CA 19-9 assay, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. […] Ultrasonography (US) is a standard initial study in patients with right upper quadrant pain. A mass can be identified in 50-75% of patients with gallbladder cancer. […] Computed tomography (CT) scans also may be useful in patients with upper abdominal pain and can demonstrate tumor invasion outside of the gallbladder and identify metastatic disease elsewhere in the abdomen or pelvis. […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology.

• #64 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis

  PET scans can detect whether cancer has spread from the gallbladder to other tissues or organs. […] During a biopsy, a doctor removes a small amount of tissue from the area where the cancer is suspected. […] This technique involves inserting an endoscope (a long, narrow tube attached to a camera and light) through the mouth and down the throat to examine the gallbladder. […] In this procedure, a doctor inserts a laparoscope (a thin lighted tube with a camera on its tip) through a small incision (cut) in the abdominal wall to look at the organs in the belly or pelvis. […] Sometimes a gallbladder tumor is too small to do a biopsy. If cancer is suspected, surgery to remove the tumor may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

• #65

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/screening.php

  When the gallbladder, bile ducts and liver are not working as they should, a chemical called bilirubin is passed into the bloodstream and can be a sign that something is off. […] Advanced imaging tests, such as MRI and CT scans, take detailed pictures of the inside of the body. […] A minimally invasive surgery involving the use of a laparoscope, or small fiberoptic camera, that allows your surgeon to look at the gallbladder and surrounding organs. […] A small sample of the gallbladder is removed so that it can be analyzed and tested for cancerous cells.

• #66

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis.php

  Computed tomography (CT) scan. CT scans take cross-sectional images of the inside of your body to detect any unusual growths or tumors in the gallbladder as well as thickening of the gallbladder wall. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRIs show detailed images of the soft tissue of the inside of the body using radio waves and strong magnets. […] Cholangiography. This imaging procedure uses contrast-enhanced x-ray to see if there are any blockages or gallstones in the bile ducts. […] FDG PET-CT scan. This type of scan uses contrast-enhancement to give doctors a highly accurate image of the gallbladder and its surrounding area. […] Laparoscopy. A minimally invasive surgical procedure involving the use of a laparoscope, or tiny fiber optic camera, to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs.

• #67 Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/gallbladder-cancer

  If your doctor thinks that you may have gallbladder cancer, they will perform a physical examination and carry out certain tests. […] If the results suggest that you may have gallbladder cancer, your doctor will refer you to a specialist who will carry out more tests. These tests may include: […] Blood tests will include a full blood count to measure your white and red blood cells, your platelets and chemicals produced by cancer cells (tumour markers). […] Soundwaves are used to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] Special machines are used to scan and create pictures of the inside of your body. […] An MRI scan produces detailed cross-sectional pictures of your body and can show the extent of any tumours. […] A thin tube with a camera on the end (laparoscope) is inserted under into the abdomen so the doctor can view inside the cavity.

• #68 Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/gallbladder-cancer

  An x-ray of the bile duct is taken to see if there is any narrowing or blockage and help plan surgery to remove the gallbladder. […] If your doctor sees any abnormal or unusual-looking areas they may remove a small sample of the tissue for closer examination. This is known as a biopsy. This can sometimes be done during a laparoscopy or cholangiography. A pathologist will then look at the sample under a microscope to check for signs of disease or cancer.

• #69 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  The following stages are used for gallbladder cancer: Stage 0 (carcinoma in Situ), Stage I, Stage II, Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, Stage IVA, Stage IVB. […] Complete surgical resection is the only therapy to afford a chance of cure. Diagnostic laparoscopy may be performed in some patients to further define the anatomy of the cancer prior to surgery. […] For chemotherapy, gemcitabine plus cisplatin has long been the standard of care; however, the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to that regimen has recently been shown to improve outcome.

• #70 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Lab tests detect substances in your blood that may be signs of cancer. […] A biopsy is the only way to confirm a gallbladder cancer diagnosis. […] Cancer staging allows your healthcare provider to determine whether cancer has spread (metastasized) beyond its original (primary) location. […] The cancer stage affects treatment and treatment goals. […] Early-stage gallbladder cancer that your provider can remove through surgery has the best treatment outcomes. […] Gallbladder cancer can only be cured if caught and treated early.

• #71

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis.php

  Gallbladder biopsy. Because of how difficult it can be to diagnose malignant gallbladder disease under imaging, biopsy is often used to target suspected cancerous lesions, especially in cases where endoscopy has been unsuccessful or is not feasible. […] During cholangiography During this procedure, a sample is taken from the bile duct and analyzed for cancer. […] During laparoscopy A sample of the gallbladder and surrounding areas that look suspicious may be taken for further analysis. […] Needle biopsy After numbing the skin, a thin needle is inserted into the tumor and cells are removed to confirm diagnosis. […] At Winship, we aim to give you an accurate gallbladder cancer diagnosis so you can get the most effective treatment.

• #72 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Conditions/Cancer/34,18042-1

  If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam. […] You may have one or more of these tests: Ultrasound, Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), CT scan, MRI scan, Cholangiography, Biopsy, Liver function blood tests, Tumor marker blood tests. […] A biopsy is when a small piece of tissue is removed to be checked for cancer. A biopsy can be done during some of the imaging tests listed above. Or a fine needle biopsy may be done. A fine needle biopsy is usually done with the aid of a CT scan to help locate the tumor. This is called a CT scan-guided biopsy. Or an ultrasound can be used to guide the biopsy location. A tiny tissue sample is then taken out through the needle and checked for cancer cells.

• #73 Diagnosis of biliary tract cancers | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/biliary-tract/diagnosis

  A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A biopsy for biliary tract cancer can be done through an ERCP, PTC or fine needle aspiration (FNA). […] An FNA may be used to confirm the diagnosis of gallbladder or bile duct cancer if other tests have shown that the cancer has already spread to other organs or cannot be completely removed with surgery (unresectable).

• #74

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis.php

  Gallbladder biopsy. Because of how difficult it can be to diagnose malignant gallbladder disease under imaging, biopsy is often used to target suspected cancerous lesions, especially in cases where endoscopy has been unsuccessful or is not feasible. […] During cholangiography During this procedure, a sample is taken from the bile duct and analyzed for cancer. […] During laparoscopy A sample of the gallbladder and surrounding areas that look suspicious may be taken for further analysis. […] Needle biopsy After numbing the skin, a thin needle is inserted into the tumor and cells are removed to confirm diagnosis. […] At Winship, we aim to give you an accurate gallbladder cancer diagnosis so you can get the most effective treatment.

• #75 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. A suspicious mass may be seen, but often gallstones are found. In many cases, gallbladder cancer is found by chance when surgery is done to remove the gallbladder to treat a problem like gallstones. This surgery is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam.

• #76 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Surgical Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85426

  Biopsy of suspicious gallbladder masses is not recommended, due to fear of tumor dissemination and bile peritonitis. […] Various tumor markers have been evaluated for gallbladder cancer, and currently, the most used tumor marker in clinical practice is CA19-9. The other tumor markers include CA242, CEA and CA125. […] Residual disease is another important predictor of prognosis in patients with GBCa. Found in more than half of the patients with incidental GBCa, it represents an independent poor prognostic factor, with survival rates similar to patients with metastatic disease. […] Timing to definitive surgery is a very important determinant of prognosis. Most studies suggest the best outcomes are noted in patients who undergo re-resection between 4 and 8 weeks after the initial cholecystectomy. […] All GBCa with T-stage including T1b to T3 warrant a radical cholecystectomy after having ascertained the absence of distal lymphadenopathy (i.e., periaortic, celiac, and retropancreatic) and metastatic disease.

• #77 Gallbladder Cancer – Detection, Diagnosis, Staging – FUCK CANCER | F C Cancer Foundation, a 501c3 nonprofit organization

  https://www.fuckcancer.org/gallbladder-cancer-detection-diagnosis-staging/

  A cholangiogram is an imaging test that looks at the bile ducts to see if they are blocked, narrowed, or dilated (widened). […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes a tissue sample to be looked at with a microscope to see if cancer (or some other disease) is present. […] If imaging tests show a tumor in the gallbladder and there are no clear signs that it has spread, the doctor may decide to proceed directly to surgery and treat the tumor as a gallbladder cancer. […] The staging system most often used for gallbladder cancer is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: The extent (size) of the tumor (T), the spread to nearby lymph nodes (N), and the spread (metastasis) to distant sites (M). […] The gallbladder staging system uses the pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage) which is determined by examining the tissue removed during an operation.

• #78 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) uses a dye to highlight the bile ducts on X-ray images. […] Gallbladder cancer diagnosis might start with a discussion about your symptoms. A healthcare professional might use blood tests to understand how your organs are working and imaging tests to look for signs of cancer in the gallbladder. […] Imaging tests that may be used to make pictures of the gallbladder include ultrasound, CT scan and MRI. […] Once your healthcare professional diagnoses your gallbladder cancer, the next step is to find the extent of the cancer. This is called staging. Your gallbladder cancer’s stage helps show your prognosis and helps with treatment choices. […] Tests and procedures used to stage gallbladder cancer include: […] Your healthcare team uses these procedures to give your cancer a stage. The stages of gallbladder cancer range from 0 to 4. A lower number generally means the cancer is small and likely to be cured.

• #79 Gallbladder Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-workup

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI reported a pooled sensitivity of 91% and a pooled specificity of 87% for differentiating benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. […] Cholangiography, via a percutaneous route, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) may establish the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer by bile cytology. […] Endoscopic ultrasonography can be useful to assess regional lymphadenopathy and depth of tumor invasion into the wall of the gallbladder. In conjunction with other studies, it also can provide a means of obtaining bile for cytologic analysis, which has a sensitivity of 73% for the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. […] The role of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the evaluation of patients with gallbladder cancer has not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that PET may be useful for detecting radiologically occult regional lymph node and distant metastatic disease in patients with otherwise potentially resectable disease. […] Gallbladder cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system, with depth of tumor penetration and regional spread defined pathologically. […] Staging of tumor extent is essential in selection of the appropriate treatment approach.

• #80 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/patient/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early. […] Tests that examine the gallbladder and nearby organs are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage gallbladder cancer. […] Procedures that make pictures of the gallbladder and the area around it help diagnose gallbladder cancer and show how far the cancer has spread. The process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the gallbladder is called staging. […] Tests and procedures to stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis. […] For gallbladder cancer, stages are also grouped according to how the cancer may be treated. […] Cancer is found in the wall of the gallbladder and can be completely removed by surgery. […] Unresectable cancer cannot be removed completely by surgery. Most patients with gallbladder cancer have unresectable cancer.

• #81 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  The following stages are used for gallbladder cancer: Stage 0 (carcinoma in Situ), Stage I, Stage II, Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, Stage IVA, Stage IVB. […] Complete surgical resection is the only therapy to afford a chance of cure. Diagnostic laparoscopy may be performed in some patients to further define the anatomy of the cancer prior to surgery. […] For chemotherapy, gemcitabine plus cisplatin has long been the standard of care; however, the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to that regimen has recently been shown to improve outcome.

• #82 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/bile-duct-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Gallbladder cancer stages: In stage 0 gallbladder cancer, abnormal cells are found in the mucosa (innermost layer) of the gallbladder wall. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ. […] In stage 1 gallbladder cancer, cancer has formed in the mucosa (innermost layer) of the gallbladder wall and may have spread to the muscle layer of the gallbladder wall. […] Stage 2 gallbladder cancer is divided into stages 2A and 2B, depending on where the cancer has spread in the gallbladder. […] Stage 3 gallbladder cancer is divided into stages 3A and 3B, depending on where the cancer has spread. […] Stage 4 gallbladder cancer is divided into stages 4A and 4B.

• #83 Gallbladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-overview

  The following stages are used for gallbladder cancer: Stage 0 (carcinoma in Situ), Stage I, Stage II, Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, Stage IVA, Stage IVB. […] Complete surgical resection is the only therapy to afford a chance of cure. Diagnostic laparoscopy may be performed in some patients to further define the anatomy of the cancer prior to surgery. […] For chemotherapy, gemcitabine plus cisplatin has long been the standard of care; however, the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to that regimen has recently been shown to improve outcome.

• #84 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/patient/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early. […] Tests that examine the gallbladder and nearby organs are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage gallbladder cancer. […] Procedures that make pictures of the gallbladder and the area around it help diagnose gallbladder cancer and show how far the cancer has spread. The process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the gallbladder is called staging. […] Tests and procedures to stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis. […] For gallbladder cancer, stages are also grouped according to how the cancer may be treated. […] Cancer is found in the wall of the gallbladder and can be completely removed by surgery. […] Unresectable cancer cannot be removed completely by surgery. Most patients with gallbladder cancer have unresectable cancer.

• #85 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/patient/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early. […] Tests that examine the gallbladder and nearby organs are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage gallbladder cancer. […] Procedures that make pictures of the gallbladder and the area around it help diagnose gallbladder cancer and show how far the cancer has spread. The process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the gallbladder is called staging. […] Tests and procedures to stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis. […] For gallbladder cancer, stages are also grouped according to how the cancer may be treated. […] Cancer is found in the wall of the gallbladder and can be completely removed by surgery. […] Unresectable cancer cannot be removed completely by surgery. Most patients with gallbladder cancer have unresectable cancer.

• #86 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. […] Most cases arent caught until it has spread and the prognosis is poor. […] Gallbladder cancer begins in the innermost layer of your gallbladder, called the mucosal layer, and spreads outward. […] The cure rate for gallbladder cancer is excellent if its in the early stages and healthcare providers can remove it with surgery. Unfortunately, most people dont receive a diagnosis until the cancer has spread beyond their gallbladder. […] Because there are rarely signs or symptoms in the early stages, and those symptoms resemble other conditions, providers often diagnose gallbladder cancer late. […] If your provider suspects you might have gallbladder cancer, theyll examine you and ask about your medical history. Then, theyll perform tests.

• #87 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rather uncommon disease, but at the time when it gives symptoms it has usually reached no longer curable stage. Therefore, all attempts must be made to make the diagnosis earlier to have better opportunity for cure. […] GBC can be clinically obvious, an unexpected finding at laparotomy, detected incidentally on histologic examination or may be missed only to present with recurrence during follow-up. […] In patients with suspected GBC, an open surgical resection is advocated. Adjuvant combination chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy are emerging as effective therapeutic options in those with advanced GBC. […] In the diagnosis of GBC, differential diagnosis and determination of the local extension of tumor are important. For these purposes, imaging modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), CT, MRI, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are useful. EUS has good sensitivity in differentiating benign gallbladder diseases from GBC.

• #88 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. A suspicious mass may be seen, but often gallstones are found. In many cases, gallbladder cancer is found by chance when surgery is done to remove the gallbladder to treat a problem like gallstones. This surgery is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam.

• #89

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment

  In its early stages, gall bladder cancer is difficult to diagnose as its location deep inside the body makes it hard to feel in a physical examination. […] Your doctor will also speak to you about your symptoms and family history. There are also some tests which can help your doctor arrive at a diagnosis. These include: […] Liver function and blood tests to check for substances that may indicate disease […] Computed tomography (CT) scan to allow your doctor a clear view of the gall bladder and surrounding areas […] Endoscopic ultrasound to create images of internal tissues and structures […] Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) to create a clear X-ray image […] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to detect if there is narrowing of the bile duct which can lead to jaundice […] Laparoscopy to check for abnormalities […] Biopsy to remove cells or tissue samples to be tested for cancer cells. […] Gall bladder cancer is also sometimes detected when a person undergoes treatment for gallstones.

• #90 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-diagnosis/gallbladder-cancer-diagnosis/

  4. PET-CT as an examination to relatively confirm the malignancy of tumor. With the exclusion of acute cholecystitis, this examination helps to confirm the malignancy of the space-occupying lesions in gallbladder and can detect if other lesions existing besides the ones in gallbladder. […] 5. Laboratory tests. When canceration occurs from the lesions of gallbladder, normally the indexes of tumor marker would increase. Testing serum tumor marker range is helpful to diagnose the malignancy of gallbladder cancer. But it wont present increases tumor marker indexes in early stage of this cancer. […] Disease Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer […] Without any typical early symptoms, it is hard to diagnose gallbladder cancer. Most patients clinically would develop the symptoms similar to chronic cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. And the main symptom presents as pain in right upper abdomen, which could extends to right scapular region and is accompanied by poor appetite, lack of power, abdominal distension, low-grade fever, nausea, jaundice and so on. […] Specialists from Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou reminded that, if space-occupying lesions or irregular thickening occur in gallbladder wall are detected through ultrasound examination, a patient shall further have chemical or other examinations to confirm whether it is gallbladder cancer.

• #91 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveal three major patterns of disease. Gallbladder carcinoma could present as a mass that completely replaces the gallbladder and invades the adjacent liver or as an intraluminal enhancement mass (in 25% of cases) arising from the fundus (60%) or body (30%). […] Tumor can spread to the liver (65%), colon (15%), duodenum (15%) and pancreas (6%). […] Imaging represents a helpful modality for distinguishing between benign and malign gallbladder diseases, in most cases. […] A gallbladder tumor is usually represented on imaging as focal or diffuse asymmetric mural thickening. […] The presence of symmetric wall thickening often indicates a benign origin, such as acute or chronic cholecystitis or adenomyomatosis.

• #92 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Imaging has a key role in the diagnosis, staging, characterization and planning management of gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is frequently the initial imaging modality for evaluating gallbladder disease. In locally advanced gallbladder cancer, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 80% in diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasound is limited to evaluate locoregional extension, nodal and metastatic disease. CT and MRI are commonly indicated for the comprehensive assessment of disease extension. Biphasic arterial phase (at 20 to 30 s) followed by venous phase (50 to 60 s) contrast-enhanced CT is useful to evaluate gallbladder cancer. CT demonstrates a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 76% in determining resectability. MRI is a noninvasive imaging method and demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to CT, providing superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #93 New biomarkers may improve diagnosis of gallbladder cancer | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/new-biomarkers-may-improve-diagnosis-of-gallbladder-cancer

  Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital have identified biomarkers in the blood that can be used to distinguish gallbladder cancer from inflammation of the gallbladder. This could lead to fewer unnecessary operations and better treatment decisions for patients with suspected gallbladder cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer and gallbladder inflammation, also known as cholecystitis, are difficult to distinguish with current diagnostic methods. This often leads to patients undergoing extensive surgery unnecessarily. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now identified eight proteins in the blood that can distinguish between these conditions with high accuracy. […] Our results show that these proteins could be used to develop a non-invasive test that could help doctors make better decisions before surgery. This could reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries and improve patients quality of life, says study first author Ghada Nouairia, assistant professor at the Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet.

• #94 The Many Hidden Faces of Gallbladder Carcinoma on CT and MRI Imaging—From A to Z

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/5/475

  Gallbladder carcinoma represents the most aggressive biliary tract cancer and the sixth most common gastrointestinal malignancy. The diagnosis is a challenging clinical task due to its clinical presentation, which is often non-specific, mimicking a heterogeneous group of diseases, as well as benign processes such as complicated cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, porcelain gallbladder or metastasis to the gallbladder (most frequently derived from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma). […] Imaging plays a crucial and decisive role in the diagnosis, staging and subsequent management planning. […] Diagnostic imaging modalities for the gallbladder cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT and MRI are both effective imaging modalities, but MRI provides superior soft-tissue characterization of the gallbladder and biliary tree.

• #95 Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/RelatedItems/34,18042-1

  Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it does not typically cause symptoms early on in the disease when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread. […] When gallbladder disease is suspected, the first test ordered is usually imaging with an ultrasound. A suspicious mass may be seen, but often gallstones are found. In many cases, gallbladder cancer is found by chance when surgery is done to remove the gallbladder to treat a problem like gallstones. This surgery is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A pathologist checks the gallbladder when its taken out with surgery. A pathologist is a specialist who looks at cells under a microscope to check for problems, such as cancer. […] If your doctor thinks you might have gallbladder cancer, you will need exams and tests to be sure. First, your doctor will ask you questions. They will ask you about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your doctor will also give you a physical exam.

• #96 The Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer – GMKA – Global Medical Knowledge Alliance

  https://gmka.org/the-diagnosis-and-management-of-gallbladder-cancer/

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate is 19%, ranging from 65% for localized cancers to 28% for regional and less than 2% for distant or metastatic disease. The incidence of gallbladder cancer continues to rise, primarily due to increasing risk factors and incidental cancers discovered after cholecystectomy. It is hypothesized that inflammation of the gallbladder wall mucosa may lead to dysplasia, and this dysplasia ultimately leads to carcinoma. The presentation and diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can be challenging, generally due to non-specific symptoms, low clinical suspicion and lack of reliable screening. As a result, many patients are found to have gallbladder cancer during the work-up or treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or choledocholithatisis, with as many as 20% being diagnosed at time of cholecystectomy. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic study, particularly if the patient is being worked up for gallstone related pathologies. Findings that are suggestive of gallbladder cancer include mural thickening or calcification (particularly if asymmetric), a mass protruding into the lumen, a fixed mass in the gallbladder, loss of the interface between the gallbladder and liver, or infiltration of the liver. For patients with suspicious lesions or incidentally diagnosed gallbladder cancer, cross-sectional imaging is recommended, including CT or MRI/MRCP. These modalities allow for more accurate evaluation of involvement and extent of gallbladder cancer. MRI/MRCP has particular strengths in distinguishing benign from malignant disease, while also visualizing liver and bile duct invasion, vascular and lymph node involvement. Laboratory testing, including complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel, with liver function tests and coagulation factors, should be drawn. Tumor markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 can be useful, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 96% respectively. The current 8th edition AJCC TNM staging, updated to improve prognostic precision, is noteworthy for division of T2 category into two sub-groups based on the anatomical location of the tumor: T2a (peritoneal side) and T2b (hepatic side). The only curative treatment for gallbladder cancer is surgical resection. This includes simple cholecystectomy for T1a disease and requires more extensive resection for T1b disease or greater. An extended resection includes liver resection of the gallbladder bed, portocaval lymph node dissection and if involved common bile duct resection, to ensure negative margins. The necessity of this resection is due to the anatomy of the gallbladder and the pattern of spread, as full thickness invasion of the muscular layer is into the perimuscular connective tissue. Care must be taken during cholecystectomy to avoid spillage as it has the potential for carcinomatosis. There is no role for port site excision, as it has demonstrated no benefit with regard to overall or recurrence free survival. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of neoadjuvant therapy in gallbladder cancer. In contrast, adjuvant chemotherapy has been associated with a survival benefit. Despite these recommendations, the majority of patients do not receive the appropriate treatment and further concentrated efforts are necessary to ensure patients receive stage appropriate care. Gallbladder cancer represents a terrible disease with poor survival. This is due largely in part to presentation with advanced disease. For these patients, diagnosis is best made with cross-sectional imaging and pathologic confirmation. Patients with stage T1b and greater disease require an extended surgical resection and should be paired with adjuvant chemotherapy.

• #97 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3409652/

  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rather uncommon disease, but at the time when it gives symptoms it has usually reached no longer curable stage. Therefore, all attempts must be made to make the diagnosis earlier to have better opportunity for cure. […] GBC can be clinically obvious, an unexpected finding at laparotomy, detected incidentally on histologic examination or may be missed only to present with recurrence during follow-up. […] In patients with suspected GBC, an open surgical resection is advocated. Adjuvant combination chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy are emerging as effective therapeutic options in those with advanced GBC. […] In the diagnosis of GBC, differential diagnosis and determination of the local extension of tumor are important. For these purposes, imaging modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), CT, MRI, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are useful. EUS has good sensitivity in differentiating benign gallbladder diseases from GBC.

• #98 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment – A Detailed Guide

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/gallbladder-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Endoscopic ultrasonography is a diagnostic tool for gallbladder cancer. […] Ultrasound is a primary imaging modality for diagnosing gallbladder cancer. […] A PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) also aids in a gallbladder cancer diagnosis, especially for detecting metastases and evaluating the magnitude of cancer spread. […] Diagnosing gallbladder cancer requires a multifactorial approach that involves imaging techniques, biopsy, and blood tests.

• #99 New biomarkers may improve diagnosis of gallbladder cancer | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/new-biomarkers-may-improve-diagnosis-of-gallbladder-cancer

  Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital have identified biomarkers in the blood that can be used to distinguish gallbladder cancer from inflammation of the gallbladder. This could lead to fewer unnecessary operations and better treatment decisions for patients with suspected gallbladder cancer. […] Gallbladder cancer and gallbladder inflammation, also known as cholecystitis, are difficult to distinguish with current diagnostic methods. This often leads to patients undergoing extensive surgery unnecessarily. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now identified eight proteins in the blood that can distinguish between these conditions with high accuracy. […] Our results show that these proteins could be used to develop a non-invasive test that could help doctors make better decisions before surgery. This could reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries and improve patients quality of life, says study first author Ghada Nouairia, assistant professor at the Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet.

• #100 New biomarkers may improve diagnosis of gallbladder cancer | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/new-biomarkers-may-improve-diagnosis-of-gallbladder-cancer

  The next step is to validate these results in larger studies and to develop clinical tests that can be used routinely in healthcare. This discovery is an important advance in precision medicine to improve the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer and make it more personalised. […] We are hopeful that our findings can lead to better diagnostic tools and thus better care for patients with suspected gallbladder cancer, concludes Ghada Nouairia.

• #101 How We Diagnose Biliary Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/biliary-cancer/diagnosis

  Timely, accurate diagnosis is key to effective biliary cancer treatment. Our diagnostic team includes pathologists, radiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons with extensive experience in confirming this diagnosis with the latest technology. […] Diagnostic tests and procedures that produce images of the biliary tree and the surrounding area are used to detect, diagnose, and stage biliary cancer. Upon diagnosis, our entire specialty team meets to determine the optimal treatment plan for you. […] A gastroenterologist is often the first physician you see for the initial diagnosis. We use advanced endoscopic techniques, including evaluation of tumors with endoscopic ultrasound, to conduct biopsies and make a diagnosis. […] Diagnosis and treatment planning are highly dependent on the correct interpretation of complex imaging studies.

• #102 How We Diagnose Biliary Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/biliary-cancer/diagnosis

  Pathologists play an important role in not only diagnosing cancer, but also determining how far it has progressed and which therapies will best treat your cancer. […] If you have a cancerous tumor, an important initial step is staging to discern if it is contained in the biliary tract or gallbladder or has spread elsewhere. This determines your prognosis and your treatment regimen. […] We use protocols specifically tailored to biliary cancer to understand how large the primary tumor is and how far it has spread to other structures, such as blood vessels or organs.

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