Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Surgery remains the preferred treatment option for early-stage gallbladder cancer (GBC). […] However, most patients have already been at the locally advanced stage or the tumor has metastasized at the initial diagnosis. The postoperative recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate remain unsatisfactory even after radical resection for gallbladder cancer. Hence, there is an urgent need for more treatment options, such as neoadjuvant therapy, postoperative adjuvant therapy and first-line and second-line treatments of local progression and metastasis, in the whole-course treatment management of gallbladder cancer patients. In recent years, the application of molecular targeted drugs and immunotherapy has brought greater hope and broader prospects for the treatment of gallbladder cancer, but their effects in improving the prognosis of patients still lack sufficient evidence-based medicine evidence, so many problems should be addressed by further research.

• #2 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. Surgical resection followed by adjuvant therapy offers a chance for cure in early-stage disease, while palliative chemotherapy is the mainstay for locally advanced and metastatic disease. Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] The only definitive treatment for gallbladder carcinoma is surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used as adjuncts after surgery or in patients with unresectable or advanced metastatic tumors. […] Surgical treatment of gallbladder carcinoma depends on the tumor stage and requires complete surgical excision with negative margins. […] Radiotherapy (RT) may be used in the adjuvant setting for gallbladder carcinoma. In patients who undergo a complete resection with microscopically negative margins, RT is not indicated. However, in patients with a microscopically positive or grossly positive surgical margin, chemoradiotherapy is generally used to reduce local recurrence.

• #3 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Treatment for gallbladder cancer often involves surgery. If the cancer grows into nearby organs, surgery might not be possible. Treatment might start with radiation therapy or medicines, such as chemotherapy, instead. What gallbladder cancer treatments are best for you depend on the stage of your cancer, your health and what you prefer. […] Surgery is used to treat gallbladder cancer that hasn’t spread beyond the gallbladder. Types of surgery include: […] Early gallbladder cancer that hasn’t grown beyond the gallbladder is treated with an operation to remove the gallbladder. This operation is called cholecystectomy. […] Gallbladder cancer that grows beyond the gallbladder and into the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder, as well as parts of the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.

• #4 Gallbladder Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442002/

  Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy but constitutes nearly half of all biliary tract cancers. Surgical resection followed by adjuvant therapy offers a chance for cure in early-stage disease, while palliative chemotherapy is the mainstay for locally advanced and metastatic disease. Various chemotherapeutic regimens are employed based on clinical trials, with gemcitabine and cisplatin being standard first-line options for fit patients. […] The only definitive treatment for gallbladder carcinoma is surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used as adjuncts after surgery or in patients with unresectable or advanced metastatic tumors. […] Surgical treatment of gallbladder carcinoma depends on the tumor stage and requires complete surgical excision with negative margins. […] Radiotherapy (RT) may be used in the adjuvant setting for gallbladder carcinoma. In patients who undergo a complete resection with microscopically negative margins, RT is not indicated. However, in patients with a microscopically positive or grossly positive surgical margin, chemoradiotherapy is generally used to reduce local recurrence.

• #5 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Treatment for gallbladder cancer often involves surgery. If the cancer grows into nearby organs, surgery might not be possible. Treatment might start with radiation therapy or medicines, such as chemotherapy, instead. What gallbladder cancer treatments are best for you depend on the stage of your cancer, your health and what you prefer. […] Surgery is used to treat gallbladder cancer that hasn’t spread beyond the gallbladder. Types of surgery include: […] Early gallbladder cancer that hasn’t grown beyond the gallbladder is treated with an operation to remove the gallbladder. This operation is called cholecystectomy. […] Gallbladder cancer that grows beyond the gallbladder and into the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder, as well as parts of the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.

• #6 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. […] Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. […] The cure rate for gallbladder cancer is excellent if its in the early stages and healthcare providers can remove it with surgery. […] Early-stage gallbladder cancer that your provider can remove through surgery has the best treatment outcomes. […] Surgery: A healthcare provider called a surgical oncologist may remove your gallbladder and nearby tissue (cholecystectomy). […] Radiation therapy: This treatment uses a machine outside your body (EBRT) to direct radiation to your cancer. […] Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. […] Cancers that cant be removed via surgery (unresectable), have returned (recurrent) or spread (metastatic) arent curable.

• #7 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Treatment for gallbladder cancer often involves surgery. If the cancer grows into nearby organs, surgery might not be possible. Treatment might start with radiation therapy or medicines, such as chemotherapy, instead. What gallbladder cancer treatments are best for you depend on the stage of your cancer, your health and what you prefer. […] Surgery is used to treat gallbladder cancer that hasn’t spread beyond the gallbladder. Types of surgery include: […] Early gallbladder cancer that hasn’t grown beyond the gallbladder is treated with an operation to remove the gallbladder. This operation is called cholecystectomy. […] Gallbladder cancer that grows beyond the gallbladder and into the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder, as well as parts of the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.

• #8 Treatment for gallbladder cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/

  Gallbladder cancer is often treatable, but it can be difficult to treat. […] It may include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] Your treatment will depend on if the cancer can be removed or not. […] If gallbladder cancer is found early and it has not spread, you may be able to have surgery to remove it. […] If the cancer has spread too far and cannot be removed, you may have surgery to help control some symptoms of gallbladder cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. […] You may have chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to get rid of any remaining cancer and help stop the cancer coming back; to help make the cancer smaller, and control and improve the symptoms if you’re not able to have surgery because you’re very unwell, or the cancer cannot be removed by surgery.

• #9 Gallbladder Cancer | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/surgical-oncology/conditions/gallbladder-cancer

  Bile duct resection and hepaticojejunostomy—a complete resection of the bile ducts to create a new connection to the intestines to allow for normal bile flow if the gallbladder tumor has spread to the bile ducts […] Hepatic trisegmentectomy—removing all of the cancer with an extensive liver resection and bile duct reconstruction for larger gallbladder tumors based on our world-renowned experience with liver surgery.

• #10 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #11 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #12 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  If your gallbladder cancer is small and all of it can be removed with cholecystectomy, you may not need other treatments. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Most chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein. Some come in pill form. […] Your healthcare professional might suggest chemotherapy after surgery if there’s a risk that some gallbladder cancer cells might remain. Sometimes, healthcare professionals give chemotherapy before surgery. It also can be used to control the cancer when surgery isn’t possible. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] Radiation therapy is sometimes used with chemotherapy after surgery for gallbladder cancer if all the cancer couldn’t be removed. Radiation therapy also can control gallbladder cancer that’s causing pain and jaundice when surgery isn’t possible.

• #13 Chemotherapy For Gallbladder Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is a common treatment for people with advanced gallbladder cancer. This means that the cancer has spread outside the gallbladder or has come back sometime after you were first treated. […] Chemotherapy won’t cure gallbladder cancer on its own. You might have chemotherapy: to prevent the cancer coming back after surgery, to shrink the cancer or slow down its growth, as part of a clinical trial. […] Your doctor might suggest you have the chemotherapy drug capecitabine after surgery to remove gallbladder cancer. This is to prevent the cancer from coming back. […] Your doctor might suggest that you have chemotherapy if you can’t have surgery. You are most likely to have a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin. […] Your doctor will talk to you about the benefits of chemotherapy and the possible side effects.

• #14 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that are usually given into a vein (IV) or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body, making this treatment useful for cancers that have spread beyond where they started. […] Chemo can help some people with gallbladder cancer, but so far it’s not clear how useful it is for this type of cancer. Still, chemo might be used in these ways: […] After surgery to remove the cancer: Chemo may be given after surgery (often along with radiation therapy) to try to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. This is called adjuvant treatment. Doctors arent yet sure how useful it is in treating gallbladder cancer. […] As part of the main treatment for some advanced cancers: Chemo might be used (with or without radiation therapy) for more advanced cancers that cannot be removed or have spread to other parts of the body. Chemo does not cure these cancers, but it might help people live longer.

• #15 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  Your specialist might suggest the chemotherapy drug capecitabine after surgery to remove your gallbladder cancer. This treatment aims to help stop the cancer from coming back. […] In the past surgery wasn’t usually possible for people with stage 3 gallbladder cancer. With new surgical techniques, such as extended cholecystectomy, surgery can be possible in some people. […] Unfortunately it is not possible to cure stage 4 gallbladder cancer with surgery. […] Your specialist might suggest chemotherapy or a targeted cancer drug. […] Treatment to control your symptoms is sometimes called palliative treatment. It will not cure your cancer. It aims to improve your symptoms and quality of life. […] You might have this type of treatment if: you decide you do not want chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy […] This is called best supportive care. […] Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. Discuss each treatment with them and ask how they can control any side effects. This helps you make the right decision for you.

• #16 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that are usually given into a vein (IV) or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body, making this treatment useful for cancers that have spread beyond where they started. […] Chemo can help some people with gallbladder cancer, but so far it’s not clear how useful it is for this type of cancer. Still, chemo might be used in these ways: […] After surgery to remove the cancer: Chemo may be given after surgery (often along with radiation therapy) to try to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. This is called adjuvant treatment. Doctors arent yet sure how useful it is in treating gallbladder cancer. […] As part of the main treatment for some advanced cancers: Chemo might be used (with or without radiation therapy) for more advanced cancers that cannot be removed or have spread to other parts of the body. Chemo does not cure these cancers, but it might help people live longer.

• #17 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  Surgery is the only curative option for early-stage GBC, but only 10% of patients are primary eligible for curative treatment. After neoadjuvant treatment, up to one-third of locally advanced GBC patients could benefit from secondary surgical treatment. After surgery, only a high-risk subset of patients benefits from adjuvant treatment. For advanced-stage GBC, palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the current standard of care in line with other BTCs. […] At present, a chemotherapy regimen based on gemcitabine and cisplatin in accordance with the ABC-02 phase III trial (n = 410) is recommended for the treatment of primary unresectable GBC. This recommendation is based on an objective response rate (ORR) of 37.7% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 85.2% in the subgroup of GBC patients with doublet therapy (n = 61) compared to a ORR of 21.4% and a DCR of 76.8% with gemcitabine alone (n = 56).

• #18 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that are usually given into a vein (IV) or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body, making this treatment useful for cancers that have spread beyond where they started. […] Chemo can help some people with gallbladder cancer, but so far it’s not clear how useful it is for this type of cancer. Still, chemo might be used in these ways: […] After surgery to remove the cancer: Chemo may be given after surgery (often along with radiation therapy) to try to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. This is called adjuvant treatment. Doctors arent yet sure how useful it is in treating gallbladder cancer. […] As part of the main treatment for some advanced cancers: Chemo might be used (with or without radiation therapy) for more advanced cancers that cannot be removed or have spread to other parts of the body. Chemo does not cure these cancers, but it might help people live longer.

• #19 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  As palliative therapy: Chemo can help shrink tumors or slow their growth for a time. This can help relieve symptoms from the cancer, for instance, by shrinking tumors that are pressing on nerves and causing pain. […] Because giving chemo into a vein (IV) isn’t always helpful for gallbladder cancer, doctors have studied a different way to give it right into the main artery going into the liver, called the hepatic artery. […] HAI may help some people whose cancer couldnt be removed by surgery live longer, but more research is needed. […] The chemo drugs most often used for gallbladder cancer include: Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Cisplatin (Platinol), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin). […] In some cases, 2 of these drugs are combined. For example, combining gemcitabine and cisplatin may help people live longer than getting just gemcitabine alone. […] Report any side effects you notice to your medical team so that they can be treated right away. Most side effects can be treated. In some cases, the doses of the chemo drugs may need to be reduced or treatment might need to be delayed or stopped to keep the effects from getting worse.

• #20 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  As palliative therapy: Chemo can help shrink tumors or slow their growth for a time. This can help relieve symptoms from the cancer, for instance, by shrinking tumors that are pressing on nerves and causing pain. […] Because giving chemo into a vein (IV) isn’t always helpful for gallbladder cancer, doctors have studied a different way to give it right into the main artery going into the liver, called the hepatic artery. […] HAI may help some people whose cancer couldnt be removed by surgery live longer, but more research is needed. […] The chemo drugs most often used for gallbladder cancer include: Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Cisplatin (Platinol), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin). […] In some cases, 2 of these drugs are combined. For example, combining gemcitabine and cisplatin may help people live longer than getting just gemcitabine alone. […] Report any side effects you notice to your medical team so that they can be treated right away. Most side effects can be treated. In some cases, the doses of the chemo drugs may need to be reduced or treatment might need to be delayed or stopped to keep the effects from getting worse.

• #21 Chemotherapy For Gallbladder Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy

  Your doctor may ask you to take part in a clinical trial looking at chemotherapy or other treatments. Trials are an important way to find out which treatments work best. […] You may have one drug or a combination of drugs to treat gallbladder cancer. The most common types of chemotherapy drugs are: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine (Xeloda), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), a combination of chemotherapy drugs called FOLFOX, irinotecan. […] You have most chemotherapy drugs for gallbladder cancer into your bloodstream (intravenously). Capecitabine is a tablet. […] You usually have treatment into your bloodstream at the cancer day clinic. […] You need to have blood tests to make sure it’s safe to start treatment. You usually have these a few days before or on the day you start treatment. You have blood tests before each round or cycle of treatment.

• #22 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  As palliative therapy: Chemo can help shrink tumors or slow their growth for a time. This can help relieve symptoms from the cancer, for instance, by shrinking tumors that are pressing on nerves and causing pain. […] Because giving chemo into a vein (IV) isn’t always helpful for gallbladder cancer, doctors have studied a different way to give it right into the main artery going into the liver, called the hepatic artery. […] HAI may help some people whose cancer couldnt be removed by surgery live longer, but more research is needed. […] The chemo drugs most often used for gallbladder cancer include: Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Cisplatin (Platinol), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin). […] In some cases, 2 of these drugs are combined. For example, combining gemcitabine and cisplatin may help people live longer than getting just gemcitabine alone. […] Report any side effects you notice to your medical team so that they can be treated right away. Most side effects can be treated. In some cases, the doses of the chemo drugs may need to be reduced or treatment might need to be delayed or stopped to keep the effects from getting worse.

• #23 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Relief of biliary obstruction is warranted when symptoms such as pruritus and hepatic dysfunction outweigh other symptoms of the cancer. The preferred approach is percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents.[1] Surgical bypass may be appropriate when these approaches are infeasible. […] Systemic therapy is appropriate for selected patients with adequate performance status and intact organ function. Fluoropyrimidines, gemcitabine, platinum agents, and docetaxel have produced transient partial remissions in a few patients. […] Pending additional clinical trials, cisplatin plus gemcitabine is considered the reference standard chemotherapy backbone for patients with unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer.

• #24 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-treatment

  Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. […] The multicenter, phase III randomized ABC-02 study, which included 149 patients with gallbladder cancer, established gemcitabine plus cisplatin as the standard of care in this setting. […] However, the TOPAZ-1 trial demonstrated that the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to the gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen improved overall survival. […] Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend durvalumab/gemcitabine/cisplatin as the preferred regimen for unresectable and metastatic disease. […] For the most part, randomized studies of the addition of biological therapies (EGFR or VEGF inhibitors) to treatment for gallbladder cancer have failed to show an improvement in survival.

• #25 Chemotherapy For Gallbladder Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy

  Common chemotherapy side effects include: feeling sick, loss of appetite, losing weight, feeling very tired, increased risk of getting an infection, bleeding and bruising easily, diarrhoea or constipation, hair loss. […] Chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer can be difficult to cope with. Tell your doctor or nurse about any problems or side effects that you have.

• #26 Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  As palliative therapy: Chemo can help shrink tumors or slow their growth for a time. This can help relieve symptoms from the cancer, for instance, by shrinking tumors that are pressing on nerves and causing pain. […] Because giving chemo into a vein (IV) isn’t always helpful for gallbladder cancer, doctors have studied a different way to give it right into the main artery going into the liver, called the hepatic artery. […] HAI may help some people whose cancer couldnt be removed by surgery live longer, but more research is needed. […] The chemo drugs most often used for gallbladder cancer include: Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Cisplatin (Platinol), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin). […] In some cases, 2 of these drugs are combined. For example, combining gemcitabine and cisplatin may help people live longer than getting just gemcitabine alone. […] Report any side effects you notice to your medical team so that they can be treated right away. Most side effects can be treated. In some cases, the doses of the chemo drugs may need to be reduced or treatment might need to be delayed or stopped to keep the effects from getting worse.

• #27 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  If your gallbladder cancer is small and all of it can be removed with cholecystectomy, you may not need other treatments. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Most chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein. Some come in pill form. […] Your healthcare professional might suggest chemotherapy after surgery if there’s a risk that some gallbladder cancer cells might remain. Sometimes, healthcare professionals give chemotherapy before surgery. It also can be used to control the cancer when surgery isn’t possible. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] Radiation therapy is sometimes used with chemotherapy after surgery for gallbladder cancer if all the cancer couldn’t be removed. Radiation therapy also can control gallbladder cancer that’s causing pain and jaundice when surgery isn’t possible.

• #28 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to target the tumour. This helps to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. It may be used to help with symptoms if gallbladder cancer has spread. You may only need a few treatments and the side effects are usually mild. […] If the cancer is blocking your bile duct, this can cause jaundice. This can often be treated with a tube called a stent. The stent holds the duct open, so it is no longer blocked.

• #29 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Gallbladder cancer is a rare form of cancer that often doesnt cause signs or symptoms in the early stages. […] Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. […] The cure rate for gallbladder cancer is excellent if its in the early stages and healthcare providers can remove it with surgery. […] Early-stage gallbladder cancer that your provider can remove through surgery has the best treatment outcomes. […] Surgery: A healthcare provider called a surgical oncologist may remove your gallbladder and nearby tissue (cholecystectomy). […] Radiation therapy: This treatment uses a machine outside your body (EBRT) to direct radiation to your cancer. […] Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. […] Cancers that cant be removed via surgery (unresectable), have returned (recurrent) or spread (metastatic) arent curable.

• #30 Treatment for gallbladder cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/

  Targeted medicines kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. […] You may have radiotherapy: after surgery to help stop your cancer from coming back; to help control and improve the symptoms of advanced cancer. […] If you have advanced gallbladder cancer it might be very hard to treat. It may not be possible to cure the cancer. […] If this is the case, the aim of your treatment will be to limit the cancer and its symptoms, and help you live longer.

• #31 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #32 Gall bladder (bile duct) cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/gall_bladder_cancer/gall-bladder-treatment.html

  If the cancer has spread and the tumour is pressing on or blocking the bile duct, you may need a stent, which is a small tube made of either plastic or metal. […] Common side effects of surgery can include bleeding, damage to nearby tissue and organs (including liver failure and bile leakage), pain, infection after surgery, blood clots, weak muscles (atrophy) and lymphoedema. […] Your doctor or nurse may suggest you take part in a clinical trial. […] Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to destroy cancer cells, where the radiation comes from a machine outside the body. […] It is often given with chemotherapy in a treatment known as chemoradiation. […] It may be used for gall bladder cancer: after surgery, to destroy any remaining cancer cells and stop the cancer coming back; if the cancer cant be removed with surgery; if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (e.g. palliative radiation for the management of symptoms such as pain).

• #33 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #34

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/gallbladder-cancer/treatment.php

  Surgery is the main treatment method for gallbladder cancer. In gallbladder cancer surgery, the entire gallbladder is removed in patients with early-stage disease. […] Radiation therapy is used to treat both resectable and unresectable gallbladder cancers. […] Cancer-killing drugs are used to kill or slow the growth of the tumor. Chemotherapy is sometimes used along with surgery and radiation. […] The use of medicines to boost a persons own immune system to recognize and destroy the cancerous cells in the body. […] Winships most promising research in treating gallbladder cancer is in personalized medicine and targeted therapies. […] In addition to standard therapies, participating in clinical trials may be an option in certain cases. […] Besides the advanced care and treatment methods, Winship also offers a supportive oncology team of specialized doctors and nurses who can help with the physical, psychological and emotional aspects of living with cancer, including symptom management and counseling.

• #35 Gallbladder cancer – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20353377

  Radiation oncologists at Mayo Clinic have access to the latest techniques to shape radiation beams, including proton therapy. These techniques allow doctors to deliver the highest radiation doses to the target area and spare healthy tissue nearby. […] At Mayo Clinic, oncologists, gastroenterologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists and radiologists work as a multidisciplinary team to provide comprehensive care for people with gallbladder cancer. Your care team is prepared with the knowledge and resources to provide you with exactly the care you need. […] Mayo Clinic doctors are respected for their experience in diagnosing and treating gallbladder cancer. […] Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center meets the strict standards for a U.S. National Cancer Institute comprehensive cancer center. These standards recognize scientific excellence and a multispecialty approach focused on cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

• #36 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Targeted therapy medicines are used only in people whose cancer cells have certain changes that can be targeted. Your cancer cells may be tested to see if targeted therapy is likely to help you. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is typically used for gallbladder cancers that grow very large or spread to other parts of the body.

• #37 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy wont eliminate the cancer, but they can improve your symptoms and extend your life. […] You may be eligible to take part in a clinical trial. […] Current treatments for gallbladder cancer being tested in clinical trials include: Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy, Radiosensitizers. […] Surgery always comes with risks, including infection, complications from anesthesia and blood clots, that you should discuss with your provider before starting treatment. […] Its also important to plan for potential chemotherapy and radiation side effects. […] Gallbladder cancer can only be cured if caught and treated early.

• #38 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Targeted therapy medicines are used only in people whose cancer cells have certain changes that can be targeted. Your cancer cells may be tested to see if targeted therapy is likely to help you. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is typically used for gallbladder cancers that grow very large or spread to other parts of the body.

• #39 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Targeted therapy medicines are used only in people whose cancer cells have certain changes that can be targeted. Your cancer cells may be tested to see if targeted therapy is likely to help you. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is typically used for gallbladder cancers that grow very large or spread to other parts of the body.

• #40 Targeted Therapy Drugs for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  As researchers learn more about the changes in cells that cause gallbladder cancer, they’ve developed drugs to target some of these changes. These targeted drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy (chemo) drugs. They sometimes work when standard chemo drugs dont, and they often have different side effects. […] Pemigatinib (Pemazyre) and futibatinib (Lytgobi) are FGFR2 inhibitors. They block the abnormal FGFR2 protein in gallbladder cancer cells and keep them from growing and spreading to other places. These drugs can be used to treat some advanced gallbladder cancers that cannot be removed by surgery or have spread to distant areas after at least one previous chemotherapy treatment. For these drugs to work, your cancer must have an abnormal FGFR2 gene, so your cancer will be tested before starting any of these drugs.

• #41 Targeted Therapy Drugs for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Ivosidenib (Tibsovo) is an IDH1 inhibitor. It blocks the abnormal IDH1 protein, which seems to help the cancer cells mature into more normal cells. This drug can be used in people with advanced, previously treated gallbladder cancer, if the cancer cells are found to have an IDH1 mutation. Your doctor can test your cancer cells to see if they have an IDH1 mutation. […] Larotrectinib (Vitrakyi), entrectinib (Rozlytrek), and repotrectinib (Augtyro) are TRK inhibitors. TRK inhibitors target and disable the proteins made by the NTRK genes. These drugs can be used in people with advanced gallbladder cancer, who have not received prior systemic therapy. […] Selpercatinib (Retevmo) and pralsetinib (Gayreto) are RET inhibitors and can be used to treat advanced gallbladder cancers with the RET rearrangement.

• #42 Targeted Therapy Drugs for Gallbladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gallbladder-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) is a BRAF inhibitor. Trametinib (Mekinist) is a MEK inhibitor. This drug combination can be used in people with advanced, previously treated gallbladder cancer, if the cancer cells are found to have an BRAF V600E mutation. […] Adagrasib (Krazati) is a KRAS inhibitor and is used to treat advanced gallbladder cancer with the KRAS G12C mutation if you’ve already had at least one other type of drug treatment. […] Zanidatamab (Ziihera) is a medicine that attaches to 2 different parts of the HER2 protein. It can be used to treat HER2-positive gallbladder cancer that can’t be removed completely or that has spread to other parts of the body, if other treatments have already been tried.

• #43 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Targeted therapy medicines are used only in people whose cancer cells have certain changes that can be targeted. Your cancer cells may be tested to see if targeted therapy is likely to help you. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is typically used for gallbladder cancers that grow very large or spread to other parts of the body.

• #44 Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374

  Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Targeted therapy medicines are used only in people whose cancer cells have certain changes that can be targeted. Your cancer cells may be tested to see if targeted therapy is likely to help you. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is typically used for gallbladder cancers that grow very large or spread to other parts of the body.

• #45 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #46 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #47 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-treatment

  Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. […] The multicenter, phase III randomized ABC-02 study, which included 149 patients with gallbladder cancer, established gemcitabine plus cisplatin as the standard of care in this setting. […] However, the TOPAZ-1 trial demonstrated that the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to the gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen improved overall survival. […] Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend durvalumab/gemcitabine/cisplatin as the preferred regimen for unresectable and metastatic disease. […] For the most part, randomized studies of the addition of biological therapies (EGFR or VEGF inhibitors) to treatment for gallbladder cancer have failed to show an improvement in survival.

• #48 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278641-treatment

  Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. […] The multicenter, phase III randomized ABC-02 study, which included 149 patients with gallbladder cancer, established gemcitabine plus cisplatin as the standard of care in this setting. […] However, the TOPAZ-1 trial demonstrated that the addition of the programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab to the gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen improved overall survival. […] Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend durvalumab/gemcitabine/cisplatin as the preferred regimen for unresectable and metastatic disease. […] For the most part, randomized studies of the addition of biological therapies (EGFR or VEGF inhibitors) to treatment for gallbladder cancer have failed to show an improvement in survival.

• #49 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #50 Symptom Relief for Gallbladder Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/symptom-relief-gallbladder

  Many people are not candidates for surgery by the time gallbladder cancer is diagnosed. However, minimally invasive, image-guided procedures can help improve quality of life by allowing bile to drain out of the gallbladder or a bile duct that is blocked by a tumor. Our surgeons, gastroenterologists, and experts in interventional radiology use tools such as catheters and needles, to relieve such symptoms as jaundice, itching, nausea, vomiting, and infection. […] A stent is a small drainage tube. It can relieve a blocked bile duct so bile can flow across a blockage to the small intestine. […] A biliary bypass connects the gallbladder or bile duct directly to the small intestine. This creates a new way for bile to get around a tumor that is blocking the flow from the gallbladder. […] People with advanced gallbladder cancer often have pain. The pain may be caused by cancer cells that have invaded a cluster of nerves near the liver known as the celiac plexus. People who dont get enough pain relief with conventional pain-relieving drugs may benefit from a procedure called neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB). This involves injecting a local anesthetic into the celiac plexus to disrupt the bodys pain signals.

• #51 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.gallbladder-cancer-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000270720

  Gallbladder cancer can be cured only if it is found before it has spread, when it can be removed by surgery. […] If the cancer has spread, palliative treatment can improve the patient’s quality of life by controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease. […] Different types of treatments are available for patients with gallbladder cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. […] Gallbladder cancer may be treated with a cholecystectomy, surgery to remove the gallbladder and some of the tissues around it. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed. […] If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, the following types of palliative surgery may relieve symptoms: Biliary bypass, Endoscopic stent placement, Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

• #52 Symptom Relief for Gallbladder Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/symptom-relief-gallbladder

  Many people are not candidates for surgery by the time gallbladder cancer is diagnosed. However, minimally invasive, image-guided procedures can help improve quality of life by allowing bile to drain out of the gallbladder or a bile duct that is blocked by a tumor. Our surgeons, gastroenterologists, and experts in interventional radiology use tools such as catheters and needles, to relieve such symptoms as jaundice, itching, nausea, vomiting, and infection. […] A stent is a small drainage tube. It can relieve a blocked bile duct so bile can flow across a blockage to the small intestine. […] A biliary bypass connects the gallbladder or bile duct directly to the small intestine. This creates a new way for bile to get around a tumor that is blocking the flow from the gallbladder. […] People with advanced gallbladder cancer often have pain. The pain may be caused by cancer cells that have invaded a cluster of nerves near the liver known as the celiac plexus. People who dont get enough pain relief with conventional pain-relieving drugs may benefit from a procedure called neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB). This involves injecting a local anesthetic into the celiac plexus to disrupt the bodys pain signals.

• #53 Symptom Relief for Gallbladder Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/symptom-relief-gallbladder

  Many people are not candidates for surgery by the time gallbladder cancer is diagnosed. However, minimally invasive, image-guided procedures can help improve quality of life by allowing bile to drain out of the gallbladder or a bile duct that is blocked by a tumor. Our surgeons, gastroenterologists, and experts in interventional radiology use tools such as catheters and needles, to relieve such symptoms as jaundice, itching, nausea, vomiting, and infection. […] A stent is a small drainage tube. It can relieve a blocked bile duct so bile can flow across a blockage to the small intestine. […] A biliary bypass connects the gallbladder or bile duct directly to the small intestine. This creates a new way for bile to get around a tumor that is blocking the flow from the gallbladder. […] People with advanced gallbladder cancer often have pain. The pain may be caused by cancer cells that have invaded a cluster of nerves near the liver known as the celiac plexus. People who dont get enough pain relief with conventional pain-relieving drugs may benefit from a procedure called neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB). This involves injecting a local anesthetic into the celiac plexus to disrupt the bodys pain signals.

• #54 Systemic therapy of gallbladder cancer: review of first line, maintenance, neoadjuvant and second line therapy specific to gallbladder cancer – Azizi – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/27376/html

  A recent open-label, single-arm phase II trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel triple therapy reported by Shroff et al. from two American centres (n=60, intention to treat population) has shown impressive data across BTCs; the RR was 45%, median PFS was 11.8 months (95% CI, 6.015.6) and median OS was 19.2 months (95% CI, 13.2 months to not estimable). Gallbladder cancer specific survival data was reported (n=13), but not RRs; the PFS was 4.1 months (95% CI, 2.114.9) and median OS was 15.7 months (95% CI, 3.8 months to non-reached). […] A variety of systemic chemotherapy regimens have been reported in observational studies and phase II trials suggesting potential effectiveness in gallbladder cancer. Active agents include gemcitabine, platinum compounds and S1. However, reporting bias, inconsistency in the regimens used and variation in patient selection and characteristics, make direct comparisons difficult. The only large phase III trial which has been published and contains accessible gallbladder cancer data is ABC-02 and has established gemcitabine and cisplatin as a standard regimen for both first line biliary tract cancer and gallbladder cancer. However, two new phase III trials have been reported in abstract form and may support the use of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin or S1 as the second agent in some first line patients, and a recent non-randomised phase II suggests that the triple therapy of gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel may prove to extend median overall survival in both biliary tract cancer and gallbladder cancer.

• #55 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #56 Gallbladder Cancer Care at City of Hope

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/gallbladder-cancer/care-at-city-of-hope

  At City of Hope, we understand that treatment for gallbladder cancer should depend as much on the patients personal preferences as on the type and stage of the disease. […] Treatments for gallbladder cancer may involve surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. […] Our supportive care services include nutritional support to help you develop a diet plan to help stay nourished, while pain management physicians offer medication and non-medicinal approaches to help you keep your pain in check. […] Clinical trials are critical tools researchers and doctors use to determine the safety and effectiveness of new drugs and therapies. […] At City of Hope, we’re committed to offering our patients innovative and new cancer treatments, including access to clinical trials when appropriate.

• #57 Gallbladder Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17013-gallbladder-cancer

  Treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy wont eliminate the cancer, but they can improve your symptoms and extend your life. […] You may be eligible to take part in a clinical trial. […] Current treatments for gallbladder cancer being tested in clinical trials include: Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy, Radiosensitizers. […] Surgery always comes with risks, including infection, complications from anesthesia and blood clots, that you should discuss with your provider before starting treatment. […] Its also important to plan for potential chemotherapy and radiation side effects. […] Gallbladder cancer can only be cured if caught and treated early.

• #58 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.gallbladder-cancer-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000270720

  Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. […] Clinical trials are studying ways to improve the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells, including hyperthermia therapy and radiosensitizers. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. […] Treatment for gallbladder cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of localized and locally advanced gallbladder cancer may include: Surgery to remove the gallbladder and some of the tissue around it, Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy, A clinical trial of radiation therapy with radiosensitizers.

• #59 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #60 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to consider when making treatment decisions. […] The treatment you have will depend on: the position and size of the cancer, whether it has spread to other areas of the body, your general health, your preferences. […] Treatment for gallbladder cancer may include: […] Surgery can be used to remove the gallbladder. Often the surgeon also removes some lymph nodes and part of the liver. Sometimes if the cancer has spread into a nearby organ, the surgeon may remove part or all of that organ too. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy the cancer cells. For gallbladder cancer, it may be used after surgery, to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back (adjuvant treatment). It may also be used if surgery is not possible or if the cancer has come back after surgery (recurrence). This can help shrink or slow down the growth of the cancer. The chemotherapy drugs most commonly used to treat gallbladder cancer are gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin. Sometimes chemotherapy and radiotherapy are given together if surgery is not possible.

• #61 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  The treatment for gallbladder cancer depends on: how big the cancer is and whether it has spread (the stage) […] Your doctor will discuss your treatment, its benefits and the possible side effects with you. […] A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] To decide which treatment you need, your team looks at your tests and scan results to see if they can remove (resect) the cancer or not. Your cancer can be: Resectable – which means they can remove it with surgery. […] Unresectable – which means that surgery to remove all the cancer is not possible. The cancer may have grown into nearby organs (locally advanced) or spread elsewhere in the body (advanced). If surgery is not possible, other treatments might be used such as chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy.

• #62 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  The treatment for gallbladder cancer depends on: how big the cancer is and whether it has spread (the stage) […] Your doctor will discuss your treatment, its benefits and the possible side effects with you. […] A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] To decide which treatment you need, your team looks at your tests and scan results to see if they can remove (resect) the cancer or not. Your cancer can be: Resectable – which means they can remove it with surgery. […] Unresectable – which means that surgery to remove all the cancer is not possible. The cancer may have grown into nearby organs (locally advanced) or spread elsewhere in the body (advanced). If surgery is not possible, other treatments might be used such as chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy.

• #63 Gallbladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to consider when making treatment decisions. […] The treatment you have will depend on: the position and size of the cancer, whether it has spread to other areas of the body, your general health, your preferences. […] Treatment for gallbladder cancer may include: […] Surgery can be used to remove the gallbladder. Often the surgeon also removes some lymph nodes and part of the liver. Sometimes if the cancer has spread into a nearby organ, the surgeon may remove part or all of that organ too. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy the cancer cells. For gallbladder cancer, it may be used after surgery, to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back (adjuvant treatment). It may also be used if surgery is not possible or if the cancer has come back after surgery (recurrence). This can help shrink or slow down the growth of the cancer. The chemotherapy drugs most commonly used to treat gallbladder cancer are gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin. Sometimes chemotherapy and radiotherapy are given together if surgery is not possible.

• #64 Gallbladder cancer – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20353377

  Mayo Clinic specialists provide expert, personalized care for people with gallbladder cancer. […] At Mayo Clinic, oncologists, gastroenterologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists and radiologists work as a multidisciplinary team to provide comprehensive care for people with gallbladder cancer. […] Your Mayo Clinic care team considers all of the available treatment options when creating your personalized treatment plan. Options might include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy and a variety of surgical procedures, including cholecystectomy and minimally invasive surgery. […] If you’re considering systemic therapy for gallbladder cancer, your doctor may have your cancer cells tested to see which treatments are most likely to help you. Systemic therapy options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

• #65 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Patients with stage I disease have cancer confined to the gallbladder wall that can be completely resected. Patients with stage I tumors that are discovered incidentally and resected during routine cholecystectomy have 5-year survival rates of nearly 100%.[2] […] Patients with disease that has spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs have unresectable tumors, and standard therapy is directed at palliation. Patients with earlier-stage disease with poor performance status and/or significant comorbidities may be deemed poor surgical candidates. […] Treatment options for localized and locally advanced gallbladder cancer include: Surgery. External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Clinical trials exploring the use of radiation therapy and radiosensitizer drugs to improve local control.

• #66 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Surgery is used to treat early-stage gallbladder cancer. This is more involved than a simple cholecystectomy. Its a complex procedure where we remove the gallbladder and surrounding structures, including part of the liver and lymph nodes. Following surgery, patients may receive chemotherapy and sometimes radiation to help prevent local and distant recurrence. […] When gallbladder cancer is more advanced, like stages III or IV, we usually treat the patient with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes, we’re able to do targeted therapy as well. […] We do genetic profiling of gallbladder tumors, either at the time of surgery or at diagnosis for metastatic cancer. We look at the genetics of the tumor, not inherited genes from parents. About 20% of the time, we identify a gene we can target with a specific therapy.

• #67 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  You might have radiotherapy after surgery because your: surgeon thinks there are still some cancer cells left behind cancer has spread to the lymph nodes […] This is adjuvant treatment. You may have chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). […] Chemotherapy uses anti cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] For gallbladder cancer, chemotherapy may be used after surgery, to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back (adjuvant treatment). […] It may also be used if surgery is not possible or if the cancer has come back after surgery (recurrence). This can help shrink or slow down the growth of the cancer. […] The treatment is chosen depending how far a cancer has grown and spread. […] Most stage 2 gallbladder cancers are found during surgery to remove the gallbladder because of inflammation or gallstones.

• #68 Gallbladder cancer: Is there a cure?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-gallbladder-cancer-be-cured

  Whether doctors can cure gallbladder cancer depends on how far it has spread. […] Gallbladder cancer is a rare but aggressive type of cancer. However, the disease is curable if doctors find it before it spreads to other parts of a persons body. […] Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for early stage gallbladder cancer. […] Surgery could cure gallbladder cancer if it has not spread beyond the organ or only to nearby tissue. […] Doctors may recommend a cholecystectomy, or gallbladder removal, in people whose cancer has not spread outside the organ. […] If the cancer has spread and surgeons cannot remove it, surgery may still help reduce symptoms and prolong a persons life. […] Aside from surgery, various treatment options are available for people with gallbladder cancer.

• #69 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  Patients with stage I disease have cancer confined to the gallbladder wall that can be completely resected. Patients with stage I tumors that are discovered incidentally and resected during routine cholecystectomy have 5-year survival rates of nearly 100%.[2] […] Patients with disease that has spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs have unresectable tumors, and standard therapy is directed at palliation. Patients with earlier-stage disease with poor performance status and/or significant comorbidities may be deemed poor surgical candidates. […] Treatment options for localized and locally advanced gallbladder cancer include: Surgery. External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Clinical trials exploring the use of radiation therapy and radiosensitizer drugs to improve local control.

• #70 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  Your specialist might suggest the chemotherapy drug capecitabine after surgery to remove your gallbladder cancer. This treatment aims to help stop the cancer from coming back. […] In the past surgery wasn’t usually possible for people with stage 3 gallbladder cancer. With new surgical techniques, such as extended cholecystectomy, surgery can be possible in some people. […] Unfortunately it is not possible to cure stage 4 gallbladder cancer with surgery. […] Your specialist might suggest chemotherapy or a targeted cancer drug. […] Treatment to control your symptoms is sometimes called palliative treatment. It will not cure your cancer. It aims to improve your symptoms and quality of life. […] You might have this type of treatment if: you decide you do not want chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy […] This is called best supportive care. […] Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. Discuss each treatment with them and ask how they can control any side effects. This helps you make the right decision for you.

• #71 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Surgery is used to treat early-stage gallbladder cancer. This is more involved than a simple cholecystectomy. Its a complex procedure where we remove the gallbladder and surrounding structures, including part of the liver and lymph nodes. Following surgery, patients may receive chemotherapy and sometimes radiation to help prevent local and distant recurrence. […] When gallbladder cancer is more advanced, like stages III or IV, we usually treat the patient with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes, we’re able to do targeted therapy as well. […] We do genetic profiling of gallbladder tumors, either at the time of surgery or at diagnosis for metastatic cancer. We look at the genetics of the tumor, not inherited genes from parents. About 20% of the time, we identify a gene we can target with a specific therapy.

• #72 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  Surgery is the only curative option for early-stage GBC, but only 10% of patients are primary eligible for curative treatment. After neoadjuvant treatment, up to one-third of locally advanced GBC patients could benefit from secondary surgical treatment. After surgery, only a high-risk subset of patients benefits from adjuvant treatment. For advanced-stage GBC, palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the current standard of care in line with other BTCs. […] At present, a chemotherapy regimen based on gemcitabine and cisplatin in accordance with the ABC-02 phase III trial (n = 410) is recommended for the treatment of primary unresectable GBC. This recommendation is based on an objective response rate (ORR) of 37.7% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 85.2% in the subgroup of GBC patients with doublet therapy (n = 61) compared to a ORR of 21.4% and a DCR of 76.8% with gemcitabine alone (n = 56).

• #73 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  Your specialist might suggest the chemotherapy drug capecitabine after surgery to remove your gallbladder cancer. This treatment aims to help stop the cancer from coming back. […] In the past surgery wasn’t usually possible for people with stage 3 gallbladder cancer. With new surgical techniques, such as extended cholecystectomy, surgery can be possible in some people. […] Unfortunately it is not possible to cure stage 4 gallbladder cancer with surgery. […] Your specialist might suggest chemotherapy or a targeted cancer drug. […] Treatment to control your symptoms is sometimes called palliative treatment. It will not cure your cancer. It aims to improve your symptoms and quality of life. […] You might have this type of treatment if: you decide you do not want chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy […] This is called best supportive care. […] Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. Discuss each treatment with them and ask how they can control any side effects. This helps you make the right decision for you.

• #74 Treatment options for Gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  Your specialist might suggest the chemotherapy drug capecitabine after surgery to remove your gallbladder cancer. This treatment aims to help stop the cancer from coming back. […] In the past surgery wasn’t usually possible for people with stage 3 gallbladder cancer. With new surgical techniques, such as extended cholecystectomy, surgery can be possible in some people. […] Unfortunately it is not possible to cure stage 4 gallbladder cancer with surgery. […] Your specialist might suggest chemotherapy or a targeted cancer drug. […] Treatment to control your symptoms is sometimes called palliative treatment. It will not cure your cancer. It aims to improve your symptoms and quality of life. […] You might have this type of treatment if: you decide you do not want chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or radiotherapy […] This is called best supportive care. […] Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. Discuss each treatment with them and ask how they can control any side effects. This helps you make the right decision for you.

• #75 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gallbladder/hp/gallbladder-treatment-pdq

  In patients with previously unsuspected gallbladder cancer that is discovered in the surgical specimen after a routine gallbladder operation and confined to mucosa (T1), most disease is cured.[2,3] […] Surgery with curative intent is not considered possible in patients with metastatic spread beyond the locoregional lymph nodes or to distant organs. […] The use of EBRT with or without chemotherapy as a primary treatment has been reported to produce short-term disease control in small groups of patients. […] Unresectable, metastatic, and recurrent gallbladder cancers are not curable. Symptoms can be significantly improved with relief of biliary obstruction. […] Treatment options for unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent gallbladder cancer include: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or endoscopically placed stents, or surgical bypass. Systemic therapy.

• #76 Systemic therapy for advanced unresectable and metastatic gallbladder cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-advanced-unresectable-and-metastatic-gallbladder-cancer

  Systemic therapy for advanced unresectable and metastatic gallbladder cancer […] Therefore, systemic therapy is used to treat most patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic GBC. The goals of treatment are palliative, including relief of cancer-related symptoms (such as pain, jaundice, and bowel obstruction) and prolongation of life. […] Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for patients with GBC. However, few patients are eligible for curative-intent surgery because of disease extent, such as local invasion into critical structures or distant metastases. […] This topic discusses systemic therapy for advanced unresectable and metastatic GBC.

• #77 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  GBC is most discovered incidentally during elective or emergency cholecystectomy. In contrast to non-incidental GBC, these cases usually present in an earlier stage and are thus amenable to secondary resection with curative intent, if metastatic disease is ruled out. […] After curative resection, one-third (33.3%) of GBC patients develop recurrent disease at a median follow-up of 15.1 months. As risk factors for recurrence, operative jaundice, major hepatectomy, T-category 3/4, N-category 1/2, tumor size, poorly differentiated tumor, lymphovascular invasion, and R1 margin status could be identified. […] For non-resectable GBC, a palliative chemotherapy regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin according to the ABC-02 trial has been established as the standard of care, in line with the treatment of other forms of non-resectable BTC. After the failure of gemcitabine and cisplatin, the FOLFOX regimen is the only established treatment option for second-line therapy.

• #78 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  MD Anderson is at the forefront of developing targeted therapies for gallbladder cancer. From genetic profiling, we know that about 15% of gallbladder tumors have the HER2 gene, which is also seen in some types of breast cancer. We have several clinical trials targeting the HER2 gene in gallbladder cancer treatment. […] We also have clinical trials studying targeted therapies and immunotherapies for other genetic alterations seen in gallbladder cancer. We see a lot of promising results coming from these studies that will allow us to offer more treatment options for gallbladder cancer.

• #79 Overview of current targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00324-2

  Currently, radical resection is the most effective strategy to potentially cure GBC. Unfortunately, the population falling into this operational course is largely limited, as a large number of patients (7090%) can only accept non-surgical treatment. Such unfavorable outcome is because of the atypical clinical symptoms at earlier stages, contrary to the noticeable symptoms that emerge in most cases with advanced disease. […] The non-surgical therapies engaged in patients were primarily composed of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, over the past decades, additional therapeutic strategies have been continuously renovated, given rapid discoveries of the advanced technology, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), and single-cell isolation, as well as characterization that have fundamentally opened a novel view enabled to globally identify genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets. In particular, specific target treatment, immune therapy, vaccine therapy, biotherapy, and nanoparticles have been intensively developed in the preclinical and clinical trials. In the present review, we will focus on the targeted regimen and immune therapy as these treatments have recently received considerable attention with the hope of improving quality of life and overall survival (OS) of GBC patients in the clinic.

• #80 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Surgery is used to treat early-stage gallbladder cancer. This is more involved than a simple cholecystectomy. Its a complex procedure where we remove the gallbladder and surrounding structures, including part of the liver and lymph nodes. Following surgery, patients may receive chemotherapy and sometimes radiation to help prevent local and distant recurrence. […] When gallbladder cancer is more advanced, like stages III or IV, we usually treat the patient with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes, we’re able to do targeted therapy as well. […] We do genetic profiling of gallbladder tumors, either at the time of surgery or at diagnosis for metastatic cancer. We look at the genetics of the tumor, not inherited genes from parents. About 20% of the time, we identify a gene we can target with a specific therapy.

• #81 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Surgery is used to treat early-stage gallbladder cancer. This is more involved than a simple cholecystectomy. Its a complex procedure where we remove the gallbladder and surrounding structures, including part of the liver and lymph nodes. Following surgery, patients may receive chemotherapy and sometimes radiation to help prevent local and distant recurrence. […] When gallbladder cancer is more advanced, like stages III or IV, we usually treat the patient with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes, we’re able to do targeted therapy as well. […] We do genetic profiling of gallbladder tumors, either at the time of surgery or at diagnosis for metastatic cancer. We look at the genetics of the tumor, not inherited genes from parents. About 20% of the time, we identify a gene we can target with a specific therapy.

• #82 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  MD Anderson is at the forefront of developing targeted therapies for gallbladder cancer. From genetic profiling, we know that about 15% of gallbladder tumors have the HER2 gene, which is also seen in some types of breast cancer. We have several clinical trials targeting the HER2 gene in gallbladder cancer treatment. […] We also have clinical trials studying targeted therapies and immunotherapies for other genetic alterations seen in gallbladder cancer. We see a lot of promising results coming from these studies that will allow us to offer more treatment options for gallbladder cancer.

• #83 Gallbladder cancer: 9 facts about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/gallbladder-cancer–9-facts-about-symptoms–diagnosis–treatment.h00-159624168.html

  Surgery is used to treat early-stage gallbladder cancer. This is more involved than a simple cholecystectomy. Its a complex procedure where we remove the gallbladder and surrounding structures, including part of the liver and lymph nodes. Following surgery, patients may receive chemotherapy and sometimes radiation to help prevent local and distant recurrence. […] When gallbladder cancer is more advanced, like stages III or IV, we usually treat the patient with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes, we’re able to do targeted therapy as well. […] We do genetic profiling of gallbladder tumors, either at the time of surgery or at diagnosis for metastatic cancer. We look at the genetics of the tumor, not inherited genes from parents. About 20% of the time, we identify a gene we can target with a specific therapy.

• #84 Gallbladder Cancer: Progress and Hope for Future Breakthroughs

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/gallbladder-cancer-progress-and-hope-for-future-breakthroughs

  The field of gallbladder cancer research is not relying on guesswork. Today, stricter guidelines ensure clinical trials and studies adhere to robust methodologies, leading to more reliable and impactful results. This paves the way for truly groundbreaking discoveries in the near future. […] We need more studies to corroborate this effect, but it does seem that immunotherapy is going to have a more established role in treatment of gallbladder cancer, added Domenech Asbun. […] In addition to more data needed on personalized medicine, experts note that early diagnosis remains crucial for better outcomes among their patients. Early detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes and Domenech and Horacio Asbun underscore the need for better diagnostic tools. […] Furthermore, the lack of a single, standout chemotherapy or immunotherapy option underscores the need for more effective treatments. […] Addressing these challenges through continued research, improved awareness, and increased access to specialized care paves the way for a brighter future for those battling this disease.

• #85 Gallbladder Cancer Treatment Program

  https://www.massgeneral.org/cancer-center/treatments-and-services/gastrointestinal-cancers/gallbladder-cancer

  For many patients diagnosed with gallbladder cancer, administering cancer-fighting chemotherapy may be the most effective treatment. Pre-operative chemotherapy may be recommended to shrink tumors before surgery to help surgeons ensure a complete removal. […] Some new therapies that are currently available or in development are designed to block mutations and pathways that cause tumor cells to proliferate. By targeting tumor gene mutations with these smart drugs, our doctors are beginning to understand how to eradicate malignant cells in some patients’ tumors without using standard treatments like traditional chemotherapy and radiation. […] Depending on the type and stage, gallbladder cancer may be treated by removing all the cancer (resectable) or to relieve pain and prevent complications if the tumor is widespread (unresectable).

• #86 Gallbladder Cancer: Progress and Hope for Future Breakthroughs

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/gallbladder-cancer-progress-and-hope-for-future-breakthroughs

  The field of gallbladder cancer research is not relying on guesswork. Today, stricter guidelines ensure clinical trials and studies adhere to robust methodologies, leading to more reliable and impactful results. This paves the way for truly groundbreaking discoveries in the near future. […] We need more studies to corroborate this effect, but it does seem that immunotherapy is going to have a more established role in treatment of gallbladder cancer, added Domenech Asbun. […] In addition to more data needed on personalized medicine, experts note that early diagnosis remains crucial for better outcomes among their patients. Early detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes and Domenech and Horacio Asbun underscore the need for better diagnostic tools. […] Furthermore, the lack of a single, standout chemotherapy or immunotherapy option underscores the need for more effective treatments. […] Addressing these challenges through continued research, improved awareness, and increased access to specialized care paves the way for a brighter future for those battling this disease.

• #87 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #88 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  The unique tumor biology of GBC harbors the opportunity to improve patients’ prognosis by molecular targeted therapy approaches. The most promising approach is the use of the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin that is assumed to become the new standard of care for non-resectable GBC. Other promising approaches include antiangiogenic therapy, Her2/neu-directed therapy, and a combined chemotherapy regimen of 3–4 cytostatic agents for patients with good ECOC performance state.

• #89 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract and is associated with several risk factors such as female sex, ethnic background, and chronic biliary inflammation. If gallbladder cancer is detected in a localized stage, it can be cured by surgical resection. In advanced-stage disease, chemotherapy can render up to one-third of patients eligible for surgery with better prognosis. For high-risk patients, chemotherapy after surgery can also help to prevent disease recurrence. In non-resectable patients, a chemotherapy regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin is the current standard of care but might be soon extended by immunotherapy with durvalumab. Since the unique tumor biology of gallbladder cancer harbors the opportunity for molecular targeted therapy approaches, current research has focused on new therapeutic agents that might improve the poor prognosis of advanced disease.

• #90 Gallbladder cancer: current and future treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10213899/

  Although the results of the ABC-02 phase III clinical trial have been published for over 10 years, the GC regimen (gemcitabine combined with cisplatin) remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC. […] With the development of advanced sequencing technologies including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and single-cell analysis, the characterization and thus global identification of genetic and epigenetic features and key molecules as potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, particularly in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. […] The immune microenvironment of BTC has been shown to be suppressive with decreased cytotoxic immune cells, increased T regulatory cells, and overexpression of PD1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) molecules on infiltrating T cells. In several clinical trials of immunotherapy, great achievements of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) have been made in GBC treatment. […] Due to high invasiveness and tumor heterogeneity, the treatment of GBC is still faced with severe challenges. Standardized radical operation at the early stage and comprehensive treatment based on chemotherapy at the advanced stage are still standard methods for the treatment of GBC.

• #91 Gallbladder Cancer: Current Multimodality Treatment Concepts and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/22/5580

  The unique tumor biology of GBC harbors the opportunity to improve patients’ prognosis by molecular targeted therapy approaches. The most promising approach is the use of the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin that is assumed to become the new standard of care for non-resectable GBC. Other promising approaches include antiangiogenic therapy, Her2/neu-directed therapy, and a combined chemotherapy regimen of 3–4 cytostatic agents for patients with good ECOC performance state.

• #92 Gallbladder Cancer: Progress and Hope for Future Breakthroughs

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/gallbladder-cancer-progress-and-hope-for-future-breakthroughs

  The field of gallbladder cancer research is not relying on guesswork. Today, stricter guidelines ensure clinical trials and studies adhere to robust methodologies, leading to more reliable and impactful results. This paves the way for truly groundbreaking discoveries in the near future. […] We need more studies to corroborate this effect, but it does seem that immunotherapy is going to have a more established role in treatment of gallbladder cancer, added Domenech Asbun. […] In addition to more data needed on personalized medicine, experts note that early diagnosis remains crucial for better outcomes among their patients. Early detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes and Domenech and Horacio Asbun underscore the need for better diagnostic tools. […] Furthermore, the lack of a single, standout chemotherapy or immunotherapy option underscores the need for more effective treatments. […] Addressing these challenges through continued research, improved awareness, and increased access to specialized care paves the way for a brighter future for those battling this disease.

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