Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis and survival for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/prognosis-and-survival

  If you have laryngeal cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of laryngeal cancer includes the size of the tumour and how far it has grown into other tissues around the larynx. An earlier stage cancer has a better prognosis than one that is diagnosed at a later stage. […] Cancer that starts in the glottis has a better prognosis than if the cancer starts elsewhere in the larynx.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer: Your Chances for Recovery (Prognosis) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/laryngeal-cancer-your-chances-recovery-prognosis

  Prognosis is the word your healthcare team may use to describe your chances of recovering from cancer. Or it may mean your likely outcome from cancer and cancer treatment. […] A healthcare provider who is most familiar with your health is in the best position to discuss your prognosis with you and explain what the statistics may mean in your case. […] If your cancer is likely to respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider will say you have a favorable prognosis. This means you’re expected to live many years and may even be cured. If your cancer is likely to be hard to control, your prognosis may be less favorable. The cancer may shorten your life. […] The 5-year relative survival rates for cancers of the larynx (voicebox) are: 77% for cancer that has not spread beyond where it first started, 41% for cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes, 34% for cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body. […] You can ask your healthcare provider about survival rates and what you might expect.

• #3 Survival statistics for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for laryngeal cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] Survival varies with each stage and with the tumour location of laryngeal cancer. Generally, the earlier laryngeal cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. […] The 5-year survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive at least 5 years after their cancer diagnosis. But people with this type of cancer may live much longer than 5 years. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the location of the tumour, the stage, whether or not you continue to smoke, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.

• #4 Voice Box Cancer Survival Rate | Throat Cancer Survival Rate | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show.

• #5 Outcome Disparities in Patients with Early-Stage Laryngeal Cancer Depending on Localization, Tobacco Consumption, and Treatment Modality

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/9/2136

  Our cohort of early LSCC patients demonstrates significant negative impact of supraglottic localization, older age, tobacco consumption, poor tumor differentiation, and re-resection on OS. […] The 5-year OS was 81.8% in GC patients and 64.9% in SGC patients (p = 0.004) with all patients having N0 and T1/T2-tumors. […] The 5-year OS of GC (ICD10-C32.0) and SGC (ICD10-C32.1) patients differed significantly (p = 0.004), possibly due to significant differences in patient characteristics according to tumor localization. […] The 5-year OS was drastically impaired in patients receiving definitive radiotherapy compared to surgery ± postoperative radio (chemo) therapy (p < 0.001). [...] Smoking > 10 PY was associated with strongly reduced survival after primary radiotherapy (p < 0.001), indicating that surgery was best for patients with >10 PY.

• #6

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1349

  Glottic cancer is the most common laryngeal cancer and it has the most favorable prognosis, mainly if diagnosed early. […] The five year disease free survival was 84.3%. The five year overall survival was 87.7%. […] For T1T2 glottic carcinomas, definitive RT can provide a good term local control and survival with the preservation of the normal structure and function of larynx. […] For stage I disease the 5 year overall survival was 92.5% and for stage II disease the 5 year overall survival was 69.7%. There was a statistically significant difference between the OS based on stage (p value 0.012). […] There was a statistically significant difference in DFS between the stages (p value 0.015).

• #7 Survival | Laryngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/survival

  Survival statistics are available for each stage of laryngeal cancer in England. These figures are for people diagnosed between 2014 and 2016. […] Almost 90 out of 100 people (almost 90%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] Around 70 out of 100 people (around 70%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Almost 55 out of 100 adults (almost 55%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Almost 35 out of 100 adults (almost 35%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Generally for people with cancer of the larynx in England: almost 85 out of every 100 people (almost 85%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more […] more than 60 out of every 100 people (more than 60%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more.

• #8 Prognosis and survival for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/prognosis-and-survival

  Cancer that hasnt spread to the lymph nodes in the neck has a better prognosis than cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. The prognosis is better if the lymph nodes with the cancer are small and if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes on only one side of the neck. […] Tumours that grow inward and deeper into the tissues of the larynx have a poorer prognosis than tumours that grow along the surface of the larynx. […] In general, higher grade tumours tend to spread (metastasize) more readily than lower grade tumours and have a poorer prognosis. […] Survival for laryngeal cancer depends on the stage and the location of the tumour.

• #9 Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4695888/

  The study found that tumor volume assessment after induction chemotherapy is not of prognostic significance. […] The prognosis of laryngeal cancer depends largely on the stage of presentation, with the single most important factor being the presence of neck node metastases, which reduces long-term survival by 50%. […] Researchers have demonstrated the prognostic value of the TNM staging system in laryngeal cancer. […] While the Laryngeal TNM system has been shown to have prognostic information, some have expressed concerns about the weakness of the T-classification, as the cure rates reported in the literature vary. […] The limitations of the laryngeal staging systems most often used (UICC and AJCC) have been demonstrated by Groome et al., who compared seven systems with respect to prognosis for 861 larynx cancer patients from Canada and 642 from Norway. […] These studies have many limitations, including heterogeneous cohorts and treatment modalities that limit the ability of researcher to fully assess the relationship between composite tumor volume and outcome in laryngeal cancer.

• #10 Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/7/4/888

  The study found that tumor volume assessment after induction chemotherapy is not of prognostic significance. […] The prognosis of laryngeal cancer depends largely on the stage of presentation, with the single most important factor being the presence of neck node metastases, which reduces long-term survival by 50%. […] Researchers have demonstrated the prognostic value of the TNM staging system in laryngeal cancer. […] The laryngeal staging system has also been used to prognosticate quality of life. […] While the Laryngeal TNM system has been shown to have prognostic information, some have expressed concerns about the weakness of the T-classification, as the cure rates reported in the literature vary. […] Several studies have demonstrated that the current TNM staging systems fails to define the true three-dimensional bulk of head and neck tumors.

• #11 Cancer of the Larynx | CancerIndex

  http://www.cancerindex.org/clinks2y.htm

  Laryngeal cancer is a malignancy arising in the tissues of the larynx (voicebox). […] Most laryngeal cancers are of squamous cell histology, these can be categorised as either keratinizing or non-keratinizing. […] The study found that vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression predicted a worse prognosis for laryngeal cancer patients. […] Nodal extracapsular extension and an infiltrative growth pattern were the main prognostic factors in locoregional advanced laryngeal cancer. […] The presence of pharyngeal invasion, pathologically confirmed node-positive stage 2-3 disease, close or microscopic positive margins, and lymphovascular and perineural invasion have a negative impact on prognosis. […] The nuclear expression of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of Hsp27 is a molecular marker of unfavorable squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx associated with lymphogenous metastasis and decreased total five-year survival.

• #12 Survival | Laryngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/survival

  Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread. […] The type of laryngeal cancer and the grade of the cancer cells can also affect your likely survival. Grade means how abnormal the cells look under the microscope. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.

• #13 Outcome Disparities in Patients with Early-Stage Laryngeal Cancer Depending on Localization, Tobacco Consumption, and Treatment Modality

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/9/2136

  Smoking > 10 PY, poor differentiation (G3) of tumor tissue, age, and re-resection for achieving R0-status after initial R1-resection are negative prognostic predictors for survival in (mostly elderly) patients with early GC and SGC. The negative impact of these factors on survival was even stronger in patients treated with radiotherapy.

• #14 Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4695888/

  Tumor staging systems for laryngeal cancer (LC) have been developed to assist in estimating prognosis after treatment and comparing treatment results across institutions. […] To test the hypothesis that tumor volumes are more useful than T classification, we conducted a retrospective review of 78 patients with laryngeal cancer treated with radiation therapy at our institution. […] In this cohort, primary tumor volume (GTVP), composite nodal volumes (GTVN) and composite total volume (GTVP + GTVN = GTVC) had prognostic value in both univariate and multivariate cox model analysis. […] Given the literature findings and the results of this study, the authors advocate the use of tumor anatomic volumes calculated from pretreatment scans to supplement the TNM staging system in subjects with untreated laryngeal cancer.

• #15 Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/7/4/888

  Tumor staging systems for laryngeal cancer (LC) have been developed to assist in estimating prognosis after treatment and comparing treatment results across institutions. […] While the laryngeal TNM system has been shown to have prognostic information, varying cure rates in the literature have suggested concern about the accuracy and effectiveness of the T-classification in particular. […] Using multivariable analysis, we demonstrate the significant prognostic value of anatomic volumes in patients with previously untreated laryngeal cancer. […] In this cohort, primary tumor volume (GTVP), composite nodal volumes (GTVN) and composite total volume (GTVP + GTVN = GTVC) had prognostic value in both univariate and multivariate cox model analysis. […] Given the literature findings and the results of this study, the authors advocate the use of tumor anatomic volumes calculated from pretreatment scans to supplement the TNM staging system in subjects with untreated laryngeal cancer.

• #16 Tumor Volumes and Prognosis in Laryngeal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/7/4/888

  The limitations of the laryngeal staging systems most often used (UICC and AJCC) have been demonstrated by Groome et al., who compared seven systems with respect to prognosis for 861 larynx cancer patients from Canada and 642 from Norway. […] Our findings indicate that in the total cohort of laryngeal cancer patients, all anatomic volumes demonstrated prognostic significance on univariate analysis, with GTVN and GTVC maintaining their significant roles on the multivariable analysis. […] Our results suggest that tumor anatomic volumes calculated from pretreatment scans should be utilized to supplement the TNM system to identify patients who would benefit from more aggressive therapy and that significant responses to induction chemotherapy can eliminate the association of tumor volumes with prognosis.

• #17 A role for the immune system in advanced laryngeal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73747-0

  To investigate the role of the altered activation of the immune system in the prognosis of patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). […] TILs and the expression of genes related with immune system activation (FCGR1A, IFNA17, FCRLA, NCR3, KREMEN1, CD14, CD3G, CD19, CD20 and CD79A) were significantly associated with prognostic factors or disease specific survival. […] Low TILs count was highly associated with relapse within 2 years (p0.001). […] Low TILs and altered expression of specific genes associated with tumor-immune systems interactions emerged as independent risk factors, associated to poor prognosis and relapse within 2 years in advanced LSCC. […] The recurrence rates for laryngeal cancer range from 16 to 40%, despite advances in treatment. […] Our hypothesis is that an altered immune response activation leads to an ineffective tumor growth block, thus favoring the tumor escape phenomena and local relapse presentation.

• #18 A role for the immune system in advanced laryngeal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73747-0

  In the study cohort low levels of TILs and altered expression of immune system activation related genes are tightly associated with LR. […] In advanced LSCC we highlighted and confirmed the role of TILs as an independent prognostic factor. […] The quantity of the immune infiltrate is important to mount an efficient antitumor response and, in this regard, the transcriptional level of key genes involved in T cell function may reveal deregulation in the immune system. […] Our data suggest a significant correlation between high-level of TILs which enrich the tumor-host interface and both B-cell lineage (CD20 and CD19) and T-cell lineage (CD3G and CD8). […] Of the 19 down regulated genes emerged with OIRRA, only three (FCGR1A, FCRLA and IFNA17) were identified as independent risk factors for DFS.

• #19 A role for the immune system in advanced laryngeal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73747-0

  The expression of FCRLA was recently discovered in human immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), indicating that FCRLA could perhaps participate in chaperone-mediated protein folding both in pDCs and B cells. […] The therapy with type I interferons, including IFN- alone or in association with other drugs, is useful in many types of malignant tumors such as melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, increasing the DFS. […] All these significant alterations in factors controlling the host immune response raise the hypothesis that an altered immune response activation leads to an ineffective tumor growth block, thus favoring the tumor escape phenomena and local relapse. […] An improvement in the survival could be reached with the forthcoming introduction of new immunotherapy regimens for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic or unresectable recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

• #20 Outcome Disparities in Patients with Early-Stage Laryngeal Cancer Depending on Localization, Tobacco Consumption, and Treatment Modality

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/9/2136

  Background/Objectives: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is among most frequent malignancies of the head and neck. Recent oncologic research focusses on advanced rather than on early stages. Thus, we aimed to improve the knowledge concerning prognostic factors and survival in early glottic (GC) and supraglottic cancer (SGC). […] The cohort included 220 patients with early GC (n = 183) and SGC (n = 37). The GC patients showed significantly improved 5-year OS compared to SGC patients (83.6% vs. 64.9%; p = 0.004), whereas survival according to UICC stage (I vs. II) was not different (p = 0.177). […] Cumulative tobacco consumption of greater than 10 pack years drastically impaired OS (p = 0.024), especially in patients receiving RT (p < 0.001). Supraglottic localization, smoking, and re-resection after initial R1 status consistently were independent prognostic factors in mvCox.

• #21 Creation of a machine learning-based prognostic prediction model for various subtypes of laryngeal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56687-x

  Depending on the source of the blastophore, there are various subtypes of laryngeal cancer, each with a unique metastatic risk and prognosis. The forecasting of their prognosis is a pressing issue that needs to be resolved. […] We discovered that RSF (Random survival forest) was a superior model for both glottic and non-glottic carcinoma, with a projected concordance index (C-index) of 0.687 for glottic and 0.657 for non-glottic, respectively. […] The integrated Brier score (IBS) of their 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year time points is, respectively, 0.116, 0.182, 0.195 (glottic), and 0.130, 0.215, 0.220 (non-glottic), demonstrating the model’s effective correction. […] For our investigation, we established separate models for glottic carcinoma and non-glottic carcinoma that were most effective at predicting survival.

• #22 Creation of a machine learning-based prognostic prediction model for various subtypes of laryngeal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56687-x

  RSF is used to evaluate both glottic and non-glottic cancer, and it has a considerable impact on patient prognosis and risk factor prediction. […] Different stages, forms, and treatments of laryngeal cancer have varying chances of survival, and the overall patient’s 5-year relative survival rate is 64%. […] The RSF model is the most effective one for both glottic and non-glottic carcinomas, and its C-index in the test set is 0.687 for glottic and 0.657 for non-glottic, respectively. […] This demonstrates the RSF model’s high degree of reliability and strengthens our conclusion. […] Our research demonstrates that the RSF algorithm offers promising therapeutic potential for the prognostic prediction of laryngeal cancer.

• #23 Predicting the Local Outcome of Irradiated Laryngeal Cancer: Value of Pretreatment Imaging | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59369-7_7

  Concerns have been expressed about the weakness of the T classification for laryngeal cancer, and for cancers at other head and neck sites, as the cure rates reported in the literature vary and prognosis is not sufficiently related to the T values. […] In this chapter the use of pretherapeutic imaging in coming to a more refined estimation of the local outcome of laryngeal cancer after radiation treatment is discussed. […] MR findings of laryngeal cartilage invasion by laryngeal cancer: value in predicting outcome of radiation therapy. […] Predictive value of MR imaging-dependent and non-MR imaging dependent parameters for recurrence of laryngeal cancer after radiation therapy. […] Laryngeal carcinoma after radiation therapy: correlation of abnormal MR imaging signal pattern in laryngeal cartilage with the risk of recurrence.

• #24 Predicting the Local Outcome of Irradiated Laryngeal Cancer: Value of Pretreatment Imaging | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59369-7_7

  Can pretreatment computed tomography findings predict local control in T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiotherapy alone? […] Can pretreatment CT predict local control of T2 glottic carcinomas treated with radiation therapy alone? […] Value of laryngeal cartilage sclerosis as a predictor of outcome in patients with stage T3 glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy.

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