Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the main risk factors for LC are: tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, anatomical abnormalities, exposure to heat, chemicals, asbestos, nickel or ionizing radiation, as well as some viral infections. Increasing the duration and frequency of tobacco smoking, betel chewing habits and alcohol consumption increases the risk of HNC with clear dose-dependent trends in the Nepalese population. Individuals who had all three habits: smoking tobacco, chewing betel and drinking alcohol, had a 12.83 times higher risk of developing HNC compared to individuals without these habits.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #3 Laryngeal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer

  Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. […] The most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer is tobacco smoking. Death from laryngeal cancer is 20 times more likely for the heaviest smokers than for their non-smoking peers. […] Regular and heavy consumption of alcohol, particularly alcoholic spirits, is also a significant risk factor. Using alcohol and tobacco together is an especially high risk factor and causes 89% of laryngeal cancer cases. […] Occupational exposure to environmental factors such as wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, plastics, and textile industries is also believed to be a risk factor for laryngeal cancers. […] Infections by some forms of HPV carry some risk of laryngeal carcinoma. […] People with a history of head and neck cancer are known to be at higher risk (about 25%) of developing a second, separate cancer of the head, neck, or lung. This is likely due to chronic exposure to the carcinogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco.

• #4 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #5 Laryngeal Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/laryngeal-cancer.html

  In cancer of the larynx (laryngeal cancer) malignant cells develop in the tissue of the larynx. Most laryngeal cancers form in the flat cells (squamous cell) that line the inside of the larynx. […] Tobacco use is the most important risk factor (95 percent of people who develop laryngeal cancer are smokers). Heavy alcohol drinkers have an increased risk. People who smoke and drink may have 100 times the risk, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Other less common risk factors include acid reflux, exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV), weakened immune system, and intense exposure to wood dust or certain chemicals.

• #6 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Tobacco is obviously the most important risk factor for LC. In most US states about a third of cancer deaths in men and a quarter in women are attributed to cigarette smoking. The risk is associated with the duration of exposure to this habit, as well as with the total dose of tobacco consumption. To date, cigarette smoking correlates with an approximately sevenfold increase in the risk of LC. […] Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. The World Cancer Research Foundation has concluded that there is strong evidence that alcohol consumption at any level increases the risk of developing LC. In Europe, more than 30% of all LC-related deaths were alcohol-related. This corresponds to the high level of alcohol consumption in this region. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. In most cases, HPV-positive tumors manifest as moderately differentiated SCC. HPV-positive LCs are more likely to be associated with higher histological scores compared to HPV-negative cases.

• #7 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Tobacco is obviously the most important risk factor for LC. In most US states about a third of cancer deaths in men and a quarter in women are attributed to cigarette smoking. The risk is associated with the duration of exposure to this habit, as well as with the total dose of tobacco consumption. To date, cigarette smoking correlates with an approximately sevenfold increase in the risk of LC. […] Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. The World Cancer Research Foundation has concluded that there is strong evidence that alcohol consumption at any level increases the risk of developing LC. In Europe, more than 30% of all LC-related deaths were alcohol-related. This corresponds to the high level of alcohol consumption in this region. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. In most cases, HPV-positive tumors manifest as moderately differentiated SCC. HPV-positive LCs are more likely to be associated with higher histological scores compared to HPV-negative cases.

• #8 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although its not clear exactly why this happens. […] Its not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] A number of things can increase your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] People who smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, or people who have smoked for more than 40 years, have been found to be about 40 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than people who dont smoke. […] Compared to people who dont drink, people who regularly drink large amounts of alcohol are about 3 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer.

• #9 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Factors that are known to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars) increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. It is one of the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of laryngeal cancer. Smoking and drinking together further increases your risk of cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in older people than in younger people. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women. It is diagnosed in more than 4 times as many men as women. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances (carcinogens) in humans. They list the following substances as having evidence for increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer: acid mists that are produced during certain manufacturing processes, asbestos all types.

• #10 Quick Facts:Laryngeal Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer is cancer thats in your larynx. […] Its the most common head and neck cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women, especially men over 60. […] Smoking and drinking a lot of alcohol raise your chance of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Doctors dont always know what causes laryngeal cancer, but the biggest risk factor is: Smoking. […] Nearly everyone who gets laryngeal cancer smokes or used to smoke. […] The chance of getting laryngeal cancer is also higher if you: Are a man, especially if you’re over 60. […] Drank a lot of alcohol for a long time.

• #11 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although its not clear exactly why this happens. […] Its not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] A number of things can increase your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] People who smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, or people who have smoked for more than 40 years, have been found to be about 40 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than people who dont smoke. […] Compared to people who dont drink, people who regularly drink large amounts of alcohol are about 3 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer.

• #12 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Tobacco is obviously the most important risk factor for LC. In most US states about a third of cancer deaths in men and a quarter in women are attributed to cigarette smoking. The risk is associated with the duration of exposure to this habit, as well as with the total dose of tobacco consumption. To date, cigarette smoking correlates with an approximately sevenfold increase in the risk of LC. […] Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. The World Cancer Research Foundation has concluded that there is strong evidence that alcohol consumption at any level increases the risk of developing LC. In Europe, more than 30% of all LC-related deaths were alcohol-related. This corresponds to the high level of alcohol consumption in this region. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. In most cases, HPV-positive tumors manifest as moderately differentiated SCC. HPV-positive LCs are more likely to be associated with higher histological scores compared to HPV-negative cases.

• #13 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for head and neck cancers (including cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx). People who smoke have a much higher risk for these cancers than people who don’t smoke. Most people with these cancers have a history of smoking or some other tobacco exposure. The more you smoke, the greater your risk. Smoke from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars all increase your risk of getting these cancers. […] Moderate or heavy alcohol use (more than 1 drink a day) also increases the risk of these cancers, although not as much as smoking. […] People who use both tobacco and alcohol have the highest risk of all. Combining these 2 habits doesn’t just add both risks together, it actually multiplies them. People who smoke and drink are many times more likely to get head and neck cancer than people who don’t have these habits.

• #14 Voice Box (Laryngeal) Cancer – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/voice-box-laryngeal-cancer/

  Many factors can lead to the development of laryngeal cancer, including certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV), but approximately 90 percent of head and neck cancers occur after exposure to known cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens. Chief among these factors is tobacco. Over 90 percent of laryngeal cancers are a type of cancer called squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), and over 95 percent of patients with laryngeal SCCA are smokers. Smoking contributes to cancer development by causing mutations or changes in genes, preventing carcinogens from being cleared from the respiratory tract, and decreasing the body’s immune response. […] Alcohol is another important risk factor for laryngeal cancer because it promotes the cancer-causing process, especially in the presence of tobacco. People who smoke and drink alcohol have a combined risk that is greater than the sum of the individual risks. Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include HPV and acid reflux.

• #15 Laryngeal Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/laryngeal-cancer.html

  In cancer of the larynx (laryngeal cancer) malignant cells develop in the tissue of the larynx. Most laryngeal cancers form in the flat cells (squamous cell) that line the inside of the larynx. […] Tobacco use is the most important risk factor (95 percent of people who develop laryngeal cancer are smokers). Heavy alcohol drinkers have an increased risk. People who smoke and drink may have 100 times the risk, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Other less common risk factors include acid reflux, exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV), weakened immune system, and intense exposure to wood dust or certain chemicals.

• #16 Glottic Cancer: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853055-overview

  Tobacco use is the most important and most preventable risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Smoking tobacco is believed to be a direct cause of up to 95% of glottic and supraglottic carcinomas. […] Alcohol is an independent risk factor for the development of laryngeal malignancy, increasing the risk up to 5 times in nonsmokers. More importantly, alcohol has been implicated as a synergistic cofactor when combined with tobacco use. The synergistic risk for smokers who drink is estimated to be 100 times that of individuals who do not smoke or drink. […] Diet may play a role in both the development and prevention of laryngeal malignancies. A diet deficient in fruits and vegetables can increase the risk of development of laryngeal cancer, while a diet rich in these foods may be preventative. Occupational exposures such as diesel fumes, sulfuric acid, coal dust, and machining fluids have been associated with laryngeal malignancy. A link between human papillomavirus and laryngeal cancer has been investigated, but a firm causal relationship has not been established.

• #17 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the main risk factors for LC are: tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, anatomical abnormalities, exposure to heat, chemicals, asbestos, nickel or ionizing radiation, as well as some viral infections. Increasing the duration and frequency of tobacco smoking, betel chewing habits and alcohol consumption increases the risk of HNC with clear dose-dependent trends in the Nepalese population. Individuals who had all three habits: smoking tobacco, chewing betel and drinking alcohol, had a 12.83 times higher risk of developing HNC compared to individuals without these habits.

• #18 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some types of HPV are important causes of middle throat (oropharyngeal) cancers and are sometimes seen with laryngeal cancers. HPV has two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and Rb. This may allow the cells lining the larynx to grow out of control and to develop changes in additional genes, which in some cases can lead to cancer.

• #19 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462

  Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.

• #20 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some types of HPV are important causes of middle throat (oropharyngeal) cancers and are sometimes seen with laryngeal cancers. HPV has two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and Rb. This may allow the cells lining the larynx to grow out of control and to develop changes in additional genes, which in some cases can lead to cancer.

• #21 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  There is some evidence suggesting the following foods may increase the risk of laryngeal cancer: processed meats, food high in fat. […] Some research has suggested that HPV16 and18 are linked to laryngeal cancer but more research is needed. […] Some substances may increase your risk of laryngeal cancer. You may have an increased risk if you have been exposed to substances used in the rubber production industry, second hand tobacco smoke, sulphur mustard a type of gas used in warfare.

• #22 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Tobacco is obviously the most important risk factor for LC. In most US states about a third of cancer deaths in men and a quarter in women are attributed to cigarette smoking. The risk is associated with the duration of exposure to this habit, as well as with the total dose of tobacco consumption. To date, cigarette smoking correlates with an approximately sevenfold increase in the risk of LC. […] Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. The World Cancer Research Foundation has concluded that there is strong evidence that alcohol consumption at any level increases the risk of developing LC. In Europe, more than 30% of all LC-related deaths were alcohol-related. This corresponds to the high level of alcohol consumption in this region. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. In most cases, HPV-positive tumors manifest as moderately differentiated SCC. HPV-positive LCs are more likely to be associated with higher histological scores compared to HPV-negative cases.

• #23 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Opium is an illicit substance derived from the poppy plant that contains various alkaloids. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium as carcinogenic for humans when it is smoked or ingested in different forms such as raw opium, opium dross, or opium sap. Recent studies have suggested that opium use may be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer, although there is still limited available data on this topic. […] Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The most recent findings suggest a potential role for EBV as a risk or cofactor in the development and/or progression of laryngeal carcinoma. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971.

• #24 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some types of HPV are important causes of middle throat (oropharyngeal) cancers and are sometimes seen with laryngeal cancers. HPV has two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and Rb. This may allow the cells lining the larynx to grow out of control and to develop changes in additional genes, which in some cases can lead to cancer.

• #25 Laryngeal cancer: Symptoms, types, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171568

  Laryngeal cancer is a rare cancer in which malignant cells grow in the larynx, or voice box. Smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol are the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Death from laryngeal cancer is much more common among people who smoke than those who do not. Second-hand smoking may also be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer. […] Moderate or heavy consumption of alcohol is also a risk factor. The American Cancer Society suggest that those who consume one or more alcoholic drink every day, especially if they smoke as well, may be at greater risk of developing this type of cancer. […] Other risk factors include poor nutrition and vitamin deficiency, human papillomavirus (HPV), being male, as men are four times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than women, being over 40 years of age, a previous history of head or neck cancer, exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace, such as paint fumes and some chemicals in metalworking, and low immunity. […] Genetic factors may also play a role in the development of laryngeal cancer.

• #26 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) diagnosed with head or neck cancer are thought to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history. […] Theres evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a Mediterranean diet or a diet containing plenty of fruit and vegetables may reduce your risk. […] Having a job where youre exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #27 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer – Causes of laryngeal cancer | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/causes-of-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells or the larynx, although it is not clear exactly why this happens. […] It’s not known why and how the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. However, it appears that exposure to anything that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Evidence shows that alcohol and tobacco are the two biggest risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Alcohol and tobacco are thought to contain chemicals that affect the cells of the larynx, triggering mutations that can lead to cancer. […] Your risk of developing laryngeal cancer increases with age. […] People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) who has been diagnosed with head or neck cancer are estimated to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history.

• #28 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #29 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=18014-1

  Risk factors for laryngeal cancer include: […] Tobacco use. Smoking any form of tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) or marijuana greatly increases your risk. […] Alcohol use. Drinking more than 1 drink a day increases your risk. If you drink and smoke, your risk is many times higher. […] Gender. Men are 4 to 5 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than women. […] Age. More than half of people with laryngeal cancer are age 65 or older when the disease is found. […] Race. Laryngeal cancer is more common in African Americans and whites than it is in Latinos and Asians. […] Certain inherited syndromes. People with certain inherited genetic conditions, such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita, are at increased risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Certain exposures at work. People who have been exposed to things like sulfuric acid mist, nickel, wood dust, paint fumes, or asbestos on the job have an increased risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #30 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/causes/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although it’s not clear exactly why this happens. […] It’s not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. They’re thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] People who have a parent, brother, sister, or child who has been diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than someone without a family history. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] HPV is thought the virus may have a similar effect on the cells of the throat, but more research is needed. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #32 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer – Causes of laryngeal cancer | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/causes-of-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer affects about four times as many men as women. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #33 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Factors that are known to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars) increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. It is one of the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of laryngeal cancer. Smoking and drinking together further increases your risk of cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in older people than in younger people. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women. It is diagnosed in more than 4 times as many men as women. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances (carcinogens) in humans. They list the following substances as having evidence for increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer: acid mists that are produced during certain manufacturing processes, asbestos all types.

• #34 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Factors that are known to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars) increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. It is one of the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of laryngeal cancer. Smoking and drinking together further increases your risk of cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in older people than in younger people. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women. It is diagnosed in more than 4 times as many men as women. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances (carcinogens) in humans. They list the following substances as having evidence for increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer: acid mists that are produced during certain manufacturing processes, asbestos all types.

• #35 Laryngeal Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/types-throat/laryngeal

  Laryngeal cancer arises in the larynx (voice box). It is the second most common type of head and neck cancer. An estimated 12,000 new cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Tobacco and alcohol use especially the combination of the two are the most common risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Additional risk factors include: workplace exposure to wood and metal dusts, asbestos, paint fumes, and other chemical inhalants; a diet low in vitamins A and E; gastroesophageal reflux disease; infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). People with aplastic anemia, a blood disorder associated with certain hereditary conditions, also have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #36 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are about 5 times more common in men than women.

• #37 Laryngeal cancer | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer, also known as cancer of the larynx or voice box, is a type of head and neck cancer that arises in the larynx, a structure situated between the throat and the trachea. Risk factors include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, occupational exposure to certain carcinogens, and a family history of the disease. […] The major risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use and moderate or heavy alcohol consumption. […] A link has been detected between laryngeal cancer and long-term occupational exposure to particular carcinogens, notably nickel, mustard gas, and fumes from sulfuric acid. […] Some studies suggest a link between exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer. […] Individuals with a family history of laryngeal cancer are at an increased risk, mainly if the family member is under sixty at diagnosis.

• #38 Laryngeal cancer | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer, also known as cancer of the larynx or voice box, is a type of head and neck cancer that arises in the larynx, a structure situated between the throat and the trachea. Risk factors include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, occupational exposure to certain carcinogens, and a family history of the disease. […] The major risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use and moderate or heavy alcohol consumption. […] A link has been detected between laryngeal cancer and long-term occupational exposure to particular carcinogens, notably nickel, mustard gas, and fumes from sulfuric acid. […] Some studies suggest a link between exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer. […] Individuals with a family history of laryngeal cancer are at an increased risk, mainly if the family member is under sixty at diagnosis.

• #39 Laryngeal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer

  Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. […] The most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer is tobacco smoking. Death from laryngeal cancer is 20 times more likely for the heaviest smokers than for their non-smoking peers. […] Regular and heavy consumption of alcohol, particularly alcoholic spirits, is also a significant risk factor. Using alcohol and tobacco together is an especially high risk factor and causes 89% of laryngeal cancer cases. […] Occupational exposure to environmental factors such as wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, plastics, and textile industries is also believed to be a risk factor for laryngeal cancers. […] Infections by some forms of HPV carry some risk of laryngeal carcinoma. […] People with a history of head and neck cancer are known to be at higher risk (about 25%) of developing a second, separate cancer of the head, neck, or lung. This is likely due to chronic exposure to the carcinogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco.

• #40 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Opium is an illicit substance derived from the poppy plant that contains various alkaloids. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium as carcinogenic for humans when it is smoked or ingested in different forms such as raw opium, opium dross, or opium sap. Recent studies have suggested that opium use may be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer, although there is still limited available data on this topic. […] Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The most recent findings suggest a potential role for EBV as a risk or cofactor in the development and/or progression of laryngeal carcinoma. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/causes/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although it’s not clear exactly why this happens. […] It’s not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. They’re thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] People who have a parent, brother, sister, or child who has been diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than someone without a family history. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] HPV is thought the virus may have a similar effect on the cells of the throat, but more research is needed. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #42 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  There is some evidence suggesting the following foods may increase the risk of laryngeal cancer: processed meats, food high in fat. […] Some research has suggested that HPV16 and18 are linked to laryngeal cancer but more research is needed. […] Some substances may increase your risk of laryngeal cancer. You may have an increased risk if you have been exposed to substances used in the rubber production industry, second hand tobacco smoke, sulphur mustard a type of gas used in warfare.

• #43 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) diagnosed with head or neck cancer are thought to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history. […] Theres evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a Mediterranean diet or a diet containing plenty of fruit and vegetables may reduce your risk. […] Having a job where youre exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #44 Laryngeal Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/types-throat/laryngeal

  Laryngeal cancer arises in the larynx (voice box). It is the second most common type of head and neck cancer. An estimated 12,000 new cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Tobacco and alcohol use especially the combination of the two are the most common risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Additional risk factors include: workplace exposure to wood and metal dusts, asbestos, paint fumes, and other chemical inhalants; a diet low in vitamins A and E; gastroesophageal reflux disease; infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). People with aplastic anemia, a blood disorder associated with certain hereditary conditions, also have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00115645

  The main etiologic factors of cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are alcohol and tobacco, and their prevalence in different populations explains, to a large extent, the wide variations in incidence observed around the world. […] Besides these two main risk factors, however, diet also seems to play a role in determining the risk of these cancers. […] There is consistent evidence that low consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with higher risk, after statistical adjustment for alcohol and tobacco. […] Given the overwhelming role of tobacco and alcohol in the etiology of these cancers and the extremely low incidence among nonsmokers/nondrinkers, the available studies provide no estimate of the role of diet in subjects not exposed to these factors. […] The evidence indicates, however, that, in the presence of tobacco and/or alcohol, low intake of fruit and vegetables may account for 25 to 50 percent of the cases among men.

• #46 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  There is also a correlation between H. pylori infection and LC. In the Zhou et al. study, the risk of developing LC in people infected with H. pylori was 2.87 times higher than in the control group. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder. There is evidence of a link between GERD and HNC, in particular LC. Currently, the study of HNC screening protocols in patients with GERD may benefit from attention to the larynx compared to other anatomical sites. […] In a population study conducted in Korea, MS is an independent risk factor for LC, and LC incidence with MS is 1.13 times higher than in patients without MS.

• #47 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are about 5 times more common in men than women.

• #48 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  There is also a correlation between H. pylori infection and LC. In the Zhou et al. study, the risk of developing LC in people infected with H. pylori was 2.87 times higher than in the control group. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder. There is evidence of a link between GERD and HNC, in particular LC. Currently, the study of HNC screening protocols in patients with GERD may benefit from attention to the larynx compared to other anatomical sites. […] In a population study conducted in Korea, MS is an independent risk factor for LC, and LC incidence with MS is 1.13 times higher than in patients without MS.

• #49 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #50 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #51 Laryngeal cancer: What you should know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/laryngeal-cancer–what-you-should-know.h00-159619434.html

  Laryngeal cancer, or larynx cancer, occurs when cancerous cells form in the larynx. […] The biggest risk factor for developing laryngeal cancer is smoking and tobacco use. […] Some less common risk factors associated with laryngeal cancer include silent reflux, or heartburn, drinking alcohol, and the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Silent reflux is when stomach acid flows up the esophagus and spills over onto your voice box, explains Diaz. The acid is an irritant that washes away mucus, a protectant. […] For example, if you smoke, the mucus protects the carcinogens from reaching the mucosa, but if the reflux washes that away, it increases your chance of developing cancer. […] We’re seeing a lot of tumors in the larynx that look like they’re associated with HPV, so it’s important to get vaccinated for HPV if you’re eligible, says Diaz.

• #52 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  There is also a correlation between H. pylori infection and LC. In the Zhou et al. study, the risk of developing LC in people infected with H. pylori was 2.87 times higher than in the control group. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder. There is evidence of a link between GERD and HNC, in particular LC. Currently, the study of HNC screening protocols in patients with GERD may benefit from attention to the larynx compared to other anatomical sites. […] In a population study conducted in Korea, MS is an independent risk factor for LC, and LC incidence with MS is 1.13 times higher than in patients without MS.

• #53 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Recent studies proved that there seems to be a correlation between H. pylori infection and laryngeal carcinoma. However, further research with larger patient populations and more comprehensive data is required to confirm this association conclusively. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology. It can influence the immune system, regulate metabolism, and even play a role in promoting cancer development. […] Various factors have been identified as potential risk factors, and further studies are needed to establish their role in carcinogenesis and to clarify their real mechanism of action.

• #54 Laryngeal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/laryn.html

  Laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. Most laryngeal cancers form in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the larynx. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for this cancer, and reduction smoking rates in recent years has led to a downturn in both incidence and mortality. […] Laryngeal cancer becomes more common with age and is more common in men than in women.

• #55 Laryngeal Cancer Symptoms, Causes and Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/types/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer occurs when a tumor grows in the larynx or on the vocal cords. […] Cancers of the larynx make up about one-third of head and neck cancers. About 13,020 cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed every year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. These cancers are more common in older males who smoke. […] The biggest risk factor for laryngeal cancers is smoking tobacco. Smoking has been associated with the majority of cases of laryngeal cancer (70 percent to 95 percent), according to the StatPearls review. […] Other factors that increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include: Alcohol use: Excessive drinking, Age: Being older, Gender: Being male, Race: Its more common in Black and non-Hispanic white people, Poor diet and vitamin deficiencies, Excess weight, Intense exposure to certain toxins.

• #56 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #57 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer – Causes of laryngeal cancer | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/causes-of-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer affects about four times as many men as women. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #58 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are about 5 times more common in men than women.

• #59 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #60 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #61 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #62 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #63 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #64 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the main risk factors for LC are: tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, anatomical abnormalities, exposure to heat, chemicals, asbestos, nickel or ionizing radiation, as well as some viral infections. Increasing the duration and frequency of tobacco smoking, betel chewing habits and alcohol consumption increases the risk of HNC with clear dose-dependent trends in the Nepalese population. Individuals who had all three habits: smoking tobacco, chewing betel and drinking alcohol, had a 12.83 times higher risk of developing HNC compared to individuals without these habits.

• #65 Laryngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526076/

  Smoking is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Any history of smoking increases risk, with current smokers having a higher relative risk compared to ex-smokers overall, and a higher relative risk for supraglottic versus glottic cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption is also a risk factor, though its independent effect is unclear due to its frequent combination with tobacco use. Marijuana smoking may be a risk factor in younger patients. […] Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include long-term secondhand smoke exposure (odds ratio of 1.2 when lifelong secondhand exposure exceeds 20,000 hours). Male sex (historically, laryngeal cancer is 4-5 times more common in men than women). White or Black race (North American data show a significantly higher incidence of tobacco-related cancers in the White and Black populations than Asian-Americans and Hispanics). Genetic and other syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita) predispose individuals to laryngeal cancer. Occupational and environmental exposures (such as Agent Orange, asbestos, nickel fumes, sulfuric acid mist, and wood dust increase the risk of laryngeal carcinoma.

• #66 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Opium is an illicit substance derived from the poppy plant that contains various alkaloids. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium as carcinogenic for humans when it is smoked or ingested in different forms such as raw opium, opium dross, or opium sap. Recent studies have suggested that opium use may be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer, although there is still limited available data on this topic. […] Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The most recent findings suggest a potential role for EBV as a risk or cofactor in the development and/or progression of laryngeal carcinoma. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971.

• #67 Laryngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16611-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer may form in any of the three parts of your larynx: the supraglottis, glottis or subglottis. […] Cancer affecting your larynx or vocal cords happens when cells grow uncontrollably in your larynx. As these cancerous (malignant) cells multiply, they invade tissues and damage your body. […] Some forms of HPV (human papillomavirus), a sexually transmitted infection (STI), can cause laryngeal cancer. […] You also have a much higher chance of developing it if you use tobacco or drink alcohol frequently. […] Smoking or using other tobacco products greatly increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol, especially a lot of it (more than one drink daily) also raises your risk. And using alcohol and tobacco together increases your risk even more.

• #68 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Laryngeal cancer is a very common tumor in the upper aero-digestive tract. Understanding its biological mechanisms has garnered significant interest in recent years. The development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) follows a multistep process starting from precursor lesions in the epithelium. Various risk factors have been associated with laryngeal tumors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, opium use, as well as infections with HPV and EBV viruses, among others. […] The development of laryngeal SCC (LSCC) involves a multistep process starting from epithelial precursor lesions, including dysplasia and intraepithelial lesions. Several factors, such as certain substances or viruses, have been associated with cancer development. Some of these factors have been extensively studied and established as definite risk factors for laryngeal cancer, while others require further research to definitively establish their role as carcinogens, currently being considered as possible risk factors.

• #69 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #70 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #71 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #72 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #73 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  According to the latest evidence, epigenetic modifications have been proven to contribute to LSCC development. Particularly, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs play a relevant role in cancer development, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. […] Smoking tobacco is the most significant risk factor for larynx cancer. Extensive studies conducted since the 1950s have demonstrated the association between tobacco smoke and the development of head and neck cancer. In the United States approximately 95% of laryngeal cancer patients are smokers. The carcinogenic effect of smoking on laryngeal cancer is now well established; however, the specific risk for different types of smoking is less clear. […] Alcohol is another significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, and numerous studies have established the association between alcohol consumption and the development of laryngeal cancer.

• #74 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  According to the latest evidence, epigenetic modifications have been proven to contribute to LSCC development. Particularly, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs play a relevant role in cancer development, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. […] Smoking tobacco is the most significant risk factor for larynx cancer. Extensive studies conducted since the 1950s have demonstrated the association between tobacco smoke and the development of head and neck cancer. In the United States approximately 95% of laryngeal cancer patients are smokers. The carcinogenic effect of smoking on laryngeal cancer is now well established; however, the specific risk for different types of smoking is less clear. […] Alcohol is another significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, and numerous studies have established the association between alcohol consumption and the development of laryngeal cancer.

• #75

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/laryngeal-cancer/

  Gender and Age: Laryngeal cancer is more common in men and typically occurs in people over the age of 55. […] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can irritate the larynx, increasing cancer risk over time. […] Several factors have been identified as potential causes of laryngeal cancer. Smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, is one of the leading risk factors. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage the cells lining the larynx and increase the chances of developing cancer. […] The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can damage the cells lining the larynx and contribute to the development of cancerous growths. […] One important aspect of prevention is adopting a healthy lifestyle. This includes avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, as these are major risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake can greatly decrease the chances of developing this disease.

• #76 Larynx cancer: Causes, symptoms and treatment. Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://cancercenter.cun.es/en/all-about-cancer/cancer-types/larynx-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer is closely related to smoking and the amount of tobacco consumed. […] Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke cause genetic alterations in exposed cells, leading to morphological changes known as dysplasia. […] The onset of this cancer is usually associated with progressive damage to the cells of the epithelium lining the larynx, caused by chemical substances such as tar and nicotine present in tobacco smoke.

• #77 Larynx cancer: Causes, symptoms and treatment. Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://cancercenter.cun.es/en/all-about-cancer/cancer-types/larynx-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer is closely related to smoking and the amount of tobacco consumed. […] Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke cause genetic alterations in exposed cells, leading to morphological changes known as dysplasia. […] The onset of this cancer is usually associated with progressive damage to the cells of the epithelium lining the larynx, caused by chemical substances such as tar and nicotine present in tobacco smoke.

• #78 What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview

  https://flotogroup.com/what-causes-throat-cancer/

  2. Alcohol Consumption. Drinking alcohol can damage the cells that line the throat and can make it more vulnerable to mutations caused by other carcinogens, such as tobacco or human papillomavirus (HPV). The risk of throat cancer increases with the amount and duration of alcohol intake, as well as the type of alcohol consumed. […] […] 3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. The Human Papillomavirus is a diverse group of small non-enveloped tumor viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. […] […] 4. Chewing Betel Quid and Gutka. Betel quid and gutka are two forms of smokeless tobacco products that are widely consumed in some parts of Asia. […] […] While these 4 things are major risk factors with regards to what causes throat cancer, there are a few other factors contributing to cancer development. Acid reflux, a diet that is low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Plummer-Vinson Syndrome are all risk factors of throat cancer.

• #79 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – Pi Health Cancer Hospital

  https://www.pihealthcancerhospital.com/blog/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention/

  Throat cancer develops when cells in the throat undergo genetic abnormalities, causing them to grow uncontrollably and form tumors. Several causes may contribute to these genomic alterations, including: […] Tobacco usage is a leading cause of throat cancer. Tobaccos toxic chemicals can damage the DNA in throat cells, causing mutations and cancer. […] Excessive alcohol use can harm the cells of the throat, making them more vulnerable to cancer. Alcohol can serve as an irritant, harming throat cells and eventually causing genetic abnormalities. […] Certain HPV strains, a sexually transmitted virus, have been associated to throat cancer, particularly oropharyngeal carcinoma. HPV can induce alterations in the cells of the throat, eventually leading to cancer. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables may raise the risk of throat cancer. The nutrients in these foods can help protect cells from damage and mutations. Diets deficient in vitamins and minerals might decrease immune responses and increase cancer risk.

• #80 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  There is no exact known cause of throat cancer but there are several factors increases the risk such as excessive smoking, alcohol consumption, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), poor diet, and family history of cancer which increases the risk of developing throat cancer. […] There is no exact known cause of throat cancer but there are a few factors which can increase the likelihood of developing throat cancer, and these factors depend on the type of throat cancer. […] Tobacco chewing and smoking are the major risk factors of throat cancer. The chemicals found in the tobacco are carcinogenic, it increases the risk of throat cancer. […] With excessive alcohol consumption the risk of throat cancer increases. Alcohol converts to acetaldehyde in the body which can bind to DNA and damages. The damaged DNA can grow uncontrollably and causes cancer.

• #81 Laryngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16611-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer may form in any of the three parts of your larynx: the supraglottis, glottis or subglottis. […] Cancer affecting your larynx or vocal cords happens when cells grow uncontrollably in your larynx. As these cancerous (malignant) cells multiply, they invade tissues and damage your body. […] Some forms of HPV (human papillomavirus), a sexually transmitted infection (STI), can cause laryngeal cancer. […] You also have a much higher chance of developing it if you use tobacco or drink alcohol frequently. […] Smoking or using other tobacco products greatly increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol, especially a lot of it (more than one drink daily) also raises your risk. And using alcohol and tobacco together increases your risk even more.

• #82 Laryngeal cancer | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer can form in any part of the larynx, although 60 percent of cases start in the glottis. […] Almost all cancers of the larynx start in the squamous cells that line its inner walls, and these cancers are known as squamous cell carcinomas. […] Laryngeal cancers are often curable if detected early and treated aggressively. The five-year survival rate for localized laryngeal cancer is 60 to 80 percent. […] Prevention offers the best hope for controlling laryngeal cancers. The two most identifiable causes of such cancers are smoking and heavy drinking.

• #83 Laryngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-cancer

  Ninety percent of laryngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Smoking, excessive alcohol use, lower socioeconomic status, and being male and 60 years increase risk. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the larynx. In the United States, it is 4 times more common among males and is more common among people of lower socioeconomic status. Over 95% of patients smoke; 15 pack-years of smoking increase the risk 30-fold. […] Lymph node metastasis are more common in supraglottic and subglottic tumors than with glottic cancers due to the minimal lymphatic drainage of the glottis and because glottic tumors cause symptoms earlier. […] Common sites of origin are the true vocal cords (glottis) and the supraglottic larynx. The least common site is the subglottic larynx, where only 1% of primary laryngeal cancers originate.

• #84 What Every Patient Should Know About Laryngeal Cancer | Larynx Cancer | Voice Box Cancer | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/head-and-neck-cancer/voicebox/what-patients-should-know

  Cancers arising in the larynx (voice box) are devastating malignancies that account for roughly 200,000 deaths annually worldwide. […] Tobacco use is known to be the major predisposing factor for laryngeal cancer. However, alcohol use, nutritional deficiencies, genetic predisposition and viral factors may also play a role. […] The vast majority (85-90%) of cancers of the larynx are squamous cell carcinomas that arise from the covering of the vocal cords. […] There are natural cartilage and fibrous barriers to spread of cancer within the larynx that are well understood by head and neck surgeons. These barriers prevent the spread and invasion of malignant cells so that cancer of the glottis (true vocal cords) tends to remain localized for long periods of time, often six to eight months, before they are discovered. […] In the supraglottic larynx (false vocal cords and epiglottis), however, the tissues are looser, lymphatics more abundant and spread to lymph nodes occurs early and often.

• #85 What Every Patient Should Know About Laryngeal Cancer | Larynx Cancer | Voice Box Cancer | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/head-and-neck-cancer/voicebox/what-patients-should-know

  Cancers arising in the larynx (voice box) are devastating malignancies that account for roughly 200,000 deaths annually worldwide. […] Tobacco use is known to be the major predisposing factor for laryngeal cancer. However, alcohol use, nutritional deficiencies, genetic predisposition and viral factors may also play a role. […] The vast majority (85-90%) of cancers of the larynx are squamous cell carcinomas that arise from the covering of the vocal cords. […] There are natural cartilage and fibrous barriers to spread of cancer within the larynx that are well understood by head and neck surgeons. These barriers prevent the spread and invasion of malignant cells so that cancer of the glottis (true vocal cords) tends to remain localized for long periods of time, often six to eight months, before they are discovered. […] In the supraglottic larynx (false vocal cords and epiglottis), however, the tissues are looser, lymphatics more abundant and spread to lymph nodes occurs early and often.

• #86 Laryngeal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer

  Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. […] The most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer is tobacco smoking. Death from laryngeal cancer is 20 times more likely for the heaviest smokers than for their non-smoking peers. […] Regular and heavy consumption of alcohol, particularly alcoholic spirits, is also a significant risk factor. Using alcohol and tobacco together is an especially high risk factor and causes 89% of laryngeal cancer cases. […] Occupational exposure to environmental factors such as wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, plastics, and textile industries is also believed to be a risk factor for laryngeal cancers. […] Infections by some forms of HPV carry some risk of laryngeal carcinoma. […] People with a history of head and neck cancer are known to be at higher risk (about 25%) of developing a second, separate cancer of the head, neck, or lung. This is likely due to chronic exposure to the carcinogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco.

• #87 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Recent studies proved that there seems to be a correlation between H. pylori infection and laryngeal carcinoma. However, further research with larger patient populations and more comprehensive data is required to confirm this association conclusively. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology. It can influence the immune system, regulate metabolism, and even play a role in promoting cancer development. […] Various factors have been identified as potential risk factors, and further studies are needed to establish their role in carcinogenesis and to clarify their real mechanism of action.

• #88 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Recent studies proved that there seems to be a correlation between H. pylori infection and laryngeal carcinoma. However, further research with larger patient populations and more comprehensive data is required to confirm this association conclusively. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology. It can influence the immune system, regulate metabolism, and even play a role in promoting cancer development. […] Various factors have been identified as potential risk factors, and further studies are needed to establish their role in carcinogenesis and to clarify their real mechanism of action.

• #89 Laryngeal cancer | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer can form in any part of the larynx, although 60 percent of cases start in the glottis. […] Almost all cancers of the larynx start in the squamous cells that line its inner walls, and these cancers are known as squamous cell carcinomas. […] Laryngeal cancers are often curable if detected early and treated aggressively. The five-year survival rate for localized laryngeal cancer is 60 to 80 percent. […] Prevention offers the best hope for controlling laryngeal cancers. The two most identifiable causes of such cancers are smoking and heavy drinking.

• #90

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the larynx (voice box). […] It’s not clear exactly what causes laryngeal cancer, but your risk of getting the condition is increased by: smoking tobacco, regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol, having family members (such as a parent, brother, sister or child) who have had laryngeal cancer, having an unhealthy diet low in fruit and vegetables, exposure to certain chemicals and substances, such as asbestos and coal dust. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #91 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/laryngeal-larynx-cancer

  It’s not clear exactly what causes laryngeal cancer, but your risk of getting the condition is increased by: […] smoking tobacco […] regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol […] having a family history of head and neck cancer […] having an unhealthy diet […] exposure to certain chemicals and substances, such as asbestos and coal dust. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #92 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. Smoking is the most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer most commonly occurs in people between 50 and 60 years of age. It is more common in men because they are more likely to be heavy smokers and to drink more alcohol. But laryngeal cancer is becoming more common in women because more of them are becoming long-term smokers. This type of cancer is rarely found in non-smokers. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for laryngeal cancer. Smoking tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, pipes and bidis) is the main risk factor for developing laryngeal cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you are a smoker, the greater your risk. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer decreases with time after you quit smoking.

• #93 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. Smoking is the most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer most commonly occurs in people between 50 and 60 years of age. It is more common in men because they are more likely to be heavy smokers and to drink more alcohol. But laryngeal cancer is becoming more common in women because more of them are becoming long-term smokers. This type of cancer is rarely found in non-smokers. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for laryngeal cancer. Smoking tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, pipes and bidis) is the main risk factor for developing laryngeal cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you are a smoker, the greater your risk. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer decreases with time after you quit smoking.

• #94 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

• #95 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

• #96 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

• #97 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

• #98 Throat or larynx cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/throat-or-larynx-cancer

  Throat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, larynx (voice box), pharynx, or other areas of the throat. […] People who smoke or use tobacco are at risk of developing throat cancer. Drinking too much alcohol over a long time also increases risk. People who both smoke and drink alcohol have the highest risk for throat cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the same virus that causes genital warts) account for a larger number of oral and throat cancers than in the past. One type of HPV, type 16 or HPV-16, is much more commonly associated with almost all throat cancers. […] HPV vaccines recommended for children and young adults target HPV subtypes most likely to cause some head and neck cancers. They have been shown to prevent most oral HPV infections. It is not clear yet whether they also are able to prevent throat or larynx cancers.

• #99 Throat or larynx cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/throat-or-larynx-cancer

  Throat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, larynx (voice box), pharynx, or other areas of the throat. […] People who smoke or use tobacco are at risk of developing throat cancer. Drinking too much alcohol over a long time also increases risk. People who both smoke and drink alcohol have the highest risk for throat cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the same virus that causes genital warts) account for a larger number of oral and throat cancers than in the past. One type of HPV, type 16 or HPV-16, is much more commonly associated with almost all throat cancers. […] HPV vaccines recommended for children and young adults target HPV subtypes most likely to cause some head and neck cancers. They have been shown to prevent most oral HPV infections. It is not clear yet whether they also are able to prevent throat or larynx cancers.

• #100 Throat or larynx cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001042.htm

  Throat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, larynx (voice box), pharynx, or other areas of the throat. […] People who smoke or use tobacco are at risk of developing throat cancer. Drinking too much alcohol over a long time also increases risk. People who both smoke and drink alcohol have the highest risk for throat cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the same virus that causes genital warts) account for a larger number of oral and throat cancers than in the past. One type of HPV, type 16 or HPV-16, is much more commonly associated with almost all throat cancers. […] Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. Limit or avoid alcohol use. […] HPV vaccines recommended for children and young adults target HPV subtypes most likely to cause some head and neck cancers. They have been shown to prevent most oral HPV infections. It is not clear yet whether they also are able to prevent throat or larynx cancers.

• #101 Laryngeal cancer: What you should know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/laryngeal-cancer–what-you-should-know.h00-159619434.html

  Laryngeal cancer, or larynx cancer, occurs when cancerous cells form in the larynx. […] The biggest risk factor for developing laryngeal cancer is smoking and tobacco use. […] Some less common risk factors associated with laryngeal cancer include silent reflux, or heartburn, drinking alcohol, and the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Silent reflux is when stomach acid flows up the esophagus and spills over onto your voice box, explains Diaz. The acid is an irritant that washes away mucus, a protectant. […] For example, if you smoke, the mucus protects the carcinogens from reaching the mucosa, but if the reflux washes that away, it increases your chance of developing cancer. […] We’re seeing a lot of tumors in the larynx that look like they’re associated with HPV, so it’s important to get vaccinated for HPV if you’re eligible, says Diaz.

• #102 What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Throat Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

  Throat cancer (including cancers of the larynx and tonsils) can affect anyone. Major risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as tobacco and alcohol use. […] HPV 16 and HPV 18: While HPV is most commonly associated with cervical cancer, HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing head and neck cancer in the United States. Your risk of developing HPV-positive throat cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. […] Tobacco: Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk for throat cancer. […] Alcohol: Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor for throat cancer. […] Betel quid and gutka: People who chew betel quid or gutka, which is more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of throat cancer.

• #103 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  Human papillomavirus infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of throat. […] This is a common human virus; it can increases the risk of development of throat cancer particularly nasopharyngeal cancer. […] In individuals whose family member such as parent, siblings, or child having a history of throat cancer are at an increased risk of developing throat cancer. […] A diet which is rich in red meat, processed food and deep-fried food increases the risk of developing throat cancer. Diet which includes plenty of fruits, green vegetables, and omega 3 fatty acid decrease the risk of cancer development. […] An enlarged thyroid gland can increase the risk of throat cancer. […] Obesity or overweight is associated with numerous cancers, and they are common and modifiable risk factor. Excess fat in the body affects certain processes such as imbalance of hormones, all this can increase the risk of cancer by affecting how and when cells divide and die.

• #104 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) diagnosed with head or neck cancer are thought to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history. […] Theres evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a Mediterranean diet or a diet containing plenty of fruit and vegetables may reduce your risk. […] Having a job where youre exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #105 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  Human papillomavirus infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of throat. […] This is a common human virus; it can increases the risk of development of throat cancer particularly nasopharyngeal cancer. […] In individuals whose family member such as parent, siblings, or child having a history of throat cancer are at an increased risk of developing throat cancer. […] A diet which is rich in red meat, processed food and deep-fried food increases the risk of developing throat cancer. Diet which includes plenty of fruits, green vegetables, and omega 3 fatty acid decrease the risk of cancer development. […] An enlarged thyroid gland can increase the risk of throat cancer. […] Obesity or overweight is associated with numerous cancers, and they are common and modifiable risk factor. Excess fat in the body affects certain processes such as imbalance of hormones, all this can increase the risk of cancer by affecting how and when cells divide and die.

• #106 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  Human papillomavirus infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of throat. […] This is a common human virus; it can increases the risk of development of throat cancer particularly nasopharyngeal cancer. […] In individuals whose family member such as parent, siblings, or child having a history of throat cancer are at an increased risk of developing throat cancer. […] A diet which is rich in red meat, processed food and deep-fried food increases the risk of developing throat cancer. Diet which includes plenty of fruits, green vegetables, and omega 3 fatty acid decrease the risk of cancer development. […] An enlarged thyroid gland can increase the risk of throat cancer. […] Obesity or overweight is associated with numerous cancers, and they are common and modifiable risk factor. Excess fat in the body affects certain processes such as imbalance of hormones, all this can increase the risk of cancer by affecting how and when cells divide and die.

• #107 Larynx cancer | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/your-care/cancer-types/head-and-neck/larynx-cancer

  We don’t know the exact causes of larynx cancer, but several risk factors have been identified. These include: […] smoking and heavy drinking of alcohol (cigarettes and alcohol contain chemicals that increase your risk of developing larynx cancer […] exposure to certain chemicals like paint fumes, wood dust and soot […] acid reflux (when bile from the stomach comes back up into the wind pipe) […] diet (a poor diet may increase your risk of developing larynx cancer)

• #108 Throat Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/throat-cancer-laryngeal-cancer

  Most cases of cancer of the voice box (larynx) occur in people aged over 60. […] Throat (laryngeal) cancer is uncommon in the UK with around 2,000 cases developing each year. […] Certain risk factors increase the chance that cancer of the larynx may develop. These include: […] Smoking. The damaging smoke passes through the larynx on its way to the lungs. The more you smoke, the greater the risk: […] Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol. The more you drink, the more likely you are to develop throat (laryngeal) cancer: […] Ageing. It is more common in older people. Most cases are in people over 70. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cancer of the larynx: […] A poor diet may be a risk factor, especially a diet lacking in certain vitamins and minerals. […] Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, fumes or pollutants may irritate the larynx if you breathe them in and may increase the risk.

• #109 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

• #110 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  People who continue to smoke after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who quit smoking. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer is also higher in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. The more smoke you are exposed to, the greater the risk. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your cancer risk. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. The risk of exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as people who work as miners or in manufacturing.

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