Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #2 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Laryngeal cancer is the second most common malignancy in the upper aerodigestive tract, following lung cancer. Over 90% of laryngeal tumors originate from the mucosal lining, with the most common cytotype being well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. […] The development of laryngeal SCC (LSCC) involves a multistep process starting from epithelial precursor lesions, including dysplasia and intraepithelial lesions. Several factors, such as certain substances or viruses, have been associated with cancer development. Some of these factors have been extensively studied and established as definite risk factors for laryngeal cancer, while others require further research to definitively establish their role as carcinogens, currently being considered as possible risk factors. […] According to the latest evidence, epigenetic modifications have been proven to contribute to LSCC development. Particularly, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs play a relevant role in cancer development, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells.

• #3 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer (LC) comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. Worldwide, LC is registered annually in 184,615 people, which corresponds to 1.1% of all cancer cases, and 99,840 deaths, which accounts for 1% of all cancer-related deaths. High rates of incidence in the world are registered in Cuba (7.8 per 100,000) and Montenegro (7.0 per 100,000). And the lowest rates were recorded in Eswatini (0.18 per 100,000) and Cameroon (0.31 per 100,000). […] The geographical distribution of LC also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. In general, other European studies have shown a decreasing incidence of LC in men from mid-1990s, although the incidence in Europe varies; e.g., the incidence was found to be above 12 per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain but less than 5 per 100,000 in the UK.

• #4 Laryngeal Cancer Market Size, Share & Trends 2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/laryngeal-cancer-market

  Laryngeal cancer affects 184,615 people worldwide each year, accounting for 1.1% of all cancer diagnoses and 99,840 fatalities (1% of all cancer-related deaths). […] The majority of persons diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older, with an average age of around 66. […] Laryngeal cancer is more prevalent in men than in women. Black males are more prone to developing and dying from laryngeal cancer than white men. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol addiction are responsible for approximately 90% of global laryngeal cancer deaths. […] Laryngeal cancer is the most frequent malignancy in otolaryngology, accounting for 30-40% of head and neck cancers.

• #5 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%.

• #6 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML

  Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%.

• #7 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%.

• #8 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  Although both incidence and prevalence of laryngeal cancer have considerably increased during the past decades, this escalating epidemiologic trend has not been reflected by a similar increase of mortality. […] Notably, although the epidemiologic trend recorded over the past 3 decades shows laryngeal cancer mortality has marginally declined during the years 2004-2009, a constant progression could be observed during the past 10 years. […] The epidemiologic burden of laryngeal cancer remains approximately 5-fold higher in men, although the gap between sexes has recently narrowed. […] As concerns the age-related distribution, larynx cancer shall be considered a malignancy whose incidence, prevalence and mortality increase in parallel with ageing, reaching a peak and then an ensuing plateau after the age of 60 years.

• #9 Laryngeal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/laryn.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,020. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 3,910. […] Laryngeal cancer represents 0.6% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,020 new cases of laryngeal cancer and an estimated 3,910 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer was 2.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new laryngeal cancer cases have been falling on average 2.5% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.5% each year over 20142023.

• #10 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer (LC) comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. Worldwide, LC is registered annually in 184,615 people, which corresponds to 1.1% of all cancer cases, and 99,840 deaths, which accounts for 1% of all cancer-related deaths. High rates of incidence in the world are registered in Cuba (7.8 per 100,000) and Montenegro (7.0 per 100,000). And the lowest rates were recorded in Eswatini (0.18 per 100,000) and Cameroon (0.31 per 100,000). […] The geographical distribution of LC also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. In general, other European studies have shown a decreasing incidence of LC in men from mid-1990s, although the incidence in Europe varies; e.g., the incidence was found to be above 12 per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain but less than 5 per 100,000 in the UK.

• #11 Long-term trends and future projections of larynx cancer burden in China: a comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2030 using GBD data | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77797-6

  In China, the burden of larynx cancer has been rising steadily over the past decades. A study analyzing data from 1990 to 2017 indicated that China had one of the highest percentage increases in age-standardized incidence, DALY, and death rates for larynx cancer globally. This increase has been attributed to factors such as high smoking prevalence, environmental pollution, and occupational hazards. Recent projections using Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models predict a continuous upward trend in larynx cancer incidence rates in China up to 2030, with significant gender differences in the burden of disease. […] The analysis of long-term trends in the burden of larynx cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 reveals significant insights into the epidemiological dynamics of the disease. Our findings indicate a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence of larynx cancer, with a particularly notable rise among males compared to females. The ASIR and ASMR for males were substantially higher than those for females, highlighting a persistent gender disparity in the burden of the disease. The decomposition analysis identified aging as the predominant factor contributing to the increasing incidence and mortality rates, while epidemiological changes showed a mitigating effect on these trends.

• #12 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Cigarette smoking and daily alcohol consumption would contribute to about 90% of the overall worldwide mortality for larynx cancer, which calls for urgent healthcare interventions aimed at limiting population exposure to these important carcinogens. […] Our data shows that laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, following a temporal trend that is not expected to reverse soon.

• #13 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #14 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML

  The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. […] Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon.

• #15 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer (LC) comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. Worldwide, LC is registered annually in 184,615 people, which corresponds to 1.1% of all cancer cases, and 99,840 deaths, which accounts for 1% of all cancer-related deaths. High rates of incidence in the world are registered in Cuba (7.8 per 100,000) and Montenegro (7.0 per 100,000). And the lowest rates were recorded in Eswatini (0.18 per 100,000) and Cameroon (0.31 per 100,000). […] The geographical distribution of LC also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. In general, other European studies have shown a decreasing incidence of LC in men from mid-1990s, although the incidence in Europe varies; e.g., the incidence was found to be above 12 per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain but less than 5 per 100,000 in the UK.

• #16 Head and Neck: Laryngeal tumors: an overview

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5087/head-and-neck-laryngeal-tumors-an-overview

  More than 95% of laryngeal tumours are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The incidence of laryngeal carcinoma is relatively low in comparison to that of carcinomas of all organs. Laryngeal cancer comprises 2 to 5% of all malignant diseases diagnosed annually worldwide. The incidence is comparable to that of cancer of mouth and thyroid, but only one tenth as high as that of lung cancer. There are areas where the incidence is higher (greater than 10 per 10,000) including Spain, Italy, France, Brazil, India and the Afro-caribbean populations in parts of the USA. Low incidence areas (less than 2 per 100,000) include Japan, Norway and Sweden. Worldwide, the peak incidence of laryngeal cancer is highest in men aged between 55 to 65 years. The male-to-female ratio varies from 5 to 20:1, however the last decades there is a decrease in this ratio, because of an increase of laryngeal cancer in women. There is a notable social class difference, in that laryngeal cancer is twice as common in men with low socioeconomic status. It is also more common in people residing in cities than in rural areas. Most studies show that inhabitants of the most industrialized cities have an incidence of laryngeal cancer 2 to 3 times higher than that of rural inhabitants. These racial, social and urban variations may be reflect different lifestyle and habits and also confirm the already recognized harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol. Survival, in terms of the relative 5-year survival rate, for laryngeal cancer has been increasing the last four decades. However, long-term (10-year) relative survival rates have remained at about 50% for quite some time.

• #17 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #18

  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30456

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%-40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. […] High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #19 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #20 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  Although both incidence and prevalence of laryngeal cancer have considerably increased during the past decades, this escalating epidemiologic trend has not been reflected by a similar increase of mortality. […] Notably, although the epidemiologic trend recorded over the past 3 decades shows laryngeal cancer mortality has marginally declined during the years 2004-2009, a constant progression could be observed during the past 10 years. […] The epidemiologic burden of laryngeal cancer remains approximately 5-fold higher in men, although the gap between sexes has recently narrowed. […] As concerns the age-related distribution, larynx cancer shall be considered a malignancy whose incidence, prevalence and mortality increase in parallel with ageing, reaching a peak and then an ensuing plateau after the age of 60 years.

• #21 Glottic Cancer: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853055-overview

  According to data released by the American Cancer Society, approximately 10,000 new cases of laryngeal carcinoma are diagnosed each year in the United States and 3,900 deaths occur yearly as a result of this disease. These cases account for 0.9% of cancers from all sites and 0.8% of all cancer deaths. […] Laryngeal cancer affects men 4 times more frequently than women in the United States. In other countries, men are affected up to 10 times more frequently than women. The male-to-female ratio is higher for glottic tumors than for supraglottic tumors. This ratio has decreased in recent years, which is thought to be because of an increased incidence in women, rather than a decreased incidence in men. This trend follows that of lung cancer. The increased incidence of both of these malignancies is thought to be due to increased smoking in females.

• #22 Glottic Cancer: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853055-overview

  According to data released by the American Cancer Society, approximately 10,000 new cases of laryngeal carcinoma are diagnosed each year in the United States and 3,900 deaths occur yearly as a result of this disease. These cases account for 0.9% of cancers from all sites and 0.8% of all cancer deaths. […] Laryngeal cancer affects men 4 times more frequently than women in the United States. In other countries, men are affected up to 10 times more frequently than women. The male-to-female ratio is higher for glottic tumors than for supraglottic tumors. This ratio has decreased in recent years, which is thought to be because of an increased incidence in women, rather than a decreased incidence in men. This trend follows that of lung cancer. The increased incidence of both of these malignancies is thought to be due to increased smoking in females.

• #23 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 13,020 new cases of laryngeal cancer (10,110 in men and 2,910 in women) […] About 3,910 people (3,140 men and 770 women) will die from laryngeal cancer. About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. Most people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 55. The average age of people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer is about 66. Black men are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than White men and are more likely to die from it. It is also much more common in men than women. The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. Overall, the lifetime risk of developing laryngeal cancer is about 1 in 200 for men and 1 in 840 for women.

• #24 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 13,020 new cases of laryngeal cancer (10,110 in men and 2,910 in women) […] About 3,910 people (3,140 men and 770 women) will die from laryngeal cancer. About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. Most people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 55. The average age of people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer is about 66. Black men are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than White men and are more likely to die from it. It is also much more common in men than women. The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. Overall, the lifetime risk of developing laryngeal cancer is about 1 in 200 for men and 1 in 840 for women.

• #25 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  Although both incidence and prevalence of laryngeal cancer have considerably increased during the past decades, this escalating epidemiologic trend has not been reflected by a similar increase of mortality. […] Notably, although the epidemiologic trend recorded over the past 3 decades shows laryngeal cancer mortality has marginally declined during the years 2004-2009, a constant progression could be observed during the past 10 years. […] The epidemiologic burden of laryngeal cancer remains approximately 5-fold higher in men, although the gap between sexes has recently narrowed. […] As concerns the age-related distribution, larynx cancer shall be considered a malignancy whose incidence, prevalence and mortality increase in parallel with ageing, reaching a peak and then an ensuing plateau after the age of 60 years.

• #26 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 13,020 new cases of laryngeal cancer (10,110 in men and 2,910 in women) […] About 3,910 people (3,140 men and 770 women) will die from laryngeal cancer. About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. Most people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 55. The average age of people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer is about 66. Black men are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than White men and are more likely to die from it. It is also much more common in men than women. The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. Overall, the lifetime risk of developing laryngeal cancer is about 1 in 200 for men and 1 in 840 for women.

• #27 Laryngeal Cancer Market Size, Share & Trends 2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/laryngeal-cancer-market

  Laryngeal cancer affects 184,615 people worldwide each year, accounting for 1.1% of all cancer diagnoses and 99,840 fatalities (1% of all cancer-related deaths). […] The majority of persons diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older, with an average age of around 66. […] Laryngeal cancer is more prevalent in men than in women. Black males are more prone to developing and dying from laryngeal cancer than white men. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol addiction are responsible for approximately 90% of global laryngeal cancer deaths. […] Laryngeal cancer is the most frequent malignancy in otolaryngology, accounting for 30-40% of head and neck cancers.

• #28 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Cancers of the larynx are almost exclusively squamous cell carcinomas. Men are diagnosed with this cancer considerably more frequently than women: Of the approximately 3.200 new cases in 2020, only about one in six affected women. In the course of a lifetime, one in 200 men, but only one in 1,000 women in Germany will develop laryngeal cancer. The average age at which this cancer develops is 67 for women for men, which is earlier than the average age for cancer in general. The age-specific incidence rates for peak between the ages of 65 and 75 years. […] Incidence and death rates for men have been declining since the end of the 1990s. The rates for women, on the other hand, have remained virtually unchanged. […] The relative 5-year survival rates for men (64 percent) and women (65 percent) do not differ substantially. At 55 percent, men have a higher proportion of early tumour stages (stage I/II) at diagnosis than women (49 percent).

• #29 Laryngeal Cancer in Women: Unveiling Gender-Specific Risk Factors, Treatment Challenges, and Survival Disparities

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/19

  The overall incidence of LC has decreased in both sexes, though the reduction has been more significant in men, likely due to a decline in smoking and alcohol consumption. […] The incidence of LC peaks after 65 years in both men and women, then stabilizing at about 4 new cases per 100,000 women and about 25–30 new cases per 100,000 men. […] The prevalence of LC shows a peak between 60 and 80 years, recording 17–20 cases per 100,000 women and 120–140 cases per 100,000 men, then gradually decreasing. […] Despite this, research focused specifically on LC in women remains limited, which may be contributing to the poorer understanding of gender differences in the disease. […] One of the reasons for this disparity could be the historical view of the larynx as a secondary sex organ, as it is affected by sex hormones during puberty and throughout the menstrual cycle.

• #30 Laryngeal Cancer | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/laryngeal-cancer

  Cancer of the larynx is the second most common form of head and neck cancer. […] Around 2,400 people were diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in the UK in 2021 (incidence 2.9 per 100,000 people). […] Laryngeal cancer is more than four times more common in men than in women. […] Laryngeal cancer incidence rates in men rose until the early 1990s and have steadily fallen since then. […] Current incidence rates in men are lower than in the mid-1970s. Laryngeal cancer incidence rates in women rose until the late 1980s and have steadily fallen since then. […] Current incidence rates in women are similar to those in the mid-1970s. […] Laryngeal cancer is rarely diagnosed in people aged under 40. Nearly three quarters of cases present in people aged 60 and over. […] Incidence rates vary around the world.

• #31 Laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the United States over 2000–2020: a population-based analysis | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-024-01333-1

  Laryngeal cancers account for one-third of all head and neck cancers. We aimed to report the incidence trends of laryngeal cancer over 20002020 in the United States (US), by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histological subtypes. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 database were used to identify patients with laryngeal cancer based on the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, version 3. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for laryngeal cancer, adjusted for reporting delays, were calculated. A total of 104,991 cases of laryngeal cancer were identified in the US from 2000 to 2019. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant subtype, accounting for 94.53% of cases. Above 73.20% occurred among non-Hispanic whites, with the highest incidence observed among individuals aged 5569 years (46.71%). The ASIRs were 5.98 and 1.25 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively. Over 20002019, there was a significant reduction in ASIRs for laryngeal cancer in both sexes. Non-Hispanic black men exhibited the highest ASIR (9.13 per 100,000) and the largest decline in the ASIRs over 20002019 (AAPC: -3.26%). Laryngeal cancer incidence rates showed a decline from 2000 to 2019, in addition to 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional research is required to investigate risk factors and their influence on incidence rates of laryngeal cancer. This provides a comprehensive analysis of laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the US from 2000 to 2019, highlighting variations by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histological subtypes. The study demonstrates a significant decline in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for laryngeal cancer across all demographic groups, with the most pronounced reduction observed in non-Hispanic black men. The study enhances the understanding of demographic disparities in laryngeal cancer incidence, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions and further research on underlying risk factors. Overall, our findings demonstrated a decreasing trend in incidence of laryngeal cancer across all races and ethnicities in both sexes within 20002019. The most prevalent subtype was SCC, followed by neuroendocrine carcinoma and laryngeal chondrosarcoma. The sex disparities in laryngeal cancer were evident, with men consistently exhibiting higher incidence rates across all age groups and a mens predominance observed in all three morphological subtypes. Furthermore, the decrease in incidence rate was observed in all age groups among men. Additionally, in women, a decrease in AAPC was observed in all age groups, except for ages below 39 and above 85 years. Moreover, in both men and women, NHBs exhibited the highest incidence rate during the study period. Regarding AAPC, NHB men and Hispanic women demonstrated the greatest decrease in incidence rates across 20002019. The highest incidence rates across all ethnicities and sexes were attributed to NHB men. Our study has several strengths and limitations. This is the first study leveraging the updated SEER database, incorporating delayed ASIRs for a more robust evaluation of laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the US. In addition to examining the overall laryngeal cancer incidence patterns, subgroup analyses encompassing distinct pathological subtypes were performed. Furthermore, recognizing the significant influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer epidemiology, we analyzed shifts in laryngeal cancer incidence rates during the initial year of the pandemic compared to the preceding year, considering variations across races, age groups, and sexes. The analysis of laryngeal cancer incidence trends within 20002019 demonstrated a decline in incidence rates, with the most significant decline observed in NHBs. Moreover, in both men and women, NHB men exhibited the highest incidence rate during the study period. Also, a noteworthy decrease in the incidence rates was observed in all races and sexes following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Further studies can investigate the risk factors of laryngeal cancer and the incidence rates attributable to each one.

• #32 Laryngeal Cancer in Women: Unveiling Gender-Specific Risk Factors, Treatment Challenges, and Survival Disparities

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/19

  The overall incidence of LC has decreased in both sexes, though the reduction has been more significant in men, likely due to a decline in smoking and alcohol consumption. […] The incidence of LC peaks after 65 years in both men and women, then stabilizing at about 4 new cases per 100,000 women and about 25–30 new cases per 100,000 men. […] The prevalence of LC shows a peak between 60 and 80 years, recording 17–20 cases per 100,000 women and 120–140 cases per 100,000 men, then gradually decreasing. […] Despite this, research focused specifically on LC in women remains limited, which may be contributing to the poorer understanding of gender differences in the disease. […] One of the reasons for this disparity could be the historical view of the larynx as a secondary sex organ, as it is affected by sex hormones during puberty and throughout the menstrual cycle.

• #33 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Cancers of the larynx are almost exclusively squamous cell carcinomas. Men are diagnosed with this cancer considerably more frequently than women: Of the approximately 3.200 new cases in 2020, only about one in six affected women. In the course of a lifetime, one in 200 men, but only one in 1,000 women in Germany will develop laryngeal cancer. The average age at which this cancer develops is 67 for women for men, which is earlier than the average age for cancer in general. The age-specific incidence rates for peak between the ages of 65 and 75 years. […] Incidence and death rates for men have been declining since the end of the 1990s. The rates for women, on the other hand, have remained virtually unchanged. […] The relative 5-year survival rates for men (64 percent) and women (65 percent) do not differ substantially. At 55 percent, men have a higher proportion of early tumour stages (stage I/II) at diagnosis than women (49 percent).

• #34 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Cancers of the larynx are almost exclusively squamous cell carcinomas. Men are diagnosed with this cancer considerably more frequently than women: Of the approximately 3.200 new cases in 2020, only about one in six affected women. In the course of a lifetime, one in 200 men, but only one in 1,000 women in Germany will develop laryngeal cancer. The average age at which this cancer develops is 67 for women for men, which is earlier than the average age for cancer in general. The age-specific incidence rates for peak between the ages of 65 and 75 years. […] Incidence and death rates for men have been declining since the end of the 1990s. The rates for women, on the other hand, have remained virtually unchanged. […] The relative 5-year survival rates for men (64 percent) and women (65 percent) do not differ substantially. At 55 percent, men have a higher proportion of early tumour stages (stage I/II) at diagnosis than women (49 percent).

• #35 Larynx Cancer – Virginia Cancer Institute

  https://www.vacancer.com/cancer/head-and-neck-cancers/larynx-cancer/

  The majority of laryngeal cancers are related to smoking and/or alcohol abuse. Heavy smoking and a low intake of vegetables and fruits increase the risk of laryngeal cancer 19-fold over that observed in non-smoking individuals who have a good intake of vegetables and fruits. […] The increase in human life expectancy has led to a higher proportion of elderly patients with laryngeal cancer. Patients over the age of 70 with laryngeal cancer are more often women. Compared to younger patients, laryngeal cancer in elderly patients is associated with less tobacco and alcohol use, a predominance of glottic location and a higher incidence of other diseases. In a significant number of patients, cancer occurs without known risk factors. […] Accurate determination of lymph node involvement is a prerequisite for individualized therapy in patients with cancer of the larynx. Clinical palpation (physician technique of feeling the suspect area by hand) of the neck is not very accurate and the role of imaging techniques such as ultrasound, ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, cytology, color Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) is being evaluated in order to improve upon the results of clinical investigation alone.

• #36 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Cigarette smoking and daily alcohol consumption would contribute to about 90% of the overall worldwide mortality for larynx cancer, which calls for urgent healthcare interventions aimed at limiting population exposure to these important carcinogens. […] Our data shows that laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, following a temporal trend that is not expected to reverse soon.

• #37 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML

  The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. […] Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon.

• #38 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Regular smoking and also excessive alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer. The combination of both factors is particularly harmful. […] Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV), especially HPV 16, are responsible for the development of a small proportion of laryngeal carcinomas. […] A genetic predisposition is also assumed, since increased incidence of laryngeal cancer has been observed within some families.

• #39 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  There are numerous risk factors related to laryngeal tumors, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. These factors have been shown to play a significant role in the development of carcinogenesis. […] Smoking tobacco is the most significant risk factor for larynx cancer. Extensive studies conducted since the 1950s have demonstrated the association between tobacco smoke and the development of head and neck cancer. […] Alcohol is another significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, and numerous studies have established the association between alcohol consumption and the development of laryngeal cancer. […] Opium is an illicit substance derived from the poppy plant that contains various alkaloids. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium as carcinogenic for humans when it is smoked or ingested in different forms such as raw opium, opium dross, or opium sap.

• #40 Global trends and risk factors of laryngeal cancer: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990–2021) | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13700-4

  This study aimed to explore the epidemiological trends of laryngeal cancer (LC) using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data. […] We analyzed the global LC incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors from 1990 to 2021. […] In 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for LC was 2.293 (95% UI: 2.133-2.466), the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) was 1.35 (1.259-1.449), and the age-standardized DALYs rate was 35.803 (33.294-38.538). […] Tobacco accounted for 66.46% of global LC deaths, with a decreasing trend over the last 30 years (R=-1, P<0.05). [...] From 1990 to 2021, global LC incidence, deaths, and DALYs decreased, although regional disparities persisted. [...] Laryngeal cancer (LC) is a common malignancy of the respiratory tract in the head and neck region.

• #41 Top of page button

  https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-3-health-effects/3-5-other-cancers/3-5-2-throat-cancer-and-voice-box-cancer

  In Australia, the risk of laryngeal cancer for smokers was estimated to be 11.3-fold higher than for non-smokers, for people 45 years and above. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer for people who smoke rises with greater exposure; there was a 19-fold increased risk for heavy smokers and 7.66-fold risk for lighter smokers compared to people who never smoked. […] Smoking cessation reduces the risks of cancers of the pharynx and larynx. […] The excess risks of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer are approximately halved within 10 years of cessation. […] Compared with continuing smoking, the excess risks for former smokers were reduced by approximately 30% within 5 years of cessation, 50% from 5 to 9 years after cessation and 80% by 20 or more years after smoking cessation. […] People who smoke at the time of diagnosis with either pharyngeal or laryngeal cancer have an increased chance of dying from that cancer over the next five years. […] People who continued to smoke after diagnosis with early-stage oral, laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer had an almost twice the risk of dying from that cancer compared to those who ceased smoking in one study.

• #42 Top of page button

  https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-3-health-effects/3-5-other-cancers/3-5-2-throat-cancer-and-voice-box-cancer

  In 2024 573 people who were diagnosed with cancer of the larynx (voice box) in Australia. An estimated 187 people died from laryngeal cancer that year, with 64.8% of those diagnosed surviving for at least five years (from 20162020 data). […] Smoking causes cancer of the pharynx and the larynx. […] The 2004 US Surgeon Generals report concluded that there was sufficient evidence to infer a causal relationship between smoking and cancer of the larynx, and that smoking and alcohol cause most cases of this cancer in the US. […] The larynx is directly exposed to tobacco smoke when it is inhaled through the space between the vocal chords, and smoking is a particularly strong risk factor for cancer of the larynx. A meta-analysis of 85 studies found that the risk of laryngeal cancer was nine times greater for current smokers than never smokers.

• #43 Top of page button

  https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-3-health-effects/3-5-other-cancers/3-5-2-throat-cancer-and-voice-box-cancer

  In 2024 573 people who were diagnosed with cancer of the larynx (voice box) in Australia. An estimated 187 people died from laryngeal cancer that year, with 64.8% of those diagnosed surviving for at least five years (from 20162020 data). […] Smoking causes cancer of the pharynx and the larynx. […] The 2004 US Surgeon Generals report concluded that there was sufficient evidence to infer a causal relationship between smoking and cancer of the larynx, and that smoking and alcohol cause most cases of this cancer in the US. […] The larynx is directly exposed to tobacco smoke when it is inhaled through the space between the vocal chords, and smoking is a particularly strong risk factor for cancer of the larynx. A meta-analysis of 85 studies found that the risk of laryngeal cancer was nine times greater for current smokers than never smokers.

• #44 Top of page button

  https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-3-health-effects/3-5-other-cancers/3-5-2-throat-cancer-and-voice-box-cancer

  In Australia, the risk of laryngeal cancer for smokers was estimated to be 11.3-fold higher than for non-smokers, for people 45 years and above. […] The risk of laryngeal cancer for people who smoke rises with greater exposure; there was a 19-fold increased risk for heavy smokers and 7.66-fold risk for lighter smokers compared to people who never smoked. […] Smoking cessation reduces the risks of cancers of the pharynx and larynx. […] The excess risks of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer are approximately halved within 10 years of cessation. […] Compared with continuing smoking, the excess risks for former smokers were reduced by approximately 30% within 5 years of cessation, 50% from 5 to 9 years after cessation and 80% by 20 or more years after smoking cessation. […] People who smoke at the time of diagnosis with either pharyngeal or laryngeal cancer have an increased chance of dying from that cancer over the next five years. […] People who continued to smoke after diagnosis with early-stage oral, laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer had an almost twice the risk of dying from that cancer compared to those who ceased smoking in one study.

• #45 Cancer of the Larynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/larynx.htm

  Drinking alcoholic beverages increases the risk for laryngeal cancer. People who are heavy drinkers of alcoholic beverages have a risk of developing laryngeal cancer that is several times larger than that of nondrinkers. People who use tobacco and are heavy drinkers have a much greater risk of getting cancer of the larynx than people who do either one alone (or people who do neither). […] Exposure to strong inorganic acids, such as sulfuric acid, increases the risk of developing cancer of the larynx. […] Scientists are studying the role diet plays in the development of cancer of the larynx. Some studies have suggested that diets high in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of getting laryngeal cancer. Researchers are looking into whether the human papilloma virus (HPV, the virus that causes cervical cancer in women) is linked to laryngeal cancer.

• #46 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  There are numerous risk factors related to laryngeal tumors, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. These factors have been shown to play a significant role in the development of carcinogenesis. […] Smoking tobacco is the most significant risk factor for larynx cancer. Extensive studies conducted since the 1950s have demonstrated the association between tobacco smoke and the development of head and neck cancer. […] Alcohol is another significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer, and numerous studies have established the association between alcohol consumption and the development of laryngeal cancer. […] Opium is an illicit substance derived from the poppy plant that contains various alkaloids. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium as carcinogenic for humans when it is smoked or ingested in different forms such as raw opium, opium dross, or opium sap.

• #47 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies show that workers exposed to sulphuric acid mist have higher rates of laryngeal cancer. […] Some research suggests that stomach acid can back up to the larynx, damaging the tissues and increasing the risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies suggest that people with a family history of cancer, especially head and neck cancers, have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #48 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies show that workers exposed to sulphuric acid mist have higher rates of laryngeal cancer. […] Some research suggests that stomach acid can back up to the larynx, damaging the tissues and increasing the risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies suggest that people with a family history of cancer, especially head and neck cancers, have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #49 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies show that workers exposed to sulphuric acid mist have higher rates of laryngeal cancer. […] Some research suggests that stomach acid can back up to the larynx, damaging the tissues and increasing the risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies suggest that people with a family history of cancer, especially head and neck cancers, have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #50 SciELO Brazil – The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/spmj/a/vPNGrqn3B4XRDTBcjNMKFqp/

  The city of So Paulo exhibits one of the highest incidences of laryngeal cancer in world and Brazil presents remarkable occurrence, compared with other Latin American countries. Around 8,000 new cases and 3,000 deaths by laryngeal cancer occur annually in the Brazilian population. […] In the city of So Paulo, incidence rates for laryngeal cancer among males have been decreasing since the late 1980s while, among females, the rates have shown a stable trend. […] Several risk factors are involved in the genesis of laryngeal cancer. The most important are tobacco smoking and alcohol intake, but occupational hazards have also been associated with the disease, such as asbestos, strong inorganic acids, cement dust and free crystalline silica. […] Public health policies regarding the control of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, and also surveillance of carcinogen exposure in occupational settings, could have an impact on laryngeal cancer.

• #51 Physical activity and laryngeal cancer

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/32254/html

  Although an active lifestyle physical has been convincingly associated with a decreased risk of developing many forms of cancers, including neck and head malignancies, uncertainty surrounds the relationship between physical activity (PA) and laryngeal carcinogenesis. […] Significant biological and psychological benefits from moderate-intensity exercise have also been described in patients surviving from primary laryngeal cancers. […] The estimated mortality for laryngeal cancer approximates 126 (95% CI, 123130) per 1,000, again with a 5:1 male to female ratio. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) clearly states that tobacco is the most important risk factor for larynx and hypopharynx cancers, followed by moderate or heavy alcohol use, HPV infection, exposure to asbestos or wood dust, paint fumes and chemicals used in petroleum, plastics, metalworking and textile industries, poor nutrition, intake of large amount of fried and processed foods, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inherited syndromes such as Fanconi anemia, and dyskeratosis congenita.

• #52 Global trends and risk factors of laryngeal cancer: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990–2021) | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13700-4

  Common risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposure. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study includes real-world data from nearly all countries and territories. […] This study aimed to comprehensively assess the global burden of LC and its associated risk factors across different regions from 1990 to 2021. […] The Level 2 risk factors associated with laryngeal cancer include only three: tobacco, alcohol use, and occupational risks. […] In 2021, the highest ASIR for LC was in high-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions at 2.53 (2.28-2.79), while the lowest was in low SDI regions at 1.99 (1.72-2.29). […] The ASIR for LC across 204 countries showed a positive linear correlation with SDI in 2021 (R=0.32, P<0.05). [...] Tobacco, alcohol use, and exposure to environmental pollutants are known risk factors for LC. [...] Our study found that tobacco remains the leading cause of LC deaths globally, with a decreasing trend over the years (R=1, P<0.05). [...] Notably, the LC death rate due to occupational exposure in women showed an increasing trend (R=0.61, P<0.05).

• #53 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Regular smoking and also excessive alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer. The combination of both factors is particularly harmful. […] Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV), especially HPV 16, are responsible for the development of a small proportion of laryngeal carcinomas. […] A genetic predisposition is also assumed, since increased incidence of laryngeal cancer has been observed within some families.

• #54 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The role of EBV in LSCC is controversial, as difficulties have been reported in detecting its presence in this type of cancer or it has shown a low prevalence. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. […] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to play a significant role in the development of various gastrointestinal conditions such as duodenal and gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology.

• #55 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The role of EBV in LSCC is controversial, as difficulties have been reported in detecting its presence in this type of cancer or it has shown a low prevalence. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. […] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to play a significant role in the development of various gastrointestinal conditions such as duodenal and gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology.

• #56 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. People who continue to drink heavily after treatment for laryngeal cancer have a greater risk of developing a second head and neck cancer than people who stop drinking. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol together increases the risk for laryngeal cancer significantly more than either smoking or drinking alcohol alone. […] Exposure to asbestos fibres in the air increases the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies show that workers exposed to sulphuric acid mist have higher rates of laryngeal cancer. […] Some research suggests that stomach acid can back up to the larynx, damaging the tissues and increasing the risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Several studies suggest that people with a family history of cancer, especially head and neck cancers, have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #57 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #58 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #59 Risk factors for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks

  There is some evidence that people who don’t eat many vegetables and fruit have a higher risk for laryngeal cancer, especially if they smoke. […] HPV infection is very common and can be present for years without symptoms. It is a known risk factor for cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, and it may be linked with cancer of the larynx.

• #60 Krebs – Laryngeal cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Laryngeal_cancer/laryngeal_cancer_node.html

  Regular smoking and also excessive alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer. The combination of both factors is particularly harmful. […] Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV), especially HPV 16, are responsible for the development of a small proportion of laryngeal carcinomas. […] A genetic predisposition is also assumed, since increased incidence of laryngeal cancer has been observed within some families.

• #61 Laryngeal Cancer Symptoms, Causes and Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/types/laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer occurs when a tumor grows in the larynx or on the vocal cords. Cancers of the larynx make up about one-third of head and neck cancers. About 13,020 cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed every year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. These cancers are more common in older males who smoke. […] The biggest risk factor for laryngeal cancers is smoking tobacco. Smoking has been associated with the majority of cases of laryngeal cancer (70 percent to 95 percent), according to the StatPearls review. […] In addition to lifestyle factors, some genetic syndromes are associated with higher rates of laryngeal cancer. These include Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita. […] If a patient has some of these symptoms and is in a particular demographic, the doctor may be concerned about laryngeal cancer.

• #62 Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/16/12913

  Currently, there is a high incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. […] The role of EBV in LSCC is controversial, as difficulties have been reported in detecting its presence in this type of cancer or it has shown a low prevalence. […] Among the established risk factors for the development of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions, certain environmental pollutants have been identified. One such pollutant is Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. […] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to play a significant role in the development of various gastrointestinal conditions such as duodenal and gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma. […] The microbiome, consisting of the community of microorganisms inhabiting our bodies, has been found to have a significant impact on various aspects of host physiology.

• #63 Head and Neck: Laryngeal tumors: an overview

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5087/head-and-neck-laryngeal-tumors-an-overview

  More than 95% of laryngeal tumours are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The incidence of laryngeal carcinoma is relatively low in comparison to that of carcinomas of all organs. Laryngeal cancer comprises 2 to 5% of all malignant diseases diagnosed annually worldwide. The incidence is comparable to that of cancer of mouth and thyroid, but only one tenth as high as that of lung cancer. There are areas where the incidence is higher (greater than 10 per 10,000) including Spain, Italy, France, Brazil, India and the Afro-caribbean populations in parts of the USA. Low incidence areas (less than 2 per 100,000) include Japan, Norway and Sweden. Worldwide, the peak incidence of laryngeal cancer is highest in men aged between 55 to 65 years. The male-to-female ratio varies from 5 to 20:1, however the last decades there is a decrease in this ratio, because of an increase of laryngeal cancer in women. There is a notable social class difference, in that laryngeal cancer is twice as common in men with low socioeconomic status. It is also more common in people residing in cities than in rural areas. Most studies show that inhabitants of the most industrialized cities have an incidence of laryngeal cancer 2 to 3 times higher than that of rural inhabitants. These racial, social and urban variations may be reflect different lifestyle and habits and also confirm the already recognized harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol. Survival, in terms of the relative 5-year survival rate, for laryngeal cancer has been increasing the last four decades. However, long-term (10-year) relative survival rates have remained at about 50% for quite some time.

• #64 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 13,020 new cases of laryngeal cancer (10,110 in men and 2,910 in women) […] About 3,910 people (3,140 men and 770 women) will die from laryngeal cancer. About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. Most people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are 55 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 55. The average age of people diagnosed with laryngeal cancer is about 66. Black men are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than White men and are more likely to die from it. It is also much more common in men than women. The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. Overall, the lifetime risk of developing laryngeal cancer is about 1 in 200 for men and 1 in 840 for women.

• #65 Laryngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-cancer

  For purposes of clinical stage classification, the larynx is divided into 3 regions: supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. Laryngeal cancer is staged according to size and site of the primary tumor (T), number and size of metastases to the cervical lymph nodes (N), and evidence of distant metastases (M). […] The overall relative 5-year survival rate for patients with laryngeal cancer is 61%. Early-stage glottic carcinoma has an 85 to 95% 5-year survival rate. Patients who present with regional nodal disease have a 48% relative 5-year survival rate, and those who present with distant metastases have a 34% relative 5-year survival rate. […] Hoarseness is common early in glottic cancers but is a late symptom for supraglottic and subglottic cancers. All patients who have hoarseness for 2 to 3 weeks should have their larynx examined by a head and neck specialist. Patients with confirmed carcinoma typically have neck CT with contrast and often PET/CT for advanced stages. Treat early-stage (T1 and T2) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with surgery or radiation therapy. Treat moderately advanced (T3) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with radiation therapy and sometimes chemotherapy. Treat most advanced (T4) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer that extends outside of the larynx with surgery and then postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Some minimally invasive T4 cancers can be considered for primary treatment with chemotherapy and radiation.

• #66 Treatment of locoregionally advanced (stage III and IV) head and neck cancer: The larynx and hypopharynx – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-locoregionally-advanced-stage-iii-and-iv-head-and-neck-cancer-the-larynx-and-hypopharynx

  Worldwide, there are over 180,000 new laryngeal cancer cases and approximately 100,000 deaths annually. In the United States, there are approximately 12,650 cases and 3880 deaths due to laryngeal cancer annually. Glottic, supraglottic, and subglottic cancers represent approximately two-thirds, one-third, and 2 percent of laryngeal cancers, respectively. Hypopharyngeal cancer is less common than laryngeal cancer, with approximately one-fourth as many cases. […] Tumors of the glottic larynx commonly present with hoarseness and are most often diagnosed at an early stage. However, patients with supraglottic and subglottic laryngeal cancers, as well as hypopharyngeal cancers, usually present with advanced disease due to a paucity of symptoms, propensity for local extension (subglottis), and rich lymphatics resulting in a high incidence of lymph node metastases (supraglottis). […] The management of locoregionally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is presented here. The approach presented here is consistent with guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).

• #67 Laryngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-cancer

  Ninety percent of laryngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Smoking, excessive alcohol use, lower socioeconomic status, and being male and 60 years increase risk. The incidence of laryngeal cancer is estimated to be 12,650 new cases in 2024; the annual number of new cases is decreasing, particularly among males, most likely due to changes in smoking habits. Annual deaths are estimated to be 3880 in 2024. […] Forty-nine percent of patients present with localized disease alone; 28% present with local disease and regional nodal metastatic disease; and 16% present with metastases; and 7% are not staged. Lymph node metastasis are more common in supraglottic and subglottic tumors than with glottic cancers due to the minimal lymphatic drainage of the glottis and because glottic tumors cause symptoms earlier.

• #68 Laryngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-cancer

  For purposes of clinical stage classification, the larynx is divided into 3 regions: supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. Laryngeal cancer is staged according to size and site of the primary tumor (T), number and size of metastases to the cervical lymph nodes (N), and evidence of distant metastases (M). […] The overall relative 5-year survival rate for patients with laryngeal cancer is 61%. Early-stage glottic carcinoma has an 85 to 95% 5-year survival rate. Patients who present with regional nodal disease have a 48% relative 5-year survival rate, and those who present with distant metastases have a 34% relative 5-year survival rate. […] Hoarseness is common early in glottic cancers but is a late symptom for supraglottic and subglottic cancers. All patients who have hoarseness for 2 to 3 weeks should have their larynx examined by a head and neck specialist. Patients with confirmed carcinoma typically have neck CT with contrast and often PET/CT for advanced stages. Treat early-stage (T1 and T2) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with surgery or radiation therapy. Treat moderately advanced (T3) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with radiation therapy and sometimes chemotherapy. Treat most advanced (T4) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer that extends outside of the larynx with surgery and then postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Some minimally invasive T4 cancers can be considered for primary treatment with chemotherapy and radiation.

• #69 Laryngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-cancer

  For purposes of clinical stage classification, the larynx is divided into 3 regions: supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. Laryngeal cancer is staged according to size and site of the primary tumor (T), number and size of metastases to the cervical lymph nodes (N), and evidence of distant metastases (M). […] The overall relative 5-year survival rate for patients with laryngeal cancer is 61%. Early-stage glottic carcinoma has an 85 to 95% 5-year survival rate. Patients who present with regional nodal disease have a 48% relative 5-year survival rate, and those who present with distant metastases have a 34% relative 5-year survival rate. […] Hoarseness is common early in glottic cancers but is a late symptom for supraglottic and subglottic cancers. All patients who have hoarseness for 2 to 3 weeks should have their larynx examined by a head and neck specialist. Patients with confirmed carcinoma typically have neck CT with contrast and often PET/CT for advanced stages. Treat early-stage (T1 and T2) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with surgery or radiation therapy. Treat moderately advanced (T3) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer with radiation therapy and sometimes chemotherapy. Treat most advanced (T4) supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer that extends outside of the larynx with surgery and then postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Some minimally invasive T4 cancers can be considered for primary treatment with chemotherapy and radiation.

• #70 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts

  https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/

  Smoking and heavy drinking drastically increase risks of laryngeal cancer when combined with asbestos exposure. […] 60.7% of patients survive 5 years or longer after a laryngeal cancer diagnosis. […] Laryngeal cancers found in the glottis receive a better prognosis than those found in the supraglottis. […] Throat cancer risks can be reduced by preventing asbestos exposure. […] As smoking rates decline, the rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year.

• #71 Surveillance Imaging of Laryngeal Cancer – Does FDG PET/CT Impact Survival? | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/61/supplement_1/1291

  Significant improvement in cancer specific survival was found in laryngeal cancer patients who had PET/CT surveillance during the first six months, compared to those who underwent CT (HR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.23-3.03). […] There may be benefit to utilization of different imaging modalities based on site of primary lesion. Specifically patients with laryngeal cancer have an association of improved survival with PET/CT based surveillance imaging.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-023-08055-0

  Laryngeal cancer epidemiology has changed in recent years, with falling incidence observed internationally. […] The incidence of laryngeal cancer has been noted in the US and Europe to be falling in recent years. […] The incidence has increased to approximately 3.43 cases/100000/year. […] Despite innovations in laryngeal surgery and radiotherapy and concerning international survival trends, DSS following laryngeal cancer in Ireland remains largely unchanged at 60.6%. […] Primary radiotherapy improves DSS for T3 disease relative to primary surgery but does not improve OS; this may be due to poor organ function post-radiotherapy.

• #73 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. In some countries, the incidence rates are high in rural areas, and in some, such as in China, the urban population is more affected. High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2024/02000/updated_disease_distributions,_risk_factors,_and.20.aspx

  Though the laryngeal cancer only has 1% of the total cancer cases and related deaths, it is a type of head and neck cancers with the highest prevalence. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological trend of laryngeal cancer with updated data on the global distribution of the disease burden. The incidence and mortality rate of laryngeal cancer was extracted from GLOBOCAN (2020), Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series I-X, WHO mortality database, the Nordic Cancer Registries, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. The Global Health data exchanges for the prevalence of its associated risk factors. The age-standardised rate (ASR) of laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality were 2.0 and 1.0 per 100 000 worldwide. The Caribbean (ASR=4.0) and Central and Eastern Europe (ASR=3.6) had the highest incidence and mortality rate. Incidence and risk factors associated with laryngeal cancer included tobacco usage, alcohol consumption, poor diet, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and lipid disorders. There was an overall decreasing trend in incidence, especially for males, but an increasing incidence was observed in female populations and younger subjects. As overall global trends of laryngeal cancer have been decreasing, especially for the male population, this could possibly be attributed to reduced tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Disparities in temporal trends across countries may require further research and exploration to determine other underlying factors influencing this. Laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality were associated smoking, alcohol habit, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and lipid disorders. Decreasing trend of laryngeal cancer in overall. However, less evident amongst the female population and younger subjects. The reported incidence for laryngeal cancer has been decreasing remarkably for the past decades, especially for the male population, potentially due to the reduced consumptions of cigarettes and alcohol. Its mortality has also been decreasing, possibly attributable to broader availability and applications of treatments. However, regional disparity in mortality remains due to difference in level of access to surgical care. On the contrary, it is alarming that some evident increases were observed in the female populations and younger subjects from some countries. If no mitigation interventions are implemented, such trends may continue.

• #75 SciELO Brazil – The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/spmj/a/vPNGrqn3B4XRDTBcjNMKFqp/

  No proposals for screening have been recommended for laryngeal cancer, but one diagnostic goal should be to avoid treatment delay when suspected symptoms have been observed. […] Laryngeal cancer incidence rates in the city of So Paulo, for the longest period that can be obtained for cancer incidence rates in Brazil (1969-1998), have declined since the late 1980s among males, but have been stable among females. […] The high laryngeal cancer incidence patterns in Brazil, particularly in the southeastern and southern regions, require public health policies for the control of tobacco smoking and reduction of alcohol consumption, as well as reductions in carcinogen exposure in occupational settings.

• #76 Cancer of the Larynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/larynx.htm

  Scientists are also studying whether acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) or a weakened immune system increases risk for cancer of the larynx. […] To help reduce the risk of getting cancer of the larynx: Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Limit alcohol use. […] Be aware of workplace health and safety rules and follow them.

• #77 Cancer of the Larynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/larynx.htm

  Scientists are also studying whether acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) or a weakened immune system increases risk for cancer of the larynx. […] To help reduce the risk of getting cancer of the larynx: Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Limit alcohol use. […] Be aware of workplace health and safety rules and follow them.

• #78 Cancer of the Larynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/larynx.htm

  Scientists are also studying whether acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) or a weakened immune system increases risk for cancer of the larynx. […] To help reduce the risk of getting cancer of the larynx: Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Limit alcohol use. […] Be aware of workplace health and safety rules and follow them.

• #79 Cancer of the Larynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/larynx.htm

  Scientists are also studying whether acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) or a weakened immune system increases risk for cancer of the larynx. […] To help reduce the risk of getting cancer of the larynx: Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Limit alcohol use. […] Be aware of workplace health and safety rules and follow them.

• #80 Reducing your risk for laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing laryngeal cancer by doing the following. […] Quitting smoking and avoiding second-hand smoke reduce the risk for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol together with smoking tobacco increases the risk for laryngeal and other head and neck cancers more than either one alone. […] Being around asbestos or sulphuric acid at work is a risk factor for developing laryngeal cancer. […] Eating a lot of animal products, processed meat and fat may increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] HPV infections can cause cancers in the pharynx and may cause cancers in the larynx.

• #81

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the larynx (voice box). […] In the UK, there are more than 2,000 new cases of laryngeal cancer each year. […] The condition is more common in people over the age of 60. It’s more common in men than women. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] The main treatments for laryngeal cancer are radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted cancer medicines. […] The outlook for laryngeal cancer depends on the extent of the cancer when it’s diagnosed and treated. […] Fortunately, most laryngeal cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, which means the outlook is generally better than some other types of cancer.

• #82

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the larynx (voice box). […] In the UK, there are more than 2,000 new cases of laryngeal cancer each year. […] The condition is more common in people over the age of 60. It’s more common in men than women. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] The main treatments for laryngeal cancer are radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted cancer medicines. […] The outlook for laryngeal cancer depends on the extent of the cancer when it’s diagnosed and treated. […] Fortunately, most laryngeal cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, which means the outlook is generally better than some other types of cancer.

• #83 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. […] Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon. […] Continuous epidemiologic monitoring, based on data obtained from accurate and reliable sources, shall hence be seen as a mainstay for addressing reinforced preventive and early diagnostic interventions in categories of patients at higher risk for this type of malignancy.

• #84 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Epidemiological data from different regions can be used to prioritize risk factors associated with LC for effective prevention programs. Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization. The rise in morbidity and mortality can be prevented by promoting healthy lifestyles against alcohol abuse.

• #85 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Epidemiological data from different regions can be used to prioritize risk factors associated with LC for effective prevention programs. Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization. The rise in morbidity and mortality can be prevented by promoting healthy lifestyles against alcohol abuse.

• #86

  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30456

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%-40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. […] High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.

• #87 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Epidemiological data from different regions can be used to prioritize risk factors associated with LC for effective prevention programs. Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization. The rise in morbidity and mortality can be prevented by promoting healthy lifestyles against alcohol abuse.

• #88 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Epidemiological data from different regions can be used to prioritize risk factors associated with LC for effective prevention programs. Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization. The rise in morbidity and mortality can be prevented by promoting healthy lifestyles against alcohol abuse.

• #89 SciELO Brazil – The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/spmj/a/vPNGrqn3B4XRDTBcjNMKFqp/

  The city of So Paulo exhibits one of the highest incidences of laryngeal cancer in world and Brazil presents remarkable occurrence, compared with other Latin American countries. Around 8,000 new cases and 3,000 deaths by laryngeal cancer occur annually in the Brazilian population. […] In the city of So Paulo, incidence rates for laryngeal cancer among males have been decreasing since the late 1980s while, among females, the rates have shown a stable trend. […] Several risk factors are involved in the genesis of laryngeal cancer. The most important are tobacco smoking and alcohol intake, but occupational hazards have also been associated with the disease, such as asbestos, strong inorganic acids, cement dust and free crystalline silica. […] Public health policies regarding the control of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, and also surveillance of carcinogen exposure in occupational settings, could have an impact on laryngeal cancer.

• #90 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/

  The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Cigarette smoking and daily alcohol consumption would contribute to about 90% of the overall worldwide mortality for larynx cancer, which calls for urgent healthcare interventions aimed at limiting population exposure to these important carcinogens. […] Our data shows that laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, following a temporal trend that is not expected to reverse soon.

• #91 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology

  http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML

  The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. […] Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon.

• #92 Laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the United States over 2000–2020: a population-based analysis | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-024-01333-1

  Laryngeal cancers account for one-third of all head and neck cancers. We aimed to report the incidence trends of laryngeal cancer over 20002020 in the United States (US), by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histological subtypes. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 database were used to identify patients with laryngeal cancer based on the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, version 3. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for laryngeal cancer, adjusted for reporting delays, were calculated. A total of 104,991 cases of laryngeal cancer were identified in the US from 2000 to 2019. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant subtype, accounting for 94.53% of cases. Above 73.20% occurred among non-Hispanic whites, with the highest incidence observed among individuals aged 5569 years (46.71%). The ASIRs were 5.98 and 1.25 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively. Over 20002019, there was a significant reduction in ASIRs for laryngeal cancer in both sexes. Non-Hispanic black men exhibited the highest ASIR (9.13 per 100,000) and the largest decline in the ASIRs over 20002019 (AAPC: -3.26%). Laryngeal cancer incidence rates showed a decline from 2000 to 2019, in addition to 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional research is required to investigate risk factors and their influence on incidence rates of laryngeal cancer. This provides a comprehensive analysis of laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the US from 2000 to 2019, highlighting variations by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histological subtypes. The study demonstrates a significant decline in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for laryngeal cancer across all demographic groups, with the most pronounced reduction observed in non-Hispanic black men. The study enhances the understanding of demographic disparities in laryngeal cancer incidence, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions and further research on underlying risk factors. Overall, our findings demonstrated a decreasing trend in incidence of laryngeal cancer across all races and ethnicities in both sexes within 20002019. The most prevalent subtype was SCC, followed by neuroendocrine carcinoma and laryngeal chondrosarcoma. The sex disparities in laryngeal cancer were evident, with men consistently exhibiting higher incidence rates across all age groups and a mens predominance observed in all three morphological subtypes. Furthermore, the decrease in incidence rate was observed in all age groups among men. Additionally, in women, a decrease in AAPC was observed in all age groups, except for ages below 39 and above 85 years. Moreover, in both men and women, NHBs exhibited the highest incidence rate during the study period. Regarding AAPC, NHB men and Hispanic women demonstrated the greatest decrease in incidence rates across 20002019. The highest incidence rates across all ethnicities and sexes were attributed to NHB men. Our study has several strengths and limitations. This is the first study leveraging the updated SEER database, incorporating delayed ASIRs for a more robust evaluation of laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the US. In addition to examining the overall laryngeal cancer incidence patterns, subgroup analyses encompassing distinct pathological subtypes were performed. Furthermore, recognizing the significant influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer epidemiology, we analyzed shifts in laryngeal cancer incidence rates during the initial year of the pandemic compared to the preceding year, considering variations across races, age groups, and sexes. The analysis of laryngeal cancer incidence trends within 20002019 demonstrated a decline in incidence rates, with the most significant decline observed in NHBs. Moreover, in both men and women, NHB men exhibited the highest incidence rate during the study period. Also, a noteworthy decrease in the incidence rates was observed in all races and sexes following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Further studies can investigate the risk factors of laryngeal cancer and the incidence rates attributable to each one.

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