Rak gruczołowy in situ – Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak gruczołowy in situ
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak gruczołowy in situ (LCIS) to stan przedrakowy charakteryzujący się nieprawidłowym wzrostem komórek w zrazikach gruczołów mlekowych, z utratą ekspresji E-kadheryny (CDH1) i częstymi mutacjami w genie PIK3CA. LCIS wykazuje delecję chromosomu 16q oraz przyrost chromosomu 1q, a także ekspresję receptorów estrogenowych (ER) w 80-100% przypadków, co podkreśla rolę hormonów, zwłaszcza estrogenów, w patogenezie. Stosowanie hormonalnej terapii zastępczej (HTZ) przez ponad 3-5 lat po menopauzie zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju LCIS. Średni wiek diagnozy to około 45 lat, a czynniki ryzyka obejmują mutacje dziedziczne (BRCA2, CDH1), wywiad rodzinny, oraz czynniki stylu życia takie jak palenie, alkohol, otyłość i brak aktywności fizycznej. LCIS jest zarówno markerem ryzyka, jak i nieobligatoryjnym prekursorem raka inwazyjnego, zwłaszcza raka zrazikowego (ILC), z ryzykiem rozwoju raka inwazyjnego wynoszącym około 20% (7-12-krotnie wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej), z rocznym wzrostem ryzyka o około 1% (13% po 10 latach, 21-26% po 20 latach). Nowa forma pleomorficznego LCIS (PLCIS) wykazuje cechy bardziej agresywne, podobne do DCIS, i wymaga wycięcia z ujemnymi marginesami.

Etiologia i przyczyny Raka gruczołowego in situ (LCIS)

Rak gruczołowy in situ (LCIS, Lobular carcinoma in situ) jest rzadkim schorzeniem charakteryzującym się nieprawidłowym wzrostem komórek w obrębie zrazików gruczołów mlekowych piersi. Mimo nazwy zawierającej termin „carcinoma” (rak), LCIS nie jest prawdziwym nowotworem złośliwym, lecz stanem przedrakowym zwiększającym ryzyko rozwoju inwazyjnego raka piersi w przyszłości. Etiologia LCIS nie jest w pełni poznana, jednak badacze zidentyfikowali szereg czynników przyczyniających się do jego rozwoju.¹²

Mutacje genetyczne jako pierwotna przyczyna LCIS

Główną przyczyną LCIS są mutacje genetyczne w komórkach gruczołów mlekowych. Komórki w zrazikach piersi (lobules) przechodzą zmiany w materiale genetycznym (DNA), co prowadzi do ich nieprawidłowego wyglądu i zachowania. Te zmutowane komórki pozostają ograniczone do zrazików i nie naciekają otaczających tkanek piersi.³⁴

Badania genetyczne wykazały, że w LCIS często dochodzi do specificznych zmian chromosomalnych i mutacji:

Utrata ekspresji genu CDH1 (kodującego białko E-kadherynę) jest charakterystyczną cechą LCIS. Mutacja tego genu supresorowego guza zaburza funkcję białka odpowiedzialnego za adhezję komórkową.⁵⁶
Mutacje w genie PIK3CA występują równie często jak mutacje CDH1. Ten gen dostarcza instrukcje do produkcji enzymu PI3K, który reguluje wzrost, podział i przeżycie komórek.⁷
Najczęstszą zmianą chromosomalną w LCIS jest delecja w chromosomie 16q oraz przyrost w chromosomie 1q.⁸

Analiza genomowa wykazała pokrewieństwo klonalne i podobny profil mutacji między LCIS a synchronicznym lub metachronicznym rakiem inwazyjnym, co potwierdza rolę LCIS jako prekursora raka inwazyjnego.⁹

Czynniki hormonalne w rozwoju LCIS

Wpływ hormonów, szczególnie estrogenów, odgrywa istotną rolę w rozwoju LCIS:

Stosowanie hormonalnej terapii zastępczej (HTZ), zwłaszcza kombinacji estrogenu i progesteronu przez ponad 3-5 lat po menopauzie, zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju LCIS.¹⁰¹¹
Około 80-100% przypadków LCIS wykazuje ekspresję receptorów estrogenowych (ER), a większość z nich wykazuje umiarkowaną do silnej immunoreaktywność w badaniach immunohistochemicznych.¹²
Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na związek między wzrostem zachorowalności na LCIS a wzorcami stosowania kombinowanej estrogenowo-progesteronowej terapii hormonalnej w okresie menopauzy.¹³

Zależność między LCIS a hormonami potwierdza także skuteczność leków blokujących estrogeny w zmniejszaniu ryzyka rozwoju raka piersi u pacjentek z rozpoznanym LCIS.¹⁴

Główne czynniki ryzyka rozwoju LCIS

Badania zidentyfikowały kilka istotnych czynników ryzyka rozwoju LCIS:

Wiek – LCIS występuje najczęściej u kobiet po 40. roku życia, przy czym średni wiek w momencie diagnozy to 45 lat, około 10-15 lat wcześniej niż w przypadku inwazyjnego raka piersi.¹⁵¹⁶
Wywiad rodzinny – osoby z historią rodzinną raka piersi mają podwyższone ryzyko rozwoju LCIS. Zarówno krewni pierwszego stopnia (rodzice, rodzeństwo, dzieci) jak i drugiego stopnia (dziadkowie, ciotki/wujkowie, przyrodnie rodzeństwo) osób z LCIS mają wyższe ryzyko zachorowania na inwazyjnego raka piersi niż ogólna populacja.¹⁷¹⁸
Mutacje dziedziczne – zmiany w DNA zwiększające ryzyko raka piersi mogą być przekazywane z pokolenia na pokolenie. Dwie zmiany DNA związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem inwazyjnego raka zrazikowego to BRCA2 i CDH1.¹⁹
Stosowanie HTZ – długotrwałe stosowanie terapii hormonalnej po menopauzie.²⁰
Czynniki stylu życia – palenie tytoniu, nadmierne spożycie alkoholu, otyłość i brak aktywności fizycznej mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju LCIS.²¹²²

LCIS jako czynnik ryzyka raka piersi

LCIS jest uznawany zarówno za czynnik ryzyka, jak i nieobligatoryjny prekursor raka piersi. Oznacza to, że nie wszystkie przypadki LCIS przekształcą się w raka inwazyjnego, ale jego obecność znacząco zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju raka w przyszłości.²³²⁴

Stopień podwyższonego ryzyka

Pacjentki z LCIS mają istotnie podwyższone ryzyko rozwoju inwazyjnego raka piersi:

Względne ryzyko inwazyjnego raka piersi po diagnozie klasycznego LCIS jest około 9-10 razy wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej.²⁵²⁶
Kobiety z LCIS mają 7-12 razy wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka inwazyjnego w którymkolwiek z piersi w porównaniu do kobiet bez LCIS.²⁷²⁸
Ryzyko zachorowania na raka piersi u kobiet z LCIS wynosi około 20%. Innymi słowy, na każde 100 kobiet z diagnozą LCIS, 20 zachoruje na raka piersi, a 80 nie zachoruje. Dla porównania, ryzyko rozwoju raka piersi w populacji ogólnej wynosi około 12%.²⁹
Prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju inwazyjnego raka zwiększa się o około 1% rocznie po diagnozie LCIS – z ryzykiem 13% po 10 latach i 21-26% po 20 latach.³⁰³¹

Co istotne, u kobiet z LCIS istnieje zwiększone prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju raka zrazikowego (18-krotny wzrost) w porównaniu do raka przewodowego (3-4-krotny wzrost).³²

Lokalizacja późniejszego raka

Interesującym aspektem LCIS jest to, że podwyższone ryzyko dotyczy obu piersi, nie tylko tej, w której zdiagnozowano LCIS:

Rak może rozwinąć się zarówno w piersi z LCIS, jak i w drugiej piersi.³³
Nowsze badania wykazały jednak silniejszą skłonność do rozwoju raka w tej samej piersi, w której zdiagnozowano LCIS.³⁴
Jedno z badań z 2024 roku wykazało, że LCIS ma zarówno ryzyko natychmiastowe (19,3%), jak i opóźnione (18,6%) rozwoju inwazyjnego raka piersi, przy czym 91% takich nowotworów występuje w tej samej piersi co LCIS, a 9% w przeciwległej piersi.³⁵

Pleomorficzny LCIS – odmiana wyższego ryzyka

Niedawno zidentyfikowano nowszą formę LCIS, zwaną pleomorficznym LCIS (PLCIS). Ta forma różni się od klasycznego LCIS i zachowuje się bardziej jak rak przewodowy in situ (DCIS):³⁶

W PLCIS komórki wyściełające zraziki piersi są większe i wyglądają bardziej nieprawidłowo.³⁷
72-100% przypadków PLCIS wykazuje ekspresję receptorów estrogenowych (ER), 50-100% przypadków wykazuje ekspresję receptorów progesteronowych (PR), a w 1-41% przypadków nadekspresję HER2.³⁸
PLCIS wykazuje cechy, które nakładają się zarówno na klasyczną neoplazję zrazikową, jak i DCIS wysokiego stopnia.³⁹
Ze względu na obawy, że PLCIS jest bardziej agresywny i wykazuje cechy histologiczne i molekularne podobne do DCIS, zaleca się wycięcie z ujemnymi marginesami.⁴⁰

Molekularne mechanizmy rozwoju LCIS

Postępy w badaniach molekularnych dostarczyły cennych informacji na temat procesów zachodzących w LCIS na poziomie genetycznym i białkowym.⁴¹

Zaburzenia w kompleksie E-kadheryny

Najbardziej charakterystyczną cechą zmian zrazikowych, w tym LCIS, jest utrata ekspresji białka E-kadheryny:

E-kadheryna jest białkiem adhezyjnym odpowiedzialnym za utrzymanie integralności tkanki epithelialnej.⁴²
Utrata ekspresji E-kadheryny jest klinicznie wykorzystywana do odróżnienia zmian zrazikowych od przewodowych.⁴³
Zaburzenie w kompleksie E-kadheryny jest główną cechą zmian zrazikowych, ale inne cząsteczki sygnałowe, takie jak PIK3CA i c-src, są również konsekwentnie zmienione w LCIS.⁴⁴

Specyficzne zmiany chromosomalne

W LCIS występują charakterystyczne zmiany chromosomalne:

Najczęstszą zmianą jest utrata heterozygotyczności na chromosomie 16q (locus dla genu e-kadheryny) oraz przyrost w chromosomie 1q.⁴⁵⁴⁶
LCIS często wykazuje te same zmiany genetyczne (takie jak utrata heterozygotyczności na chromosomie 16q) co sąsiadujący obszar raka inwazyjnego.⁴⁷
W przypadku PLCIS obserwuje się charakterystyczne zmiany w 8q23.1, 14q23.3 i 12p12.2, podobne do tych występujących w DCIS wysokiego stopnia.⁴⁸

Kluczowe ścieżki sygnałowe

Badania wykazały, że w rozwoju LCIS uczestniczą różne ścieżki sygnałowe:

Ścieżka PI3K/AKT/mTOR – mutacje w genie PIK3CA dostarczającym instrukcje do produkcji enzymu PI3K, który reguluje wzrost, podział i przeżycie komórek.⁴⁹
Szlaki związane z przejściem epitelialno-mezenchymalnym (EMT) – kluczowym w określeniu, czy zmiana LCIS będzie postępować.⁵⁰⁵¹
Ekspresja receptorów jądrowych, zwłaszcza ER, która może być wykorzystana do przewidywania klinicznego przebiegu guzów.⁵²

LCIS jako nieobligatoryjny prekursor raka inwazyjnego

Przez lata LCIS był uważany wyłącznie za marker ryzyka raka piersi. Obecnie jednak rozumiemy, że pełni również rolę nieobligatoryjnego prekursora raka inwazyjnego, szczególnie raka zrazikowego (ILC).⁵³⁵⁴

Dowody na rolę prekursora

Kilka linii dowodowych wspiera rolę LCIS jako prekursora raka:

LCIS i inwazyjny rak zrazikowy (ILC) mają wspólne zmiany w liczbie kopii genów i mutacje somatyczne.⁵⁵
Badania genomowe wykazują pokrewieństwo klonalne i podobny profil mutacji między LCIS a synchronicznym lub metachronicznym rakiem inwazyjnym.⁵⁶
Jedno małe badanie wykazało, że 50% inwazyjnych guzów zrazikowych, które ostatecznie powstały u kobiet z LCIS, było spokrewnionych klonalnie – były one bardzo podobne genetycznie, z wspólnymi mutacjami.⁵⁷
LCIS jest uważany za pochodzący od atypowej hyperplazji zrazikowej (ALH), zmiany przedinwazyjnej o cechach morfologicznych podobnych do LCIS, ale z mniejszymi, mniej rozciągniętymi zrazinami.⁵⁸

Te odkrycia wspierają hipotezę, że LCIS nie jest jedynie markerem ryzyka, ale może ewoluować do raka inwazyjnego u części pacjentek.⁵⁹

Progresja do raka inwazyjnego

Mimo że LCIS zwiększa ryzyko raka, nie wszystkie przypadki rozwiną się w raka inwazyjnego:

Większość kobiet (około 75-80%) z LCIS nigdy nie zachoruje na raka piersi.⁶⁰
Inwazja tkanki poza zrazikiem nie następuje, pozostawiając architekturę tkanki zrazikowej nienaruszoną. W rezultacie LCIS może rozwijać się w wielu zrazikach, pozostając niewykrywalnym w badaniach klinicznych piersi i mammografii.⁶¹
Rozwój raka inwazyjnego z LCIS jest powolny i może trwać nawet piętnaście do dwudziestu lat.⁶²⁶³
Obecnie nie istnieją narzędzia diagnostyczne, które mogłyby wiarygodnie przewidzieć, czy u kobiety z LCIS rozwinie się później rak inwazyjny.⁶⁴⁶⁵

Kluczem do określenia, czy zmiana LCIS będzie postępować, będą jej cechy molekularne, w tym aberracje genetyczne w ważnych szlakach sygnałowych i zmiany w ścieżkach EMT.⁶⁶⁶⁷

Wpływ czynników środowiskowych i stylu życia

Oprócz genetycznych i hormonalnych przyczyn LCIS, badania wskazują również na rolę czynników środowiskowych i stylu życia w jego rozwoju.⁶⁸

Hormonalna terapia zastępcza

Związek między hormonalną terapią zastępczą (HTZ) a LCIS jest dobrze udokumentowany:

Stosowanie kombinacji estrogenu i progesteronu w HTZ przez ponad 3-5 lat po menopauzie zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju LCIS.⁶⁹⁷⁰
Badanie z 2017 roku wykazało związek między stosowaniem HTZ w okresie menopauzy a LCIS.⁷¹
Rosnąca zachorowalność na wszystkie patologie zrazikowe do 2002 roku, a także jej późniejszy spadek, mogą być związane ze zmieniającymi się wzorcami stosowania kombinowanej estrogenowo-progesteronowej terapii menopauzalnej.⁷²

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Różne aspekty stylu życia mogą wpływać na ryzyko rozwoju LCIS:

Palenie tytoniu zwiększa ryzyko LCIS podobnie jak ryzyka raka piersi.⁷³⁷⁴
Nadmierne spożycie alkoholu jest związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju LCIS.⁷⁵⁷⁶
Otyłość i brak aktywności fizycznej mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju LCIS poprzez wpływ na poziom hormonów i stany zapalne w organizmie.⁷⁷

Czynniki te są również związane z podwyższonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka piersi, co sugeruje, że większość czynników ryzyka wpływa na powstawanie guza już na wczesnym etapie.⁷⁸

Podsumowanie etiologii LCIS

Etiologia LCIS jest złożona i obejmuje interakcję wielu czynników. Chociaż dokładne przyczyny nie są w pełni poznane, rozumiemy, że kluczowe znaczenie mają:⁷⁹⁸⁰

Mutacje genetyczne – szczególnie w genach CDH1 (E-kadheryna) i PIK3CA, które powodują nieprawidłowy wzrost komórek w zrazikach gruczołów mlekowych.⁸¹
Czynniki hormonalne – w tym stosowanie hormonalnej terapii zastępczej i naturalne wahania hormonalne.⁸²
Wiek – LCIS występuje najczęściej u kobiet po 40. roku życia, ze średnim wiekiem diagnozy około 45 lat.⁸³
Historia rodzinna – osoby z historią raka piersi w rodzinie mają podwyższone ryzyko rozwoju LCIS.⁸⁴
Czynniki stylu życia – palenie tytoniu, nadmierne spożycie alkoholu i otyłość mogą zwiększać ryzyko.⁸⁵

Zrozumienie etiologii LCIS ma kluczowe znaczenie dla identyfikacji kobiet z podwyższonym ryzykiem, wdrożenia odpowiednich strategii monitorowania i potencjalnie zapobiegania rozwojowi inwazyjnego raka piersi. Mimo że większość kobiet z LCIS nigdy nie zachoruje na inwazyjnego raka piersi, wymagane jest regularne monitorowanie i rozważenie interwencji zmniejszających ryzyko, takich jak chemioprewencja za pomocą modulatorów receptora estrogenowego.⁸⁶⁸⁷

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21791-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a rare breast condition. It causes abnormal cells in your lobules the glands in your breasts that produce breast milk. LCIS isnt breast cancer but it does increase the chance youll have breast cancer. […] Researchers know genetic mutations cause normal cells in your lobules to change into abnormal cells. But they dont know what triggers the change. […] While it doesnt happen often, lobular carcinoma in situ may develop into ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular breast cancer. Studies show that 1 in 10 people with LCIS develop DCIS or lobular breast cancer. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ means you have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
#2 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20374514/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition in which abnormal cells form in the milk glands (lobules) in the breast. LCIS isnt cancer. But being diagnosed with LCIS indicates that you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Its not clear what causes LCIS. LCIS begins when cells in a milk-producing gland (lobule) of a breast develop genetic mutations that cause the cells to appear abnormal. The abnormal cells remain in the lobule and dont extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue. […] If LCIS is detected in a breast biopsy, it doesnt mean that you have cancer. But having LCIS increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer. […] The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with LCIS is thought to be approximately 20 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with LCIS, 20 will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 80 wont be diagnosed with breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 12 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women in the general population, 12 will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
#3 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20374514/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition in which abnormal cells form in the milk glands (lobules) in the breast. LCIS isnt cancer. But being diagnosed with LCIS indicates that you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Its not clear what causes LCIS. LCIS begins when cells in a milk-producing gland (lobule) of a breast develop genetic mutations that cause the cells to appear abnormal. The abnormal cells remain in the lobule and dont extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue. […] If LCIS is detected in a breast biopsy, it doesnt mean that you have cancer. But having LCIS increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer. […] The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with LCIS is thought to be approximately 20 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with LCIS, 20 will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 80 wont be diagnosed with breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 12 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women in the general population, 12 will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
#4 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#5 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#6 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini. […] The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions.
#7 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#8 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Therefore, there is a critical need to identify better markers of progression, which might be used clinically to guide management. […] Specific chromosomal alterations are found frequently and consistently in LCIS. […] The chromosomal changes most commonly associated with LCIS are loss of 16q and gain of 1q. […] In LCIS, 0 to 11 % of tumors have HER2 amplification. […] Loss of expression of chromosome 16q genes DPEP1 and CTCF in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#9 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#10 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#11 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ LCIS | Tampa General Hospital
https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a relatively uncommon condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of a breast. […] The causes of lobular carcinoma in situ are unknown. Through extensive research, scientists have identified several risk factors for LCIS, including: […] Advanced age (most cases are diagnosed after age 40) […] A family history of breast cancer […] The use of hormone therapy after menopause.
#12 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies, combined with genomic clonality studies comparing LCIS and IBC, support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The expression of nuclear receptors – especially ER – can be used to predict clinical outcome of tumors; 80 to 100 % of LCIS cases express ER, most of which show moderate to strong immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry. […] Some aggressive variants of LCIS are more likely to be ER-negative. […] The prognostic markers mentioned above do not reliably and accurately predict the potential of LCIS lesions to progress to invasive disease.
#13 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast | Oncohema Key
https://oncohemakey.com/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-of-the-breast/
Rising rates of all lobular pathology through 2002, as well as their subsequent fall, may be related to changing patterns of combined estrogen and progestin menopausal hormone therapy (CHT) use. […] It has been hypothesized that abrupt cessation in CHT use is at least partially responsible for the decline in total breast cancer rates after 2002 observed in the United States and may account for the drop in ILC and LCIS incidence rates since 2002 primarily among women most likely to be CHT users, those 50 to 69 years of age. […] These findings might help explain why ILC rates are highest among women 70 years of age and older.
#14 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) – Breast Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/breast-cancer/breast-health-services/breast-cancer/lobular-carcinoma-situ-lcis
Unlike ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS, LCIS is not considered a precursor to invasive breast cancer so it does not require treatment. […] LCIS is considered a marker for increased breast cancer risk in either breast, much like family history. […] Studies suggest that women who are found to have LCIS have an increased risk of breast cancer development of about 1%/year, so a 10% risk in 10 years, 20% risk in 20 years, etc. […] Although LCIS does not require treatment, the diagnosis increases a patients risk, so consideration of risk-reducing interventions and enhanced breast cancer screening should be discussed. […] Treatment with hormone blocking therapy has been shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer development in patients with LCIS by 56%. […] More recently, a newer form of LCIS has been identified, called pleomorphic LCIS. This is considered different from classic LCIS and appears to behave more like DCIS.
#15 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#16 Lobular carcinoma in situ | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ?lang=us
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) represents the next step up from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) along the malignant spectrum of lobular breast carcinoma. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ occurs predominantly in premenopausal women with a mean age of 45 years old, approximately 10-15 years younger than the mean age when invasive breast carcinoma occurs. […] Like most other lobular breast pathology, lobular carcinoma in situ originates in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU). However, unlike atypical lobular hyperplasia, the malignant cells fill and distend the lobular acini in LCIS. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ is a high-risk marker for the future development of invasive carcinoma. A woman with LCIS has approximately a 15-30% chance of developing an infiltrating ductal or lobular carcinoma in the breast in which the LCIS is discovered or in the contralateral breast.
#17 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#18 Lobular Breast Cancer And LCIS Characteristics | Food for Breast Cancer
https://foodforbreastcancer.com/articles/lobular-breast-cancer-and-lcis-characteristics
Women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (a possible precursor of both LCIS and invasive breast cancer) are at significantly higher than average risk for invasive breast cancer, but the risk is higher for developing both ductal and lobular breast cancer. […] One small study reported that 50% of invasive lobular tumors eventually arising in women with LCIS were clonally related, in other words, they were very similar genetically with shared mutations. […] A 2023 study reported that the absence of LCIS at the time of diagnosis was an unfavorable prognostic marker among with those invasive lobular breast cancer. […] First degree (parent, sibling or child) and second degree (grandparent, aunt/uncle, half-sibling) relatives of women with LCIS have a higher risk of invasive breast cancer than the general population, as one large 2020 Swedish prospective study reported.
#19 Invasive lobular carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/invasive-lobular-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20373973
It’s not clear what causes invasive lobular carcinoma. […] This form of breast cancer begins when cells in one or more milk-producing glands of the breast develop changes in their DNA. […] Certain breast conditions are signs that you have a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you’ve had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma tends to happen at an older age compared to other types of breast cancer. […] Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk. Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. Two DNA changes associated with an increased risk of invasive lobular carcinoma include BRCA2 and CDH1.
#20 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Symptoms, cancer, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the milk-producing glands of the breast, which are called lobules. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of LCIS, but studies suggest the risk factors are similar to those of breast cancer. A 2017 study compared risk factor associations between breast cancer and conditions that possibly lead to it, such as LCIS. It found a link between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause and LCIS. […] The authors of the study discovered that the risk factors for LCIS resemble those of breast cancer. This suggests most risk factors influence tumor formation early. Examples of these include: a family history of breast cancer, smoking, excess alcohol consumption. […] Although LCIS is not invasive breast cancer, it increases a persons risk of developing the disease. […] To reduce the risk of breast cancer, doctors may also recommend a person take estrogen-blocking or estrogen-reducing medications because the hormone may impact breast cancer cell growth.
#21 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#22 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark
https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
The potential causes of LCIS are not entirely known, but it is believed that hormonal factors play a role. Abnormal hormone levels can change the structure of the breast lobules and ducts, leading to LCIS. Additionally, genetic mutations, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and obesity can contribute to the development of LCIS. […] Environmental factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing LCIS include exposure to radiation and exposure to hormones either through hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake, inactivity, and obesity are also associated with an increased risk of developing LCIS. […] Yes, having a family history of breast cancer can increase the risk of developing LCIS. Women who have a first-degree relative (like a mother or sister) with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing all types of breast cancer, including LCIS. Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, including LCIS.
#23 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#24
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] The likelihood of developing IBC increases by about 1 % every year after LCIS diagnosis – with a 13 % risk after 10 years and a 21 to 26 % risk after 20 years. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini.
#25 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#26 Lobular Carcinoma In-Situ (LCIS)
https://cbcn.ca/en/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) describes a condition in which there is abnormal cell growth in the lining on the lobules that dont invade the wall of the lobules. […] Research shows that LCIS is found in about 0.5% to 1.5% of benign breast biopsies and in about 1.8% to 2.5% of all breast biopsies. […] LCIS has also been shown to occur at higher rates in premenopausal women at an average age of 49 at diagnosis. […] While LCIS is a benign condition and is not considered to be breast cancer, having LCIS puts a person at an approximately 7 to 12 times higher risk of later developing invasive breast cancer. […] For women diagnosed with LCIS, the risk of developing breast cancer in 10 years is 10% and after 20 years of an LCIS diagnosis, the risk is 20%. […] Following a diagnosis of classic LCIS, the risk of going on to develop invasive carcinoma is about 9 to 10 times higher as compared to the general population.
#27 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ | LCIS | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a type of breast change that is sometimes seen when a breast biopsy is done. In LCIS, cells that look like cancer cells are growing in the lining of the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast, but they dont invade through the wall of the lobules. […] LCIS is not considered cancer, and it typically does not spread beyond the lobule (that is, it doesn’t become invasive breast cancer) if it isnt treated. But having LCIS does increase your risk of later developing an invasive breast cancer in either breast. […] LCIS and another type of breast change (atypical lobular hyperplasia, or ALH) are types of lobular neoplasia. These are benign (non-cancerous) conditions, but they both increase your risk of breast cancer. […] Women with LCIS have about a 7 to 12 times higher risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast. For this reason, doctors typically recommend that women with LCIS have regular breast cancer screening tests and follow-up visits with a health care provider for the rest of their lives.
#28 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Susan G. KomenÂ®
https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
When abnormal cells grow inside the breast lobules, but have not spread to nearby tissue or beyond, the condition is called lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). […] Although the term LCIS includes the word carcinoma, LCIS is not cancer. […] Women with LCIS have an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. […] Compared to women without LCIS, those with LCIS are 7-11 times more likely to develop invasive cancer in either breast (the breast with LCIS or the opposite breast). […] In the past, LCIS was not considered to be a precursor (a condition that can develop into) to breast cancer. However, some studies show LCIS may develop into invasive lobular cancer (invasive breast cancer that begins in the lobules). […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) strongly recommends women with LCIS take a risk-reducing drug (such as tamoxifen) to lower their risk of breast cancer.
#29 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20374514/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition in which abnormal cells form in the milk glands (lobules) in the breast. LCIS isnt cancer. But being diagnosed with LCIS indicates that you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Its not clear what causes LCIS. LCIS begins when cells in a milk-producing gland (lobule) of a breast develop genetic mutations that cause the cells to appear abnormal. The abnormal cells remain in the lobule and dont extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue. […] If LCIS is detected in a breast biopsy, it doesnt mean that you have cancer. But having LCIS increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer. […] The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with LCIS is thought to be approximately 20 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with LCIS, 20 will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 80 wont be diagnosed with breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 12 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women in the general population, 12 will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
#30
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] The likelihood of developing IBC increases by about 1 % every year after LCIS diagnosis – with a 13 % risk after 10 years and a 21 to 26 % risk after 20 years. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini.
#31 Lobular Carcinoma In-Situ (LCIS)
https://cbcn.ca/en/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) describes a condition in which there is abnormal cell growth in the lining on the lobules that dont invade the wall of the lobules. […] Research shows that LCIS is found in about 0.5% to 1.5% of benign breast biopsies and in about 1.8% to 2.5% of all breast biopsies. […] LCIS has also been shown to occur at higher rates in premenopausal women at an average age of 49 at diagnosis. […] While LCIS is a benign condition and is not considered to be breast cancer, having LCIS puts a person at an approximately 7 to 12 times higher risk of later developing invasive breast cancer. […] For women diagnosed with LCIS, the risk of developing breast cancer in 10 years is 10% and after 20 years of an LCIS diagnosis, the risk is 20%. […] Following a diagnosis of classic LCIS, the risk of going on to develop invasive carcinoma is about 9 to 10 times higher as compared to the general population.
#32 Contemporary management of ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ – Obeng-Gyasi – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/10361/html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is further subdivided into classic lobular carcinoma in situ (CLCIS) and pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (PLCIS). […] LCIS confers a much higher risk (9-10 times increased risk) of breast cancer than atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) (4-5 times increased risk). […] In addition to being a risk factor, LN has also been shown to be a non-obligate precursor based on comparable histologic and molecular profiles to invasive lobular cancer (ILC) and a higher risk of ipsilateral breast cancer compared to the contralateral breast. […] Furthermore, in contrast to women of average risk, individuals with LN have an increased probability of developing ILC (18-fold increase) as opposed to IDC (3- to 4-fold increase). […] The 2016 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for the management of LCIS recommend surgical excision for LCIS diagnosed on CNB.
#33 Understanding Your Pathology Report: Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/diagnosis-staging/tests/biopsy-and-cytology-tests/understanding-your-pathology-report/breast-pathology/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a type of in-situ carcinoma of the breast. While DCIS is considered a pre-cancer, it is unclear whether LCIS is a pre-cancer or if it’s just a general risk factor for developing breast cancer. This is because LCIS rarely seems to turn into invasive cancer if it’s left untreated. […] Having LCIS does increase a person’s risk of getting breast cancer, but the cancer occurs just as often in the opposite breast (the one without any LCIS). […] Because it isn’t clear if LCIS is a pre-cancer, many doctors prefer to use the term lobular neoplasia instead of lobular carcinoma in situ. […] LCIS and another type of breast change called atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) are types of lobular neoplasia. These are benign (non-cancerous) conditions, but they both increase your risk of breast cancer.
#34
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#35 Lobular Breast Cancer And LCIS Characteristics | Food for Breast Cancer
https://foodforbreastcancer.com/articles/lobular-breast-cancer-and-lcis-characteristics
One 2024 study reported that LCIS has both an immediate risk (19.3%) and a delayed risk (18.6%) of invasive breast cancer with 91% of such cancer occurring in the same breast as the LCIS and 9% in the opposite (contralateral) breast. […] However, since a substantial minority of women diagnosed with LCIS based on core needle biopsy are found to have invasive breast cancer upon open surgical biopsy, some experts are of the opinion that surgical excision should follow needle biopsy to confirm that the diagnosis is limited to noninvasive breast cancer. […] The picture is more clear for pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (PLCIS), a higher-risk type of LCIS which is more likely to progress.
#36 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) – Breast Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/breast-cancer/breast-health-services/breast-cancer/lobular-carcinoma-situ-lcis
Unlike ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS, LCIS is not considered a precursor to invasive breast cancer so it does not require treatment. […] LCIS is considered a marker for increased breast cancer risk in either breast, much like family history. […] Studies suggest that women who are found to have LCIS have an increased risk of breast cancer development of about 1%/year, so a 10% risk in 10 years, 20% risk in 20 years, etc. […] Although LCIS does not require treatment, the diagnosis increases a patients risk, so consideration of risk-reducing interventions and enhanced breast cancer screening should be discussed. […] Treatment with hormone blocking therapy has been shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer development in patients with LCIS by 56%. […] More recently, a newer form of LCIS has been identified, called pleomorphic LCIS. This is considered different from classic LCIS and appears to behave more like DCIS.
#37 Lobular Carcinoma In-Situ (LCIS)
https://cbcn.ca/en/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
In pleomorphic LCIS, the cells lining the breast lobules and larger and more abnormal looking. […] 72% to 100% of cases of pleomorphic LCIS are positive for estrogen receptors (ER), 50% to 100% of cases are positive for progesterone receptors (PR), and in 1% to 41% of cases HER2 is overexpressed. […] Additionally, aromatase inhibitors, which stops the enzyme aromatase from changing other hormones into estrogen, may also be used by post-menopausal women to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer following a diagnosis of LCIS. […] It is important to note that these drugs only reduce the risk of getting ER-positive breast cancer, not ER-negative breast cancer.
#38 Lobular Carcinoma In-Situ (LCIS)
https://cbcn.ca/en/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
In pleomorphic LCIS, the cells lining the breast lobules and larger and more abnormal looking. […] 72% to 100% of cases of pleomorphic LCIS are positive for estrogen receptors (ER), 50% to 100% of cases are positive for progesterone receptors (PR), and in 1% to 41% of cases HER2 is overexpressed. […] Additionally, aromatase inhibitors, which stops the enzyme aromatase from changing other hormones into estrogen, may also be used by post-menopausal women to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer following a diagnosis of LCIS. […] It is important to note that these drugs only reduce the risk of getting ER-positive breast cancer, not ER-negative breast cancer.
#39 Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma in Situ: A Divergent Entity With Emerging Significance
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/pleomorphic-lobular-carcinoma-situ-divergent-entity-emerging-significance
Both PLC and PLCIS harbor the hallmark molecular genetic features of lobular carcinomas that show additional molecular genetic changes and more complex karyotypes than LCIS/ILC, demonstrating that PLCIS may be a direct precursor of invasive PLC. […] The characteristic 8q23.1, 14q23.3, and 12p12.2 reported in high-grade DCIS were seen in our cases of PLCIS as well. […] PLCIS exhibits features that overlap with both classic lobular neoplasia and high-grade DCIS.
#40 Contemporary management of ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ – Obeng-Gyasi – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/10361/html
However, some have recently argued that this recommendation be revised based on new data. […] Multiple studies, including one prospective study, have recently reported low upgrade rates ranging from 1-5% upon exclusion of specimens with high risk characteristics such as non-classic morphology, discordant imaging and pathology, and extensive LCIS (4 foci). […] As indicated above, LCIS is considered both a high-risk lesion and a non-obligate precursor which confers a 10-20% risk for development of breast cancer. […] Current surgical recommendations differ between PLCIS and CLCIS. […] Due to concerns that PLCIS is more aggressive and exhibits histologic and molecular characteristics similar to DCIS, the NCCN, European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) and NHSBSP all recommend excision with negative margins.
#41 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini. […] The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions.
#42 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini. […] The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions.
#43
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#44
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] The likelihood of developing IBC increases by about 1 % every year after LCIS diagnosis – with a 13 % risk after 10 years and a 21 to 26 % risk after 20 years. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini.
#45 Lobular carcinoma in situ – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an incidental microscopic finding with characteristic cellular morphology and multifocal tissue patterns. […] Many do not consider LCIS to be a true case of cancer, but it can indicate an increased risk of future cancer. […] Cells of lobular neoplasia (LN), including both atypical lobular hyperplasia and LCIS, and ILC share common genetic alterations, perhaps accounting, in part, for the similarities in histologic appearance. […] LCIS often have the same genetic alterations (such as loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q, the locus for the e-cadherin gene) as the adjacent area of invasive carcinoma. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ is both a risk factor and precursor of invasive carcinoma. […] Lobular neoplasia is considered pre-cancerous, and LCIS is an indicator (marker) for increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer in women. […] LCIS (lobular neoplasia is considered pre-cancerous) is an indicator (marker) identifying women with an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer. […] The relative risk of developing invasive carcinoma after LCIS diagnosis is 8-10 times greater than in the general population.
#46 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Therefore, there is a critical need to identify better markers of progression, which might be used clinically to guide management. […] Specific chromosomal alterations are found frequently and consistently in LCIS. […] The chromosomal changes most commonly associated with LCIS are loss of 16q and gain of 1q. […] In LCIS, 0 to 11 % of tumors have HER2 amplification. […] Loss of expression of chromosome 16q genes DPEP1 and CTCF in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#47 Lobular carcinoma in situ – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an incidental microscopic finding with characteristic cellular morphology and multifocal tissue patterns. […] Many do not consider LCIS to be a true case of cancer, but it can indicate an increased risk of future cancer. […] Cells of lobular neoplasia (LN), including both atypical lobular hyperplasia and LCIS, and ILC share common genetic alterations, perhaps accounting, in part, for the similarities in histologic appearance. […] LCIS often have the same genetic alterations (such as loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q, the locus for the e-cadherin gene) as the adjacent area of invasive carcinoma. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ is both a risk factor and precursor of invasive carcinoma. […] Lobular neoplasia is considered pre-cancerous, and LCIS is an indicator (marker) for increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer in women. […] LCIS (lobular neoplasia is considered pre-cancerous) is an indicator (marker) identifying women with an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer. […] The relative risk of developing invasive carcinoma after LCIS diagnosis is 8-10 times greater than in the general population.
#48 Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma in Situ: A Divergent Entity With Emerging Significance
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/pleomorphic-lobular-carcinoma-situ-divergent-entity-emerging-significance
Both PLC and PLCIS harbor the hallmark molecular genetic features of lobular carcinomas that show additional molecular genetic changes and more complex karyotypes than LCIS/ILC, demonstrating that PLCIS may be a direct precursor of invasive PLC. […] The characteristic 8q23.1, 14q23.3, and 12p12.2 reported in high-grade DCIS were seen in our cases of PLCIS as well. […] PLCIS exhibits features that overlap with both classic lobular neoplasia and high-grade DCIS.
#49 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#50 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Therefore, there is a critical need to identify better markers of progression, which might be used clinically to guide management. […] Specific chromosomal alterations are found frequently and consistently in LCIS. […] The chromosomal changes most commonly associated with LCIS are loss of 16q and gain of 1q. […] In LCIS, 0 to 11 % of tumors have HER2 amplification. […] Loss of expression of chromosome 16q genes DPEP1 and CTCF in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#51
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#52 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies, combined with genomic clonality studies comparing LCIS and IBC, support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The expression of nuclear receptors – especially ER – can be used to predict clinical outcome of tumors; 80 to 100 % of LCIS cases express ER, most of which show moderate to strong immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry. […] Some aggressive variants of LCIS are more likely to be ER-negative. […] The prognostic markers mentioned above do not reliably and accurately predict the potential of LCIS lesions to progress to invasive disease.
#53 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#54
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-019-07875-x
The condition was named lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in 1941, however, by 1971, Haagensen et al. had recognized that Lobular carcinoma in situ is a misleading and unfortunate name for this benign, noninfiltrating, special microscopical form of lobular proliferation of the mammary epithelium. […] The fact is, women diagnosed with LCIS disproportionately develop invasive lobular carcinoma in the originally affected breast. The frequent occurrence of LCIS in association with invasive lobular carcinoma suggests it may be a precursor lesion. […] LCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive lobular carcinoma and a marker of a breast microenvironment that is permissive for the outgrowth of invasive breast cancers. […] Absolute invasive breast cancer risk for LCIS is 1.12.0% per year, and remains stable for up to 20 years.
#55 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#56 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5841603/
LCIS is both a risk factor and a non-obligate precursor of breast carcinoma. […] The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after a diagnosis of classic LCIS is approximately 9-10 times that of the general population. […] LCIS and ILC share common copy number alterations and somatic mutations. […] A subset of LCIS is clonally related to synchronous or subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. […] The most frequent chromosome alteration in LCIS is deletion of 16q; the most common somatic mutations in LCIS affect CDH1 (gene encoding for E-cadherin). […] Genomic analyses reveal a clonal relationship and similar mutation profile between LCIS and synchronous or metachronous invasive carcinoma, supporting the role of LCIS as a precursor to invasive carcinoma.
#57 Lobular Breast Cancer And LCIS Characteristics | Food for Breast Cancer
https://foodforbreastcancer.com/articles/lobular-breast-cancer-and-lcis-characteristics
Women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (a possible precursor of both LCIS and invasive breast cancer) are at significantly higher than average risk for invasive breast cancer, but the risk is higher for developing both ductal and lobular breast cancer. […] One small study reported that 50% of invasive lobular tumors eventually arising in women with LCIS were clonally related, in other words, they were very similar genetically with shared mutations. […] A 2023 study reported that the absence of LCIS at the time of diagnosis was an unfavorable prognostic marker among with those invasive lobular breast cancer. […] First degree (parent, sibling or child) and second degree (grandparent, aunt/uncle, half-sibling) relatives of women with LCIS have a higher risk of invasive breast cancer than the general population, as one large 2020 Swedish prospective study reported.
#58
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). […] Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. […] Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. […] The likelihood of developing IBC increases by about 1 % every year after LCIS diagnosis – with a 13 % risk after 10 years and a 21 to 26 % risk after 20 years. […] LCIS is believed to arise from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), a pre-invasive lesion with morphological features similar to LCIS, except with smaller, less distended acini.
#59
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#60
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-019-07875-x
In addition, LCIS is an estrogen-driven phenomenon, with nearly 100% of cells expressing estrogen receptor. […] The vast majority of women aged 35 years or over with LCIS meet short- and long-term risk thresholds for chemoprevention and screening MRI. […] The fact is, most women diagnosed with LCIS never develop breast cancer. […] There are currently no factors (other than chemoprevention) convincingly shown to modify the 1.5% per year breast cancer risk observed after the diagnosis of LCIS. […] In the case of LCIS, this event seems to occur at the rate of about 1.5% per year.
#61 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/lobular-carcinoma-situ-lcis
An interesting characteristic of LCIS is that invasion of tissue outside the lobule does not ensue, leaving lobular tissue architecture intact. As a result, LCIS can develop in multiple lobules undetected by clinical breast examinations and mammography. Despite this, the development of invasive cancer from LCIS is slow and may take as long as fifteen to twenty years.
#62 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/lobular-carcinoma-situ-lcis
An interesting characteristic of LCIS is that invasion of tissue outside the lobule does not ensue, leaving lobular tissue architecture intact. As a result, LCIS can develop in multiple lobules undetected by clinical breast examinations and mammography. Despite this, the development of invasive cancer from LCIS is slow and may take as long as fifteen to twenty years.
#63 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
https://gangabreastcare.com/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ.php
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) is a carcinoma which arises and limited to the cells lining the milk-producing glands of the breast. […] Patients who have LCIS are more prone to develop an invasive carcinoma of the breast(30-40%) when compared to those who do not have LCIS (12.5%). […] Those who develop invasive carcinoma of the breast develop it over a long period from the onset of LCIS (around 10 to 15 years).
#64 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies, combined with genomic clonality studies comparing LCIS and IBC, support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The expression of nuclear receptors – especially ER – can be used to predict clinical outcome of tumors; 80 to 100 % of LCIS cases express ER, most of which show moderate to strong immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry. […] Some aggressive variants of LCIS are more likely to be ER-negative. […] The prognostic markers mentioned above do not reliably and accurately predict the potential of LCIS lesions to progress to invasive disease.
#65
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#66 Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5
Therefore, there is a critical need to identify better markers of progression, which might be used clinically to guide management. […] Specific chromosomal alterations are found frequently and consistently in LCIS. […] The chromosomal changes most commonly associated with LCIS are loss of 16q and gain of 1q. […] In LCIS, 0 to 11 % of tumors have HER2 amplification. […] Loss of expression of chromosome 16q genes DPEP1 and CTCF in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#67
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4453073/
The most well-studied characteristic of LN is loss of E-cadherin, and this is clinically used to differentiate lobular from ductal lesions. […] In more contemporary series, however, several studies have shown a stronger propensity for development of ipsilateral IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] These studies support a non-obligate precursor role of LCIS, in addition to being a risk factor for IBC. […] Currently, no diagnostic tools exist which can reliably predict if a woman will subsequently develop IBC after diagnosis of LCIS. […] The key to determining whether a LCIS lesion will progress will lie in the molecular characteristics of the lesion, including genetic aberrations in important signaling pathways, and alterations in EMT pathways.
#68 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark
https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
The potential causes of LCIS are not entirely known, but it is believed that hormonal factors play a role. Abnormal hormone levels can change the structure of the breast lobules and ducts, leading to LCIS. Additionally, genetic mutations, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and obesity can contribute to the development of LCIS. […] Environmental factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing LCIS include exposure to radiation and exposure to hormones either through hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake, inactivity, and obesity are also associated with an increased risk of developing LCIS. […] Yes, having a family history of breast cancer can increase the risk of developing LCIS. Women who have a first-degree relative (like a mother or sister) with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing all types of breast cancer, including LCIS. Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, including LCIS.
#69 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#70 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#71 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Symptoms, cancer, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the milk-producing glands of the breast, which are called lobules. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of LCIS, but studies suggest the risk factors are similar to those of breast cancer. A 2017 study compared risk factor associations between breast cancer and conditions that possibly lead to it, such as LCIS. It found a link between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause and LCIS. […] The authors of the study discovered that the risk factors for LCIS resemble those of breast cancer. This suggests most risk factors influence tumor formation early. Examples of these include: a family history of breast cancer, smoking, excess alcohol consumption. […] Although LCIS is not invasive breast cancer, it increases a persons risk of developing the disease. […] To reduce the risk of breast cancer, doctors may also recommend a person take estrogen-blocking or estrogen-reducing medications because the hormone may impact breast cancer cell growth.
#72 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast | Oncohema Key
https://oncohemakey.com/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-of-the-breast/
Rising rates of all lobular pathology through 2002, as well as their subsequent fall, may be related to changing patterns of combined estrogen and progestin menopausal hormone therapy (CHT) use. […] It has been hypothesized that abrupt cessation in CHT use is at least partially responsible for the decline in total breast cancer rates after 2002 observed in the United States and may account for the drop in ILC and LCIS incidence rates since 2002 primarily among women most likely to be CHT users, those 50 to 69 years of age. […] These findings might help explain why ILC rates are highest among women 70 years of age and older.
#73 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#74 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Symptoms, cancer, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the milk-producing glands of the breast, which are called lobules. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of LCIS, but studies suggest the risk factors are similar to those of breast cancer. A 2017 study compared risk factor associations between breast cancer and conditions that possibly lead to it, such as LCIS. It found a link between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause and LCIS. […] The authors of the study discovered that the risk factors for LCIS resemble those of breast cancer. This suggests most risk factors influence tumor formation early. Examples of these include: a family history of breast cancer, smoking, excess alcohol consumption. […] Although LCIS is not invasive breast cancer, it increases a persons risk of developing the disease. […] To reduce the risk of breast cancer, doctors may also recommend a person take estrogen-blocking or estrogen-reducing medications because the hormone may impact breast cancer cell growth.
#75 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#76 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Symptoms, cancer, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the milk-producing glands of the breast, which are called lobules. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of LCIS, but studies suggest the risk factors are similar to those of breast cancer. A 2017 study compared risk factor associations between breast cancer and conditions that possibly lead to it, such as LCIS. It found a link between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause and LCIS. […] The authors of the study discovered that the risk factors for LCIS resemble those of breast cancer. This suggests most risk factors influence tumor formation early. Examples of these include: a family history of breast cancer, smoking, excess alcohol consumption. […] Although LCIS is not invasive breast cancer, it increases a persons risk of developing the disease. […] To reduce the risk of breast cancer, doctors may also recommend a person take estrogen-blocking or estrogen-reducing medications because the hormone may impact breast cancer cell growth.
#77 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark
https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ
The potential causes of LCIS are not entirely known, but it is believed that hormonal factors play a role. Abnormal hormone levels can change the structure of the breast lobules and ducts, leading to LCIS. Additionally, genetic mutations, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and obesity can contribute to the development of LCIS. […] Environmental factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing LCIS include exposure to radiation and exposure to hormones either through hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake, inactivity, and obesity are also associated with an increased risk of developing LCIS. […] Yes, having a family history of breast cancer can increase the risk of developing LCIS. Women who have a first-degree relative (like a mother or sister) with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing all types of breast cancer, including LCIS. Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, including LCIS.
#78 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Symptoms, cancer, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the milk-producing glands of the breast, which are called lobules. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of LCIS, but studies suggest the risk factors are similar to those of breast cancer. A 2017 study compared risk factor associations between breast cancer and conditions that possibly lead to it, such as LCIS. It found a link between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause and LCIS. […] The authors of the study discovered that the risk factors for LCIS resemble those of breast cancer. This suggests most risk factors influence tumor formation early. Examples of these include: a family history of breast cancer, smoking, excess alcohol consumption. […] Although LCIS is not invasive breast cancer, it increases a persons risk of developing the disease. […] To reduce the risk of breast cancer, doctors may also recommend a person take estrogen-blocking or estrogen-reducing medications because the hormone may impact breast cancer cell growth.
#79 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20374514/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition in which abnormal cells form in the milk glands (lobules) in the breast. LCIS isnt cancer. But being diagnosed with LCIS indicates that you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Its not clear what causes LCIS. LCIS begins when cells in a milk-producing gland (lobule) of a breast develop genetic mutations that cause the cells to appear abnormal. The abnormal cells remain in the lobule and dont extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue. […] If LCIS is detected in a breast biopsy, it doesnt mean that you have cancer. But having LCIS increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer. […] The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with LCIS is thought to be approximately 20 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with LCIS, 20 will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 80 wont be diagnosed with breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 12 percent. Put another way, for every 100 women in the general population, 12 will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
#80 What Is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ?
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is the abnormal growth of cells inside the milk-producing glands of the breast. […] The cause of lobular carcinoma in situ is not clear to date. However, taking hormone replacement therapy for more than five years after menopause can increase the risk of getting lobular carcinoma in situ. A family history of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast and being above 40 years of age also make risk factors for lobular carcinoma in situ. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ develops when the cells in the lobules of milk-producing glands start to mutate and become an abnormal mass of cells. But what initiates this mutation is an unknown fact.
#81 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#82 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#83 Lobular carcinoma in situ | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ?lang=us
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) represents the next step up from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) along the malignant spectrum of lobular breast carcinoma. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ occurs predominantly in premenopausal women with a mean age of 45 years old, approximately 10-15 years younger than the mean age when invasive breast carcinoma occurs. […] Like most other lobular breast pathology, lobular carcinoma in situ originates in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU). However, unlike atypical lobular hyperplasia, the malignant cells fill and distend the lobular acini in LCIS. […] Lobular carcinoma in situ is a high-risk marker for the future development of invasive carcinoma. A woman with LCIS has approximately a 15-30% chance of developing an infiltrating ductal or lobular carcinoma in the breast in which the LCIS is discovered or in the contralateral breast.
#84 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ-lcis.html
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), also known as lobular neoplasia, is a rare condition in which abnormal cells develop in the milk glands, known as lobules, in the breast. […] The cause of LCIS is unknown. Risk factors associated with LCIS include: Being over 40 years of age, A family history of breast cancer, Using combination estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause.
#85 Understanding Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) | Breast Cancer Research Foundation
https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/lcis-lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Its something most women have never heard ofa benign, invisible breast condition with no symptomsbut a diagnosis greatly increases your risk for breast cancer. […] The causes of LCIS are not well known or understood, but some hereditary risk factors have been identified. A gene commonly mutated in LCIS is CDH-1, a tumor suppressor gene that provides the instructions for making the protein E-cadherin. In fact, loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a defining feature of invasive lobular carcinoma. […] In some studies, mutations in the PIK3CA gene were found to be just as common as CDH-1 mutations in LCIS. This gene provides the instructions for making the PI3K enzyme, which regulates cell growth, division, and survival. […] Other risk factors for LCIS include being over 40 years of age, using a combination (estrogen and progestin) hormone replacement therapy for more than three to five years after menopause, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are also associated with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer.
#86 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) – Breast Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/breast-cancer/breast-health-services/breast-cancer/lobular-carcinoma-situ-lcis
Unlike ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS, LCIS is not considered a precursor to invasive breast cancer so it does not require treatment. […] LCIS is considered a marker for increased breast cancer risk in either breast, much like family history. […] Studies suggest that women who are found to have LCIS have an increased risk of breast cancer development of about 1%/year, so a 10% risk in 10 years, 20% risk in 20 years, etc. […] Although LCIS does not require treatment, the diagnosis increases a patients risk, so consideration of risk-reducing interventions and enhanced breast cancer screening should be discussed. […] Treatment with hormone blocking therapy has been shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer development in patients with LCIS by 56%. […] More recently, a newer form of LCIS has been identified, called pleomorphic LCIS. This is considered different from classic LCIS and appears to behave more like DCIS.
#87 Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) | Susan G. KomenÂ®
https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/
Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer. […] Today, the use of a risk-reducing drug (along with recommended breast cancer screening to find breast cancer early if it develops) is the preferred option over risk-reducing mastectomy for lowering risk in women with LCIS. […] In the past, risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy (surgery to remove both breasts) was considered for women with LCIS to lower breast cancer risk as much as possible. This is now discouraged since the risk reduction benefits from a risk-reducing drug and surgery are similar.