Pseudoartroza
Etiologia i przyczyny

Pseudogout, czyli choroba związana z odkładaniem się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia dihydratu (CPPD), jest zapalnym zapaleniem stawów charakteryzującym się tworzeniem się kryształów CPP w chrząstce stawowej i płynie stawowym. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca zaburzenia równowagi metabolizmu pirofosforanu, mutacje genetyczne (m.in. w genie ANKH, CCAL1, CCAL2) oraz czynniki ryzyka takie jak wiek powyżej 60 lat (ryzyko podwaja się z każdą dekadą, a u 50% osób >85 lat stwierdza się złogi CPP), urazy stawów, zaburzenia metaboliczne (hiperkalcemia, hipomagnezemia, hemochromatoza, hipofosfatazja) i endokrynologiczne (hiperparatyreoza, niedoczynność tarczycy). Choroby współistniejące, takie jak dna moczanowa, choroba zwyrodnieniowa stawów, reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów oraz przewlekła choroba nerek, również zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju pseudogoutu. Mechanizm zapalny polega na aktywacji neutrofili i makrofagów przez kryształy CPP, co prowadzi do uwalniania mediatorów zapalnych i uszkodzenia tkanek stawowych, manifestującego się ostrym bólem i obrzękiem.

pseudogoutu”>Etiologia pseudogoutu (pseudoartrozy)

Pseudogout, określany również jako pseudoartroza lub choroba związana z odkładaniem się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia (CPPD – Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease), jest formą zapalnego zapalenia stawów charakteryzującą się tworzeniem się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia dihydratu w obrębie stawu.12 Dokładna przyczyna powstawania tych kryształów nie została w pełni wyjaśniona, jednak zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka i mechanizmów, które mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju tej choroby.

Mechanizm powstawania kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia

Proces formowania się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia dihydratu zaczyna się w chrząstce stawowej. Uważa się, że podstawową przyczyną jest zaburzenie równowagi między produkcją pirofosforanu a poziomem pirofosfataz w chorobowo zmienionej chrząstce.1 Gdy pirofosforan gromadzi się w błonie maziowej i sąsiadujących tkankach, łączy się z wapniem, tworząc kryształy pirofosforanu wapnia (CPP).

Istnieje teoria, według której nadmierne poziomy nieorganicznego pirofosforanu (PPi) – związku naturalnie występującego w chrząstce – prowadzą do akumulacji w chrząstce. Nadmiar PPi wiąże się z wapniem, co prowadzi do formowania kryształów.1 Kiedy kryształy te przemieszczają się z chrząstki do płynu stawowego, wywołują reakcję zapalną, powodując ból i obrzęk charakterystyczny dla pseudogoutu.1

Czynniki genetyczne w etiopatogenezie pseudogoutu

Badania sugerują istotną rolę czynników genetycznych w rozwoju pseudogoutu:1

  • Mutacje w genie ANKH – gen ten odpowiada za kodowanie białka transportującego odpowiedzialnego za regulację metabolizmu pirofosforanu. Mutacje ANKH mogą prowadzić do wyciekania nieorganicznego pirofosforanu z chondrocytów do macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej, co ostatecznie może powodować zwapnienie chrząstki stawowej.12
  • Dziedziczenie w schemacie autosomalnym dominującym – w niektórych populacjach opisano wzór autosomalny dominujący, w którym choroba rozpoczyna się we wczesnej dorosłości, szybko postępuje i ma charakter wielostawowy.1
  • Rzadziej występujące mutacje genów CCAL1 i CCAL2 również wiązane są z rozwojem pseudogoutu.1

Czynniki demograficzne i fizjologiczne

Najważniejsze czynniki demograficzne i fizjologiczne związane z rozwojem pseudogoutu to:12

  • Wiek – ryzyko rozwoju pseudogoutu znacząco wzrasta z wiekiem. Po 60. roku życia ryzyko to podwaja się z każdą kolejną dekadą życia.1 Około 50% osób powyżej 85. roku życia ma złogi kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia w stawach, chociaż nie u wszystkich rozwija się objawowa choroba.1
  • Urazy stawów – przebyte urazy stawów lub operacje chirurgiczne zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju pseudogoutu w danym stawie.1 Uważa się, że uraz może powodować uwalnianie kryształów fosforanu wapnia zgromadzonych w chrząstce stawowej.12

Zaburzenia metaboliczne i endokrynologiczne

Liczne zaburzenia metaboliczne i endokrynologiczne są powiązane z wyższym ryzykiem wystąpienia pseudogoutu:12

  • Hiperkalcemia (podwyższony poziom wapnia we krwi) – stwarza środowisko sprzyjające tworzeniu się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia.1
  • Niedoczynność tarczycy (hipotyreoizm) – zaburzenie funkcji tarczycy wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem pseudogoutu.12
  • Nadczynność przytarczyc (hiperparatyreoizm) – powoduje zaburzenia gospodarki wapniowej, co przyczynia się do tworzenia kryształów.12
  • Hemochromatoza – genetyczne zaburzenie powodujące nadmierne gromadzenie żelaza w organizmie.12
  • Hipomagnezemia – niedobór magnezu we krwi jest czynnikiem ryzyka chondrokalcynozy.12
  • Hipofosfatazja – dziedziczne zaburzenie metaboliczne wpływające na mineralizację kości i zębów.12
  • Zespół Gitelmana – dziedziczne zaburzenie funkcji nerek.12
  • Rodzinna hipokalciuryczna hiperkalcemia – dziedziczne zaburzenie powodujące podwyższony poziom wapnia.1
  • Choroba Wilsona – choroba powodująca nadmiar miedzi we krwi.12
  • Akromegalia – choroba spowodowana zwiększonym poziomem hormonu wzrostu.1

Choroby współistniejące

Pewne choroby współistniejące mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju pseudogoutu:1

  • Dna moczanowa – pacjenci z dną moczanową mają około 2,5 razy większe prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju pseudogoutu.1
  • Choroba zwyrodnieniowa stawów (osteoartroza) – badania sugerują, że kryształy CPP są 2-3 razy częstsze u pacjentów z chorobą zwyrodnieniową stawów.1
  • Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów – szacuje się, że osoby z reumatoidalnym zapaleniem stawów mają 2 razy większe prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia pseudogoutu.1
  • Przewlekła choroba nerek – związana z wyższym ryzykiem rozwoju pseudogoutu.1
  • Cukrzyca – potencjalny czynnik ryzyka, chociaż związek nie jest tak dobrze udokumentowany jak w przypadku innych chorób.1

Czynniki wyzwalające ataki pseudogoutu

Nagłe ataki pseudogoutu mogą być wyzwalane przez:12

  • Stres fizjologiczny – operacje chirurgiczne, poważne choroby lub infekcje mogą prowokować ataki.1
  • Odwodnienie – niedobór płynów w organizmie może wyzwalać epizody pseudogoutu.12
  • Urazy – mogą powodować uwalnianie kryształów z chrząstki do jamy stawowej.1

Patofizjologia zapalenia w pseudogoucie

Mechanizm zapalenia w pseudogoucie obejmuje następujące etapy:12

Kryształy pirofosforanu wapnia uwolnione do płynu stawowego wywołują reakcję układu immunologicznego. Komórki obronne, takie jak neutrofile (PMN) i makrofagi, atakują kryształy, próbując je usunąć.1 Te komórki uwalniają substancje chemiczne, które mają na celu zniszczenie patogenów, ale mogą również uszkadzać okoliczne tkanki i chrząstkę, powodując stan zapalny skutkujący silnym bólem, obrzękiem i zaczerwienieniem.1

Ostre ataki pseudogoutu są prawdopodobnie wynikiem zależnej od dawki auto-zapalnej odpowiedzi na kryształy pirofosforanu wapnia uwolnione z tkanek chrzęstnych do jamy maziowej.1 Powtarzające się epizody zapalenia pseudogoutu mogą trwale uszkadzać stawy, a przewlekłe zapalenie stawów wywołane kryształami CPP prowadzi do postępującej destrukcji stawów.1

Podsumowanie czynników ryzyka pseudogoutu

Najbardziej znaczące czynniki ryzyka rozwoju pseudogoutu to:123

Różnice między dną moczanową a pseudogoutem

Chociaż dna moczanowa i pseudoartroza (pseudogout) mogą mieć podobne objawy kliniczne, ich etiologia i czynniki ryzyka znacząco się różnią:12

Cecha Dna moczanowa Pseudogout (Pseudoartroza)
Typ kryształów Kryształy moczanu sodu (kwasu moczowego) Kryształy pirofosforanu wapnia dihydratu (CPP)
Główne przyczyny Podwyższony poziom kwasu moczowego we krwi (hiperurykemia) Złożone – w większości przypadków nieznane
Wpływ diety Znaczący – dieta bogata w puryny zwiększa ryzyko Minimalny lub brak – dieta nie wpływa istotnie na rozwój choroby
Związek z alkoholem Alkohol zwiększa ryzyko ataków Brak związku z konsumpcją alkoholu
Czynniki wyzwalające Dieta, alkohol, niektóre leki, odwodnienie Urazy, operacje, poważne choroby, odwodnienie
Możliwość leczenia przyczynowego Dostępne leki obniżające poziom kwasu moczowego Brak leków zmniejszających obciążenie kryształami CPP

Implikacje kliniczne i perspektywy leczenia

Zrozumienie etiologii pseudogoutu ma kluczowe znaczenie dla właściwego podejścia terapeutycznego:12

Nieleczony pseudogout może prowadzić do ciężkiej formy degeneracji stawów i przewlekłego zapalenia, skutkując trwałą niepełnosprawnością.1 W przeciwieństwie do dny moczanowej, w przypadku pseudogoutu nie ma obecnie dostępnych leków, które zmniejszałyby obciążenie kryształami w chorobie związanej z CPPD.1

Potencjalne przyszłe terapie obejmują środki ukierunkowane przeciwko tworzeniu kryształów (takie jak probenecyd i fosfocytrat), silniejsze leki przeciwzapalne, takie jak metotreksat, oraz leki przeciwcytokinowe, które działają na szlak IL-1.1

U pacjentów z pseudogoutem należy przeprowadzić diagnostykę w kierunku chorób towarzyszących, zwłaszcza jeśli są oni młodsi niż 60 lat i nie mają genetycznego ryzyka choroby CPPD.1 Leczenie chorób podstawowych (np. nadczynności przytarczyc) jest ważne, jednak nie usuwa ono kryształów wapnia ze stawu i nie zmniejsza objawów stawowych – pseudogout nadal musi być leczony oddzielnie.1

Podsumowanie etiologii pseudogoutu

Pseudogout (pseudoartroza) jest chorobą zapalną stawów spowodowaną przez odkładanie się kryształów pirofosforanu wapnia dihydratu w tkance stawowej i przestrzeniach stawowych. Dokładna przyczyna tej choroby pozostaje w wielu przypadkach nieznana, ale badania wskazują na złożone interakcje między czynnikami genetycznymi, metabolicznymi i środowiskowymi.12

Czynnikami zwiększającymi ryzyko są podeszły wiek, predyspozycje genetyczne, zaburzenia metaboliczne (szczególnie dotyczące gospodarki wapniowej, żelazowej i magnezowej), choroby endokrynologiczne oraz wcześniejsze urazy stawów. W przeciwieństwie do dny moczanowej, na rozwój pseudogoutu nie ma istotnego wpływu dieta ani spożycie alkoholu.1

Zrozumienie mechanizmów leżących u podstaw tej choroby jest niezbędne do opracowania skutecznych strategii leczenia, które mogłyby zapobiegać tworzeniu się kryształów i związanym z nimi uszkodzeniom stawów. Obecnie leczenie koncentruje się głównie na łagodzeniu objawów zapalnych, jednak wciąż poszukiwane są metody terapeutyczne ukierunkowane na przyczyny choroby.1

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Pseudogout – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudogout/symptoms-causes/syc-20376983
    Pseudogout has been linked to the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals within the affected joint. […] These crystals become more numerous as people age, appearing in nearly half the population older than age 85. […] But most people who have these crystal deposits never develop pseudogout. […] It’s not clear why some people have symptoms and others don’t. […] The risk of developing pseudogout increases with age. […] Trauma to a joint, such as a serious injury or surgery, increases the risk of pseudogout in that joint. […] In some families, family members have a hereditary tendency to develop pseudogout. […] The risk of pseudogout is higher for people who have excessive calcium or iron in their blood or too little magnesium. […] Pseudogout has also been linked to an underactive thyroid gland or an overactive parathyroid gland.
  • #1 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540151/
    Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is believed to be caused by an imbalance between the production of pyrophosphate and the levels of pyrophosphatases in diseased cartilage. As pyrophosphate deposits in the synovium and adjacent tissues, it combines with calcium to form CPP. […] Several comorbidities have correlations with CPPD. In a number of studies, hyperparathyroidism presented the highest positive association with CPPD, followed by gout, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemochromatosis. Other comorbidities associated with it include osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia, chronic kidney disease, and calcium supplementation. […] Deposition of calcium pyrophosphate is believed to cause activation of the immune system producing inflammation and further soft tissue injury.
  • #1 All About Pseudogout – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/pseudogout-cppd/all-about-pseudogout-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment
    Pseudogout occurs when microscopic calcium pyrophosphate crystals accumulate in a joint and trigger an immune system response. […] Researchers have known about calcium pyrophosphate crystals for decades but still do not fully understand why some people who have them experience pseudogout episodes and others do not. […] The primary difference between gout and pseudogout is the type of crystals that cause symptoms: Pseudogout is caused by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, often referred to as calcium pyrophosphate crystals or CPP crystals. […] Many experts suggest the following steps occur: Calcium pyrophosphate crystals are produced within a joint’s cartilage. They can form when too much inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a compound naturally found in cartilage, accumulates. The excess PPi binds with calcium, leading to the formation of crystals. […] Repeated instances of pseudogout inflammation can permanently damage joints over time. Chronic CPP arthritis can also cause permanent joint damage. […] CPPD is the leading cause of cartilage calcification.
  • #1 Pseudogout- causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | Comprehensive Rheumatology
    https://comprehensiverheumatology.com/index.html@p=251.html
    Pseudogout is a type of arthritis that causes sudden onset of pain and swelling in a joint. […] However, while gout is caused by deposition of uric acid (urate) crystals, in pseudogout it is deposition of a different type of crystals- calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals- that causes the disease. […] Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals can form in the joint cartilage for a variety of reasons. […] When the crystals move from the cartilage to the joint lining, they cause inflammation, pain and swelling- ie. Pseudogout. […] Most of the time, it is not clear why the crystals have formed in the cartilage, and why it causes pseudogout in some people and not in others. […] It seems that some chondrocalcinosis is genetics, so it runs in certain families. […] Besides age and genetics, there are several other known risk factors for chondrocalcinosis, and looked for in the workup of pseudogout.
  • #1 Pseudogout Causes
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/pseudogout-cppd/pseudogout-causes
    Recent research suggests that certain mutations in the ANKH gene, which helps regulate metabolism, increases the risk for developing pseudogout. […] People who are diagnosed with gout are about 2.5 times more likely to develop pseudogout. […] Research suggests that CPP crystals are 2 to 3 times more common in patients who have osteoarthritis than those who do not. […] Experts estimate people with rheumatoid arthritis are 2 times as likely to get pseudogout. […] There are several metabolic and endocrine disorders that can predispose a person to pseudogout (CPPD), including hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatasia, and hypomagnesemia. […] Experts recommend that patients with pseudogout be screened for underlying conditions if they are younger than 60 and have no genetic risk of CPPD disease.
  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Pseudogout.aspx
    Pseudogout is so named because of its clinical similarity to gout. However, pseudogout is caused by a different kind of crystal called calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Additionally, it is not connected with diet or alcohol consumption, as is the case with gout. […] It is not clear why the calcium pyrophosphate crystals form, and not everyone who develops crystals in their joints will experience pain or swelling. Painful attacks of pseudogout may be due to the release of calcium pyrophosphate crystals into the joint fluid, attracting white blood cells. […] A mutant ANKH gene located in chromosome 5 has been studied for its link to familial cases of pseudogout. The ANKH gene is responsible for encoding a transmembrane transport protein that generates extracellular inorganic phosphate, which facilitates the growth of pseudogout crystals. […] Accumulation of iron in the joints has also been identified as a possible contributor to pseudogout development from reports of the condition in patients with iron overload from transfusion hemosiderosis and hemophilia.
  • #1 Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Arthropathy) | Musculoskeletal Key
    https://musculoskeletalkey.com/pseudogout-calcium-pyrophosphate-dihydrate-crystal-arthropathy/
    The genetics of pseudogout include an autosomal dominant pattern that has been described in some populations in which disease begins in early adulthood, progresses rapidly, and is polyarticular. A mutation in the human ANK gene has been shown to lead to a leakage of inorganic pyrophosphate from the chondrocyte to the extracellular matrix, which can eventually lead to articular cartilage calcification.
  • #1 Pseudogout: Joint Pain, Gout Differences, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/pseudogout-8603574
    Pseudogout is a term used to refer to calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD). […] What causes pseudogout is unknown but seems more common in older adults, mainly people assigned male at birth. Pseudogout is considered a disease of aging and is rare in people under age 60, and prevalence tends to increase with age. […] Stress, illness, injury, or surgery might trigger a pseudogout episode. […] Previous trauma is also a risk factor for pseudogout, especially in the meniscus of the knee. It may also occur following surgery and other bone, joint, and tissue injuries. […] Additional risk factors for pseudogout include thyroid disease, kidney failure, calcium disorders, and a metabolism disorder. […] There is a genetic component to pseudogout, and when there is a family history, it may affect adults in middle age. The ANKH gene is linked to pseudogout. It controls cell proteins that help transport pyrophosphate out of the body. A gene mutation causes CPP crystals to stay in the body and reach the joints. […] Other genes, including mutations of CCAL1 and CCAL2, are also linked to the development of pseudogout, but they are much rarer.
  • #1 Pseudogout Causes
    https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/pseudogout-cppd/pseudogout-causes
    Exactly why some people get pseudogout and others do not is unknown. Experts do know several factors can increase and decrease a persons risk for the disease, which can occur when calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals collect in the soft tissues of a joint. […] The following risk factors are associated with higher rates of pseudogout, which may be called CPPD disease or acute CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. […] Most people who develop pseudogout are 60 or older. In fact, after age 60, the likelihood of developing pseudogout doubles with each decade of life. […] A joint injury or surgery can trigger a pseudogout flare-up. Experts theorize this happens because trauma can cause joint cartilage to release the calcium phosphate crystals that have accumulated within it. […] Genetics plays a role, making some people more prone to accumulating calcium pyrophosphate crystals in their joints.
  • #1 Pseudogout: Gout, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/pseudogout
    Pseudogout occurs when calcium pyrophosphate crystals form in the synovial fluid in the joints. Crystals can also deposit in the cartilage, where they can cause damage. Buildup of crystal in the joint fluid results in swollen joints and acute pain. […] Researchers dont fully understand why the crystals form. The chance of them forming likely increases with age. Crystals form in about half of people over the age of 85, according to the Arthritis Foundation. However, many of them dont have pseudogout. […] Pseudogout can often run in families, so many medical professionals believe it to be a genetic condition. Other contributing factors may include: hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid; hyperparathyroidism, or an overactive parathyroid gland; excess iron in the blood; hypercalcemia, or too much calcium in the blood; magnesium deficiency.
  • #1 Pseudogout Causes and Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/medicine/rheumatology-inflammation-immunity/arthritis-and-joint-diseases-center/pseudogout
    Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) disease is a common arthritis in adults caused by crystals (calcium pyrophosphate) in the joint. […] The following have been associated with an increased risk of CPPD and pseudogout: Older age, Joint trauma injury or joint replacement surgery, Inherited disorders. […] Only a fraction of patients with CPPD disease will develop pseudogout in their lifetime. Some patients only have one attack, while others have recurrent attacks. […] Notably, many patients with CPPD disease have no joint pain and may never develop joint pain. These patients have X-rays that show chondrocalcinosis, which is evidence of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in the cartilage.
  • #1
    https://arthritis.ca/about-arthritis/arthritis-types-(a-z)/types/pseudogout
    Pseudogout is associated with the abnormal formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals within joint tissue. […] Researchers believe that calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposits collect in the synovial joint cavity and that these deposits interact with parts of the immune system – causing an auto-inflammatory response. […] In fact, joint damage caused by OA can predispose the body to the formation of CPPD crystals. […] Certain diseases associated with the development of pseudogout include hereditary hemochromatosis, an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism), an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), Type 2 Diabetes, and Osteoarthritis (OA).
  • #1 Pseudogout – Symptoms and Treatment | familydoctor.org
    https://familydoctor.org/condition/pseudogout/
    Pseudogout develops when deposits of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals build up in the cartilage (tissue that protects your bones) of a joint. The cause of this buildup is often unknown. The crystals are then released into the fluid in your joint. This causes joint pain and swelling. […] You may be at higher risk of pseudogout as you get older (especially older than 70 years of age). You may also be at higher risk if you have: A history of pseudogout in your family, Too much iron in your blood (called hemochromatosis), Low magnesium levels, Overactive parathyroid (called hyperparathyroidism), Too much calcium in your blood (called hypercalcemia), Osteoarthritis.
  • #1 Pseudogout- causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | Comprehensive Rheumatology
    https://comprehensiverheumatology.com/index.html@p=251.html
    Hemochromatosis this is a genetic disorder that causes excess iron in the blood, and can lead to CPPD crystal deposits. […] Hypothyroidism low thyroid level is a risk factor for chondrocalcinosis […] Hyperparathyroidism parathyroid glands are located on top of the thyroid gland and are responsible for calcium balance in the body […] Hypophosphatasia low serum phosphate, an inherited metabolic disorder […] Hypomangesemia low magnesium levels in the blood […] Gitelmans syndrome an inherited kidney disease […] Wilsons disease a disease that causes excess copper in the blood […] Dehydration […] Trauma […] Possibly diabetes, possibly gout.
  • #1 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (CPPD)
    https://rheumatology.org/patients/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-cppd
    Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD), also known as pseudogout, is a type of arthritis characterized by the formation of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals, which settle in joint cartilage and trigger inflammation. […] The exact cause of CPP crystal formation remains unknown, but several risk factors have been identified, including Gitelman syndrome (inherited kidney disorder), hemochromatosis (inherited condition leading to excess iron), familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (inherited disorder causing high calcium levels), hypophosphatasia (inherited disorder affecting bone and teeth mineralization), low magnesium levels, and abnormalities of the parathyroid gland. […] Additionally, CPP crystals are often found in the joints of individuals with osteoarthritis or gout.
  • #1 Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition)
    https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-pseudogout
    Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is just a term that incorporates all problems caused by deposition of CPP crystals – mainly acute attacks of pseudogout and chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. […] Pseudogout is caused by calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD). […] There can be many reasons why CPP forms crystals which settle on the tissues in and around the joints. […] Some people inherit a fault in one of the basic units of genetic information (a gene) which makes them more prone to develop CPP crystals in the joints. […] An attack of pseudogout is triggered by CPP crystal formation. Several conditions can trigger crystal formation, including: Lack of fluid (dehydration), An attack of any severe illness, Overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism), Long-term use of steroid medicine, Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), Any cause of arthritis, An illness which causes too much iron in the body (haemochromatosis), An inherited illness causing a build-up of copper in the body (Wilson’s disease), An illness caused by an increased level of growth hormone in the body (acromegaly), Kidney dialysis, Surgery or injury, Low magnesium level in the blood (hypomagnesaemia).
  • #1 Pseudogout | ColumbiaDoctors
    https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/pseudogout
    Pseudogout (SOO-doe-gout) is a form of arthritis caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in a joint, most commonly the knee. […] Pseudogout is caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals and most commonly affects the knee. […] Pseudogout sometimes occurs in the setting of trauma, surgery, or acute medical illness, but may not have any obvious cause. […] Many people, especially older people, have calcium pyrophosphate crystals in their cartilage and joint fluid. […] However, for reasons we dont understand, sometimes these crystals provoke a sudden and severe inflammatory response. […] This is more likely to happen in the setting of physiologic stress, such as surgery or acute medical illness, but sometimes it occurs for no apparent reason.
  • #1 Pseudogout: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention
    https://www.medicinenet.com/pseudogout/article.htm
    Pseudogout is primarily caused by the precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals developing within a joint space. […] Pseudogout has sometimes been referred to as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or CPPD. […] Pseudogout is clearly related to aging as it is more common in the elderly and is associated with degenerative arthritis. Acute attacks of the arthritis of pseudogout can be caused by dehydration. This is particularly common in hospitalized patients and those recovering from operations, especially when associated with dehydration. Pseudogout can also be caused by the hormonal effects on calcium metabolism from hyperparathyroidism. […] Risk factors for pseudogout include older age, history of joint trauma (either due to an accident or surgery), hyperparathyroidism, amyloidosis, gout, and degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis). […] Arthritis attacks of pseudogout can be precipitated by dehydration and not infrequently follow surgical procedures in elderly patients.
  • #1 Acute CPP crystal arthritis | Symptoms, causes
    https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/acute-cpp-crystal-arthritis/
    More rarely, a lack of the mineral magnesium (called hypomagnesaemia) can also cause acute CPP crystal arthritis. […] If you have osteoarthritis, the concentration of calcium pyrophosphate is increased, making it more likely that crystals will form. […] Research suggests that rarely people may inherit a faulty gene that sometimes leads to calcium crystal diseases. […] The pain and swelling of acute CPP crystal arthritis happens when the crystals shed from the cartilage into the joint cavity. […] Often, its not clear why the crystals have shed. Sometimes though it will be obvious what has caused the crystals to shake loose.
  • #1 Pseudogout: Symptoms and Treatment | The Hand Society
    https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/pseudogout
    Pseudogout is a disease that causes joint inflammation and arthritis. If someone develops pseudogout, they form and react to calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals. The reason that the crystals form is unknown. There may be a genetic cause. This means you inherited a way your body processes calcium crystals. Certain risk factors are seen with pseudogout. For example, it occurs more often in men over 60 years of age. Other risks include thyroid disorders, kidney failure, or disorders of calcium or iron metabolism. Sudden attacks of pseudogout are related to the release of crystals within the joint fluid. […] These crystals are attacked by the body’s own defense cells. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are a type of white blood cell. […] Macrophages are another type of white blood cell that ingest bacteria and crystals. These white blood cells often release toxic chemicals designed to kill bacteria. These chemicals can accidentally injure the surrounding tissue and cartilage, causing inflammation that results in severe pain, swelling and redness.
  • #1 Treatment and management of pseudogout: insights for the clinician
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3383522/
    Acute attacks of pseudogout are believed to represent a dose-related auto-inflammatory response to CPPD crystals shed from cartilaginous tissues into the synovial cavity. […] Despite the fact that most cases of CPPD crystal deposition are idiopathic, several metabolic and endocrine disorders, a previous history of joint trauma and the well described hereditary condition of familial chondrocalcinosis are all associated with precocious articular calcification in younger patients. […] A clear association with previous joint trauma, particularly involving the knee, lends weight to the likely role of chondrocalcinosis in contributing to the process of joint degeneration. […] Hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatasia, gout and hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia are all associated with acute attacks of pseudogout, while the relationships between acromegaly, Wilsons disease, diabetes mellitus and CPPD deposition are less clear. […] The potential future therapies include agents targeted against crystal formation (such as probenecid and phosphocitrate), more potent anti-inflammatory medications such as methotrexate and anticytokine drugs which target the IL-1 pathway.
  • #1 Gout or Pseudogout
    https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/more-about/gout-or-pseudogout
    Gout and pseudogout known formally as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) have such similar symptoms that it usually takes a microscope to know for sure what youve got. […] Each of these painful forms of arthritis is caused by a different type of crystal in the joints, and remedies differ. […] Causes Gout: High uric acid levels cause monosodium urate crystals to form in and around the joint, resulting in inflammation and joint damage. […] CPPD: CPPD crystals build up in cartilage, triggering inflammation and pain. Age and genes are risk factors. Other conditions may play a role.
  • #1 Pseudogout – The Rheumatologist
    https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/pseudogout/
    Pseudogout develops when deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals accumulate in a joint. […] Proper diagnosis is important because untreated pseudogout may lead to a severe form of joint degeneration and ongoing inflammation, resulting in chronic disability. […] Anyone can develop pseudogout, and the risk greatly increases with age. […] To obtain a proper diagnosis for pseudogout, other potential causes of symptoms (such as gout, RA, or infection) must be ruled out. […] It is not known how to prevent pseudogout.
  • #1 Treatment and management of pseudogout: insights for the clinician
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3383522/
    Pseudogout and the associated calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)- crystal-related arthropathies are common conditions that present particular management problems in clinical practice as they often affect older patients with multiple medical comorbidities. […] Unlike gout, there are no agents available that have been shown to decrease crystal load in CPPD-related joint disease. […] Recent insights into the processes involved in both CPPD deposition and in the mechanisms whereby these crystals can interact with the inflammasome to cause joint inflammation have greatly increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of pseudogout. […] Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that elevated levels of PPi in the immediate extracellular environment of chondrocytes provide the substrate for the formation of CPPD crystals, which are then deposited in the cartilaginous matrix.
  • #1 Calcium Pyrophosphate Disease / Pseudogout – Arthritis and Rheumatology Clinics of Kansas
    https://arck.org/patient-education/calcium-pyrophosphate-disease-pseudogout/
    CPPD, like gout, is a form of arthritis caused by crystals that induce inflammation within the joint space. […] Unlike gout, however, which is caused by uric acid crystals, CPPD is caused by calcium-containing crystals. […] It is believed that the presence of the calcium crystals more rapidly strips away the lining of the cartilage. […] In many, it may be difficult to determine if the calcium deposits are causing any damage in the joint or are simply present by coincidence. […] Laboratory tests do not help diagnose CPPD, but they do help investigate other diseases that may be associated with this condition. […] Over-activity of the parathyroid gland, which controls calcium levels in the body, under-activity of the thyroid gland, low magnesium levels, and a disease causing iron overload known as hemochromatosis are all seen in increased frequency in patients with CPPD and should be considered and screened for with blood tests. […] While identifying these associated diseases is important, treating them does not remove calcium crystal from the joint or reduce joint symptoms. CPPD still must be treated separately.
  • #1 Pseudogout: Understanding Your Prognosis and Changes to Your Diet
    https://www.treatingpain.com/news-updates/2021/september/pseudogout-understanding-your-prognosis-and-chan/
    Pseudogout is a form of arthritis that may come on suddenly and last for days or weeks. […] The cause is unknown. […] Age is one of the leading factors increasing the risk of pseudogout. […] People with excessive calcium or iron in the blood or not enough magnesium have been shown to have an increased risk of pseudogout. […] Additionally, research also shows people with an underactive thyroid gland or overactive parathyroid gland are more likely to experience symptoms of pseudogout. […] While gout has been linked to consumption of certain foods and drinks, researchers do not know why calcium pyrophosphate crystals form in the joints of individuals experiencing pseudogout. […] Diet is not a factor in the development of pseudogout. […] There is no proof that consuming foods high in calcium precipitates the development of pseudogout.
  • #2 Pseudogout (Chondrocalcinosis or CPPD): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pseudogout-chondrocalcinosis-cppd
    Pseudogout is arthritis that causes sudden flares of pain, swelling and stiffness in your joints. […] A buildup of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) causes pseudogout. […] Pseudogout causes calcium pyrophosphate crystals to build up in your joints. […] A buildup of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) in your affected joints causes pseudogout. The extra CPP forms small crystals that build up in the cartilage and fluid-filled synovial membranes cushioning your joints. […] Experts arent sure what causes your body to make extra CPP. Some studies have found that it might be hereditary, meaning that parents can pass the risk of developing pseudogout to their biological children. […] Some people develop it after experiencing trauma or an injury that damages a joint. Experts think certain metabolic or endocrine conditions can cause pseudogout.
  • #2 Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/calcium-pyrophosphate-dihydrate-deposition-disease-1?lang=us
    Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition (CPPD) disease, also known as pyrophosphate arthropathy or pseudogout, is defined by the co-occurrence of arthritis with evidence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition within the articular cartilage. […] Causes of CPPD can be divided into: idiopathic, hereditary, and secondary. […] Hereditary causes include an AD pattern; mutation in the ANKH gene which encodes a transmembrane inorganic pyrophosphate transporter. […] Secondary causes include hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypomagnesemia, previous joint injury, and ochronosis.
  • #2 Pseudogout (CPPD) – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/pseudogout-cppd-a-to-z
    Pseudogout is a form of arthritis triggered by deposits of calcium crystals (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate) in the joints. […] One theory is that an injury to cartilage allows calcium crystals to be released into the joint space, and these crystals cause inflammation. […] In some cases, other medical conditions can make people more likely to develop pseudogout. These include a genetic disorder of iron overload (hemochromatosis), high blood levels of calcium (hypercalcemia), and too little magnesium (hypomagnesemia) in the blood. […] Although age-related joint degeneration, prior joint damage or trauma, and these other medical conditions increase the likelihood of an attack of pseudogout, the reason some people develop this condition while others do not is often unknown.
  • #2 Pseudogout (Chondrocalcinosis or CPPD): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pseudogout-chondrocalcinosis-cppd
    Having certain health conditions can increase your pseudogout risk, including: Hypomagnesemia, Hyperparathyroidism, Thyroid disease, Hemochromatosis (iron overload), Hypophosphatasia, Osteopenia, Chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] People with other types of arthritis may be more likely to develop pseudogout, too, including: Gout, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Post-traumatic arthritis. […] For now, theres no way to prevent pseudogout. But experts are researching what exactly makes your body produce the extra CPP that causes it.
  • #2 Pseudogout- causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | Comprehensive Rheumatology
    https://comprehensiverheumatology.com/index.html@p=251.html
    Hemochromatosis this is a genetic disorder that causes excess iron in the blood, and can lead to CPPD crystal deposits. […] Hypothyroidism low thyroid level is a risk factor for chondrocalcinosis […] Hyperparathyroidism parathyroid glands are located on top of the thyroid gland and are responsible for calcium balance in the body […] Hypophosphatasia low serum phosphate, an inherited metabolic disorder […] Hypomangesemia low magnesium levels in the blood […] Gitelmans syndrome an inherited kidney disease […] Wilsons disease a disease that causes excess copper in the blood […] Dehydration […] Trauma […] Possibly diabetes, possibly gout.
  • #2 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview
    Causes of secondary gout due to underexcretion of uric acid include kidney insufficiency, lead nephropathy (saturnine gout), starvation or dehydration, certain drugs, and chronic abuse of ethanol (especially beer and hard liquor). These disorders should be identified and corrected, if possible. […] Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] The CPP crystals that produce pseudogout comprise a combination of inorganic pyrophosphate and calcium. […] A genetic predisposition exists for pseudogout. However, aging, some metabolic diseases (eg, hyperparathyroidism, hemochromatosis, and hypomagnesemia), and any process that leads to osteoarthritis also can be associated with subsequent CPP crystal deposition and pseudogout. […] Many cases of pseudogout in elderly people are idiopathic, but pseudogout has also been associated with trauma and with many different metabolic abnormalities, the most common of which are hyperparathyroidism and hemochromatosis.
  • #2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (CPPD)
    https://rheumatology.org/patients/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-cppd
    Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD), also known as pseudogout, is a type of arthritis characterized by the formation of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals, which settle in joint cartilage and trigger inflammation. […] The exact cause of CPP crystal formation remains unknown, but several risk factors have been identified, including Gitelman syndrome (inherited kidney disorder), hemochromatosis (inherited condition leading to excess iron), familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (inherited disorder causing high calcium levels), hypophosphatasia (inherited disorder affecting bone and teeth mineralization), low magnesium levels, and abnormalities of the parathyroid gland. […] Additionally, CPP crystals are often found in the joints of individuals with osteoarthritis or gout.
  • #2 Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition)
    https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-pseudogout
    Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is just a term that incorporates all problems caused by deposition of CPP crystals – mainly acute attacks of pseudogout and chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. […] Pseudogout is caused by calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD). […] There can be many reasons why CPP forms crystals which settle on the tissues in and around the joints. […] Some people inherit a fault in one of the basic units of genetic information (a gene) which makes them more prone to develop CPP crystals in the joints. […] An attack of pseudogout is triggered by CPP crystal formation. Several conditions can trigger crystal formation, including: Lack of fluid (dehydration), An attack of any severe illness, Overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism), Long-term use of steroid medicine, Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), Any cause of arthritis, An illness which causes too much iron in the body (haemochromatosis), An inherited illness causing a build-up of copper in the body (Wilson’s disease), An illness caused by an increased level of growth hormone in the body (acromegaly), Kidney dialysis, Surgery or injury, Low magnesium level in the blood (hypomagnesaemia).
  • #2 Pseudogout: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention
    https://www.medicinenet.com/pseudogout/article.htm
    Pseudogout is primarily caused by the precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals developing within a joint space. […] Pseudogout has sometimes been referred to as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or CPPD. […] Pseudogout is clearly related to aging as it is more common in the elderly and is associated with degenerative arthritis. Acute attacks of the arthritis of pseudogout can be caused by dehydration. This is particularly common in hospitalized patients and those recovering from operations, especially when associated with dehydration. Pseudogout can also be caused by the hormonal effects on calcium metabolism from hyperparathyroidism. […] Risk factors for pseudogout include older age, history of joint trauma (either due to an accident or surgery), hyperparathyroidism, amyloidosis, gout, and degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis). […] Arthritis attacks of pseudogout can be precipitated by dehydration and not infrequently follow surgical procedures in elderly patients.
  • #2 Treatment and management of pseudogout: insights for the clinician
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3383522/
    Pseudogout and the associated calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)- crystal-related arthropathies are common conditions that present particular management problems in clinical practice as they often affect older patients with multiple medical comorbidities. […] Unlike gout, there are no agents available that have been shown to decrease crystal load in CPPD-related joint disease. […] Recent insights into the processes involved in both CPPD deposition and in the mechanisms whereby these crystals can interact with the inflammasome to cause joint inflammation have greatly increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of pseudogout. […] Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that elevated levels of PPi in the immediate extracellular environment of chondrocytes provide the substrate for the formation of CPPD crystals, which are then deposited in the cartilaginous matrix.
  • #2 Pseudogout vs. gout: Understanding the differences
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pseudogout-vs-gout
    Pseudogout and gout are inflammatory arthritic conditions caused by a buildup of crystal deposits in a joint. […] Health experts do not have as clear of an understanding of the exact causes of pseudogout. However, researchers currently believe it results from an imbalance in the production of pyrophosphate, an immune-stimulating protein. […] Pseudogout may occur alongside conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemochromatosis, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, and calcium supplementation. […] Pseudogout does not typically flare in response to triggers. […] Similarly, no medications can reduce pseudogout crystals. Instead, doctors will aim to treat symptoms such as inflammation and any other health conditions a person is experiencing.
  • #2 Treatment and management of pseudogout: insights for the clinician
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3383522/
    Acute attacks of pseudogout are believed to represent a dose-related auto-inflammatory response to CPPD crystals shed from cartilaginous tissues into the synovial cavity. […] Despite the fact that most cases of CPPD crystal deposition are idiopathic, several metabolic and endocrine disorders, a previous history of joint trauma and the well described hereditary condition of familial chondrocalcinosis are all associated with precocious articular calcification in younger patients. […] A clear association with previous joint trauma, particularly involving the knee, lends weight to the likely role of chondrocalcinosis in contributing to the process of joint degeneration. […] Hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatasia, gout and hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia are all associated with acute attacks of pseudogout, while the relationships between acromegaly, Wilsons disease, diabetes mellitus and CPPD deposition are less clear. […] The potential future therapies include agents targeted against crystal formation (such as probenecid and phosphocitrate), more potent anti-inflammatory medications such as methotrexate and anticytokine drugs which target the IL-1 pathway.
  • #2 Pseudogout Causes and Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/medicine/rheumatology-inflammation-immunity/arthritis-and-joint-diseases-center/pseudogout
    Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) disease is a common arthritis in adults caused by crystals (calcium pyrophosphate) in the joint. […] The following have been associated with an increased risk of CPPD and pseudogout: Older age, Joint trauma injury or joint replacement surgery, Inherited disorders. […] Only a fraction of patients with CPPD disease will develop pseudogout in their lifetime. Some patients only have one attack, while others have recurrent attacks. […] Notably, many patients with CPPD disease have no joint pain and may never develop joint pain. These patients have X-rays that show chondrocalcinosis, which is evidence of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in the cartilage.
  • #3 Pseudogout Causes and Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/medicine/rheumatology-inflammation-immunity/arthritis-and-joint-diseases-center/pseudogout
    Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) disease is a common arthritis in adults caused by crystals (calcium pyrophosphate) in the joint. […] The following have been associated with an increased risk of CPPD and pseudogout: Older age, Joint trauma injury or joint replacement surgery, Inherited disorders. […] Only a fraction of patients with CPPD disease will develop pseudogout in their lifetime. Some patients only have one attack, while others have recurrent attacks. […] Notably, many patients with CPPD disease have no joint pain and may never develop joint pain. These patients have X-rays that show chondrocalcinosis, which is evidence of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits in the cartilage.