Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chemical Burns – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns represent a small percentage of burn injuries yet up to one third of burn-related deaths. […] The majority of these deaths are related to the ingestion of chemical substances. This chapter provides general principles for the treatment of chemical injuries. […] The most important aspects of first aid for patients with chemical burns involve removal of the offending agent from contact with the patientstop the burn. This requires removal of all potentially contaminated clothing and copious irrigation. […] Immediate copious irrigation has been shown to reduce the extent and depth of injury, especially to eyes. […] Treatment paradigms remain unchanged for burn and trauma patients with strict adherence to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS) guidelines.

• #2 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can happen anywhere from work, at home or even at school. […] Chemical burns account for 5% of all burn admissions. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or bases, with prolonged exposure leading to severe injuries, scarring, disability or worse. […] All chemical burns should be considered as potential medical emergencies. […] The hands and face are the two most common contact points, so it helps to know how to treat a chemical burn in those areas while waiting for a medical assessment. […] A healthcare professional should assess all chemical burns, especially more severe burns that have penetrated through several layers of skin. […] Chemicals come in both liquid and powder forms. Never pour water on a chemical burn from a powder, as this could create a new caustic agent. For liquid chemical burns, irrigating with water is recommended.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  A total of 96 patients (2.4% of total burn admissions) (42 males and 54 females) were admitted to our hospital with chemical burn injuries. […] Acid was found to be the most common cause of injury. […] Morbidity was noticed in the form of skin defect in 80% of cases, soft tissue defect with exposed tendon, bone, or vessels in 16% of cases, and 4% of patients developed contracture and hypertrophic scar. […] Eighty-six percent of patients required operative intervention. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns and can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 1625 years. […] Chemical burns are largely preventable and if properly managed have a good outcome. […] Common substances that may cause chemical burns are acids, alkalis, and various organic and neutral substances.

• #4 Chemical burns – Basics of Burn Carealign-left

  https://basicsofburncare.org/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can cause extensive tissue damage. They differ from thermal burns and require a specific approach. This includes taking a modified 5-point history and considering different treatment options. […] First aid for chemical burns […] Different types of chemicals have different impacts on the skin, and therefore some causative agents have specific first aid approaches. […] Acids cause coagulating necrosis and therefore must be irrigated with plenty of lukewarm water. Early excision of these burns is required. […] Immediate treatment with calcium-gluconate gel (a specific treatment) is required: massage the gel into the skin until the pain has subsided. […] Wounds caused by white phosphorus should be kept under running water and irrigated until definitive treatment can be provided.

• #5 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  Chemical burns differ from thermal burns in that they continue to cause damage as long as some active component of the chemical remains in the wound. […] Frequent reexamination of the patient and all wounds should be performed with any chemical burn. […] A significant eye injury (eg, anything beyond superficial scleral or corneal abrasion) requires immediate ophthalmologic consultation.

• #6 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  Chemical burn is a burn to internal or external organs of the body caused by a corrosive or caustic chemical substance that is a strong acid or base (also known as alkali). […] The main cause of chemical burn is contact with strong acids or bases. […] The signs and symptoms of a chemical burn depend on several factors, including: pH of the agent, concentration of the agent, length of contact time, amount of agent involved, physical form of the agent (ie: solid, liquid, gas), site of contact (e.g. eye, skin, mucous membrane), whether swallowed or inhaled, whether or not skin is intact. […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact; pain or numbness at the site of contact; formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins; deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats; vision changes or complete loss of vision if chemicals get into the eyes.

• #7 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids, bases, organic and inorganic solutions. […] The recognition of the causes, types and mechanisms of tissue destruction of the chemical agents can help in the management of this type of burns. […] Knowing the cause of the burn is of paramount importance in the management. […] The increased use of chemical peeling in the last few years created a new category of chemical burn cases who can have serious complications. […] The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. […] Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis.

• #8 Chemical burns: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-chemical-burns/basics/art-20056667

  Chemical burns are tissue damage caused by strong acids, drain cleaners, paint thinner, gasoline and many other substances. Usually, you are aware of such a burn and its cause. But sometimes you may not immediately recognize a burn caused by a milder chemical. As with some sunburns, the damage may develop hours after the exposure. […] Major chemical burns need emergency medical help. Minor chemical burns can usually be treated with first aid. […] For major chemical burns, apply first aid as follows until emergency help arrives. For minor burns, take the same steps. A minor burn might need emergency care if it affects the eyes, mouth, hands or genital areas. Babies and older adults might need emergency care for minor burns as well. […] Protect the burned person from further harm. Remove dry chemicals. Put on gloves and brush off any remaining material.

• #9 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns require immediate medical treatment. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] Seek help right away for any type of chemical burn. […] You should seek medical attention from your healthcare provider for any chemical burn, even if it seems mild.

• #10 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can happen anywhere from work, at home or even at school. […] Chemical burns account for 5% of all burn admissions. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or bases, with prolonged exposure leading to severe injuries, scarring, disability or worse. […] All chemical burns should be considered as potential medical emergencies. […] The hands and face are the two most common contact points, so it helps to know how to treat a chemical burn in those areas while waiting for a medical assessment. […] A healthcare professional should assess all chemical burns, especially more severe burns that have penetrated through several layers of skin. […] Chemicals come in both liquid and powder forms. Never pour water on a chemical burn from a powder, as this could create a new caustic agent. For liquid chemical burns, irrigating with water is recommended.

• #11 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1277764-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] The long-term effect of caustic dermal burns is scarring, and, depending on the site of the burn, scarring can be significant. […] The severity of the burn is related to a number of factors, including the pH of the agent, the concentration of the agent, the length of the contact time, the volume of the offending agent, and the physical form of the agent. […] For cases of occupational exposure, educate the patient on the proper safety precautions that should be taken when working with hazardous materials. […] When children experience chemical burns, counsel the parents on how to keep medications and chemicals out of the reach of children.

• #12 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  Chemical burn is a burn to internal or external organs of the body caused by a corrosive or caustic chemical substance that is a strong acid or base (also known as alkali). […] The main cause of chemical burn is contact with strong acids or bases. […] The signs and symptoms of a chemical burn depend on several factors, including: pH of the agent, concentration of the agent, length of contact time, amount of agent involved, physical form of the agent (ie: solid, liquid, gas), site of contact (e.g. eye, skin, mucous membrane), whether swallowed or inhaled, whether or not skin is intact. […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact; pain or numbness at the site of contact; formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins; deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats; vision changes or complete loss of vision if chemicals get into the eyes.

• #13 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). These include airway stabilization as needed, fluid resuscitation, tetanus prophylaxis, and analgesia. […] Protection of clinicians — Before irrigating a patient with chemical burns, first responders and clinicians must don appropriate protective gear to prevent contamination or injury. […] Assess for inhalational injury or systemic toxicity — Some chemicals are absorbed through the skin or produce vapors, fumes, or aerosols absorbed through the lungs and cause systemic toxicity and/or cause airway/lung injury from these inhaled toxicants. […] Skin decontamination — Complete removal of the toxic chemical is essential. Tissue damage continues for as long as the chemical remains in contact with skin.

• #14 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  Chemical burn is a burn to internal or external organs of the body caused by a corrosive or caustic chemical substance that is a strong acid or base (also known as alkali). […] The main cause of chemical burn is contact with strong acids or bases. […] The signs and symptoms of a chemical burn depend on several factors, including: pH of the agent, concentration of the agent, length of contact time, amount of agent involved, physical form of the agent (ie: solid, liquid, gas), site of contact (e.g. eye, skin, mucous membrane), whether swallowed or inhaled, whether or not skin is intact. […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact; pain or numbness at the site of contact; formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins; deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats; vision changes or complete loss of vision if chemicals get into the eyes.

• #15 Chemical burns: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-chemical-burns/basics/art-20056667

  Remove contaminated clothing or jewelry and rinse chemicals off for at least 20 minutes, in a shower if it’s available. Protect eyes from the chemicals. […] Cover the burn. Loosely cover the area with gauze or a clean cloth. […] Rinse again if needed. If the area is still painful, rinse for several more minutes. […] For major burns, watch for signs of shock. Symptoms include cool, clammy skin, weak pulse and shallow breathing.

• #16 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Hydrofluoric acid is highly toxic and damaging to humans due to the double danger properties of the corrosive nature of the hydrogen ions and toxic effect due to the ability of fluoride ions to penetrate into deep tissue causing liquefactive necrosis and release of cellular products. Hydrofluoric acid burns present with a unique concern for systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death. […] Hydrofluoric acid exposure requires immediate specific and specialized medical treatment to prevent penetration of the hydrofluoric acid into the deep tissues, decrease the dissemination of the fluoride ions through the bloodstream and subsequently reduce the toxic effects on organs or minimize the progression of damage to organ systems.

• #17 Acid and chemical burns

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Get medical advice as soon as possible if you think you have an acid or chemical burn. You’ll need to be treated as soon as possible. […] An acid or chemical burn needs immediate first aid. […] Acid and chemical burns need to be checked and treated in hospital.

• #18 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns require immediate medical treatment. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] Seek help right away for any type of chemical burn. […] You should seek medical attention from your healthcare provider for any chemical burn, even if it seems mild.

• #19 Chemical Burns Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-treatment

  Prompt wound irrigation is the most critical aspect in limiting the extent of dermal burns from exposure to caustic substances. Animal studies have shown that irrigation of both acid exposures and alkaline exposures within several minutes decreases the pH change in the skin and the extent of dermal injury. A burn center case series found that patients who received irrigation within 10 minutes had a 5-fold decrease in full-thickness injury and a 2-fold decrease in length of hospital stay. […] The first priority in treatment is to ensure complete removal of the offending agent. Thorough decontamination is key. Adequate irrigation is difficult to define and depends on the amount of exposure and the agent involved. […] After initial decontamination, the full extent of the injury must be ascertained and the patient must be treated as a typical burn patient. Based on the degree of injury, ensure adequate fluid resuscitation and take precautions to prevent complications (eg, hypothermia, infection, rhabdomyolysis).

• #20 Chemical burns: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-chemical-burns/basics/art-20056667

  Chemical burns are tissue damage caused by strong acids, drain cleaners, paint thinner, gasoline and many other substances. Usually, you are aware of such a burn and its cause. But sometimes you may not immediately recognize a burn caused by a milder chemical. As with some sunburns, the damage may develop hours after the exposure. […] Major chemical burns need emergency medical help. Minor chemical burns can usually be treated with first aid. […] For major chemical burns, apply first aid as follows until emergency help arrives. For minor burns, take the same steps. A minor burn might need emergency care if it affects the eyes, mouth, hands or genital areas. Babies and older adults might need emergency care for minor burns as well. […] Protect the burned person from further harm. Remove dry chemicals. Put on gloves and brush off any remaining material.

• #21 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] If the chemical is on your skin, wash it off straight away with a cool running water for at least 20 minutes this helps to reduce damage to your tissues. […] Remove clothes, shoes and socks. DO NOT try and remove anything that is stuck to the skin. […] The person giving the first aid should be careful not to get any of the chemical on their own skin. […] If the chemical is on your skin, wash it off straight away with cool running water. Keep the affected area under water for at least 20 minutes. Continue washing even after the chemical seems to have been removed. This helps to reduce tissue damage.

• #22 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Chemical burns are unique injuries that require individualized evaluation and management depending upon the causative agent. They are often occupational exposures and account for 4 percent and up to 14 percent of admissions to burn units in resource-abundant and resource-limited settings, respectively. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment because the duration of contact, in addition to the potency and concentration of the toxic agent, determines the degree of tissue destruction. In most cases, the management of topical chemical burns consists of the following: Ensure protection of rescuers and health care workers from exposure, Remove the patient from the exposure scene, Remove all clothing and jewelry, Brush off any dry chemicals, Copious water irrigation. […] The most important component of active therapy is thorough irrigation of all wounds and areas of exposure with copious amounts of water. We recommend that clinicians err on the side of copious irrigation even if a burn appears superficial. Skin decontamination typically occurs after airway, breathing, and circulation are addressed, but may need to be performed during the initial resuscitation in the critically ill-patient.

• #23

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #24 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] If the chemical is on your skin, wash it off straight away with a cool running water for at least 20 minutes this helps to reduce damage to your tissues. […] Remove clothes, shoes and socks. DO NOT try and remove anything that is stuck to the skin. […] The person giving the first aid should be careful not to get any of the chemical on their own skin. […] If the chemical is on your skin, wash it off straight away with cool running water. Keep the affected area under water for at least 20 minutes. Continue washing even after the chemical seems to have been removed. This helps to reduce tissue damage.

• #25 Chemical Burns Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-treatment

  Prompt wound irrigation is the most critical aspect in limiting the extent of dermal burns from exposure to caustic substances. Animal studies have shown that irrigation of both acid exposures and alkaline exposures within several minutes decreases the pH change in the skin and the extent of dermal injury. A burn center case series found that patients who received irrigation within 10 minutes had a 5-fold decrease in full-thickness injury and a 2-fold decrease in length of hospital stay. […] The first priority in treatment is to ensure complete removal of the offending agent. Thorough decontamination is key. Adequate irrigation is difficult to define and depends on the amount of exposure and the agent involved. […] After initial decontamination, the full extent of the injury must be ascertained and the patient must be treated as a typical burn patient. Based on the degree of injury, ensure adequate fluid resuscitation and take precautions to prevent complications (eg, hypothermia, infection, rhabdomyolysis).

• #26 Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/cutaneous-chemical-burns-assessment-and-early-mana

  Chemical burns are common and may cause significant physical, psychological, social and economic burden. […] Early treatment of chemical burns is crucial and may reduce the period of resulting morbidity. […] Assessment of the patient should be rapid and occur in conjunction with early emergency management. […] Early management should be conducted with consideration of clinicians safety, and appropriate precautions should be taken. […] Excluding specific situations and chemical exposure, copious irrigation with water remains the mainstay of early management. […] Prompt removal of chemical contact is mandatory. […] Early irrigation dilutes the chemical concentration and has been shown to reduce the severity of the burn and hospital stay. […] No objective measure for appropriate irrigation has been defined in the literature but it is widely accepted that 0.5-2 hours may be required to maintain a cutaneous pH of 5.

• #27 First Aid for Chemical Burns | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.first-aid-for-chemical-burns.sig256946

  Most chemical burns of the skin are treated first by rinsing (flushing) the chemical off your body with a large amount of room temperature water, but not all chemicals are treated this way. It is important to treat the burn correctly to avoid further complications. […] Hydrofluoric acid is flushed with a large amount of water and treated with calcium gluconate. You need immediate medical care. […] Some chemical burns are made worse if rinsed (flushed) with water. […] The most important first aid for a chemical in the eye is to immediately flush the substance out with large amounts of water to reduce the chance of serious eye damage. For any chemical burn to the eye, see the topic Burns to the Eye.

• #28 Acid Burns | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/acid-burns

  Immediately rinse with a large amount of cool water. Rinsing within 1 minute of the burn can reduce the risk of complications. […] Flush the area for at least 20 minutes. […] If the area still has a burning sensation after 20 minutes, flush the area again with flowing water for 10 to 15 minutes. […] Hydrofluoric acid is flushed with a large amount of water and treated with calcium gluconate. You need immediate medical care. […] Some acid burns are made worse if rinsed (flushed) with water. […] The most important first aid for a chemical in the eye is to immediately flush the substance out with large amounts of water to reduce the chance of serious eye damage.

• #29 Acid Burns | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/acid-burns

  Burns can damage your skin and other body tissues. […] For any of these injuries, it is important that you receive first aid right away to stop further damage and even save your life. […] If you have an injury caused by a chemical burn, you should see a health care provider right away. […] Acid products include toilet cleaners, battery acid, bleach, chemicals used in industry for crystal etching, and chemicals that are added to gas. […] When a chemical burn occurs, find out what chemical caused the burn. […] Call a Poison Control Centre immediately for more information about how to treat the burn. […] Most chemical burns are treated first by rinsing (flushing) the chemical off your body with a large amount of cool water, but not all chemicals are treated this way. […] It is important to treat the burn correctly to avoid further complications.

• #30 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Chemical (alkali and acid) injury of the conjunctiva and cornea is a true ocular emergency and requires immediate intervention. Chemical injuries to the eye can produce extensive damage to the ocular surface and anterior segment leading to visual impairment and disfigurement. Early recognition and treatment ensures the best possible outcome for this potentially blinding condition. […] Irrigation is the cornerstone of managing chemical burns and should be initiated by bystanders and continued as transfer of care takes place between emergency medical services (EMS), ED physicians, and the ophthalmologist. Early irrigation is critical in limiting the duration of chemical exposure. The goal of irrigation is to remove the offending substance and restore the physiologic pH. It may be necessary to irrigate as much as 20 L to achieve this.

• #31 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  In the event of a chemical injury, it is most important for bystanders and first responders to assess scene safety and take necessary precautions to avoid additional exposure or contamination. […] Chemical burns must be managed with immediate removal of the offending agent and irrigation of the affected eye. Irrigation is crucial for reducing the time the eye is exposed to the chemical; however, it should be noted that irrigation is contraindicated in open-globe injuries. […] Studies have shown that the severity of alkali burns and healing times were shortened with immediate copious irrigation. Additionally, time to initial irrigation has the greatest influence on visual prognosis. […] Emergency medical personnel should continue irrigation during transport. If available, sterile saline solution can be used to continue irrigation.

• #32 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns require immediate medical treatment. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] Seek help right away for any type of chemical burn. […] You should seek medical attention from your healthcare provider for any chemical burn, even if it seems mild.

• #33 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. They may also be called caustic burns. […] All chemical burns should be considered medical emergencies. If you have a chemical burn of the mouth or throat, call 911 and seek immediate medical attention. […] Emergency personnel are trained to assess the extent of a chemical burn, begin treatment, and take patients to the hospital. […] Always seek emergency care for any burn that is larger than 3 inches in diameter or is very deep. Also seek emergency care for any chemical burns involving the face, eyes, groin, hands, feet, or buttocks or if it is over a joint. […] As soon as you or your child have contact with a dangerous chemical, begin basic first aid. […] Remove any contaminated clothing.

• #34 Acid and chemical burns | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Burns caused by acid, alkaline or caustic chemicals can be very damaging and need immediate medical attention. […] After phoning 999, to help prevent severe injuries from a chemical burn: try to carefully remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing. […] Rinse the affected area continuously with clean water as soon as possible to remove any residual chemical. […] Immediate treatment for chemical burns in hospital includes: continuing to wash off the corrosive substance with water until its completely removed, cleaning the burn and covering it with an appropriate dressing, pain relief, a tetanus jab if necessary. […] Minor burns affecting the outer layer of skin and some of the underlying layer of tissue normally heal with good ongoing burn care, leaving minimal scarring. […] If the burn is severe, you may be referred to a specialist burns unit, which may be in a different hospital. […] Specialist burns teams include occupational therapists, physiotherapists and mental health professionals who can support your recovery.

• #35 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  The most important component of active therapy is thorough irrigation of all wounds and areas of exposure with copious amounts of water. […] Ideally, water irrigation is started immediately at the scene of exposure since pre-hospital irrigation reduces burn severity and the length of hospitalization. […] The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). These include airway stabilization as needed, fluid resuscitation, tetanus prophylaxis, and analgesia. […] Protection of clinicians — Before irrigating a patient with chemical burns, first responders and clinicians must don appropriate protective gear to prevent contamination or injury. […] Assess for inhalational injury or systemic toxicity — Some chemicals are absorbed through the skin or produce vapors, fumes, or aerosols absorbed through the lungs and cause systemic toxicity and/or cause airway/lung injury from these inhaled toxicants.

• #36 Acid and chemical burns | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Burns caused by acid, alkaline or caustic chemicals can be very damaging and need immediate medical attention. […] After phoning 999, to help prevent severe injuries from a chemical burn: try to carefully remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing. […] Rinse the affected area continuously with clean water as soon as possible to remove any residual chemical. […] Immediate treatment for chemical burns in hospital includes: continuing to wash off the corrosive substance with water until its completely removed, cleaning the burn and covering it with an appropriate dressing, pain relief, a tetanus jab if necessary. […] Minor burns affecting the outer layer of skin and some of the underlying layer of tissue normally heal with good ongoing burn care, leaving minimal scarring. […] If the burn is severe, you may be referred to a specialist burns unit, which may be in a different hospital. […] Specialist burns teams include occupational therapists, physiotherapists and mental health professionals who can support your recovery.

• #37 Chemical burns: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318084

  A chemical burn can occur when a person comes in direct contact with a chemical or its fumes. […] Severe chemical burns do require immediate emergency care to prevent complications and, in some cases, death. […] Chemical burns often require some kind of medical treatment or a trip to the hospital. […] For serious chemical burns and exposures, it is a good idea to call for emergency medical services. […] The first step in treatment is to determine the burn type, as follows: first degree burns affect the top layer of the skin, second degree burns cause injury to the second layer of skin, third degree burns affect the deepest layers of the skin and tissues underneath. […] Depending on the severity of the burn, doctors will employ different methods to treat chemical burns, such as antibiotics and anti-itch medicines, fluids given through the vein fluid loss in common with burn injuries, cleaning and removing dead tissue, skin grafting removing healthy skin from one part of the body to cover the wound.

• #38 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Wash the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes of water. Wash for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to contact unaffected parts of your body. […] IV fluids may be needed to normalize blood pressure and heart rate. […] Decontamination will begin (likely water irrigation). […] You will be given any antidote to counteract the chemical, if appropriate. […] For severe burns, you may need surgery. In a process called skin grafting, a piece of healthy skin from somewhere else on your body or from a donor can be transplanted to replace the damaged skin. […] After leaving the emergency department, call your doctor within 24 hours to arrange follow-up care. […] Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications: Many people have pain and scarring. […] Most chemical burns are minor and can be treated without causing long-term problems. Some burns, however, cause significant scarring or other medical complications.

• #39 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Calcium gluconate is the primary neutralizing agent and is capable of chelating the free fluoride ions, forming insoluble salts. Calcium gluconate should be applied multiple times to mitigate the damage from the fluoride ions. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns present with a unique concern for systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death.

• #40 Chemical burns: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318084

  More serious chemical burns require rehabilitation, which may include skin replacement, pain management, plastic surgery, occupational therapy, counseling. […] The people at the highest risk for chemical burns are infants, young children, older adults, and people with disabilities because these groups may not be able to handle chemicals properly. […] Chemical burns at home are sometimes related to cosmetic products, including chemical peels and acne creams. […] According to a review of occupational chemical burns treatment over a 2-year period in an emergency room setting, chemical burns cause more tissue damage than other types of burns. […] Carelessness was the most common reason for injury to exposed areas of the body in the workplace. […] The outlook for chemical burns depends on the severity of the injury. Minor chemical burns will heal quicker with treatment while more severe injuries require extensive and more advanced treatment methods.

• #41 Acid and chemical burns | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Burns caused by acid, alkaline or caustic chemicals can be very damaging and need immediate medical attention. […] After phoning 999, to help prevent severe injuries from a chemical burn: try to carefully remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing. […] Rinse the affected area continuously with clean water as soon as possible to remove any residual chemical. […] Immediate treatment for chemical burns in hospital includes: continuing to wash off the corrosive substance with water until its completely removed, cleaning the burn and covering it with an appropriate dressing, pain relief, a tetanus jab if necessary. […] Minor burns affecting the outer layer of skin and some of the underlying layer of tissue normally heal with good ongoing burn care, leaving minimal scarring. […] If the burn is severe, you may be referred to a specialist burns unit, which may be in a different hospital. […] Specialist burns teams include occupational therapists, physiotherapists and mental health professionals who can support your recovery.

• #42 Acid and chemical burns | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Burns caused by acid, alkaline or caustic chemicals can be very damaging and need immediate medical attention. […] After phoning 999, to help prevent severe injuries from a chemical burn: try to carefully remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing. […] Rinse the affected area continuously with clean water as soon as possible to remove any residual chemical. […] Immediate treatment for chemical burns in hospital includes: continuing to wash off the corrosive substance with water until its completely removed, cleaning the burn and covering it with an appropriate dressing, pain relief, a tetanus jab if necessary. […] Minor burns affecting the outer layer of skin and some of the underlying layer of tissue normally heal with good ongoing burn care, leaving minimal scarring. […] If the burn is severe, you may be referred to a specialist burns unit, which may be in a different hospital. […] Specialist burns teams include occupational therapists, physiotherapists and mental health professionals who can support your recovery.

• #43 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #44 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #45 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #46 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Copious irrigation of affected external areas is mandated. […] It is not appropriate to introduce emetic agents or „neutralizing” agents into the treatment regimen after ingestion. […] The most common complications are pain and scarring. […] Except for first-degree burns, all other burns require some type of follow-up. […] To avoid chemical injury in children, parents should keep all dangerous chemicals out of reach of the children. […] The clinician must be vigilant to monitor even minor appearing burns, especially with HF acid, as what initially appears to be minor may have serious side effects. […] Since most burn patients are managed in a burn unit, the role of the nurse is vital.

• #47 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #48 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #49 Burn Injury Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/burn-injury/

  A nurse who cares for a patient with burn injury should be knowledgeable about the physiologic changes that occur after a burn, as well as astute assessment skills to detect subtle changes in the patients condition. […] Chemical burns should be flushed. […] Nursing management in burn care requires specific knowledge on burns so that there could be a provision of appropriate and effective interventions. […] The nursing assessment focuses on the major priorities for any trauma patient; the burn wound is a secondary consideration. […] The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. Burn wound care and pain control are priorities at this stage. […] Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective. […] Throughout the phases of burn care, make efforts to prepare patient and family for the care they will perform at home. Instruct them about measures and procedures. […] The patient and the family require careful written and verbal instructions about pain management, nutrition, prevention of complications, specific exercises, and the use of pressure garments and splints.

• #50

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #51

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #52 Chemical Burns: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.chemical-burns-care-instructions.abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] If your doctor told you how to care for your burn, follow your doctor’s instructions. If you did not get instructions, follow this general advice: Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, which can slow healing. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: Your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: The burn is not getting better each day.

• #53

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #54

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #55 Chemical Burns: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.chemical-burns-care-instructions.abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] If your doctor told you how to care for your burn, follow your doctor’s instructions. If you did not get instructions, follow this general advice: Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, which can slow healing. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: Your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: The burn is not getting better each day.

• #56

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq6005

  Burns can occur when a harmful chemical, such as a cleaning product or an acid, splashes onto the skin. […] Chemical burns, even minor ones, can be very painful. […] When the skin is damaged by a burn, it may become infected. You can help prevent infection and help your burn heal. Keep the burn clean, and change the bandages often. Taking good care of the burn as it heals may help prevent bad scars. […] The treatment for most chemical burns is to remove the chemical from the skin by flushing the area with plenty of water. […] If you notice any problems or new symptoms, get medical treatment right away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Wash the burn every day with a mild soap and water. […] Don’t break blisters open. […] Try not to scratch the burn. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your pain gets worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if the burn is not getting better each day.

• #57 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Copious irrigation of affected external areas is mandated. […] It is not appropriate to introduce emetic agents or „neutralizing” agents into the treatment regimen after ingestion. […] The most common complications are pain and scarring. […] Except for first-degree burns, all other burns require some type of follow-up. […] To avoid chemical injury in children, parents should keep all dangerous chemicals out of reach of the children. […] The clinician must be vigilant to monitor even minor appearing burns, especially with HF acid, as what initially appears to be minor may have serious side effects. […] Since most burn patients are managed in a burn unit, the role of the nurse is vital.

• #58 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Copious irrigation of affected external areas is mandated. […] It is not appropriate to introduce emetic agents or „neutralizing” agents into the treatment regimen after ingestion. […] The most common complications are pain and scarring. […] Except for first-degree burns, all other burns require some type of follow-up. […] To avoid chemical injury in children, parents should keep all dangerous chemicals out of reach of the children. […] The clinician must be vigilant to monitor even minor appearing burns, especially with HF acid, as what initially appears to be minor may have serious side effects. […] Since most burn patients are managed in a burn unit, the role of the nurse is vital.

• #59 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Wash the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes of water. Wash for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to contact unaffected parts of your body. […] IV fluids may be needed to normalize blood pressure and heart rate. […] Decontamination will begin (likely water irrigation). […] You will be given any antidote to counteract the chemical, if appropriate. […] For severe burns, you may need surgery. In a process called skin grafting, a piece of healthy skin from somewhere else on your body or from a donor can be transplanted to replace the damaged skin. […] After leaving the emergency department, call your doctor within 24 hours to arrange follow-up care. […] Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications: Many people have pain and scarring. […] Most chemical burns are minor and can be treated without causing long-term problems. Some burns, however, cause significant scarring or other medical complications.

• #60 What is the treatment plan for chemical burns? – Texas Personal Injury Law Firm – Buzbee Law Firm – Just Win

  https://www.txattorneys.com/news-pr/what-is-the-treatment-plan-for-chemical-burns/

  If you suffer a severe chemical burn, it can completely change your life. According to WebMD, chemical burns may affect your skin, mouth, eyes or internal organs. Severe injuries require emergency treatment and follow-up care. […] If you suffer from a severe chemical burn, you may require IV fluids while in emergency care. Physicians may have to perform decontamination. If you have serious pain, the doctor may need to provide adequate pain control. A severe burn generally requires surgery or skin grafts. During a skin graft, the physicians transplant healthy skin to the burn site. After the initial surgeries, you may also require cosmetic surgery to help reduce some of the scarrings. […] Unfortunately, some of the most common chemical burn complications include pain, scarring or loss of fingers and toes. For those who swallow a chemical, you could suffer permanent issues with your gastrointestinal tract.

• #61 Battery Acid on Skin: How to Treat a Chemical Burn

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/battery-acid-on-skin-5093188

  Car battery acid burns almost always require immediate medical attention. […] Permanent skin injury: Severe chemical burns can cause scarring, nerve damage, and permanent disfigurement. If not cared for properly, a wound can become contaminated with bacteria and cause a secondary infection. […] Treatment depends on the type of acid. Alkaline battery acid should be rinsed with clear water. Use warm, soapy water for sulfuric battery acid. Always seek medical care or call poison control for any kind of chemical burn.

• #62 Acid and Chemical Burns | First Aid Treatments | Optimists Healthcare

  https://optimists.in/health-hub/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Surgery may be necessary to remove the burned skin and replace it with a skin graft obtained from a different area of your body. […] The healing process for more severe and deeper burns can take months or even years, and they typically leave some visible scars. […] In some instances, the degree and location of the burn may also cause issues like blindness or limited use of the limbs or muscles.

• #63 Acid and Chemical Burns | First Aid Treatments | Optimists Healthcare

  https://optimists.in/health-hub/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Surgery may be necessary to remove the burned skin and replace it with a skin graft obtained from a different area of your body. […] The healing process for more severe and deeper burns can take months or even years, and they typically leave some visible scars. […] In some instances, the degree and location of the burn may also cause issues like blindness or limited use of the limbs or muscles.

• #64

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  A total of 96 patients (2.4% of total burn admissions) (42 males and 54 females) were admitted to our hospital with chemical burn injuries. […] Acid was found to be the most common cause of injury. […] Morbidity was noticed in the form of skin defect in 80% of cases, soft tissue defect with exposed tendon, bone, or vessels in 16% of cases, and 4% of patients developed contracture and hypertrophic scar. […] Eighty-six percent of patients required operative intervention. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns and can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 1625 years. […] Chemical burns are largely preventable and if properly managed have a good outcome. […] Common substances that may cause chemical burns are acids, alkalis, and various organic and neutral substances.

• #65 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  You can help prevent chemical burns by: always reading and following the instructions when using chemical products, always wearing safety gloves and eye protection when using chemicals, always washing your hands after using a chemical product, making sure all containers with chemicals are labelled, always storing chemicals in a safe place which is out of the reach of children, having first aid supplies on hand to treat chemical burns. […] For help and advice about chemical burns, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26. […] You can call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available to speak to, 24 hours, 7 days a week.

• #66 Chemical Burns Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-treatment

  Admission is recommended for large surface area or circumferential dermal burns, for burns by substances with systemic toxicity, or for pain control. […] For severe dermal burns, consult a general surgeon or a burn service. Burns to the hands, face, or perineum may require the appropriate specialties. […] For cases of pediatric exposure, counsel the family on keeping dangerous substances out of the reach of children. […] Dermal burns treated on an outpatient basis should be rechecked every 2-3 days.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  We found similar results as 65% of patients sustained injury due to acids in our study. […] In our series, 60% of the patients presented within 24 h. All these patients underwent irrigation with copious amount of water for 30 min. […] Various factors were found to be responsible for chemical burns, including mishandling of chemicals, lack of awareness regarding action and side effects of specific chemicals, lack of employee’s knowledge, and not using appropriate protective measures. […] A total of 28 patients (29%) in this series were cases of vitriolage (acid attacks); 21 (75%) of them were females. […] The Supreme Court’s judgment on regulation of sale of acids came on July 16, 2013 following an incident in which four sisters sustained burns after being attacked with acid. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns, can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 1630 years.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  We found similar results as 65% of patients sustained injury due to acids in our study. […] In our series, 60% of the patients presented within 24 h. All these patients underwent irrigation with copious amount of water for 30 min. […] Various factors were found to be responsible for chemical burns, including mishandling of chemicals, lack of awareness regarding action and side effects of specific chemicals, lack of employee’s knowledge, and not using appropriate protective measures. […] A total of 28 patients (29%) in this series were cases of vitriolage (acid attacks); 21 (75%) of them were females. […] The Supreme Court’s judgment on regulation of sale of acids came on July 16, 2013 following an incident in which four sisters sustained burns after being attacked with acid. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns, can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 1630 years.

• #69 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Copious irrigation of affected external areas is mandated. […] It is not appropriate to introduce emetic agents or „neutralizing” agents into the treatment regimen after ingestion. […] The most common complications are pain and scarring. […] Except for first-degree burns, all other burns require some type of follow-up. […] To avoid chemical injury in children, parents should keep all dangerous chemicals out of reach of the children. […] The clinician must be vigilant to monitor even minor appearing burns, especially with HF acid, as what initially appears to be minor may have serious side effects. […] Since most burn patients are managed in a burn unit, the role of the nurse is vital.

• #70 Chemical Burns Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-treatment

  Admission is recommended for large surface area or circumferential dermal burns, for burns by substances with systemic toxicity, or for pain control. […] For severe dermal burns, consult a general surgeon or a burn service. Burns to the hands, face, or perineum may require the appropriate specialties. […] For cases of pediatric exposure, counsel the family on keeping dangerous substances out of the reach of children. […] Dermal burns treated on an outpatient basis should be rechecked every 2-3 days.

• #71 Eye injuries – chemical burns | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eye-injuries-chemical-burns

  A chemical burn occurs when a liquid (including fresh concrete and hand sanitiser) or powder chemical contacts the eye. […] Always wear appropriate safety goggles or a face shield when handling liquid or powder chemicals. […] However, splashes from acids or alkali chemicals are serious and may cause vision loss. Rinse the eye and seek urgent medical attention. […] In many cases, prompt and thorough rinsing of the eye (with saline or fresh water), dramatically reduces the risk of injury and long-term damage. […] Seek immediate medical advice. Medical staff will need to know what chemical was involved, particularly whether it was acid or alkaline, liquid or powder. […] Do not judge the seriousness of your eye injury on the degree of pain. For example, alkali chemicals don’t usually cause significant symptoms, but can seriously damage the eye. […] Appropriate safety gear is the best way to reduce your risk of injury. […] Estimates suggest that about 90% of chemical burns to the eye are avoidable. Wear eye protection every time you handle liquid or powder chemicals.

• #72 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Hydrofluoric acid is highly toxic and damaging to humans due to the double danger properties of the corrosive nature of the hydrogen ions and toxic effect due to the ability of fluoride ions to penetrate into deep tissue causing liquefactive necrosis and release of cellular products. Hydrofluoric acid burns present with a unique concern for systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death. […] Hydrofluoric acid exposure requires immediate specific and specialized medical treatment to prevent penetration of the hydrofluoric acid into the deep tissues, decrease the dissemination of the fluoride ions through the bloodstream and subsequently reduce the toxic effects on organs or minimize the progression of damage to organ systems.

• #73 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Hydrofluoric acid is highly toxic and damaging to humans due to the double danger properties of the corrosive nature of the hydrogen ions and toxic effect due to the ability of fluoride ions to penetrate into deep tissue causing liquefactive necrosis and release of cellular products. Hydrofluoric acid burns present with a unique concern for systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death. […] Hydrofluoric acid exposure requires immediate specific and specialized medical treatment to prevent penetration of the hydrofluoric acid into the deep tissues, decrease the dissemination of the fluoride ions through the bloodstream and subsequently reduce the toxic effects on organs or minimize the progression of damage to organ systems.

• #74 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Primary health consequences including dermal burns, eye injury, acute respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms and cardiac abnormalities can occur from direct skin / eye contact, ingestion of solutions or inhalation of fumes and vapors with unintentional and intentional exposures. […] Initial treatment for HF acid includes quick assessment, removal of contaminated clothing, as well as jewellery that could trap HF, should be immediately removed and double-bagged to prevent secondary exposure. Decontamination with copious amounts of water, saline or solution of soap and water along with neutralization using calcium gluconate, benzalkonium chloride polyethylene glycol, magnesium oxide or Hexafluorine. […] The decontamination and neutralizing process for hydrofluoric acid exposure is primarily through the mechanical rinsing and diluting effect of water, as a hypotonic solution.

• #75 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Chemical (alkali and acid) injury of the conjunctiva and cornea is a true ocular emergency and requires immediate intervention. Chemical injuries to the eye can produce extensive damage to the ocular surface and anterior segment leading to visual impairment and disfigurement. Early recognition and treatment ensures the best possible outcome for this potentially blinding condition. […] Irrigation is the cornerstone of managing chemical burns and should be initiated by bystanders and continued as transfer of care takes place between emergency medical services (EMS), ED physicians, and the ophthalmologist. Early irrigation is critical in limiting the duration of chemical exposure. The goal of irrigation is to remove the offending substance and restore the physiologic pH. It may be necessary to irrigate as much as 20 L to achieve this.

• #76 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Water irrigation — Continue water irrigation if already started at the scene of exposure, otherwise immediately begin irrigation with copious amounts of water. […] For acid or alkali skin exposure, we suggest continuous water irrigation until the pH of any exposed tissue becomes neutral. […] Antidotes do not play a major role in the treatment of most chemical burns. Water irrigation is of primary importance and should not be delayed while an antidote is sought. […] Eye contact with a caustic chemical requires immediate evaluation and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Immediate water irrigation reduces the risk for chronic conjunctivitis and sight-threatening corneal ulceration. […] Chemical eye burns cause decreased vision, moderate to severe eye pain, blepharospasm, conjunctival redness, and photophobia. […] Initial treatment in the majority of cases consists of extensive irrigation with water.

• #77 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  In the event of a chemical injury, it is most important for bystanders and first responders to assess scene safety and take necessary precautions to avoid additional exposure or contamination. […] Chemical burns must be managed with immediate removal of the offending agent and irrigation of the affected eye. Irrigation is crucial for reducing the time the eye is exposed to the chemical; however, it should be noted that irrigation is contraindicated in open-globe injuries. […] Studies have shown that the severity of alkali burns and healing times were shortened with immediate copious irrigation. Additionally, time to initial irrigation has the greatest influence on visual prognosis. […] Emergency medical personnel should continue irrigation during transport. If available, sterile saline solution can be used to continue irrigation.

• #78 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  In the event of a chemical injury, it is most important for bystanders and first responders to assess scene safety and take necessary precautions to avoid additional exposure or contamination. […] Chemical burns must be managed with immediate removal of the offending agent and irrigation of the affected eye. Irrigation is crucial for reducing the time the eye is exposed to the chemical; however, it should be noted that irrigation is contraindicated in open-globe injuries. […] Studies have shown that the severity of alkali burns and healing times were shortened with immediate copious irrigation. Additionally, time to initial irrigation has the greatest influence on visual prognosis. […] Emergency medical personnel should continue irrigation during transport. If available, sterile saline solution can be used to continue irrigation.

• #79 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  In a clinical setting, to optimize patient comfort and ensure effective delivery of the irrigating solution, a topical anesthetic is generally administered. […] While there is no widespread consensus on how long the eye should be irrigated, suggested guidelines recommend that irrigation should be continued for a minimum of 30 minutes using 1-3 L of fluid or continued until a physiological pH is reached. […] Patients with mild to moderate injury (grades I and II) have a good prognosis and can often be treated successfully with medical treatment alone. […] The aims of medical treatment are to enhance recovery of the corneal epithelium and augment collagen synthesis, while also minimizing collagen breakdown and controlling inflammation. […] Mild burns (Roper-Hall grade I) respond well to medical treatments and lubrication, while more severe burns necessitate more intensive medical therapies and surgery.

• #80 Chemical burn on face: Treatment, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemical-burn-on-face-from-skin-care

  A chemical burn on the face from skin care may happen after using products that contain AHAs or BHAs, such as lactic, salicylic, or glycolic acid. […] If a chemical burn occurs, a person should wash the affected area of the skin with large amounts of water. […] It is important to allow the skin to heal and stop using acids and other potentially irritating products, as these could worsen the burn. […] A person can apply petroleum jelly to keep the skin moist and use sunscreen to protect the skin from the sun. […] Anyone who experiences severe or persistent symptoms should speak with a doctor.

• #81 Chemical burn on face: Treatment, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemical-burn-on-face-from-skin-care

  Incorrect usage of acid-containing skin care products can cause facial chemical burns. To treat chemical burns on the face, a person should remove irritating products and wash the area in running water. […] Chemical burns are skin wounds caused by a strongly acidic or alkaline substance. Some skin care products or treatments may be acidic enough to cause a chemical burn. […] The symptoms of a chemical burn include: skin discoloration or inflammation, a burning sensation, pain, numbness, blistering, peeling. […] If any symptoms occur after applying a skin care product, a person should immediately remove any contaminated clothing and wash the skin with clean running water for 20 minutes. […] After washing the skin thoroughly, it is advisable to speak with a doctor. […] If the burn is severe, it is essential to go to the nearest hospitals emergency department.

• #82 Chemical burn on face: Treatment, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemical-burn-on-face-from-skin-care

  Incorrect usage of acid-containing skin care products can cause facial chemical burns. To treat chemical burns on the face, a person should remove irritating products and wash the area in running water. […] Chemical burns are skin wounds caused by a strongly acidic or alkaline substance. Some skin care products or treatments may be acidic enough to cause a chemical burn. […] The symptoms of a chemical burn include: skin discoloration or inflammation, a burning sensation, pain, numbness, blistering, peeling. […] If any symptoms occur after applying a skin care product, a person should immediately remove any contaminated clothing and wash the skin with clean running water for 20 minutes. […] After washing the skin thoroughly, it is advisable to speak with a doctor. […] If the burn is severe, it is essential to go to the nearest hospitals emergency department.

• #83 Chemical burn on face: Treatment, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemical-burn-on-face-from-skin-care

  A chemical burn on the face from skin care may happen after using products that contain AHAs or BHAs, such as lactic, salicylic, or glycolic acid. […] If a chemical burn occurs, a person should wash the affected area of the skin with large amounts of water. […] It is important to allow the skin to heal and stop using acids and other potentially irritating products, as these could worsen the burn. […] A person can apply petroleum jelly to keep the skin moist and use sunscreen to protect the skin from the sun. […] Anyone who experiences severe or persistent symptoms should speak with a doctor.

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