Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns range from mild to severe. Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. Chemical burns require immediate medical treatment. […] Chemical burns on your skin may cause: Blisters or scabs. Cracked, dry skin. Pain. Peeling skin. Redness. Skin discoloration. Swelling. […] Chemical burns in your eyes may cause: Blurry vision. Eyelid swelling. Pain. Redness. Stinging or burning. Watery eyes. Blindness (in severe cases). […] Chemical burns from ingestion (swallowing) may cause: Chest pain. Cough. Difficulty speaking (dysphonia). Drooling. Hoarseness. Low blood pressure (hypotension). Nausea and vomiting, or vomiting blood. Pain in your mouth or throat (especially when swallowing). Perforations (holes) in your stomach, esophagus (the tube connecting your stomach and throat) or cornea (the outermost lens of your eye). Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Upper airway swelling (edema).

• #2 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. […] All chemical burns should be considered medical emergencies. If you have a chemical burn of the mouth or throat, call 911 and seek immediate medical attention. […] Signs and symptoms of chemical burns include the following: Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact; Pain or numbness at the site of contact; Formation of blisters or black dead skin at the contact site; Vision changes if the chemical gets into your eyes; Cough or shortness of breath. […] In serious cases, you may develop any of the following: Low blood pressure; Faintness, weakness, dizziness; Shortness of breath; Severe cough; Headache; Muscle twitching or seizures; Irregular heartbeat; Cardiac arrest; Chemical burns can be very unpredictable. Death from a chemical injury, although rare, can happen. […] Most chemical burns happen on the face, eyes, arms, and legs. Usually a chemical burn will be relatively small and will require only outpatient treatment. Chemical burns can be deceiving, however. Some agents can cause deep tissue damage not readily apparent when you first look at it.

• #3 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Chemical burns differ from thermal burns in that they continue to cause damage as long as some active component of the chemical remains in the wound. […] Burns that appear superficial may be associated with severe deep tissue injury. […] Chemical burns heal slowly and generally require a hospitalization period that is 30 percent longer than a thermal burn of comparable surface area and depth. […] A table summarizing the signs and symptoms of some common chemical burns is provided. […] The extent of injury from a topical chemical burn is often underestimated, and burns that appear superficial may be associated with severe deep tissue injury.

• #4 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] The severity of the burn is related to a number of factors, including the pH of the agent, the concentration of the agent, the length of the contact time, the volume of the offending agent, and the physical form of the agent. […] The long-term effect of caustic dermal burns is scarring, and, depending on the site of the burn, scarring can be significant. Ocular burns can result in opacification of the cornea and complete loss of vision. […] The prognosis depends entirely on the extent of tissue injury. Small lesions heal well, whether dermal or esophageal. Larger dermal burns can produce significant scarring. Extensive esophageal lesions can result in future stricture formation. […] Even moderate corneal burns can result in scarring and loss of vision. Sometimes this can be remedied by corneal transplantation.

• #5 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1277764-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] The severity of the burn is related to a number of factors, including the pH of the agent, the concentration of the agent, the length of the contact time, the volume of the offending agent, and the physical form of the agent. […] The long-term effect of caustic dermal burns is scarring, and, depending on the site of the burn, scarring can be significant. Ocular burns can result in opacification of the cornea and complete loss of vision. […] The prognosis depends entirely on the extent of tissue injury. Small lesions heal well, whether dermal or esophageal. Larger dermal burns can produce significant scarring. Extensive esophageal lesions can result in future stricture formation. Hydrofluoric acid burns can cause progressive tissue injury and may result in loss of digits. […] Even moderate corneal burns can result in scarring and loss of vision. Sometimes this can be remedied by corneal transplantation.

• #6 Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/cutaneous-chemical-burns-assessment-and-early-mana

  Chemical burns are common and may cause significant physical, psychological, social and economic burden. […] Early treatment of chemical burns is crucial and may reduce the period of resulting morbidity. […] Depth of wound assessment is difficult given that necrosis caused by various chemicals can continue despite cessation of exposure. […] Early irrigation dilutes the chemical concentration and has been shown to reduce the severity of the burn and hospital stay. […] Assessment regarding the depth of the chemical burn is notoriously difficult, as burns may be deceptively superficial. […] Chemicals causing liquefactive necrosis, typically basic solutions, may cause continuing necrosis despite removal of agent. […] Alkali burns seem superficial, but may progress to full thickness within 48-72 hours.

• #6 Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/cutaneous-chemical-burns-assessment-and-early-mana

  The injury caused by HFA causes liquefactive necrosis and causes interruption in the surrounding cellular physiology. […] The onset of local effects are dependent on the concentration of the HFA. […] The fluoride component is a metabolic toxin affecting nerve transmission. […] Chemical burns should be treated as full-thickness burns until proven otherwise.

• #7 Chemical Burns: Types, Complications, & Management

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/chemical-burns/

  The most common chemical burns are acids and alkalis. […] The degree of chemical burn is dependent on the chemical, its concentration, and the extent of exposure. […] Each chemical has specific secondary effects. For example, hydrofluoric acid has severe pain, low calcium, and raised potassium. […] The degree of a chemical burn can vary based on the type of chemical, the extent of exposure, and any first aid management. […] Unlike thermal burns, chemical burns will continue their tissue destruction until inactivated by a neutralising agent. […] Each chemical has its own mechanism of burn. As a result, each chemical can often have a specific set of secondary clinical presentations. […] Acute pain: hydrofluoric acid […] Hypocalcaemia: hydrofluoric acid, phosphorous […] Hypomagnesaemia: hydrofluoric acid

• #7 Chemical Burns: Types, Complications, & Management

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/chemical-burns/

  Hyperkalaemia: hydrofluoric acid […] Prolonged Q-T Interval: hydrofluoric acid […] Hepatorenal injury: tannic, formic acid, phosphorous, petroleum […] Chemical burns are generally treated with prompt and constant water irrigation with some exceptions. […] In addition to the above management, hydrofluoric acid requires neutralisation with calcium gluconate to inactivate free fluoride ions.

• #8 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis, which leads to cytotoxicity. Additionally, there are mucosal or skin changes that may prevent further toxicity and limit absorption. […] The most common findings represent structural changes to the tissue directly affected, for example, the eye, oral mucosa, skin, esophagus, and lower intestinal system, especially the stomach and pylorus, respiratory system, among others. […] Chemical injuries to the eye are the most serious, resulting in severe scarring and permanent loss of vision. […] The prognosis depends on the type of chemical and extent of the injury. Most small lesions heal well, but larger wounds often do not heal and can develop into scars. […] The most common complications are pain and scarring. Vision loss occurs when the eye is injured. Most patients require multiple doctor visits, and many patients require skin grafts to alleviate the scars. […] Chemical burns have the potential to impair short and long-term health and, especially when the eye or esophagus are involved, severely alter the individual’s well-being.

• #8 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should understand chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury.[1][2][3] […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.[4][5] […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis, which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. Additionally, there is vascular damage that can create a local or systemic effect.

• #9 Chemical Burn Treatment, Symptoms, Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chemical_burns/article_em.htm

  Many chemical burns occur accidentally through misuse of products such as those for hair, skin, and nail care. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases (for example, hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide). Acids damage and kill cells by coagulating cells while bases liquefy cells. Prolonged exposure can severely damage human tissues and, if the patient survives, leads to scarring and disability. […] All chemical burns should be considered potential medical emergencies. […] Signs and symptoms of chemical burns include the following: Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact; Pain or numbness at the site of contact; Formation of blisters or black dead skin at the contact site; Vision changes if the chemical gets into the eyes; Cough or shortness of breath; Vomiting.

• #10 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  The signs and symptoms of a chemical burn depend on several factors, including: […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact […] Pain or numbness at the site of contact […] Formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins […] Deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats […] Vision changes or complete loss of vision if chemicals get into the eyes. […] In severe chemical burns where the agent has been swallowed, inhaled or absorbed into the bloodstream, the following systemic symptoms may occur: Cough or shortness of breath […] Low blood pressure […] Faintness, weakness, dizziness […] Headache […] Muscle twitching or seizures […] Cardiac arrest or irregular heartbeat.

• #11 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Hydrofluoric acid is highly toxic and damaging. It penetrates into deep tissue causing liquefactive necrosis and release of cellular products. Ingestion of solutions or inhalation of fumes and vapors with unintentional and intentional exposures of hydrofluoric acid presents with dermal burns, eye injury, acute respiratory symptoms as well as causes systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns present with a unique concern for systemic fluoride toxicity including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neuromuscular symptoms, electrolyte imbalance and enzyme inhibition which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and death. […] Primary health consequences including dermal burns, eye injury, acute respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms and cardiac abnormalities can occur from direct skin / eye contact, ingestion of solutions or inhalation of fumes and vapors with unintentional and intentional exposures.

• #11 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441829/

  Depending on the location of the hydrofluoric acid exposure and the percentage of the acid, patients can present immediately with severe caustic burns to the body and severe pain, with pain out of proportion as the hallmark finding. Solutions greater than 14.5% will produce immediate symptoms, 12% solutions can take up to an hour, and solutions less than 7% can take hours before symptoms occur. […] Hydrofluoric acid exposure requires immediate specific and specialized medical treatment to prevent penetration of the hydrofluoric acid into the deep tissues, decrease the dissemination of the fluoride ions through the bloodstream and subsequently reduce the toxic effects on organs or minimize the progression of damage to organ systems. […] Electrolyte imbalance is one of the hallmark concerns for systemic poisoning from hydrofluoric acid exposure through all routes of entry. Immediate electrolyte assessment at minimum includes calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels to ascertain hypocalcemia, hypomagnesia and hyperkalemia.

• #12 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  The presence of dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, drooling, stridor, tachypnea, decreased breath sounds, wheezing, rales, rhonchi, or use of accessory respiratory muscles suggests a caustic chemical inhalation with upper airway or lung parenchymal edema or injury. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] When hydrofluoric acid contacts skin, it causes both local injury and a potentially fatal systemic reaction. […] Hydrofluoric acid penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns are very painful and often cause blanching and/or blistering with surrounding erythema. […] Initial skin changes may underestimate the degree and extent of the final burn due to ongoing deep tissue injury from free fluoride ions.

• #13 Chemical Burn on Skin Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can occur on the skin, eyes, or internally. Common symptoms in these locations include: […] Chemical burns on the skin: Blisters, Scabs, Pain, Cracked or dry skin, Peeling skin, Swelling, Redness, Skin discoloration. […] Chemical burns in the eyes: Blurry vision, Pain, Swelling of the eyelid, Stinging or burning, Watery eyes, Redness, Blindness (only in severe cases). […] Chemical burns from ingestion: Chest pain, Drooling, Coughing, Difficulty speaking (dysphonia), Hoarseness, Low blood pressure, Nausea, vomiting, vomiting blood, Mouth or throat pain, especially when swallowing, Perforations or holes in your stomach, esophagus, or cornea, Shortness of breath, Upper airway swelling.

• #14 Chemical Burns – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/burns/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns of the skin usually cause symptoms similar to those of superficial (first-degree) burns. The area is red, swollen, and painful but does not develop blisters. Sometimes, burns are deeper, with blisters and severe pain. Rarely, a strong acid or alkali will cause a full-thickness (third-degree) burn that damages the skin all the way through. […] Symptoms of swallowing a caustic substance can be severe. The substance can burn the tongue, mouth, esophagus, and/or stomach and cause severe pain and trouble swallowing. Severe complications may follow.

• #15 Chemical burn – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burn

  Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing, coughing blood and/or tissue necrosis. […] Chemical burns may occur through direct contact on body surfaces, including skin and eyes, via inhalation, and/or by ingestion. […] Substances that diffuse efficiently in human tissue, e.g., hydrofluoric acid, sulfur mustard, and dimethyl sulfate, may not react immediately, but instead produce the burns and inflammation hours after the contact.

• #16 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Chemical burns to the eye can be divided into three categories: alkali burns, acid burns, and irritants. […] Acid burns result from chemicals with a low pH and are usually less severe than alkali burns, because they do not penetrate into the eye as readily as alkaline substances. The exception is a hydrofluoric acid burn, which is as dangerous as an alkali burn. Acids usually damage only the very front of the eye; however, they can cause serious damage to the cornea and also may result in blindness. […] A true loss of vision signifies a very serious burn. Glaucoma, or an increase of the pressure inside the eye, can occur, but may be delayed by hours to days. […] Early signs and symptoms of a chemical eye burn are: Pain, Redness, Irritation, Tearing, Inability to keep the eye open, Sensation of something in the eye, Swelling of the eyelids, Blurred vision.

• #16 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Recovery from acid and alkali burns depends on the depth of the injury. […] The 4 grades of burns are: Grade 1: You should recover fully. Grade 2: You may have some scarring, but your vision should recover. Grade 3: Your vision will usually be impaired to some degree. Grade 4: Damage to your vision likely will be severe.

• #17 Chemical Eye Burns: When Should I Get Medical Help?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/injuries/chemical-eye-burns/

  Getting an acid such as battery acid or hydrochloric acid in the eye can lead to an acid eye burn. An acid eye burn is serious, but it typically leads to the formation of hard damaged tissue that may prevent the acid from penetrating more deeply into the eye. […] Symptoms of a chemical eye burn include: Severe eye pain, Eye redness, Watery eyes (epiphora), Eyelid spasms (blepharospasm), Visual acuity problems. […] Symptoms dont always match the severity of a chemical eye burn. For example, some alkali substances may cause significant eye damage without causing severe pain, redness or other symptoms. […] A minor chemical eye burn typically heals within three weeks, but more severe chemical eye burns can take longer to heal and may require surgery. With some severe burns, doctors may be unable to prevent vision loss or save the eye. […] Possible long-term complications of a chemical eye burn may include dry eyes, glaucoma or damage to the eyelids or conjunctiva that may require further treatment.

• #18 Eye injuries – chemical burns | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eye-injuries-chemical-burns

  In many cases, prompt and thorough rinsing of the eye (with saline or fresh water), dramatically reduces the risk of injury and long-term damage. […] Do not judge the seriousness of your eye injury on the degree of pain. For example, alkali chemicals don’t usually cause significant symptoms, but can seriously damage the eye.

• #18 Eye injuries – chemical burns | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eye-injuries-chemical-burns

  A chemical burn occurs when a liquid or powder chemical contacts the eye. […] Depending on the chemical and the degree of exposure, the potential for injury ranges from temporary redness and irritation to blindness and even loss of an eye. […] However, splashes from acids or alkali chemicals are serious and may cause vision loss. Rinse the eye and seek urgent medical attention. […] The symptoms of a chemical burn depend on the substance splashed into the eyes, but may include: stinging, a burning sensation, redness, pain, swelling of the eyelids, blurry vision, watery eyes. […] Complications of severe chemical burns can include: corneal perforation full thickness damage to the cornea, corneal ulcer superficial damage to the cornea, cataracts an abnormal clouding of the eyes lens, glaucoma high pressure within the eye, which damages the optic nerve, retinal damage, loss of the eye.

• #19 Caustic Substances Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/caustic-substances-poisoning

  Caustic substances are highly acidic or alkaline chemicals that can cause severe burns to the mouth and digestive tract when swallowed. […] Symptoms may include pain (particularly with swallowing), coughing, shortness of breath, and vomiting. […] Pain in the mouth and throat develops rapidly, usually within minutes, and can be severe, particularly with swallowing. Coughing, drooling, an inability to swallow, vomiting, vomiting blood, and shortness of breath may occur. In severe cases involving strong caustic substances, a person may develop very low blood pressure (shock), difficulty breathing, or chest pain, possibly leading to death. […] Perforation of the esophagus or stomach may occur within hours, during the first week after ingestion, or any time in between, often after vomiting or severe coughing.

• #19 Caustic Substances Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/caustic-substances-poisoning

  Scarring of the esophagus results in narrowing (stricture) and sometimes includes damage to the muscles responsible for swallowing, both of which cause difficulty in swallowing. Strictures usually develop weeks after the burn, sometimes in burns that initially caused only mild symptoms. […] People with scars and damage to the esophagus may develop cancer of the esophagus years after the injury.

• #20 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  The symptoms of chemical burns can vary depending on how the burn occurred. A burn caused by a chemical you swallowed will cause different symptoms than burns that occur on your skin. The symptoms of a chemical burn will depend on: […] In general, the common symptoms associated with chemical burns include: blackened or dead skin, which is mainly seen in chemical burns from acid; irritation, redness, or burning in the affected area; numbness or pain in the affected area; a loss of vision or changes in vision if chemicals have come into contact with your eyes. […] Some of the following symptoms may also occur if you’ve swallowed a chemical: irregular heartbeat; headache; low blood pressure; cardiac arrest or heart attack; shortness of breath; coughing; seizures; dizziness; muscle twitches.

• #20 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  The outlook depends on the severity of the burn. Minor chemical burns tend to heal fairly quickly with the appropriate treatment. More severe burns, however, may require long-term treatment. In this case, your doctor may recommend that you receive care at a specialized burn center. […] Some people who have experienced severe chemical burns may have complications, including: disfigurement; limb loss; infection; scarring; muscle and tissue damage; depression; flashbacks; nightmares.

• #21 Chemical Burn Treatment, Symptoms, Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chemical_burns/article_em.htm

  In severe cases, a person may develop any of the following symptoms: Low blood pressure; Faintness, weakness, dizziness; Shortness of breath or severe cough; Headache; Muscle twitching or seizures; Cardiac arrest or irregular heartbeat. […] Chemical burns can be very unpredictable. Death from a chemical injury, although rare, can occur. […] Most people with minor chemical burns do not need to be admitted. Most can go home after arranging follow-up care with a doctor. Patients with major chemical burns however, need to be admitted to a hospital. Ingestion or inhalation of chemical burns may need to be admitted for observation, depending on the potential severity of tissue damage. […] Most chemical burns are minor and can be treated without causing long-term problems. Some burns, however, cause significant scarring or other medical complications. Some of the chemical burns that have a more guarded outlook are ingested and inhaled chemicals that may cause burns. These burns can lead to permanent disability or death.

• #22 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Most mild chemical burns heal without leaving permanent scars. However, long-term effects of severe chemical burns may include: Cancers of your skin, stomach or esophagus. Esophageal strictures (narrowed esophagus, sometimes due to scarring). Perforations (holes) in your stomach, esophagus or cornea. Scars. Skin discoloration. Vision loss.

• #23 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Glaucoma is quite common following ocular injury, ranging in frequency from 15%-55% in patients with severe burns. The mechanism of glaucoma is multifactorial and includes contraction of the anterior structures of the globe secondary to chemical and inflammatory damage, inflammatory debris in the trabecular meshwork, and damage to the trabecular meshwork itself. […] Chemical injury can destroy conjunctival goblet cells, leading to a reduction or even absence of mucus in the tear film, and compromising the proper dispersion of the precorneal tear film. This mucus deficiency results in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye). Even in well-healed eyes, chronic dry eye can cause significant morbidity because of discomfort, visual disturbance, and potential for damage of the ocular surface.

• #23 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Chemical (alkali and acid) injury of the conjunctiva and cornea is a true ocular emergency and requires immediate intervention. Chemical injuries to the eye can produce extensive damage to the ocular surface and anterior segment leading to visual impairment and disfigurement. Early recognition and treatment ensures the best possible outcome for this potentially blinding condition. […] The most common symptoms are severe pain, epiphora, blepharospasm, and reduced visual acuity. […] The severity of ocular injury depends on 4 factors: the toxicity of the chemical, how long the chemical is in contact with the eye, the depth of penetration, and the area of involvement. It is therefore critical to take a careful history to document these factors. […] Studies have shown that the severity of alkali burns and healing times were shortened with immediate copious irrigation. Additionally, time to initial irrigation has the greatest influence on visual prognosis.

• #24 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Extensive damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach is possible. The ultimate outcome depends on how much damage there is. […] Damage continues to occur to the esophagus and stomach for several weeks after the poison is swallowed, which can lead to serious infection and failure of multiple organs. […] If the poison enters the lungs, serious damage may occur, both immediately and long-term. […] Swallowing the poison may cause death. It may occur as long as a month after the poisoning.

• #24 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. […] Initial symptoms include severe pain on contact. […] Symptoms from swallowing may also include: Breathing difficulty due to throat swelling, Burns in the mouth and throat, Drooling, Fever, Rapid development of low blood pressure (shock), Severe pain in the mouth and throat, Speech problems, Vomiting, with blood, Vision loss. […] Symptoms from breathing in the poison may include: Bluish skin, lips, and fingernails (cyanosis), Breathing difficulty, Body weakness, Chest pain (tightness), Choking, Coughing, Coughing up blood, Dizziness, Low blood pressure, Rapid pulse, Shortness of breath. […] Symptoms from skin or eye contact may include: Skin burning, drainage, and pain, Eye burning, drainage, and pain, Vision loss.

• #25

  https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=246&toxid=45

  Injury may continue to progress in severity for up to 48 hours after exposure. Patients may develop upper airway obstruction, perforation, and shock. […] Severe inhalation injuries may cause persistent hoarseness and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), a chemically- or irritant-induced type of asthma.

• #25

  https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=246&toxid=45

  Sodium hydroxide is strongly irritating and corrosive. It can cause severe burns and permanent damage to any tissue that it comes in contact with. Sodium hydroxide can cause hydrolysis of proteins, and hence can cause burns in the eyes which may lead to permanent eye damage. […] Exposure to sodium hydroxide solid or solution can cause skin and eye irritation. Direct contact with the solid or with concentrated solutions causes thermal and chemical burns leading to deep-tissue injuries. Very strong solutions of sodium hydroxide can hydrolyze proteins in the eyes, leading to severe burns and eye damage or, in extreme cases, blindness. […] Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to tissues. The severity of sodium hydroxide burns may not be readily apparent until 24 to 48 hours after exposure. […] Stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are early symptoms of sodium hydroxide ingestion. Patients who have ingested sodium hydroxide may progress to shock. Patients who have inhaled mists or aerosols of sodium hydroxide may experience laryngeal edema and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• #26 Battery Acid on Skin: How to Treat a Chemical Burn

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/battery-acid-on-skin-5093188

  If deeper membranes are involved, the eye can sustain irreversible damage leading to blurring, impaired central or peripheral vision, or vision loss. […] Inhaling sulfuric acid fumes can be especially harmful to the lungs. In severe cases, it can lead to chemical pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring), and bronchiectasis (abnormal widening of the airways).

• #27 What is a Chemical Burn? Symptoms, Causes & Best Treatment.

  https://kbkhospitals.com/blog/what-is-a-chemical-burn-symptoms-causes-best-treatment/

  Whether or not a chemical burn leaves a scar depends on various factors, including the severity of the burn, the type of chemical involved, effectiveness of treatment. Superficial chemical burns that only affect the top layer of skin may not leave a scar, while deeper chemical burns that cause multiple layers of skin are more likely to cause scars. Additionally, burns that are not properly cleaned and treated can increase the risk of scarring. […] Chemical burns can cause itching as part of the healing process. When the skin is damaged, it releases histamines and other substances that cause inflammation and itching. This is the body’s natural response to injury is intended to help with the healing process.

• #28 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  The time it takes to recover from a chemical burn on the skin will depend on how much damage there is and how deep the injury goes. […] First-degree acid burns on the skin are the most common type of chemical injury and usually heal in around 7-10 days. […] After the appropriate medical treatment, healing can take a few weeks. […] Third-degree chemical burns are rare but possible in the event of exposure to flames, explosions and powerful chemicals. Because the burn can reach the muscle, fat and tissue beneath the dermis, the healing process takes longer and can last up to several months.

• #28 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  All chemical burns should be considered as potential medical emergencies. […] The face, eyes, hands, arms and legs are most often affected by chemical burns, but inhalation of some chemicals can also result in injury. […] Visual signs and symptoms might include: Blisters or black skin at the site of contact, Redness, irritation or a burning sensation at the site of contact, Pain or numbness at the site of contact, Vision changes or loss if the agent was in direct contact with the eyes, Cough or shortness of breath. […] Not all chemicals can be removed with water. Some may need to be removed in alternative ways by a doctor. […] If you notice any of the following symptoms, call 911 or head to the nearest hospital with an emergency department: Fever, Shock symptoms include cool, clammy skin, a weak pulse and shallow breathing, Increased pain, Excess swelling, heat or redness, Red streaking around the burn, Pus or blood oozing from the burn.

• #29 Burns: Symptoms, Degrees, How To Treat & Healing

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12063-burns

  Common symptoms of burns include: […] Burns can cause varying levels of damage to your skin, and are more severe the deeper the damage goes. […] Full-thickness burns take more than three weeks to heal. The extended healing time means they scar heavily without proper care. […] More severe complications can happen when burns are deeper and cover more of your body’s surface area. Some of these serious or dangerous complications can include: […] Burns can cause many complications, ranging from minor to life-threatening. Some of the most common complications include:

• #30 What Chemicals Burn the Eye? | Neal Eye Group

  https://www.conshohockeneye.com/what-chemicals-burn-the-eye/

  Additionally, the longer the chemical is exposed to the eye, the more likely it is to develop a more sever burn. […] Weak acids such as vinegar and orange juice may cause a mild chemical burn but if left exposed long enough or with enough volume may also cause a severe burn. […] Strong acids such as battery acid and glass cleaner can result in a severe chemical burn if exposed to the eyes, even for a short period of time. […] All strong bases pose a serious threat to cause a severe chemical burn. […] Prompt treatment is necessary for chemical burns and waiting for care is not advised.

• #31 Hydrofluoric acid burn – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid_burn

  Severe pain at the site of exposure. […] Where it contacts the skin it results in significant pain, swelling, redness, and skin breakdown. […] If the fumes are breathed in swelling of the upper airway and bleeding may occur. […] Symptoms of HF exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat; eye and skin burns; and bone damage. […] Breathing in the HF fumes can result in fevers, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs), bleeding, and low blood oxygen. […] Complications can include electrolyte, heart, lung, kidney, and neurological problems. […] With concentrations less than 7%, onset of symptoms may not occur for hours while with concentrations greater than 15% onset of symptoms is nearly immediate. […] Burns with areas larger than 160 cm2 (25 square inches) have the potential to cause serious systemic toxicity from interference with blood and tissue calcium levels. […] In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia.

• #32 Sulfuric acid poisoning Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/sulfuric-acid-poisoning

  Initial symptoms include severe pain on contact. […] Symptoms from swallowing may also include: Breathing difficulty due to throat swelling, Burns in the mouth and throat, Drooling, Fever, Rapid development of low blood pressure (shock), Severe pain in the mouth and throat, Speech problems, Vomiting, with blood, Vision loss. […] Symptoms from breathing in the poison may include: Bluish skin, lips, and fingernails (cyanosis), Breathing difficulty, Body weakness, Chest pain (tightness), Choking, Coughing, Coughing up blood, Dizziness, Low blood pressure, Rapid pulse, Shortness of breath. […] Symptoms from skin or eye contact may include: Skin burning, drainage, and pain, Eye burning, drainage, and pain, Vision loss. […] Damage continues to occur to the esophagus and stomach for several weeks after the poison is swallowed, which can lead to serious infection and failure of multiple organs. Treatment may require the removal of part of the esophagus and stomach. […] If the poison enters the lungs, serious damage may occur, both immediately and long-term. […] Swallowing the poison may cause death. It may occur as long as a month after the poisoning.

• #33 Chemical burn or reaction Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/injury/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  Chemicals that touch skin can lead to a reaction on the skin, throughout the body, or both. […] Depending on the type of exposure, the symptoms may include: Abdominal pain, Breathing difficulty, Bright red or bluish skin and lips, Convulsions (seizures), Dizziness, Eye pain, burning or watering, Headache, Hives, itching, swelling, or weakness resulting from an allergic reaction, Irritability, Nausea and vomiting, Pain where the skin has come in contact with the toxic substance, Rash, blisters, burns on the skin, Unconsciousness or other states of altered level of consciousness. […] Call for medical help right away if the person is having difficulty breathing, is having seizures, or is unconscious.

• #34 Chemical burn or reaction: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000059.htm

  Chemicals that touch skin can lead to a reaction on the skin, throughout the body, or both. […] Depending on the type of exposure, the symptoms may include: Abdominal pain, Breathing difficulty, Bright red or bluish skin and lips, Convulsions (seizures), Dizziness, Eye pain, burning or watering, Headache, Hives, itching, swelling, or weakness resulting from an allergic reaction, Irritability, Nausea and vomiting, Pain where the skin has come in contact with the toxic substance, Rash, blisters, burns on the skin, Unconsciousness or other states of altered level of consciousness. […] Minor chemical burns will most often heal without further treatment. However, if there is a second or third degree burn or if there is an overall body reaction, get medical help right away. In severe cases, don’t leave the person alone and watch carefully for reactions affecting the entire body. […] Call for medical help right away if the person is having difficulty breathing, is having seizures, or is unconscious.

• #35 Burns – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/symptoms-causes/syc-20370539

  A second-degree burn often looks wet or moist. It affects the first and second layers of skin, which are called the epidermis and the dermis. Blisters may develop, and pain can be terrible. […] Burn symptoms vary depending on how deep the skin damage is. It can take a day or two for the symptoms of a severe burn to develop. […] Second-degree burn, also called partial-thickness burn. This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin, which is called the dermis. It may cause swelling and red, white or splotchy skin. Blisters may develop, and pain can be terrible. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring. […] Third-degree burns involve all of the layers of skin and sometimes the fat and muscle tissue under the skin. The skin may appear stiff, waxy white, leathery or gray. These types of burns often need skin grafts to close the wound.

• #36 Chemical Burns | Burns Caused By Chemicals | TORKLAW

  https://www.torklaw.com/practice-areas/burns/chemical-burns/

  The long-term outlook depends on how severe the burn is. […] Minor caustic burns usually heal relatively quickly if the patient gets appropriate treatment. […] However, more serious burns may require long-term medical attention in a specialized burn center. […] Some burn victims experience complications, including: Infection; Scarring; Muscle and tissue damage; Limb loss; Disfigurement; Depression; Flashbacks; Nightmares. […] However, most individuals with severe chemical burns will recover over time if they get the right treatment and rehabilitation.

• #37 Chemical burns: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318084

  Chemical burns tend to be deep burns, and symptoms of a chemical burn will vary depending on a variety of factors. […] Symptoms of chemical burn depend on: when the skin was in contact with the chemical, whether the chemical was inhaled, swallowed, or touched, whether there were open cuts during contact, the contact location on the body, the amount and strength of the chemical, whether the chemical was gas, liquid, or solid. […] Knowing the type of chemical that caused the burn is important. Symptoms will vary based on how the chemical responds once in contact with the skin, eyes, or inside of the body. Symptoms also vary if the chemical was swallowed or inhaled. […] General and common symptoms of chemicals touching skin and eyes are: skin that appears black or dead, irritation, redness, or burning in the area that was affected, numbness and pain in affected areas, vision change or loss if the chemical comes in contact with the eyes.

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