Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids, bases, organic and inorganic solutions. More than 25 000 products which can cause chemical burns are available for use in agriculture, household, industry and military forces. Chemical burn accounts for 2.4%-10.7% of the overall percentage of burns with a mortality rate of 30% of all burn deaths. The recognition of the causes, types and mechanisms of tissue destruction of the chemical agents can help in the management of this type of burns. […] Knowing the cause of the burn is of paramount importance in the management. Sometimes this can be easily known if the patient or rescuers bring the name of the causative agent as in industrial burns in which a factory may be working on special types of chemicals or in domestic burns in which the material used may be known. On the other hand, the nature of the causative agent used may not be known as in criminal attacks and wars. Other causes of chemical burns can be due to extravasation of some drugs from the intravascular compartment to the surrounding tissues with the result of sustaining burns to these tissues.

• #2 What Are Chemical Burns?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/first-aid-and-emergencies/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns occur on exposure to certain corrosive chemicals through direct contact with the skin, ingestion, or by other means. […] A chemical burn is damage caused to the body tissues when exposed to caustic or harmful chemicals. This damage can occur through direct contact with the skin or other parts of the body, through the ingestion of chemicals, or through inhalation. […] Chemical burns can be more destructive than thermal (heat) burns, as chemicals do stay on the skin for longer periods of time, leading to large-scale destruction. Many harmful chemicals cause chemical burns. Some of the most common ones include the following: Battery acid, Bleach, Detergents, Drain cleaners, Fertilizers, Hair relaxers, Metal cleaners and rust removers, Paint removers, Pesticides, Sanitizers and disinfectants, Swimming pool chemicals, Toilet bowl cleaners, Wet cement.

• #3 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemicals often stay on your skin for long periods of time, eating away at your tissue. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] If you swallowed a chemical substance, drink water to dilute it in your stomach. […] Most mild chemical burns heal without leaving permanent scars. However, long-term effects of severe chemical burns may include: […] Chemical burns can happen if you work with chemicals or other harsh substances for your job. […] Unlike heat burns, chemical burns can continue causing tissue damage even after you come into contact with them. Immediate treatment is essential to prevent scarring or complications.

• #4 Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7949277/

  There are many chemicals that can cause burns. Although they are generally acidic and basic in nature, there are more than one million known chemical compounds, of which 300 have been declared highly hazardous chemical substances by the National Fire Protection Society. Chemical burns account for approximately 10.7% of all burn injuries and 30% of deaths because of burns. […] Chemicals can often be classified as acid, alkali, organic, and inorganic compounds. Acids act by denaturing and coagulating proteins. Alkaline burns cause deeper burns than acid burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid is particularly dangerous because of its double action mechanism. In addition to the acidic corrosive effect, fluoride ions penetrate deeply into the tissues and react with calcium and magnesium to cause multiple local and systemic effects.

• #5 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids, bases, organic and inorganic solutions. More than 25 000 products which can cause chemical burns are available for use in agriculture, household, industry and military forces. Chemical burn accounts for 2.4%-10.7% of the overall percentage of burns with a mortality rate of 30% of all burn deaths. The recognition of the causes, types and mechanisms of tissue destruction of the chemical agents can help in the management of this type of burns. […] Knowing the cause of the burn is of paramount importance in the management. Sometimes this can be easily known if the patient or rescuers bring the name of the causative agent as in industrial burns in which a factory may be working on special types of chemicals or in domestic burns in which the material used may be known. On the other hand, the nature of the causative agent used may not be known as in criminal attacks and wars. Other causes of chemical burns can be due to extravasation of some drugs from the intravascular compartment to the surrounding tissues with the result of sustaining burns to these tissues.

• #6 Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7949277/

  There are many chemicals that can cause burns. Although they are generally acidic and basic in nature, there are more than one million known chemical compounds, of which 300 have been declared highly hazardous chemical substances by the National Fire Protection Society. Chemical burns account for approximately 10.7% of all burn injuries and 30% of deaths because of burns. […] Chemicals can often be classified as acid, alkali, organic, and inorganic compounds. Acids act by denaturing and coagulating proteins. Alkaline burns cause deeper burns than acid burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid is particularly dangerous because of its double action mechanism. In addition to the acidic corrosive effect, fluoride ions penetrate deeply into the tissues and react with calcium and magnesium to cause multiple local and systemic effects.

• #7 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. […] Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. […] A variety of household products can cause chemical burns, including ammonia, battery acid, bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators, and tooth-whitening products. […] Infants and older people are most at risk for burns. […] Chemical burns tend to happen to young children exploring their environments who get their hands on something dangerous and people whose jobs put them in contact with chemicals. […] Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications: many people have pain and scarring, burns in the eye can lead to blindness, swallowing harmful chemicals can lead to problems in your gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to permanent disability, and some acid burns can cause the loss of fingers or toes.

• #8 Chemical Burn Treatment, Symptoms, Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chemical_burns/article_em.htm

  Many household products may cause chemical burns. […] A chemical burn is irritation and destruction of human tissue caused by exposure to a chemical, usually by direct contact with the chemical or its fumes. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases (for example, hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide). […] Other chemicals like oxidants and certain metals may also produce similar chemical burns. […] Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. […] A variety of common household products that may cause chemical burns are as follows: Bleach, Concrete mix, Drain or toilet bowl cleaners, Metal cleaners, Pool chlorinators. […] Many other products used in the home and at work may contain some amount of chemicals that may cause burns.

• #9 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #10 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. […] Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis which leads to cytotoxicity.

• #11 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Chemical burns can result if these are not diluted properly or have a prolonged contact time with the scalp. […] Airbags can produce abrasions, lacerations and contusions through the physical force of the rapid expansion. They can also produce alkaline chemical burns.

• #12 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Chemical burns can result if these are not diluted properly or have a prolonged contact time with the scalp. […] Airbags can produce abrasions, lacerations and contusions through the physical force of the rapid expansion. They can also produce alkaline chemical burns.

• #13 Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7949277/

  There are many chemicals that can cause burns. Although they are generally acidic and basic in nature, there are more than one million known chemical compounds, of which 300 have been declared highly hazardous chemical substances by the National Fire Protection Society. Chemical burns account for approximately 10.7% of all burn injuries and 30% of deaths because of burns. […] Chemicals can often be classified as acid, alkali, organic, and inorganic compounds. Acids act by denaturing and coagulating proteins. Alkaline burns cause deeper burns than acid burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid is particularly dangerous because of its double action mechanism. In addition to the acidic corrosive effect, fluoride ions penetrate deeply into the tissues and react with calcium and magnesium to cause multiple local and systemic effects.

• #14 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #15 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Chemical burns can result if these are not diluted properly or have a prolonged contact time with the scalp. […] Airbags can produce abrasions, lacerations and contusions through the physical force of the rapid expansion. They can also produce alkaline chemical burns.

• #16 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Chemical burns can result if these are not diluted properly or have a prolonged contact time with the scalp. […] Airbags can produce abrasions, lacerations and contusions through the physical force of the rapid expansion. They can also produce alkaline chemical burns.

• #17 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #18 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. […] Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis which leads to cytotoxicity.

• #19 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Chemical burns can result if these are not diluted properly or have a prolonged contact time with the scalp. […] Airbags can produce abrasions, lacerations and contusions through the physical force of the rapid expansion. They can also produce alkaline chemical burns.

• #20 Chemical burns – Dogs – Lort Smith Melbourne Animal Hospital

  https://lortsmith.com/need-help-now/dog/injury-trauma/burns-chemical/

  Chemical burns in dogs occur when their skin or mucous membranes come into contact with corrosive substances, leading to tissue damage. […] Common causes for chemical burns are often found in household products, such as: […] Acids: toilet bowl cleaners, battery acid, metal cleaners, rust removers, concrete cleaners, sulphuric acid. […] Bases: bleach, drain cleaners, over cleaners, ammonia substances, toilet bowl cleaners, Lysol, potash, pool chlorinating solutions, lime; […] Solvents: phenols (including wound disinfectants), turpentine, paint thinners, gasoline, kerosene; […] Oxidising agents: bleaches, peroxide, manganates. […] Human antiseptic preparations often contain phenols, which cause chemical burns in animals.

• #21 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. […] Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. […] A variety of household products can cause chemical burns, including ammonia, battery acid, bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators, and tooth-whitening products. […] Infants and older people are most at risk for burns. […] Chemical burns tend to happen to young children exploring their environments who get their hands on something dangerous and people whose jobs put them in contact with chemicals. […] Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications: many people have pain and scarring, burns in the eye can lead to blindness, swallowing harmful chemicals can lead to problems in your gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to permanent disability, and some acid burns can cause the loss of fingers or toes.

• #22 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases. These are found in products such as bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, petrol, phosphorous (found in fireworks and fertilizers), and pool chlorinators. […] Chemical burns often happen by accident. They can also happen on purpose. This may be from an assault, self-harm or a suicide attempt. […] Chemical burns are most likely to be on your face, eyes, limbs, hands or feet. Chemicals can also burn the inside of your body if they are swallowed or inhaled into your lungs.

• #23 Rare chemical burns: first response, early hospitalization and first t | CWCMR

  https://www.dovepress.com/rare-chemical-burns-first-response-early-hospitalization-and-first-tre-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CWCMR

  Although the content varies according to the type of fruit, white vinegar is formed of amino acid, potassium hydrate, aldehyde, propionic acid, 45% acetic acid, 1% alcohol, pectin and fruit flavoring. It is a sour fruit juice frequently used in Turkey in salads and pickling. Severe burns and even death can be caused by the alcohol content and especially because the skin is thin. The content of 45% acetic acid causes burns of the skin and esophagus in newborn infants and children. […] Despite the increase in new technologies, the opening of an airbag in a traffic accident releases nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia and various hydrocarbons, which cause inhaler and aerosol complications, and the sodium hydroxide within the bag causes alkaline burns. […] Lengthy contact with wet cement can cause severe burns as alkaline burns similar to airbag burns. Wet cement destroys the skin in 3 ways, firstly with allergic dermatitis through a reaction with hexavalent chromate ions, secondly by wear from the fine aggregate in cement and thirdly by alkaline burns as it has a pH of 12.5.

• #24 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Chemical burns are unique injuries that require individualized evaluation and management depending upon the causative agent. They are often occupational exposures and account for 4 percent and up to 14 percent of admissions to burn units in resource-abundant and resource-limited settings, respectively. […] Many chemicals are manufactured for household, agricultural, industrial, and military use, with an estimated 60,000 new chemicals produced each year. Management is guided by organizing these chemicals into general categories, although some have overlapping properties or incompletely understood pathophysiology. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment because the duration of contact, in addition to the potency and concentration of the toxic agent, determines the degree of tissue destruction.

• #25 Chemical Burns | Burn Injury Guide

  https://burninjuryguide.com/types-burns/chemical-burns/

  A chemical burn is a type of burn that is caused by exposure to a harmful substance, such as a strong acid or base. […] Chemical burns can be extremely dangerous and difficult to treat, as the removal of the source of the burn sometimes requires more extensive methods than running water over the burned area of the body. […] Professions such as mining, chemical fabrication, pool maintenance, and creation of medicinal substances may put workers at risk of being exposed to chemicals capable of burning the skin and body. […] Some types of hazardous chemicals have also been intentionally used during warfare, although the practice has been outlawed. […] Substances that can cause painful chemical burns include: Lye, Silver nitrate, Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, Lime, Hydrofluoric acid, Sulfur mustard, Vesicants, Urticants.

• #26 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/wilderness-and-environmental/hydrofluoric-acid-burns/

  Hydrofluoric acid burns are severe injuries that occur when hydrofluoric acid comes into contact with the skin or eyes. These burns can cause liquefactive necrosis, releasing cellular products and potentially leading to systemic toxicity and long-term symptoms. […] Hydrofluoric acid exposure is a relatively rare industrial accident, with around 1000 cases reported globally each year. […] Although hydrofluoric acid is technically considered a weak acid when compared to others, it is quickly absorbed through the skin, potentially resulting in severe, life-threatening burns and irregular heartbeats. […] Injury to the skin is the most common type of injury observed with hydrofluoric acid exposure, and burns to the fingers are particularly concerning for workers who come into contact with the acid.

• #27 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  A chemical burn occurs when your skin or eyes come into contact with an irritant, such as an acid or a base. Chemical burns are also known as caustic burns. They may cause a reaction on your skin or within your body. These burns can affect your internal organs if chemicals are swallowed. […] Acids and bases cause most chemical burns. Burns caused by chemicals can happen at school, work, or any place where you handle chemical materials. Some of the most common products that cause chemical burns are: car battery acid, bleach, ammonia, denture cleaners, teeth whitening products, pool chlorination products. […] People who are at the highest risk for chemical burns are infants, older adults, and people with disabilities. These groups may not be able to handle chemicals properly. You may be at increased risk for chemical burns if you’re handling acids or other chemicals without assistance and you have decreased mobility.

• #28 Chemical Burns: Types, Complications, & Management

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/chemical-burns/

  The most common chemical burns are acids and alkalis. […] The degree of chemical burn is dependent on the chemical, its concentration, and the extent of exposure. […] Each chemical has specific secondary effects. For example, hydrofluoric acid has severe pain, low calcium, and raised potassium. […] The degree of a chemical burn can vary based on the type of chemical, the extent of exposure, and any first aid management. […] Each chemical has its own mechanism of burn. As a result, each chemical can often have a specific set of secondary clinical presentations. […] Chemical burns are generally treated with prompt and constant water irrigation with some exceptions. […] In addition to the above management, hydrofluoric acid requires neutralisation with calcium gluconate to inactivate free fluoride ions.

• #29 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. […] Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis which leads to cytotoxicity.

• #30 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. Streak lines going along the gravity direction and patches of burn as a result of splash of a chemical liquid are characteristic presentations of chemical burns. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis. This involves denaturing proteins as well as saponification of fats which does not limit tissue penetration. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical. Periods of 30 minutes of copious irrigation for acid burns and even longer periods for alkali burns may be required.

• #31 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Chemical injuries occur as a result of acid, alkali, or neutral agents, with alkalis being responsible for 60%. Common causes of alkali and acid injuries are listed below. […] Acids are generally less harmful than alkali substances. They cause damage by denaturing and precipitating proteins in the tissues they contact. The coagulated proteins act as a barrier to prevent further penetration (unlike alkali injuries). […] The one exception to this is hydrofluoric acid, where the fluoride ion rapidly penetrates the thickness of the cornea and causes significant anterior segment destruction.

• #32

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/health/medications/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=not38361&lang=en-ca

  Acid products include toilet cleaners, battery acid, bleach, chemicals used in industry for crystal etching, and chemicals that are added to gas. Acid solids and liquids can cause injury, depending on the type, the strength, and the length of time the acid is in contact with the body. The damage is usually kept to the area of contact and does not usually cause damage deep in the tissue. […] When a chemical burn occurs, find out what chemical caused the burn. […] Some acid burns are made worse if rinsed (flushed) with water. […] Sulfuric acid feels hot when water is added to the acid, but it is better to flush the area and not leave the acid on the skin.

• #33 Causes of Burns | New Jersey Burn Injury Lawyers

  https://www.dsslaw.com/personal-injury-attorney/burn-injury/causes-of-burns/

  Burns are among the most painful and complicated injuries. […] The causes of burns can be categorized as: […] Chemical burns from corrosive substances make up nearly five percent of all burns. This type of burn is typically caused by exposure to acids or bases and can occur with or without heat. […] Some of the most common causes of acid burns are: […] Chemical burns occur when the skin comes into contact with strong alkaloids or acids. The severity of the damage caused by the chemical depends on the length and time of exposure, which is why it is important to wash off the chemical as soon as possible after skin contact. […] Different chemicals produce very different results when they interact with our skin. […] Symptoms can also vary depending on whether the victim is burned by a base or an acid. Acids tend to eat through the outer layer of skin and create a hardened barrier (coagulation necrosis), which prevents further exposure and damage. […] The damage from a chemical burn also depends on other factors such as: […] Chemical burns can also be caused by substances such as reducing agents, solvents and oxidizers.

• #34 Ocular Chemical Burns | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116411/all/Ocular_Chemical_Burns?q=Bradycardia

  Chemical exposure to the eye can result in rapid, devastating, and permanent damage and is one of the true emergencies in ophthalmology. […] Alkali burns are twice as common as acid burns. […] Acidic compounds (pH 7) include typical sources such as sulfuric acid (most common), sulfurous acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and hydrofluoric acid. […] Anion leads to protein denaturing and protective barrier formation by coagulation necrosis forming an eschar. […] Hydrofluoric acid is an exception. In its nonionized form, it behaves like an alkaline substance that can penetrate the corneal stroma and lead to extensive anterior segment lesions.

• #35 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #36 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. Streak lines going along the gravity direction and patches of burn as a result of splash of a chemical liquid are characteristic presentations of chemical burns. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis. This involves denaturing proteins as well as saponification of fats which does not limit tissue penetration. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical. Periods of 30 minutes of copious irrigation for acid burns and even longer periods for alkali burns may be required.

• #37 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. Streak lines going along the gravity direction and patches of burn as a result of splash of a chemical liquid are characteristic presentations of chemical burns. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis. This involves denaturing proteins as well as saponification of fats which does not limit tissue penetration. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical. Periods of 30 minutes of copious irrigation for acid burns and even longer periods for alkali burns may be required.

• #38 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. […] Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis which leads to cytotoxicity.

• #39 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Chemical burns cause damage as a result of irritant properties, acidity/alkalinity, concentration, form, amount of contact, the length of exposure, and location of contact. […] After exposure to an alkaline agent, the -OH moiety causes injury due to liquefaction necrosis which leads to often irreversible changes in the protein matrix. […] Acidic agents cause coagulation necrosis which leads to cytotoxicity.

• #40 Effective First Aid & Prevention for Chemical Burns

  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/chemical-burn-first-aid-tips/

  Alkaline substances can be more dangerous than acids because they penetrate deeper into the skin, causing more extensive tissue damage. […] Unlike acids, which create a protective layer by hardening tissue, alkalis break down cell structures, leading to ongoing damage even after initial contact. […] Organic solvent burns occur when the skin comes into contact with chemicals like acetone, ethanol, or toluene. […] Chemicals like chlorine or hydrogen peroxide can cause serious burns because they react strongly with organic materials, including the skin. […] Chemicals that promote combustion or react strongly with organic materials, like chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, can cause severe burns. […] Substances that cause skin irritation without severely damaging tissue are common in everyday products like soaps, detergents, and some cosmetics.

• #41 Effective First Aid & Prevention for Chemical Burns

  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/chemical-burn-first-aid-tips/

  Alkaline substances can be more dangerous than acids because they penetrate deeper into the skin, causing more extensive tissue damage. […] Unlike acids, which create a protective layer by hardening tissue, alkalis break down cell structures, leading to ongoing damage even after initial contact. […] Organic solvent burns occur when the skin comes into contact with chemicals like acetone, ethanol, or toluene. […] Chemicals like chlorine or hydrogen peroxide can cause serious burns because they react strongly with organic materials, including the skin. […] Chemicals that promote combustion or react strongly with organic materials, like chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, can cause severe burns. […] Substances that cause skin irritation without severely damaging tissue are common in everyday products like soaps, detergents, and some cosmetics.

• #42 Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/cutaneous-chemical-burns-assessment-and-early-mana

  Bases: chemicals are proton acceptors and tend to have greater capability of producing injury. […] These agents produce heat via reactions with fats, extract water from surrounding tissue and result in liquefactive necrosis. […] Chemicals causing liquefactive necrosis, typically basic solutions, may cause continuing necrosis despite removal of agent. […] Alkali: act as proton acceptors and classically cause progressing injury despite the removal of the harmful agent. […] As discussed above, alkalis cause liquefactive necrosis, allowing progression to deeper tissues. […] Common harmful alkali agents include sodium, ammonium, calcium and potassium salts.

• #43 Chemical burns – Skin Deep

  https://dftbskindeep.com/all-diagnoses/chemical-burns/

  The exact chemical is rarely identified but knowing whether it is acid or alkali can be helpful. Acid burns cause a coagulative necrosis is where the cells die but maintain their structure for several days so the full damage is only evident days later. […] Alkalis are known to cause worse burns and this is because they are lipophilic i.e. they dissolve in fat and penetrate through the skin and eye more deeply than acid. […] Liquefactive necrosis occurs where tissues are liquified and saponification of fatty acids in cell membranes causes more destruction. […] Diphoterine is amphoteric so is effective on acids or alkalis and neutralises the effects of the chemical far quicker than water alone so helps to stop the development of the burn.

• #44 First Aid Chemical Burns – Health Safety & Environment

  https://www.hsewebsite.com/first-aid-chemical-burns/

  A chemical burn is irritation and destruction of human tissue caused by exposure to a chemical, usually by direct contact with the chemical or its fumes. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases (for example, hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide). […] Other chemicals like oxidants and certain metals may also produce similar chemical burns. […] Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. […] A variety of common household products that may cause chemical burns are as follows: Bleach, Concrete mix, Drain or toilet bowl cleaners, Metal cleaners, Pool chlorinates. […] Tissue damage from chemical burns depends on several factors. […] The strength or concentration of the agent, The site of contact (eye, skin, mucous membrane), Whether swallowed or inhaled, Whether or not skin is intact, With the quantity of the chemical, The duration of exposure, How the chemical works, The length of time to washing (decontamination). […] Ingestion or inhalation of chemical burns may need to be admitted for observation, depending on the potential severity of tissue damage.

• #45 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can happen anywhere from work, at home or even at school. With more than 30,000 chemicals readily available in America, chemical burns account for 5% of all burn admissions. […] While most chemical burn injuries tend to be workplace accidents, these injuries can originate from misusing skin, hair and nail products, household cleaners, do-it-yourself projects or malicious instances of assault. […] A chemical burn occurs when an external agent (chemical) causes tissue irritation or damage as a result of direct contact. Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or bases, with prolonged exposure leading to severe injuries, scarring, disability or worse. […] The amount of tissue damage from an agent depends on a number of factors, including: The strength or concentration of agent, Where the chemical had direct contact (skin, eyes, mouth, etc.), Whether the agent was ingested, swallowed or inhaled, The amount of agent you came into contact with, Length of exposure to the agent.

• #46 Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7949277/

  There are many chemicals that can cause burns. Although they are generally acidic and basic in nature, there are more than one million known chemical compounds, of which 300 have been declared highly hazardous chemical substances by the National Fire Protection Society. Chemical burns account for approximately 10.7% of all burn injuries and 30% of deaths because of burns. […] Chemicals can often be classified as acid, alkali, organic, and inorganic compounds. Acids act by denaturing and coagulating proteins. Alkaline burns cause deeper burns than acid burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid is particularly dangerous because of its double action mechanism. In addition to the acidic corrosive effect, fluoride ions penetrate deeply into the tissues and react with calcium and magnesium to cause multiple local and systemic effects.

• #47 Chemical Eye Burns: When Should I Get Medical Help?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/injuries/chemical-eye-burns/

  An eye burn (ocular burn) can be caused by heat or, more commonly, by getting a chemical in the eye. A chemical burn in the eye occurs when a chemical in liquid, powder or vapor form injures the eye or eyelid. Its important to get immediate treatment for a chemical eye burn to prevent vision loss. […] There are two main types of chemical eye burns: acid and alkali. Severe eye burns of both types can cause vision loss, but alkali burns tend to cause more serious eye damage more quickly. […] Getting an acid such as battery acid or hydrochloric acid in the eye can lead to an acid eye burn. An acid eye burn is serious, but it typically leads to the formation of hard damaged tissue that may prevent the acid from penetrating more deeply into the eye. […] Everyday household products such as laundry detergent or hydrogen peroxide can cause a chemical eye burn if they accidentally splash or get rubbed into your eye.

• #48 Chemical Burns: Types, Complications, & Management

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/chemical-burns/

  The most common chemical burns are acids and alkalis. […] The degree of chemical burn is dependent on the chemical, its concentration, and the extent of exposure. […] Each chemical has specific secondary effects. For example, hydrofluoric acid has severe pain, low calcium, and raised potassium. […] The degree of a chemical burn can vary based on the type of chemical, the extent of exposure, and any first aid management. […] Each chemical has its own mechanism of burn. As a result, each chemical can often have a specific set of secondary clinical presentations. […] Chemical burns are generally treated with prompt and constant water irrigation with some exceptions. […] In addition to the above management, hydrofluoric acid requires neutralisation with calcium gluconate to inactivate free fluoride ions.

• #49 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). […] Chemical burns differ from thermal burns in that they continue to cause damage as long as some active component of the chemical remains in the wound. […] The extent of injury from a topical chemical burn is often underestimated, and burns that appear superficial may be associated with severe deep tissue injury. […] Antidotes do not play a major role in the treatment of most chemical burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid: QTc prolongation, ventricular dysrhythmia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia. […] Phenols: agitation, seizures, coma, hypotension, dysrhythmia. […] White phosphorous: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hepatic necrosis.

• #50 Hydrofluoric Acid Burns – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/wilderness-and-environmental/hydrofluoric-acid-burns/

  Exposure to hydrofluoric acid can lead to severe health issues including skin burns, eye injuries, acute respiratory symptoms, stomach issues and heart abnormalities, which can occur from direct skin or eye contact, swallowing solutions, or breathing in fumes and vapors. […] Hydrofluoric acid poses a unique danger due to its corrosive hydrogen ions and toxic fluoride ions that can penetrate deep into tissue causing liquefactive necrosis (liquefaction and death of body tissue) and the release of cellular products. […] If you come into contact with hydrofluoric acid, you need immediate, specific medical treatment to prevent the acid from penetrating into your deep tissues and spreading throughout your bloodstream. […] The decontamination and neutralization process relies on a lot of water to rinse and dilute the acid and to bind or chelate the fluoride ions in the acid. […] Severe burns require urgent medical attention and careful monitoring.

• #51 Occupational Hydrofluoric Acid Injury from Car and Truck Washing — Washington State, 2001–2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6432a4.htm

  Exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) causes corrosive chemical burns and potentially fatal systemic toxicity. […] HF can produce serious health effects through any exposure route. Exposure of HF solution to the eye can cause irritation as well as potentially permanent ocular damage. Tissue damage from skin contact occurs by two mechanisms. Free hydrogen ions can cause a corrosive burn, and free fluoride ions can cause local cellular destruction and penetrate the skin, causing muscle and bone necrosis. […] Systemically, fluoride toxicity by any route of exposure can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias precipitated by hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. […] During 2001-2013, one fatal HF ingestion and 48 chemical burns from exposure to HF associated with car and truck washing were reported in Washington State.

• #52 Occupational Hydrofluoric Acid Injury from Car and Truck Washing — Washington State, 2001–2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6432a4.htm

  Exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) causes corrosive chemical burns and potentially fatal systemic toxicity. […] HF can produce serious health effects through any exposure route. Exposure of HF solution to the eye can cause irritation as well as potentially permanent ocular damage. Tissue damage from skin contact occurs by two mechanisms. Free hydrogen ions can cause a corrosive burn, and free fluoride ions can cause local cellular destruction and penetrate the skin, causing muscle and bone necrosis. […] Systemically, fluoride toxicity by any route of exposure can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias precipitated by hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. […] During 2001-2013, one fatal HF ingestion and 48 chemical burns from exposure to HF associated with car and truck washing were reported in Washington State.

• #53 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #54 Symptoms of a Chemical Burn | Severe Skin Damage Cases

  https://www.spiroslaw.com/articles/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns occur when a person’s body comes in contact with a corrosive substance, often a strong acid or base. […] Common causes of chemical burns include household substances like lye, lime, and hydrochloric acid. Numerous cleaning agents and solvents can also cause burns. […] The exact symptoms of a chemical burn depend highly on the chemical in question. […] Hydrofluoric acid can cause cardiac arrest shortly after exposure by consuming all the body’s calcium, leaving the heart unable to beat. […] The effects of certain chemical burns can sometimes be counteracted even with household chemicals, but applying the same household chemicals to a different burn could result in dangerous reactions that could even harm bystanders.

• #55 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #56 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). […] Chemical burns differ from thermal burns in that they continue to cause damage as long as some active component of the chemical remains in the wound. […] The extent of injury from a topical chemical burn is often underestimated, and burns that appear superficial may be associated with severe deep tissue injury. […] Antidotes do not play a major role in the treatment of most chemical burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid: QTc prolongation, ventricular dysrhythmia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia. […] Phenols: agitation, seizures, coma, hypotension, dysrhythmia. […] White phosphorous: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hepatic necrosis.

• #57 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #58 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. Particles of white phosphorus that become embedded in wounds can continue to oxidize and cause tissue damage until debrided, treated, or consumed. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns. […] Cement burn injuries occur most often on the lower legs and knees. Signs and symptoms generally develop several hours after exposure and include burning sensations, erythema, pain, and vesicle formation. […] Hydrocarbons cause lipid dissolution and cell membrane injury, and with prolonged exposure, this results in skin necrosis.

• #59 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). […] Chemical burns differ from thermal burns in that they continue to cause damage as long as some active component of the chemical remains in the wound. […] The extent of injury from a topical chemical burn is often underestimated, and burns that appear superficial may be associated with severe deep tissue injury. […] Antidotes do not play a major role in the treatment of most chemical burns. […] Hydrofluoric acid: QTc prolongation, ventricular dysrhythmia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia. […] Phenols: agitation, seizures, coma, hypotension, dysrhythmia. […] White phosphorous: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hepatic necrosis.

• #60 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #61 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #62 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. Particles of white phosphorus that become embedded in wounds can continue to oxidize and cause tissue damage until debrided, treated, or consumed. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns. […] Cement burn injuries occur most often on the lower legs and knees. Signs and symptoms generally develop several hours after exposure and include burning sensations, erythema, pain, and vesicle formation. […] Hydrocarbons cause lipid dissolution and cell membrane injury, and with prolonged exposure, this results in skin necrosis.

• #63 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. Particles of white phosphorus that become embedded in wounds can continue to oxidize and cause tissue damage until debrided, treated, or consumed. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns. […] Cement burn injuries occur most often on the lower legs and knees. Signs and symptoms generally develop several hours after exposure and include burning sensations, erythema, pain, and vesicle formation. […] Hydrocarbons cause lipid dissolution and cell membrane injury, and with prolonged exposure, this results in skin necrosis.

• #64 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. […] Hydrofluoric acid (HF) penetrates quickly through the epidermal layer into the dermis and deeper. […] Hydrofluoric acid burns cause intense pain and tissue destruction, as well as electrolyte abnormalities that may precipitate cardiac arrest. […] Phenol causes dermal burns. Severe dermal burns can cause systemic toxicity, such as central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac abnormalities, and death. […] White phosphorus produces a combined chemical and thermal burn. […] Alkali burns are notable for their degree of edema and fluid loss. Anhydrous ammonia and cement are among the more common causes of alkali burns.

• #65 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can happen anywhere from work, at home or even at school. With more than 30,000 chemicals readily available in America, chemical burns account for 5% of all burn admissions. […] While most chemical burn injuries tend to be workplace accidents, these injuries can originate from misusing skin, hair and nail products, household cleaners, do-it-yourself projects or malicious instances of assault. […] A chemical burn occurs when an external agent (chemical) causes tissue irritation or damage as a result of direct contact. Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or bases, with prolonged exposure leading to severe injuries, scarring, disability or worse. […] The amount of tissue damage from an agent depends on a number of factors, including: The strength or concentration of agent, Where the chemical had direct contact (skin, eyes, mouth, etc.), Whether the agent was ingested, swallowed or inhaled, The amount of agent you came into contact with, Length of exposure to the agent.

• #66 The Epidemiology of Chemical Burns Among the Patients Referred to Burn Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran, 2008–2018

  https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47668.html

  Our study found that 12.9% of chemical burns occurred in the workplace, as a result of inappropriate machine operation, inappropriate chemical handling or machine problems. […] The findings also indicated that burns occurred in residential areas, workplace, and outdoors in 66%, 12.9%, and 21% of cases, respectively.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  Various factors were found to be responsible for chemical burns, including mishandling of chemicals, lack of awareness regarding action and side effects of specific chemicals, lack of employee’s knowledge, and not using appropriate protective measures. […] A total of 28 patients (29%) in this series were cases of vitriolage (acid attacks); 21 (75%) of them were females. […] Vitriolage/acid attack on women in India needs special elaboration and is a matter of concern. […] The Supreme Court’s judgment on regulation of sale of acids came on July 16, 2013 following an incident in which four sisters sustained burns after being attacked with acid. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns, can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 16-30 years.

• #68 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] A chemical burn is damage to tissue on your body due to a harsh or corrosive substance. […] Most chemical burns are the result of accidentally spilling a chemical on yourself. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. […] Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] There are a lot of substances that can cause chemical burns. […] When harsh chemicals come into contact with your skin, eyes or any tissue in your body, they can destroy cells. […] Chemical burns can be far more serious than thermal (heat) burns.

• #69 Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/cutaneous-chemical-burns-assessment-and-early-mana

  Chemical burns are common and may cause significant physical, psychological, social and economic burden. […] Chemical burns represents 35% of all burns-associated admissions. […] Given the nature of injury, hospitalisation tends to be prolonged and healing is delayed. […] Many substances that are freely available in the community, either occupational or domestic items, have the potential to cause chemical burns. […] The immediate availability and poor labelling of these substances has accounted for an increase in unintentional chemical burns. […] Chemical agents can also be classified on the basis of the induced chemical reaction that the agent initiates. […] Acids: act as proton donors in the biological system. Acid injury causes a coagulative necrosis of the superficial tissue.

• #70 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] A chemical burn is damage to tissue on your body due to a harsh or corrosive substance. […] Most chemical burns are the result of accidentally spilling a chemical on yourself. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. […] Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] There are a lot of substances that can cause chemical burns. […] When harsh chemicals come into contact with your skin, eyes or any tissue in your body, they can destroy cells. […] Chemical burns can be far more serious than thermal (heat) burns.

• #71 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  A chemical burn occurs when your skin or eyes come into contact with an irritant, such as an acid or a base. Chemical burns are also known as caustic burns. They may cause a reaction on your skin or within your body. These burns can affect your internal organs if chemicals are swallowed. […] Acids and bases cause most chemical burns. Burns caused by chemicals can happen at school, work, or any place where you handle chemical materials. Some of the most common products that cause chemical burns are: car battery acid, bleach, ammonia, denture cleaners, teeth whitening products, pool chlorination products. […] People who are at the highest risk for chemical burns are infants, older adults, and people with disabilities. These groups may not be able to handle chemicals properly. You may be at increased risk for chemical burns if you’re handling acids or other chemicals without assistance and you have decreased mobility.

• #72 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1277764-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Worldwide, corrosive substances are commonly used for chemical assault. The most common substances used are lye and sulfuric acid. […] Adults exposed to industrial strength chemicals often suffer more severe burns.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  Various factors were found to be responsible for chemical burns, including mishandling of chemicals, lack of awareness regarding action and side effects of specific chemicals, lack of employee’s knowledge, and not using appropriate protective measures. […] A total of 28 patients (29%) in this series were cases of vitriolage (acid attacks); 21 (75%) of them were females. […] Vitriolage/acid attack on women in India needs special elaboration and is a matter of concern. […] The Supreme Court’s judgment on regulation of sale of acids came on July 16, 2013 following an incident in which four sisters sustained burns after being attacked with acid. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns, can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 16-30 years.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04010/epidemiology_and_outcome_of_chemical_burn_patients.21.aspx

  Various factors were found to be responsible for chemical burns, including mishandling of chemicals, lack of awareness regarding action and side effects of specific chemicals, lack of employee’s knowledge, and not using appropriate protective measures. […] A total of 28 patients (29%) in this series were cases of vitriolage (acid attacks); 21 (75%) of them were females. […] Vitriolage/acid attack on women in India needs special elaboration and is a matter of concern. […] The Supreme Court’s judgment on regulation of sale of acids came on July 16, 2013 following an incident in which four sisters sustained burns after being attacked with acid. […] It was found that chemical burns, though not very common, are deeper burns, can be accidental or non-accidental, and the high-risk age group is 16-30 years.

• #75 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases. These are found in products such as bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, petrol, phosphorous (found in fireworks and fertilizers), and pool chlorinators. […] Chemical burns often happen by accident. They can also happen on purpose. This may be from an assault, self-harm or a suicide attempt. […] Chemical burns are most likely to be on your face, eyes, limbs, hands or feet. Chemicals can also burn the inside of your body if they are swallowed or inhaled into your lungs.

• #76 Improper Labeling Causes Injury from Acid Spray | Office of Environment, Health & Safety

  https://ehs.berkeley.edu/news/improper-labeling-causes-injury-acid-spray

  A UC Berkeley researcher was preparing a sample for microscopy. […] This accident happened because the container with unwanted chemicals was improperly labeled with the wrong chemical name. […] The researcher was not aware that the container labeled 2-propanol actually contained concentrated nitric acid. […] Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing acid; explosions can occur when organic chemicals (such as isopropanol) are added to strong oxidizing acids.

• #77 Improper Labeling Causes Injury from Acid Spray | Office of Environment, Health & Safety

  https://ehs.berkeley.edu/news/improper-labeling-causes-injury-acid-spray

  A UC Berkeley researcher was preparing a sample for microscopy. […] This accident happened because the container with unwanted chemicals was improperly labeled with the wrong chemical name. […] The researcher was not aware that the container labeled 2-propanol actually contained concentrated nitric acid. […] Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing acid; explosions can occur when organic chemicals (such as isopropanol) are added to strong oxidizing acids.

• #78 Improper Labeling Causes Injury from Acid Spray | Office of Environment, Health & Safety

  https://ehs.berkeley.edu/news/improper-labeling-causes-injury-acid-spray

  A UC Berkeley researcher was preparing a sample for microscopy. […] This accident happened because the container with unwanted chemicals was improperly labeled with the wrong chemical name. […] The researcher was not aware that the container labeled 2-propanol actually contained concentrated nitric acid. […] Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing acid; explosions can occur when organic chemicals (such as isopropanol) are added to strong oxidizing acids.

• #79 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. Streak lines going along the gravity direction and patches of burn as a result of splash of a chemical liquid are characteristic presentations of chemical burns. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis. This involves denaturing proteins as well as saponification of fats which does not limit tissue penetration. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical. Periods of 30 minutes of copious irrigation for acid burns and even longer periods for alkali burns may be required.

• #80 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  The chemical burn can take the shape of patches of skin burns in cases of immersion of part of the body in contact with a chemical agent. Streak lines going along the gravity direction and patches of burn as a result of splash of a chemical liquid are characteristic presentations of chemical burns. […] Most acids produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming a coagulum (eschar) that limits the penetration of the acid. Bases typically produce a more severe injury known as liquefaction necrosis. This involves denaturing proteins as well as saponification of fats which does not limit tissue penetration. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical. Periods of 30 minutes of copious irrigation for acid burns and even longer periods for alkali burns may be required.

• #81 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  Chemical burn is a burn to internal or external organs of the body caused by a corrosive or caustic chemical substance that is a strong acid or base (also known as alkali). […] The main cause of chemical burn is contact with strong acids or bases. […] A very strong acid has a pH of 1 and may cause a severe burn. […] A very strong base has a pH of 14 and may also cause a severe burn. […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: Formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins. […] Deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats. […] In severe chemical burns where the agent has been swallowed, inhaled or absorbed into the bloodstream, the following systemic symptoms may occur.

• #82 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  The symptoms of chemical burns can vary depending on how the burn occurred. A burn caused by a chemical you swallowed will cause different symptoms than burns that occur on your skin. […] In general, the common symptoms associated with chemical burns include: blackened or dead skin, which is mainly seen in chemical burns from acid; irritation, redness, or burning in the affected area; numbness or pain in the affected area; a loss of vision or changes in vision if chemicals have come into contact with your eyes. […] Some people who have experienced severe chemical burns may have complications, including: disfigurement, limb loss, infection, scarring, muscle and tissue damage, depression, flashbacks, nightmares.

• #83 Acid and Chemical Burns: a very serious medical condition.

  https://medrechospital.com/atozdetail/acid-and-chemical-burns

  An acid or chemical burn is a very dangerous medical issue that can have a detrimental impact on a person’s life. […] They can be caused by highly corrosive substances such as acid or alkaline chemicals. […] Most chemical burns are caused by a person coming into contact with an acid or base. […] These products are known to cause chemical burns: Bleach, Ammonia, Car battery acid, Pool cleaning products, Products that contain a high amount of acid or chemicals. […] An alkaline substance, for instance, will burn the inside of your stomach if you swallow it. […] The following list of signs and symptoms is representative of chemical burns: Redness or burning in the location of the burn, or blackened/ dead skin, Pain or numbness in the affected area, If chemicals have gotten into contact with your eyes, you could experience loss of vision.

• #84 Chemical burns acid or alkali, what’s the difference? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-019-0735-1

  Acid and alkali injuries have traditionally been assigned clearly defined pathophysiological pathways by which injury and tissue damage occurs but in severe cases the outcome is equally devastating. Acids usually causes tissue coagulation and shrinking of collagen fibres. Ocular surface tissue proteins bind to acid molecules neutralizing the acid and causing coagulative necrosis. The coagulum acts as a barrier preventing further penetration of the acid, theoretically limiting its damaging effect […] Alkali burns that represent two third of chemical burns worldwide, cause hydrophilic and lipophilic degeneration. Saponification of the fatty acids of cell membrane causes rapid penetration of the alkali into the cells. With hydrolysis of the interfibrillar glycosaminoglycans and shrinking of the collagen fibrils, the tissue becomes more susceptible to enzymatic degradation with further penetration of the alkali into the ocular tissue.

• #85 Chemical burns acid or alkali, what’s the difference? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-019-0735-1

  Acid and alkali injuries have traditionally been assigned clearly defined pathophysiological pathways by which injury and tissue damage occurs but in severe cases the outcome is equally devastating. Acids usually causes tissue coagulation and shrinking of collagen fibres. Ocular surface tissue proteins bind to acid molecules neutralizing the acid and causing coagulative necrosis. The coagulum acts as a barrier preventing further penetration of the acid, theoretically limiting its damaging effect […] Alkali burns that represent two third of chemical burns worldwide, cause hydrophilic and lipophilic degeneration. Saponification of the fatty acids of cell membrane causes rapid penetration of the alkali into the cells. With hydrolysis of the interfibrillar glycosaminoglycans and shrinking of the collagen fibrils, the tissue becomes more susceptible to enzymatic degradation with further penetration of the alkali into the ocular tissue.

• #86 Chemical burns acid or alkali, what’s the difference? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-019-0735-1

  Acid and alkali injuries have traditionally been assigned clearly defined pathophysiological pathways by which injury and tissue damage occurs but in severe cases the outcome is equally devastating. Acids usually causes tissue coagulation and shrinking of collagen fibres. Ocular surface tissue proteins bind to acid molecules neutralizing the acid and causing coagulative necrosis. The coagulum acts as a barrier preventing further penetration of the acid, theoretically limiting its damaging effect […] Alkali burns that represent two third of chemical burns worldwide, cause hydrophilic and lipophilic degeneration. Saponification of the fatty acids of cell membrane causes rapid penetration of the alkali into the cells. With hydrolysis of the interfibrillar glycosaminoglycans and shrinking of the collagen fibrils, the tissue becomes more susceptible to enzymatic degradation with further penetration of the alkali into the ocular tissue.

• #87 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases. These are found in products such as bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, petrol, phosphorous (found in fireworks and fertilizers), and pool chlorinators. […] Chemical burns often happen by accident. They can also happen on purpose. This may be from an assault, self-harm or a suicide attempt. […] Chemical burns are most likely to be on your face, eyes, limbs, hands or feet. Chemicals can also burn the inside of your body if they are swallowed or inhaled into your lungs.

• #88 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Chemical exposure to any part of the eye or eyelid may result in a chemical eye burn. Chemical burns represent 7%-10% of eye injuries. […] Acid burns result from chemicals with a low pH and are usually less severe than alkali burns, because they do not penetrate into the eye as readily as alkaline substances. The exception is a hydrofluoric acid burn, which is as dangerous as an alkali burn. Acids usually damage only the very front of the eye; however, they can cause serious damage to the cornea and also may result in blindness. […] Common acids causing eye burns include sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, chromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid. […] All acid or alkali eye burns require immediate treatment and evaluation by a doctor.

• #89 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Chemical exposure to any part of the eye or eyelid may result in a chemical eye burn. Chemical burns represent 7%-10% of eye injuries. […] Acid burns result from chemicals with a low pH and are usually less severe than alkali burns, because they do not penetrate into the eye as readily as alkaline substances. The exception is a hydrofluoric acid burn, which is as dangerous as an alkali burn. Acids usually damage only the very front of the eye; however, they can cause serious damage to the cornea and also may result in blindness. […] Common acids causing eye burns include sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, chromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid. […] All acid or alkali eye burns require immediate treatment and evaluation by a doctor.

• #90 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Chemical exposure to any part of the eye or eyelid may result in a chemical eye burn. Chemical burns represent 7%-10% of eye injuries. […] Acid burns result from chemicals with a low pH and are usually less severe than alkali burns, because they do not penetrate into the eye as readily as alkaline substances. The exception is a hydrofluoric acid burn, which is as dangerous as an alkali burn. Acids usually damage only the very front of the eye; however, they can cause serious damage to the cornea and also may result in blindness. […] Common acids causing eye burns include sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, chromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid. […] All acid or alkali eye burns require immediate treatment and evaluation by a doctor.

• #91 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  A chemical burn occurs when your skin or eyes come into contact with an irritant, such as an acid or a base. Chemical burns are also known as caustic burns. They may cause a reaction on your skin or within your body. These burns can affect your internal organs if chemicals are swallowed. […] Acids and bases cause most chemical burns. Burns caused by chemicals can happen at school, work, or any place where you handle chemical materials. Some of the most common products that cause chemical burns are: car battery acid, bleach, ammonia, denture cleaners, teeth whitening products, pool chlorination products. […] People who are at the highest risk for chemical burns are infants, older adults, and people with disabilities. These groups may not be able to handle chemicals properly. You may be at increased risk for chemical burns if you’re handling acids or other chemicals without assistance and you have decreased mobility.

• #92 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] Chemical burns happen when your skin comes into contact with chemicals like household bleach, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators and petrol. […] Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or strong bases. These are found in products such as bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, petrol, phosphorous (found in fireworks and fertilizers), and pool chlorinators. […] Chemical burns often happen by accident. They can also happen on purpose. This may be from an assault, self-harm or a suicide attempt. […] Chemical burns are most likely to be on your face, eyes, limbs, hands or feet. Chemicals can also burn the inside of your body if they are swallowed or inhaled into your lungs.

• #93 The Epidemiology of Chemical Burns Among the Patients Referred to Burn Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran, 2008–2018

  https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47668.html

  The prevalence of chemical burns was 1% during 2008-2018. Acid and alkali burns were accounted for 93.5% and 6.5% of burns, respectively. […] Burns occurred due to accident (61%), acid attack (29%), and self-immolation (10%). […] Acids and alkalis are the most common types of causative agents involved in chemical burns. For acids, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid are representative agents, and for alkalis, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are representative agents. […] The caustic chemicals were the main cause of chemical burns. This study’s results are consistent with the results of another study showed acids were the cause of burns in 60% of cases. […] The highest burn percentage was observed in the 21-30-years age group (29%) and then children under 10 years of age (27%).

• #94 Chemical Burns: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1277764-overview

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids or bases that come into contact with tissue. […] A large number of industrial and commercial products contain potentially toxic concentrations of acids, bases, or other chemicals that can cause burns. […] Sulfuric acid is commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, metal cleaners, automobile battery fluid, munitions, and fertilizer manufacturing. […] Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in rust removers, tire cleaners, tile cleaners, glass etching, dental work, tanning, semiconductors, refrigerant and fertilizer manufacturing, and petroleum refining. […] Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, Clinitest tablets, and denture cleaners. […] Ammonia is used in cleaners and detergents, as a fertilizer, and as an industrial cleaner and sterilizing agent. […] Worldwide, corrosive substances are commonly used for chemical assault. The most common substances used are lye and sulfuric acid. […] Adults exposed to industrial strength chemicals often suffer more severe burns.

• #95 Chemical Burns | Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America

  https://burncenters.com/burns/burn-services/chemical-burns/

  Chemical burns can happen anywhere from work, at home or even at school. With more than 30,000 chemicals readily available in America, chemical burns account for 5% of all burn admissions. […] While most chemical burn injuries tend to be workplace accidents, these injuries can originate from misusing skin, hair and nail products, household cleaners, do-it-yourself projects or malicious instances of assault. […] A chemical burn occurs when an external agent (chemical) causes tissue irritation or damage as a result of direct contact. Most chemical burns are caused by either strong acids or bases, with prolonged exposure leading to severe injuries, scarring, disability or worse. […] The amount of tissue damage from an agent depends on a number of factors, including: The strength or concentration of agent, Where the chemical had direct contact (skin, eyes, mouth, etc.), Whether the agent was ingested, swallowed or inhaled, The amount of agent you came into contact with, Length of exposure to the agent.

• #96 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can happen if you come into contact with a harsh substance such as bleach, battery acid or disinfectants. […] A chemical burn is damage to tissue on your body due to a harsh or corrosive substance. […] Most chemical burns are the result of accidentally spilling a chemical on yourself. […] Chemical burns range from mild to severe. […] Mild chemical burns usually heal quickly, but severe chemical burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring or death. […] Its important to note that children (especially toddlers) are at a high risk for burns caused by household chemical products. […] There are a lot of substances that can cause chemical burns. […] When harsh chemicals come into contact with your skin, eyes or any tissue in your body, they can destroy cells. […] Chemical burns can be far more serious than thermal (heat) burns.

• #97 The Epidemiology of Chemical Burns Among the Patients Referred to Burn Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran, 2008–2018

  https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47668.html

  Our study found that 12.9% of chemical burns occurred in the workplace, as a result of inappropriate machine operation, inappropriate chemical handling or machine problems. […] The findings also indicated that burns occurred in residential areas, workplace, and outdoors in 66%, 12.9%, and 21% of cases, respectively.

• #98 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #99 Chemical burns

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

  Chemical burn is a burn to internal or external organs of the body caused by a corrosive or caustic chemical substance that is a strong acid or base (also known as alkali). […] The main cause of chemical burn is contact with strong acids or bases. […] A very strong acid has a pH of 1 and may cause a severe burn. […] A very strong base has a pH of 14 and may also cause a severe burn. […] Some signs and symptoms of chemical burns include: Formation of black dead skin (eschar) this occurs particularly with acid chemical burns as they produce a coagulation necrosis by denaturing proteins. […] Deep tissue injury to the skin is caused by alkali chemical burns, as they produce a liquefaction necrosis that involves denaturing of proteins as well as saponification of fats. […] In severe chemical burns where the agent has been swallowed, inhaled or absorbed into the bloodstream, the following systemic symptoms may occur.

• #100 Battery Acid on Skin: How to Treat a Chemical Burn

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/battery-acid-on-skin-5093188

  Inhaling sulfuric acid fumes can be especially harmful to the lungs. In severe cases, it can lead to chemical pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring), and bronchiectasis (abnormal widening of the airways). […] Treatment depends on the type of acid. Alkaline battery acid should be rinsed with clear water. Use warm, soapy water for sulfuric battery acid. Always seek medical care or call poison control for any kind of chemical burn.

• #101 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. […] Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. […] A variety of household products can cause chemical burns, including ammonia, battery acid, bleach, concrete mix, drain or toilet bowl cleaners, metal cleaners, pool chlorinators, and tooth-whitening products. […] Infants and older people are most at risk for burns. […] Chemical burns tend to happen to young children exploring their environments who get their hands on something dangerous and people whose jobs put them in contact with chemicals. […] Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications: many people have pain and scarring, burns in the eye can lead to blindness, swallowing harmful chemicals can lead to problems in your gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to permanent disability, and some acid burns can cause the loss of fingers or toes.

• #102 Acid and Chemical Burns: a very serious medical condition.

  https://medrechospital.com/atozdetail/acid-and-chemical-burns

  By following safety protocols and being cautious when handling chemical materials, you can avoid chemical burns. […] If you’ve been seriously burned, you’ll need to undergo burn rehabilitation. […] Among the issues that some people with severe chemical burns may have are: Depression, Flashbacks, Nightmares, Deformity, Limb loss, Infection, Scarring muscle and tissue damage.

• #103 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. […] Initial symptoms include severe pain on contact. […] Symptoms from skin or eye contact may include: Skin burning, drainage, and pain; Eye burning, drainage, and pain; Vision loss. […] How well a person does depends on how fast the poison is diluted and neutralized. Extensive damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach is possible. The ultimate outcome depends on how much damage there is. […] Damage continues to occur to the esophagus and stomach for several weeks after the poison is swallowed, which can lead to serious infection and failure of multiple organs. Treatment may require the removal of part of the esophagus and stomach. […] If the poison enters the lungs, serious damage may occur, both immediately and long-term. […] Swallowing the poison may cause death. It may occur as long as a month after the poisoning.

• #104 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. […] Initial symptoms include severe pain on contact. […] Symptoms from skin or eye contact may include: Skin burning, drainage, and pain; Eye burning, drainage, and pain; Vision loss. […] How well a person does depends on how fast the poison is diluted and neutralized. Extensive damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach is possible. The ultimate outcome depends on how much damage there is. […] Damage continues to occur to the esophagus and stomach for several weeks after the poison is swallowed, which can lead to serious infection and failure of multiple organs. Treatment may require the removal of part of the esophagus and stomach. […] If the poison enters the lungs, serious damage may occur, both immediately and long-term. […] Swallowing the poison may cause death. It may occur as long as a month after the poisoning.

• #105 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #106 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499888/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposure to a variety of substances commonly found at home, the workplace, and the surrounding environment. […] Common causes of chemical burns include the following: Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride […] Oxidants: Bleaches like chlorites used in the home, peroxides, chromates, magnates […] Miscellaneous: White phosphorus, metals, hair coloring agents, airbag injuries […] Vesicants like mustard gas. […] Chemical burns can cause short-term, long-term, and lifelong health problems, especially if undertreated. […] Occasionally, they can result in premature death, especially if ingested in an attempt to self-harm.

• #107 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. […] Initial symptoms include severe pain on contact. […] Symptoms from skin or eye contact may include: Skin burning, drainage, and pain; Eye burning, drainage, and pain; Vision loss. […] How well a person does depends on how fast the poison is diluted and neutralized. Extensive damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach is possible. The ultimate outcome depends on how much damage there is. […] Damage continues to occur to the esophagus and stomach for several weeks after the poison is swallowed, which can lead to serious infection and failure of multiple organs. Treatment may require the removal of part of the esophagus and stomach. […] If the poison enters the lungs, serious damage may occur, both immediately and long-term. […] Swallowing the poison may cause death. It may occur as long as a month after the poisoning.

• #108 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Chemicals often stay on your skin for long periods of time, eating away at your tissue. […] Chemical burns require immediate treatment. […] If you swallowed a chemical substance, drink water to dilute it in your stomach. […] Most mild chemical burns heal without leaving permanent scars. However, long-term effects of severe chemical burns may include: […] Chemical burns can happen if you work with chemicals or other harsh substances for your job. […] Unlike heat burns, chemical burns can continue causing tissue damage even after you come into contact with them. Immediate treatment is essential to prevent scarring or complications.

• #109 Battery Acid on Skin: How to Treat a Chemical Burn

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/battery-acid-on-skin-5093188

  Car batteries are usually lead-encased batteries that contain sulfuric acid (also known as sulphuric acid). Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive substance that is destructive to the skin, eyes, and lungs. Severe exposure can result in death. […] The treatment of sulfuric acid exposure differs slightly from lye exposure in that it is more easily removed from the skin with soapy water. […] The combustion or explosion of a lithium-ion battery can spill lithium onto the skin. Lithium generally only causes skin rash and irritation but when super-heated can cause severe thermal burns along with skin corrosion and pitted ulcers. […] Severe chemical burns can cause scarring, nerve damage, and permanent disfigurement. If not cared for properly, a wound can become contaminated with bacteria and cause a secondary infection.

• #110 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  The prognosis depends on the type of chemical and extent of the injury. Most small lesions heal well, but larger wounds often do not heal and can develop into scars. […] Chemical burns have the potential to impair short and long-term health and, especially when the eye or esophagus are involved, severely alter the individual’s well-being.

• #111 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  The prognosis depends on the type of chemical and extent of the injury. Most small lesions heal well, but larger wounds often do not heal and can develop into scars. […] Chemical burns have the potential to impair short and long-term health and, especially when the eye or esophagus are involved, severely alter the individual’s well-being.

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