Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Burns: Symptoms, Degrees, How To Treat & Healing

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12063-burns

  Yes, experts estimate that up to 90% of burns are preventable. Some key ways to prevent burns include: […] Use caution with electricity. Don’t overload power strips or outlets. Make sure to cover power outlets so children can’t hurt themselves. Keep electrical devices away from water sources like sinks, bathtubs or showers. And don’t use devices, cables or power cords with exposed wiring. […] Teach children about fire and supervise them. Children should learn not to play with fire or electricity, and you should make sure they aren’t unattended around potential burn sources. […] Use sunscreen. Choose products with an SPF of at least 50 and reapply at least every two hours.

• #2 Chemical Eye Burns

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns

  Safety officials estimate that up to 90% of chemical eye injuries can be avoided. […] Always wear safety glasses when working with hazardous materials, both at work and at home. […] Children sustain chemical burns most often when they are unsupervised. Keep all hazardous home products away from children.

• #3 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Chemical burns require immediate treatment because the duration of contact, in addition to the potency and concentration of the toxic agent, determines the degree of tissue destruction. In most cases, the management of topical chemical burns consists of the following: […] Ensure protection of rescuers and health care workers from exposure. […] Remove the patient from the exposure scene. […] Remove all clothing and jewelry. […] Brush off any dry chemicals (any suitable instrument such as dry brush or towel can be used). […] Copious water irrigation. […] The most important component of active therapy is thorough irrigation of all wounds and areas of exposure with copious amounts of water. […] Ideally, water irrigation is started immediately at the scene of exposure since pre-hospital irrigation reduces burn severity and the length of hospitalization.

• #4 Chemical Burns: Caring For Your Child | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/conditions/chemical-burns-caring-for-your-child

  Chemical burns can occur when strong acids or alkalis come into contact with the skin and the eyes. […] Rinse the exposed area right away with running water for 20 minutes. […] Tissue damage will continue as long as the chemical is in touch with the skin. […] Chemical burns that look mild may cause severe deep tissue injury. Always have your child examined by a healthcare provider as soon as possible, no matter how mild the injury seems.

• #5 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/chemical-burns

  Secure all chemicals in and out of the home in locked cabinets or out of the reach of children. […] Store chemicals in their original containers. […] Try to use chemicals as little as possible, and dont let them touch your skin. […] When using chemicals, always follow directions and safety precautions on the label provided by the manufacturer. […] Make sure your work area is well ventilated. […] Wear safety clothing and eye protection, and remember, safety first!

• #6 Chemical Burns: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  You can prevent chemical burns by following safety procedures and taking precautions while handling chemical materials. These include: keeping chemicals out of the reach of children […] storing chemicals properly and safely after use […] using chemicals in a well-ventilated area […] leaving chemicals in their original containers with warning labels […] avoiding the use of chemicals […] avoiding mixing chemicals with other chemicals […] only purchasing chemicals in protective containers […] keeping chemicals away from food and drinks […] wearing protective gear and clothing when using chemicals. […] Call a poison control center if you’re unsure whether a certain substance is toxic.

• #7 Chemical Burns – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-18716/

  Healthcare professionals should be knowledgeable about chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] Healthcare professionals should understand chemical burns from exposure to acids (pH less than 7), alkalis (pH greater than 7), and irritants to recognize, manage and care for these common types of injury. […] To avoid chemical injury in children, parents should keep all dangerous chemicals out of reach of the children. […] Individuals who have attempted suicide with chemicals need a psychiatric referral. […] Chemical burns have the potential to impair short and long-term health and, especially when the eye or esophagus are involved, severely alter the individual’s well-being.

• #8 Chemical Burns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22350-chemical-burns

  Reduce your risk of chemical burns by taking the proper safety precautions: […] Wear protective clothing or equipment such as gloves, goggles and face shields.

• #9 Chemical burns — first aid and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns

  If you think someone has a chemical burn, call triple zero (000). Ask for an ambulance. If you can, let them know what chemical caused the burn. For help and advice about poison, call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26. […] If the chemical is on your skin, wash it off straight away with a cool running water for at least 20 minutes this helps to reduce damage to your tissues. […] The person giving the first aid should be careful not to get any of the chemical on their own skin. […] You can help prevent chemical burns by: always reading and following the instructions when using chemical products, always wearing safety gloves and eye protection when using chemicals, always washing your hands after using a chemical product, making sure all containers with chemicals are labelled, always storing chemicals in a safe place, which is out of the reach of children, having first aid supplies on hand to treat chemical burns.

• #10 Chemical Resistant PPE Can Save Lives in the Workplace

  https://int-enviroguard.com/blog/chemical-burns-in-the-workplace-prevention-and-treatment/

  Chemical burns are a relatively frequent yet preventable occupational injury, especially when workers are provided with appropriate chemical resistant PPE that protects against chemical splashes. Options include: […] All workers who may come in contact with caustic chemicals during their daily tasks should be trained on how to properly don and doff their PPE, how to reduce the risk of splashes or spills, how to identify and use different chemicals appropriately, and how to provide basic first aid. Organizations should also ensure that spaces are well-ventilated wherever chemicals are in use and ensure that all chemicals are stored securely in their original containers. […] Work-related chemical burns are preventable injuries that can cause pain, disability, disfigurement, vision loss, limb loss, or even death.

• #11 Chemical burn or reaction – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/chemical-burn-or-reaction

  All chemicals should be stored out of the reach of young children — preferably in a locked cabinet. […] Avoid mixing different products that contain toxic chemicals such as ammonia and bleach. The mixture can give off hazardous fumes. […] Avoid prolonged (even low-level) exposure to chemicals. […] Avoid using potentially toxic substances in the kitchen or around food. […] Buy potentially poisonous substance in safety containers, and buy only as much as needed. […] Many household products are made of toxic chemicals. It is important to read and follow label instructions, including any precautions. […] Never store household products in food or drink containers. Leave them in their original containers with the labels intact. […] Safely store chemicals immediately after use. […] Use paints, petroleum products, ammonia, bleach, and other products that give off fumes only in a well-ventilated area.

• #12 NC DPH: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology: Sulfuric Acid

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/oee/a_z/sulfuric.html

  Sulfuric acid can be found in many car batteries (lead-acid batteries) and in household products like drain and toilet bowl cleaners. Be sure to read product labels carefully, and do not use more than one product per application. Even some chemical residue in a drain or on a surface can be hazardous if combined with a second product. […] Know which products in your home contain sulfuric acid, and keep those products out of the reach of children and pets. […] Wear protective gloves when using products that contain sulfuric acid. Eye protection is also recommended, particularly when using a product that may splash. […] Keep car batteries away from children. […] Avoid breathing smoke or fumes where coal, oil, or gas are burned, even outside. […] Avoid touching the material that forms on the outside of your car battery. […] Keep the Carolinas Poison Center 24/7 number 1-800-222-1222 and other emergency numbers near or programmed into your phone.

• #13

  https://www.phsbesafe.co.uk/news/how-to-protect-yourself-from-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns are a serious threat in the workplace. A chemical burn can cause skin damage and irritation, while serious burns could have fatal consequences. […] If you work in an environment where you’re at risk from a chemical burn, such as in manufacturing or construction, then it’s important to take precautions to keep yourself and others safe. […] Employers are required to carry out risk assessments that identify potential threats in the workplace and put measures in place to prevent them. A COSHH risk assessment specifically outlines the hazards and risks from hazardous substances in the workplace, including chemicals. […] The majority of accidents in the workplace are caused by human error. It’s important that anyone on-site working with chemicals is given appropriate training to help prevent accidents and ensure that procedures are followed. Some of the steps employers and employees can take to protect against acid and alkali burns in the workplace include: Make sure all chemicals and harmful substances are stored correctly and in a safe place […] Regular staff training should be carried out to ensure workers know how to handle chemicals correctly […] Put procedures in place for dealing with spills and accidents […] Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as directed.

• #14 Be Prepared for Chemical Burns | MASC

  https://www.masc.sc/uptown/02-2025/be-prepared-chemical-burns

  Many types of local government employees may work with chemicals capable of causing chemical burns, making these injury types an important consideration for any risk management program. […] Appropriate procedures and employee training can help prevent these burn injuries. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires employers to provide information about the identities and hazards of chemicals available to workers. This includes communicating the appropriate measures to protect employees, such as personal protective equipment, or PPE, that should be worn when using certain chemicals. […] One critical step in preventing chemical burns is storing chemicals properly and safely. Chemicals need to be kept in their original and properly labelled container. […] Having procedures in place, conducting proper employee training and wearing the right protective clothing will help prevent chemical burns.

• #15 Burns and Scalds in the Workplace: Prevention Tips & Care – Pinder Plotkin LLC

  https://pinderplotkin.com/burns-and-scalds-in-the-workplace/

  Chemical burns occur when the skin comes into contact with strong acids, alkalis, or other corrosive substances commonly used in industrial settings, such as sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid. These nasty chemicals can eat right through skin and tissue, causing serious damage. Workers in manufacturing, laboratories, and cleaning services are often at the greatest risk for chemical burns. But even seemingly innocuous products like bleach or pool chlorine can cause painful burns if not handled properly. The key is to always read labels carefully, wear the right protective gear, and follow safety protocols to the letter. […] […] Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential burn hazards in the workplace, such as hot surfaces, open flames, steam, corrosive chemicals, and electrical sources. […]

• #16 Burns and Scalds in the Workplace: Prevention Tips & Care – Pinder Plotkin LLC

  https://pinderplotkin.com/burns-and-scalds-in-the-workplace/

  Develop and implement safety protocols to minimize the risk of burns. This may include proper labeling of hot surfaces and hazardous substances, establishing safe work practices, and ensuring adequate ventilation and temperature control. […] […] Regularly train employees on burn prevention strategies, including recognizing hazards, following safety protocols, using PPE correctly, and responding to burn emergencies. […] […] Employers must conduct regular risk assessments to identify burn hazards and evaluate the effectiveness of existing control measures. […] […] Based on risk assessment findings, employers must implement appropriate control measures to eliminate or minimize burn risks. This may include engineering controls (e.g., machine guarding), administrative controls (e.g., safe work procedures), and PPE. […] […] Employers are responsible for reporting and investigating burn incidents, including near misses. Investigations should identify root causes and lead to corrective actions to prevent future occurrences.

• #17 Chemical Burns Treatment and Prevention: Essential First Aid Tips — CPR1

  https://cpr1.com/chemical-burn-first-aid-treatment/

  Handle Chemicals Safely: Adhere to correct protocols for storing, handling, and transferring chemicals. Use equipment, like funnels or pumps, to prevent splashes and spills during transfers. […] Emergency Preparedness: Plan for chemical spills or accidents. Know the locations of the eyewash stations, safety showers, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits. […] Proper Storage: Store chemicals in designated areas. They must be cool, dry, and well-ventilated. Keep them separate from incompatible substances. […] Labeling and Hazard Communication: All containers must be labeled. Include the chemical name, hazards, and handling instructions. Follow hazard communication standards, like the GHS. They ensure accurate labeling and information sharing. […] Proper Disposal: Dispose of chemicals under all local, state, and federal regulations.

• #18 Workplace Burn Prevention | Burn Safety Training

  https://www.usfosha.com/osha-articles/workplace-burn-prevention/

  Chemical burns are the result of skin or eyes coming into contact with strong acids, alkaloids or other corrosive or caustic materials that eat away or „burn” skin and deeper tissue. […] One of the best ways to prevent chemical burns is to make sure all workers are well-versed in Hazard Communication, which covers the symbols and labels that will communicate chemical risk. […] These labels will also include the important information on the steps workers can take to prevent burns if they come into contact with dangerous chemicals. […] Workers who will come into contact with chemicals should consider Hazard Communication training and should also take refresher courses as these standards can be updated often. […] Color codes, posters, labels or signs to warn employees of potential hazards are an employer requirement under the OSH Act, and these vital pieces of Hazard Communication are extremely important in burn prevention.

• #19 Workplace Burn Prevention | Burn Safety Training

  https://www.usfosha.com/osha-articles/workplace-burn-prevention/

  Workers should be trained on how to recognize symbols and other hazard communication codes, and GHS communication standards should be used to identify material hazards in a consistent and easily recognizable way. […] When hazardous chemicals are found in the workplace, employers are also required to produce and provide a written Hazard Communication plan.

• #20 Lime : Chemical risk and Prevention – PREVOR

  https://www.prevor.com/en/lime-chemical-risk-and-prevention/

  Inhaling large volumes of lime can cause chemical burns of the nose, throat or lungs. […] The longer the contact time, the deeper and more serious the burn will be. […] To protect yourself from chemical products, you can find the classic goggles, gloves, overalls, full body suits, but also special equipment adapted to a specific handling. […] When handling lime, chemical protective gloves that comply with the EN ISO374-1: 2016 standard and PPE Regulation 2016/425 are required. […] If a PPE should fail (e.g.: hole in the glove, chemical product that goes under the glasses or that runs on the face) you must react quickly to wash and avoid that the product has time to penetrate and react. […] DIPHOTERINE solution allows for the rapid removal of the chemical present on the tissue and which has not yet reacted with the tissue in order to avoid or limit its action. […] The use of a phosphate-based decontamination solution is not recommended! […] DIPHOTERINE and HEXAFLUORINE solutions do not contain phosphates and can be used safely with any chemical in contact with the eyes.

• #21 Putting the Lid on Chemical Burns — Occupational Health & Safety

  https://ohsonline.com/articles/2011/01/01/putting-the-lid-on-chemical-burns.aspx

  Knowledge and protection can prevent serious hand injuries. […] Knowledge and protection can prevent serious injury, according to Ansell Limited. […] Treating a chemical burn is a race with time because the longer the substance remains on the skin, the deeper the burn. […] Chemical burns often result from exposure to strong acids and bases that are caustic and can cause significant tissue damage during even brief exposure. […] A relatively quick rinse often can remove acids, but bases require a sustained body flush for as long as 20 minutes to prevent further harm.

• #22 Eye injuries – chemical burns | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eye-injuries-chemical-burns

  A chemical burn occurs when a liquid or powder chemical contacts the eye. […] Always wear appropriate safety goggles or a face shield when handling liquid or powder chemicals. […] However, splashes from acids or alkali chemicals are serious and may cause vision loss. Rinse the eye and seek urgent medical attention. […] In many cases, prompt and thorough rinsing of the eye (with saline or fresh water), dramatically reduces the risk of injury and long-term damage. […] First aid suggestions include: Hold your face under running water for 15 to 20 minutes and allow the water stream to flood into your eyes. […] Seek immediate medical advice. Medical staff will need to know what chemical was involved, particularly whether it was acid or alkaline, liquid or powder. […] Always wear eye protection every time you handle liquid or powder chemicals. […] Appropriate safety gear is the best way to reduce your risk of injury. […] Don’t wear contact lenses; a contact lens may absorb the chemical and concentrate the burn on the eye surface.

• #23 National Poison Prevention Week: Spotlight on Hydrofluoric Acid Safety – Safety Partners, LLC

  https://www.safetypartnersinc.com/national-poison-prevention-week-spotlight-on-hydrofluoric-acid-safety/

  HF should be used with adequate ventilation to minimize inhalation of vapor. Concentrations greater than 5% should always be handled in a chemical fume hood. […] To prevent eye exposure, chemical goggles and a face shield should be used when handling concentrated HF. Due to HFs highly corrosive nature, safety glasses with side shields do not provide adequate eye protection. […] To prevent skin exposure, a lab coat with cuffed sleeves should be worn along with two pairs of nitrile gloves. For larger volumes, an acid-resistant apron and sleeve protectors are recommended. In addition, medium or heavy weight viton, nitrile, or other HF-resistant gloves must be worn. A second pair of nitrile exam gloves can be worn under the outer gloves for protection against leaks. Hands should be washed thoroughly after handling HF.

• #24 Occupational Hydrofluoric Acid Injury from Car and Truck Washing — Washington State, 2001–2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6432a4.htm

  During 2001-2013, one death and 48 chemical burns from exposure to HF-based products used during car and truck washing, including auto detailing, were reported in Washington. The burns resulted in hospitalization, time lost from work, and disability. Reported diluted-use concentrations were 1% HF, and reported concentrated formulations contained up to 20% HF; both concentrations are hazardous to workers. […] Because exposure to HF is toxic and can result in severe health outcomes, efforts to identify less hazardous alternatives to HF-based wash products are warranted. […] Occupational exposure to HF-based wash solutions can result in chemical burns, disability, and death. HF’s potential to cause severe injury combined with the inherent challenge of relying on PPE to protect workers warrants efforts to identify less hazardous alternatives, which would provide the most effective means of prevention.

• #25 The Risk of Chemical Burns in the Workplace – SafeWork Insider

  https://www.compliancesigns.com/blog/workplace-chemical-burn-risks/?srsltid=AfmBOoqtzSCjekODhUbFyIPuVhl6VhR6l43X6TtuwDGUIq7vBfULndFB

  Chemicals that are alkaline or acidic can be especially harsh or corrosive. […] Employers and managers have a responsibility to prevent injuries of this nature. […] Managers should train workers about chemical safety, including the use of personal protective equipment, and provide emergency showers or eyewash stations in case a chemical burn does occur. It is the managements responsibility to store chemicals safely with signs or labels advising workers of the danger.

• #26 Chemical Burn Treatment, Symptoms, Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chemical_burns/article_em.htm

  Chemical Burns Prevention […] Secure all chemicals, in and out of the home, in locked cabinets or out of the reach of children. […] People should always follow directions and safety precautions on the label provided by the manufacturer when using any chemicals. […] Wear safety gloves clothing and eye protection when using most chemicals, and remember – safety first!

• #27 Be Prepared for Chemical Burns | MASC

  https://www.masc.sc/risk-letter/fall-2021/be-prepared-chemical-burns

  Be Prepared for Chemical Burns. A burn injury causes damage to the bodys skin, and possibly to tissues beneath the skin. Burns are often associated with heat or flames, but chemicals can cause burns as well. Chemical burns result from a caustic agent contacting the skin. Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. Acids are the most causative agents, and the most common burns happen on the face, arms and legs. Examples of chemicals that can cause burns are vehicle battery acid, bleach, drain cleaner, paint thinner, gasoline, ammonia, chlorination products and cement. Chemical burns typically happen by accident, and appropriate procedures and employee training can help prevent them. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires employers to provide information about the identities and hazards of chemicals available to workers. This includes communicating the appropriate measures to protect employees, such as personal protective equipment, or PPE, that should be worn when using certain chemicals. Storing chemicals properly and safely provides another important step in preventing chemical burns. Chemicals should be kept in their original containers with labels. The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard also requires employers to make Safety Data Sheets available to exposed workers for each hazardous chemical. These sheets contain 16 sections. Those focusing on injury prevention are chemical identification, hazard identification, information on ingredients, instructions on handling and storage, physical and chemical properties, stability and reactivity, and exposure controls, which includes PPE. […] Having procedures in place, conducting proper employee training and wearing the right protective clothing will help in the prevention of chemical burns.

• #28 The Epidemiology of Chemical Burns Among the Patients Referred to Burn Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran, 2008–2018

  https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47668.html

  The prevalence of chemical burns was 1% during 2008-2018. Acid and alkali burns were accounted for 93.5% and 6.5% of burns, respectively. […] To minimize the occurrence of chemical burns and acid attacks, teaching methods of preventing burns is important at home and work, as well as restricting nonspecialists access to chemicals. […] The caustic chemicals were the main cause of chemical burns. […] Acid chemical burns should be treated with immediate washing with copious amounts of water. […] There needs to be an increased community awareness regarding household chemicals especially amongst parents. […] The use of child-resistant locks on cabinets or doors where chemicals are stored, the practice of replacing them in a safe storage area after use, and the avoidance of transferring substances out of their original containers may reduce the risks to unattended children.

• #29 Acid and Chemical Burns: a very serious medical condition.

  https://medrechospital.com/atozdetail/acid-and-chemical-burns

  An acid or chemical burn is a very dangerous medical issue that can have a detrimental impact on a person’s life. […] Please seek immediate medical attention if you or someone else suffers an acid or chemical burn. […] Please seek immediate medical assistance if you come into contact via skin or eyes with any of these substances. Please handle such substances carefully and with the use of protective gloves. […] The important thing is to ensure the safety of yourself and the people around you. […] Use protective clothing and gloves when handling dangerous chemicals. […] Please keep chemicals or acids out of the reach of children, vulnerable adults and pets. […] By following safety protocols and being cautious when handling chemical materials, you can avoid chemical burns. […] By doing the following you can help prevent an acid or chemical burn: Preventing children’s access to chemicals.

• #30 Chemical burn on face: Treatment, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemical-burn-on-face-from-skin-care

  Incorrect usage of acid-containing skin care products can cause facial chemical burns. […] The best way to avoid getting a burn when using skin care products is to follow the instructions either on the product label or from a dermatologist. […] A person should never use a product more frequently than the label states unless a doctor says otherwise. […] If a person is trying AHAs, BHAs, or retinoids for the first time, it is best to start with a low concentration or strength. […] Finally, it is essential to wear adequate sunscreen while using acids or retinoids. […] A person can apply petroleum jelly to keep the skin moist and use sunscreen to protect the skin from the sun. […] It is also important to wear sunscreen every day while using exfoliants, as they increase the risk of sunburn even when they do not damage the skin.

• #31 Prevention: Skin Care Chemical Burns | Skin Inc.

  https://www.skininc.com/treatment/facial/news/22210521/prevention-skin-care-chemical-burns

  Acid exfoliants, retinoids and other potent ingredients can potentially cause a chemical burn if used improperly. […] Misusing skin care products could potentially cause a chemical burn. […] Acid exfoliants that typically include glycolic, lactic or salicylic acid can cause chemical burns with overuse or allergic reaction. […] The best way to avoid burns from skin care products is to consult a dermatologist and only use as instructed, never overuse a product, unless instructed by a doctor. […] It is also recommended to start with low strength and dose when using AHAs, BHAs or retinoids and slowly increase the dosage after extended use. […] In general, it is suggested to avoid using multiple products with the same active ingredients in a routine. […] If any of these symptoms occur after applying a skin care product, a person should immediately wash the skin with clean running water for 20 minutes and remove any contaminated clothes.

• #32 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  Chemical burns require immediate treatment because the duration of contact, in addition to the potency and concentration of the toxic agent, determines the degree of tissue destruction. In most cases, the management of topical chemical burns consists of the following: […] Ensure protection of rescuers and health care workers from exposure. Remove the patient from the exposure scene. Remove all clothing and jewelry. Brush off any dry chemicals (any suitable instrument such as dry brush or towel can be used). Copious water irrigation. The most important component of active therapy is thorough irrigation of all wounds and areas of exposure with copious amounts of water. We recommend that clinicians err on the side of copious irrigation even if a burn appears superficial. […] Ideally, water irrigation is started immediately at the scene of exposure since pre-hospital irrigation reduces burn severity and the length of hospitalization.

• #33 Sulfuric acid poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002492.htm

  Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. […] If the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water for at least 15 minutes. […] Your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions. […] You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

• #34 Acid and chemical burns

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Get medical advice as soon as possible if you think you have an acid or chemical burn. You’ll need to be treated as soon as possible. […] An acid or chemical burn needs immediate first aid. […] Call 999 for medical help. […] Wear gloves to protect yourself from the chemical when helping yourself or someone else, if possible. […] Do not put anything on the burn, such as skin creams or other chemicals. […] Acid and chemical burns need to be checked and treated in hospital.

• #35 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). […] Protection of clinicians — Before irrigating a patient with chemical burns, first responders and clinicians must don appropriate protective gear to prevent contamination or injury. […] Assess for inhalational injury or systemic toxicity — Some chemicals are absorbed through the skin or produce vapors, fumes, or aerosols absorbed through the lungs and cause systemic toxicity and/or cause airway/lung injury from these inhaled toxicants. […] Skin decontamination — Complete removal of the toxic chemical is essential. Tissue damage continues for as long as the chemical remains in contact with skin. […] Prior to irrigation — Remove all clothing (including footwear and jewelry) and brush off all dry agents.

• #36 Acid and chemical burns | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns/

  Burns caused by acid, alkaline or caustic chemicals can be very damaging and need immediate medical attention. […] After phoning 999, to help prevent severe injuries from a chemical burn: try to carefully remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing. […] Rinse the affected area continuously with clean water as soon as possible to remove any residual chemical. […] Your dressing will need to be checked and changed regularly until the burn has completely healed to help prevent infection.

• #37 Module 4 Advanced: Special Treatment Considerations – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/ep/surge/burn/module4advanced.html

  Burn sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the thermally injured patient. It typically results in late burn deaths and one of our main ways to prevent this is early excision of the burn. […] Prevention is the key, heating the rooms to 80 to 85 degrees is important for homeostatis of the patient’s temperature. Warming all IV fluid during the first 72 hours and the use of bear huggers or external heating devices may be required to maintain that normal thermea in the first three days. […] Chemical burns is another common injury that patients come to our burn center with and basically these burns begin from the time that the chemical is contact with the skin which in some patients and with some chemicals patients don’t realize that they were in contact with at all and can subsequently be deep by the time that they have an opportunity to see you. The first thing you want to do is bush off any dry chemicals that may be remaining.

• #38 First Aid for Chemical Burns | SaskHealthAuthority

  https://www.saskhealthauthority.ca/your-health/conditions-diseases-services/healthline-online/sig256946

  Most chemical burns of the skin are treated first by rinsing (flushing) the chemical off your body with a large amount of room temperature water, but not all chemicals are treated this way. It is important to treat the burn correctly to avoid further complications. […] Some chemical burns are made worse if rinsed (flushed) with water. […] The most important first aid for a chemical in the eye is to immediately flush the substance out with large amounts of water to reduce the chance of serious eye damage.

• #39 Burn Injury Prevention | City of Tempe, AZ

  https://www.tempe.gov/government/fire-medical-rescue/fire-prevention/safety-planning/burn-injury-prevention

  There are seven common types of burns: […] Chemical burns, caused by contact with corrosive chemicals, such as battery acid. […] Preventing Hot Water Burns […] Adjust your water heater’s thermostat to no more than 120 degrees and install anti-scald devices in your bathtub and shower fixtures. […] Install an Anti-Scald device on your facets. Check with your plumber regarding anti-scald devices that can be installed to stop water-flow when temperature is above 120° to prevent any scalding injury. […] […] […] For first and second degree burns, cool the burned area – preferably with cool running water for 10 to 15 minutes. This lowers the victim’s skin temperature, which stops the burning process, numbs the pain, and prevents or reduces swelling. […] […] […] Don’t apply butter or any other grease (including medicated ointments) on a burn. Grease holds in the heat, which could make the injury worse. […] […] […] Don’t break blisters. This could allow germs to enter the wound.

• #40 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDateChemical_burns.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management/print

  The principles of management of chemical burns are similar to those for thermal injuries (with the addition of clinician protection, immediate decontamination, and extensive irrigation). These include airway stabilization as needed, fluid resuscitation, tetanus prophylaxis, and analgesia. […] Before irrigating a patient with chemical burns, first responders and clinicians must don appropriate protective gear to prevent contamination or injury. […] Complete removal of the toxic chemical is essential. Tissue damage continues for as long as the chemical remains in contact with skin. […] Irrigation with small amounts of water can worsen local toxicity or increase systemic absorption from several chemicals (eg, dry lime, phenols, elemental metals). If the ideal decontamination technique is not immediately available, copious water irrigation is an acceptable alternative.

• #41 Emergency Management of Chemical Burns

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/emergency-management-of-chemical-burns

  Chemical burns can be caused by acids, bases, organic and inorganic solutions. […] The recognition of the causes, types and mechanisms of tissue destruction of the chemical agents can help in the management of this type of burns. […] Hazardous chemical materials can be harmful to the patients and to the emergency medical staff who attend them. Training of the emergency staff and the use of personal protective equipment in dealing with such situations can reduce that risk. […] The first aid management of the chemical burns should include several aspects as: Removal of the chemical agent. Treatment of the systemic toxicity if present and other side effects of the agent. General support of the patient. Consideration to specific areas of the body affected. […] The chemical agent should be removed as early as possible. The involved clothes and foot wear should be removed. Irrigation of the chemical by water lavage should be started to dilute and even remove the chemical.

• #42 Putting the Lid on Chemical Burns — Occupational Health & Safety

  https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2011/01/01/Putting-the-Lid-on-Chemical-Burns.aspx

  Knowledge and protection can prevent serious hand injuries. […] Knowledge and protection can prevent serious injury, according to Ansell Limited. […] Treating a chemical burn is a race with time because the longer the substance remains on the skin, the deeper the burn. […] Chemical burns often result from exposure to strong acids and bases that are caustic and can cause significant tissue damage during even brief exposure. […] Bases typically result in more severe tissue damage than acids because they are more persistent during contact with the skin. […] A relatively quick rinse often can remove acids, but bases require a sustained body flush for as long as 20 minutes to prevent further harm.

• #43 Chemical burns | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/UmarBaba/chemical-burns-238918769

  Chemical burns though less common than scalds and flame burns lead to more morbidity. Common in industries. […] Chemical burns are the result of exposures to a variety of substances commonly found in the home, workplace, and surrounding environment. […] The burn may be obvious, for example, from a direct spill or other exposure, or more covert, especially in children. […] Acids: Sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, formic, phosphoric, phenols, and chloroacetic acid. […] Bases: Sodium and potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, ammonia, phosphates, silicated, sodium carbonate, lithium hydride. […] Overall, alkaline agents are more toxic than acidic agents, due to the irreversible changes in protein and tissue damage. […] Copious irrigation of affected external areas is mandated.

• #44 Chemical burns acid or alkali, what’s the difference? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-019-0735-1

  Acid and alkali injuries have traditionally been assigned clearly defined pathophysiological pathways by which injury and tissue damage occurs but in severe cases the outcome is equally devastating. […] It is almost customary to check the pH of the eye as soon as a patient with ocular chemical injury attends the eye emergency department, to ascertain whether the injurious agent was an acid or an alkali. […] The overall acute stage management of chemical burns involves (a) Prevention of further damage by elimination as much of the injurious agent as possible, (b) complete and thorough assessment, (c) control for the acute inflammatory reaction, (d) facilitation of the healing process and (e) prevention and management of complications. […] Irrigation is the first and important step in preventing further damage and eliminating the injurious agent.

• #45 Module 4 Advanced: Special Treatment Considerations – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/ep/surge/burn/module4advanced.html

  You want to avoid any acid-based reversals as this can change the integrity of the skin while you’re cleaning. Alkaline burns are by far more dangerous and end up with a deeper burn than acid burns, and this is treated with just extensive irrigation. […] You want to control bleeding again with the electrocautery. You may need to repeat or extend these escharotomies as you need to continue to monitor for profusion to these extremities as the resuscitation continues. […] There’s no need to administer prophylactic antibiotics as this just increases microbial resistance. Many times our patients are in the hospital for long periods of time, and they require a considerable mode of antibiotic or antimicrobial therapy and the struggle with resistance microbes throughout. So, starting antibiotics early without an associated or known infection only increases this.

• #46 Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management

  Water irrigation — Continue water irrigation if already started at the scene of exposure, otherwise immediately begin irrigation with copious amounts of water. […] For acid or alkali skin exposure, we suggest continuous water irrigation until the pH of any exposed tissue becomes neutral. […] Antidotes do not play a major role in the treatment of most chemical burns. Water irrigation is of primary importance and should not be delayed while an antidote is sought. […] Eye contact with a caustic chemical requires immediate evaluation and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Immediate water irrigation reduces the risk for chronic conjunctivitis and sight-threatening corneal ulceration. […] Initial irrigation — Irrigation initiated at the scene is continued at the emergency department. […] In a patient with significant ocular alkali or acid exposure, we suggest irrigation with a buffered eye wash solution (eg, Cederroth, Diphoterine), if available.

• #47 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Although use of a sterile irrigating fluid is preferable, bystanders should initiate irrigation of the affected eye immediately with any nontoxic liquid including tap water. […] Use of alkaline or acidic solutions in an attempt to neutralize the chemical burn should be avoided, as it can result in further ocular damage or additional injury to surrounding areas of the body. […] A wide variety of solutions can be used for irrigation, each with different benefits. However, regardless of the type of irrigating fluid used, not delaying irrigation is paramount to limiting the duration of chemical exposure and thus minimizing ocular damage and restoring visual function. […] Immediate irrigation should not be delayed should Diphoterine not be readily available.

• #48 National Poison Prevention Week: Spotlight on Hydrofluoric Acid Safety – Safety Partners, LLC

  https://www.safetypartnersinc.com/national-poison-prevention-week-spotlight-on-hydrofluoric-acid-safety/

  Safe work practices MUST be followed when working with HF. These include ensuring that employees dont work alone and that they do not eat or drink where HF is handled. Others in the lab should be notified when HF work is in progress, and access to the HF work area should be restricted. An HF-specific standard operating procedure (SOP) should be in place that employees are trained on.

• #49 Ocular Chemical Burns | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116411/all/Ocular_Chemical_Burns?q=Eye+pain

  Chemical exposure to the eye can result in rapid, devastating, and permanent damage and is one of the true emergencies in ophthalmology. […] Safety glasses/goggles to safeguard eyes. […] Safe handling training for occupational exposures.

• #50 Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea

  Chemical (alkali and acid) injury of the conjunctiva and cornea is a true ocular emergency and requires immediate intervention. […] Because the majority of injuries occur at work, protective eye shields are mandatory when handling potentially corrosive substances (OSHA regulation, 1910.133). However, even protective goggles are no match for chemicals under high pressure. […] Irrigation is the cornerstone of managing chemical burns and should be initiated by bystanders and continued as transfer of care takes place between emergency medical services (EMS), ED physicians, and the ophthalmologist. Early irrigation is critical in limiting the duration of chemical exposure. […] In the event of a chemical injury, it is most important for bystanders and first responders to assess scene safety and take necessary precautions to avoid additional exposure or contamination.

• #51 Prevention: Skin Care Chemical Burns | Skin Inc.

  https://www.skininc.com/treatment/facial/news/22210521/prevention-skin-care-chemical-burns

  If the burn is severe, it is essential to go to an emergency room. […] After washing the skin thoroughly, it is advisable to speak with a doctor, who might prescribe a topical antibiotic or low-strength steroid cream to prevent infection. […] Post-treatment, patients should avoid using any potentially irritating products, stay out of the sun, keep the skin clean and monitor the wound and use any prescribed topical medications.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns

  Burns are preventable. […] Increased efforts to do so would likely lead to significant reductions in rates of burn-related death and disability. […] Prevention strategies should address the hazards for specific burn injuries, education for vulnerable populations and training of communities in first aid. […] An effective burn prevention plan should be multisectoral and include broad efforts to: improve awareness, develop and enforce effective policy, describe burden and identify risk factors, set research priorities with promotion of promising interventions, provide burn prevention programmes, strengthen burn care, strengthen capacities to carry out all the above. […] In addition, there are several specific recommendations for individuals, communities and public health officials to reduce burn risk. […] Promote safer cookstoves and less hazardous fuels and educate regarding loose clothing. […] Encourage further development of burn-care systems, including the training of health-care providers in the appropriate triage and management of people with burns.

• #53 Factors associated with chemical burns in Zhejiang province, China: An epidemiological study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-746

  In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that preventing occupational burn injuries due to inappropriate operation of equipment or handling of chemicals lies in increasing employee awareness about appropriate action and ensuring the provision of effective protective equipment and training. Emphasizing safety education, physical protection for workers and adequate information about emergency measures may directly benefit workers and reduce the occurrence of chemical burns.

• #54 Factors associated with chemical burns in Zhejiang province, China: An epidemiological study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-746

  Work-related burns are common among occupational injuries. Zhejiang Province is an industrial area with a high incidence of chemical burns. […] We aimed to survey epidemiological features of chemical burns in Zhejiang province to determine associated factors and acquire data for developing a strategy to prevent and treat chemical burns. […] Most chemical burns are preventable occupational injuries that can be attributed to inappropriate operation of equipment or handling of chemicals, lack of employee awareness about appropriate action and lack of effective protective equipment and training. Emphasis on safety education and protection for workers may help protect workers and prevent chemical burns. […] The effective route to chemical burn prevention is through enforcing safety education, improving awareness and supervision of all personnel, and providing personal protection for all employees.

• #55 Chemical burn – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burn

  In Belgium, the Conseil Suprieur de la Sant gives a scientific advisory report on public health policy. The Superior Health Council of Belgium provides an overview of products that are authorized in Belgium for consumer use and that contain caustic substances, as well as of the risks linked to exposure to these products. This report aims at suggesting protection measures for the consumers, and formulates recommendations that apply to the different stages of the chain, which begins with the formulation of the product, followed by its regulation, marketing, application, post-application and ends with its monitoring.

• #56 Burns: Symptoms, Degrees, How To Treat & Healing

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12063-burns

  Yes, experts estimate that up to 90% of burns are preventable. Some key ways to prevent burns include: […] Use caution with electricity. Don’t overload power strips or outlets. Make sure to cover power outlets so children can’t hurt themselves. Keep electrical devices away from water sources like sinks, bathtubs or showers. And don’t use devices, cables or power cords with exposed wiring. […] Teach children about fire and supervise them. Children should learn not to play with fire or electricity, and you should make sure they aren’t unattended around potential burn sources. […] Use sunscreen. Choose products with an SPF of at least 50 and reapply at least every two hours.

• #57 Concrete Burns: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/concrete-burns

  Touching wet cement can cause a chemical burn that may not appear right away and may get worse over time. […] You can prevent concrete burns by: wearing proper safety equipment like safety goggles, gloves, long pants and sleeves, and knee pads when working with concrete […] avoiding unnecessary exposure to wet concrete. […] If you get wet concrete on your skin, rinse it off with water and a pH neutral or slightly acidic soap as soon as you notice it.

• #58 Acid and Chemical Burns: a very serious medical condition.

  https://medrechospital.com/atozdetail/acid-and-chemical-burns

  Putting on safety clothing and equipment when utilising chemicals. […] Please act fast, if you face any of the following: The burn is wider and longer than 3 inches. […] Please access medical help if you find yourself facing this situation. […] Any patient who has experienced an attack and has an ongoing mental health issue should contact MedRec hospital for further support.

Zobacz więcej