Materiały źródłowe

• #1 MMR Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554450/

  The MMR vaccine is a live-attenuated combination vaccine formulated with live attenuated viruses, making it a harmless, less virulent version of the infectious agents from which it provides protection. The MMR vaccine stimulates the immune system to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella. Due to its live attenuated nature, the MMR vaccine demonstrates high efficacy but necessitates multiple doses for complete immunity to be attained. […] The 3 live attenuated viruses in the new MMR vaccine are genetically similar to the corresponding components of the existing MMR vaccine. Humoral immunity was evaluated based on the clinical data from 13 randomized controlled trials, and serologic response thresholds were achieved for all antigens. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has determined that the newly approved MMR vaccine is immunogenic and safe.

• #2 Measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live (subcutaneous route, intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/measles-mumps-and-rubella-virus-vaccine-live-subcutaneous-route-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20062140

  Measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (live) is an active immunizing agent that is given to protect against infections caused by measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles). It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus. […] This vaccine is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other health care professional. […] This vaccine is given in 2 doses. First dose is given at 12 to 15 months of age, while the second dose is given at 4 to 6 years of age. If this vaccine is not given on time, 2 doses will be given at least 4 weeks apart. […] This vaccine may not protect everyone who receives it. This vaccine will not treat symptoms of measles, mumps, and rubella infection if you already have the disease.

• #3 MMR

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/drugs/mmr/779

  Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine is a live virus vaccine for vaccination against measles (rubeola), mumps and rubella. […] Five-ten days after immunization, there may be a mild attack of measles with rash, fever, malaise, cough, coryza and headaches. […] As it is a live vaccine it may be given at the same time as other live vaccines or after a minimum interval of 4 weeks.

• #4 Chapter 13: Measles | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-13-measles.html

  Measles is a systemic infection. The primary site of infection is alveolar macrophages or dendritic cells. Two to three days after replication in the lung, measles virus spreads to regional lymphoid tissues followed by a systemic infection. Following further viral replication in regional and distal reticuloendothelial sites, a second viremia occurs 5 to 7 days after initial infection. During this phase, infected lymphocytes and dendritic cells migrate into the subepithelial cell layer and transmit measles to epithelial cells. Following amplification in the epithelia, the virus is released into the respiratory tract. […] The measles virus is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. It is 120 to 250 nm in diameter, with a genome of single-stranded, negative sense RNA, and is closely related to the rinderpest and canine distemper viruses. Two membrane envelope proteins are important in pathogenesis. They are the F (fusion) protein, which is responsible for fusion of virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis, and the H (hemagglutinin) protein, which is responsible for binding of virus to receptors on host cells.

• #5 Measles | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/measles

  Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus from the genus Morbillivirus. The measles virus is an RNA virus with 6 structural proteins, 3 complexed to the RNA and 3 associated with the viral envelope. The 2 envelope proteins — F (fusion) and H (haemagglutinin) — are the most important in pathogenesis. […] Measles is a highly infectious, acute viral illness. The incubation period is usually 10–14 days. […] Measles is spread by respiratory secretions, including by aerosols. It is infectious from the beginning of the prodromal period (typically 2 to 4 days before rash onset) and for up to 4 days after the rash appears.

• #6 Measles: What You Need to Know Now – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/features/measles-what-you-need-to-know/

  Measles, also known as rubeola, is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus. It is highly contagious and has a worldwide distribution. […] After transmission via respiratory droplets and aerosol, the virus initially infects the cells of the respiratory epithelium. Two to 3 days after viral amplification in the lung, measles virus spreads to local lymphoid tissue, leading to viremia. A second systemic infection occurs 5 to 7 days after, with viral spread to multiple organ systems, notably the skin, respiratory tract, and immune system. A pathologic hallmark is the formation of Warthin-Finkeldey cells, or multinucleated giant cells resulting from the fusion of infected lymphocytes or histiocytes, which are seen histologically in lymphoid tissue.

• #7 Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered by the aerosol, intradermal and intramuscular routes in previously vaccinated young adults: a randomized controlled trial protocol | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318893

  Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus, a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the Morbillivirus genus and Paramyxoviridae family. Measles has an incubation period of 10-14 days. On entering the epithelial cells of the upper airway of a susceptible host, the virus first infects the myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells), then migrating to infect regional lymphoid cells and T- and B-cells, which eventually enter the bloodstream and infect the epithelial cells of the skin and the submucosa of the respiratory tract. The latter results in coryzal symptoms and cough with spread of infectious viral particles via respiratory droplets and small aerosols to other individuals. Measles causes a severe systemic disease clinically characterized by symptoms including fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and rash, but in high income settings rarely mortality. Live attenuated measles vaccine in combination with rubella (measles-rubella, MR) or with both rubella and mumps (measles-mumps-rubella, MMR) is highly effective in protecting against all targeted diseases.

• #8 Measles: What You Need to Know Now – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/features/measles-what-you-need-to-know/

  Measles infection can have long-term repercussions. Recent research suggests that measles infection can induce immune amnesia by depleting preexisting antibodies that are protective against other pathogens, which could take months to years to return to baseline. […] The live, attenuated measles vaccine, developed from a single viral genotype isolated in the 1950s, continues to be protective. The MMR vaccine is 93% effective after the first dose and 97% effective after the second dose.

• #9 MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps & Rubella) Safety & Side Effects

  https://www.medicinenet.com/measles_mumps_rubella_vaccine-injection/article.htm

  The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is given as a single injection to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella. […] The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) forms of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. The vaccine works by stimulating our immune system to produce antibodies (proteins which will fight and kill the viruses against the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses).

• #10 Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR): The Diseases & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccines

  Measles, mumps and rubella are all viral infections that caused widespread illness in the past. […] Vaccines to prevent each disease were first developed in the 1960s and then combined to form the MMR vaccine in the 1970s. […] The measles vaccine is a live, „weakened” form of natural measles virus. […] To make some vaccines, viruses are „weakened” by a process called „cell culture adaptation.” […] Natural measles virus normally grows in cells that line the back of the throat, skin or lungs. […] The process of „cell culture adaptation” changes all of that. […] When this vaccine virus (a now modified form of the natural virus) is put back into the body, it grows very poorly. […] However, because the measles vaccine virus reproduces itself a little bit, it induces immunity against measles that is life-long.

• #11 Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR): The Diseases & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccines

  The effectiveness of the measles vaccine has been dramatic. […] Decreases in the use of the MMR vaccine have led to increasingly larger measles outbreaks. […] The measles vaccine causes some children to develop soreness in the local area of the shot, and occasionally a low-grade fever, after receipt of MMR. […] The mumps vaccine virus is „weakened” by a process called „cell culture adaptation.” […] When this vaccine virus (now a modified form of the natural virus) was put back into other children, it grew very poorly. […] However, because the mumps vaccine virus reproduces itself a little bit, it induces immunity against mumps that is life-long. […] Like the measles and mumps vaccines, the rubella vaccine is a live, „weakened” form of natural rubella virus. […] The rubella vaccine virus is „weakened” by a process called „cell culture adaptation.” […] When this vaccine virus (a now modified form of the natural virus) was put back into other children, it grew very poorly. […] However, because the rubella vaccine virus reproduces itself a little bit, it induces immunity against rubella that is life-long.

• #12 Everything You Need To Know About The MMR Vaccine

  https://www.justtheinserts.com/mmr/

  M-M-R II vaccination induces antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella associated with protection which can be measured by neutralization assays, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays, or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. […] Humoral immune responses against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses induced by PRIORIX were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). IgG antibodies measured by the ELISAs used in clinical studies of PRIORIX have been shown to correlate with the presence of neutralizing antibodies that have been associated with protection.

• #13 M-M-R II Vaccine: Package Insert / Prescribing Information

  https://www.drugs.com/pro/m-m-r-ii-vaccine.html

  M-M-R II vaccination induces antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella associated with protection which can be measured by neutralization assays, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays, or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. […] Results from efficacy studies or effectiveness studies that were previously conducted for the component vaccines of M-M-R II were used to define levels of serum antibodies that correlated with protection against measles, mumps, and rubella.

• #14 Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered by the aerosol, intradermal and intramuscular routes in previously vaccinated young adults: a randomized controlled trial protocol | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318893

  The venous blood collection at baseline and 68 days, 13-15 days, 28-42 days, and 12 months post-vaccination will collect whole blood in serum separation tubes. Serum will be isolated following centrifugation of coagulated whole blood and frozen aliquots of all samples will be sent to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands for testing to determine the serum antibody levels against measles virus using RIVMs bead-based multiplex immunoassay. An anti-measles IgG titer of 120 mIU/ml will be considered seroprotective. The correlation of the IgG values by MIA with the gold standard will be substantiated on the sera of subjects whose MIA IgG level is in the lowest quartile, which will be re-tested by the plaque reduction neutralization test.

• #15 M-M-R II, Priorix (measles mumps and rubella vaccine, live) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more

  https://reference.medscape.com/drug/mmrii-priorix-measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccine-live-343159

  Live, attenuated viruses stimulate active immunity to disease caused by measles, rubella, and mumps viruses […] HLA-B7, HLA-B51, HLA-DRB1*13, and HLADQA1*01 is associated with a measles vaccine response […] Homozygosity at HLA-B, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQA1 has been associated with a measles vaccine nonresponse.

• #16 S. aureus resistance, laundry practices against mpox and more: The latest for clinicians from JID

  https://www.idsociety.org/science-speaks-blog/2025/s.-aureus-resistance-laundry-practices-against-mpox-and-more-the-latest-for-clinicians-from-jid

  Detection of Live Attenuated Measles Virus in the Respiratory Tract Following Subcutaneous Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination. The live attenuated measles vaccine is extremely effective in preventing measles and induces mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract, however the mechanism is not known. Watkins and Brockhurst et al. show that the live attenuated measles vaccine virus, which is delivered by injection, commonly travels to the respiratory tract in healthy infants and macaques, and that this may contribute to induction of robust mucosal immunity without evidence of measles virus transmission to unvaccinated individuals.

• #17 MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps & Rubella Vaccination)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/mmr-vaccine

  The MMR vaccine is a weakened (attenuated) live virus. That means after you receive it, the viruses cause a harmless infection with few or no symptoms. Then, your body eliminates the viruses. Your immune system fights the infection that the weakened viruses cause, and your immunity to the viruses develops. […] The MMR vaccine can provide strong protection against measles, mumps and rubella and the complications caused by these diseases. […] One dose of the MMR vaccine is: 93% effective in preventing measles. 78% effective in preventing mumps. 97% effective in preventing rubella. […] Two doses of the MMR vaccine are: 97% effective in preventing measles. 88% effective in preventing mumps.

• #18 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/immunization/diseases-and-vaccines/measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr

  Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the measles virus. […] The best protection against measles is the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. MMR vaccine provides long-lasting protection against all strains of measles. […] The best way to protect from mumps is to get vaccinated with the MMR vaccine. Vaccination prevents most cases and complications from mumps. […] This is why MMR vaccination is the most effective way to prevent rubella infection. […] Getting two doses of the MMR vaccine is 97% effective at preventing measles and rubella, and 88% effective against mumps. Vaccinated people who do get sick from the disease have milder symptoms. […] Since the introduction of measles vaccine in 1963, measles cases have reduced by 99%.

• #19 Measles, Mumps, & Rubella (MMR) – Pandemics, Epidemics, and Vaccines: History, Science, & Controversies – Research Guides at Southern Adventist University

  https://southern.libguides.com/epidemics_vaccines/mmr

  Measles virus, one of the most contagious of all human viruses, has been largely contained by the development and use of a vaccine that was introduced 50 years ago. […] These two volumes were timed to honor the introduction of the vaccine and to record the enormous advancements made in understanding the molecular and cell biology, pathogenesis, and control of this infectious disease. […] Where vaccine has been effectively delivered, endemic measles virus transmission has been eliminated. […] However, difficulties in vaccine delivery, lack of health care support and objection to vaccination in some communities continue to result in nearly 40 million cases and over 300,000 deaths per year from measles.

• #20 Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered by the aerosol, intradermal and intramuscular routes in previously vaccinated young adults: a randomized controlled trial protocol | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318893

  Given evidence that measles cases have been increasingly recognised in measles elimination settings in two-dose vaccinated young adults in childhood, whether the strength and/or duration of protection can be improved is a key question. In this unblinded safety and immunogenicity study of a third dose of MMR vaccine, we will compare aerosol and intradermal delivery of MMR vaccine with the intramuscular route routinely used in New Zealand in seronegative adults in an open-label parallel three-arm randomized-controlled trial. We aim to test the hypotheses that: 1) a higher measles-specific immune response will be induced by aerosol delivery, with similar or superior local and systemic safety profile to intramuscular delivery; 2) a higher immune response will be induced by intradermal delivery, with similar or superior local and systemic safety profile than intramuscular delivery.

• #21 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/vaccines/mmr/

  Measles, mumps, and rubella can cause serious harm but the MMR vaccine is a safe, proven way to protect yourself, your child, and your community. Its one of the easiest and most effective steps you can take to prevent these contagious diseases. […] The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella three diseases that spread easily and can lead to serious health problems. […] The vaccine is given in two doses, usually starting in early childhood. Its been used safely for decades and is highly effective at preventing illness. […] The MMR vaccine has been thoroughly studied and used safely around the world for decades. Most people experience no side effects beyond mild soreness or a low fever. Serious side effects are very rare. […] The MMR vaccine significantly reduces the risk of these illnesses. […] When enough people are vaccinated, diseases have a harder time spreading. This community protection helps prevent outbreaks.

• #22 Measles vaccination: Know the facts

  https://www.idsociety.org/public-health/measles/know-the-facts/

  The MMR vaccine typically is given to children in two doses, one between 12 and 15 months old and the second between 4 and 6 years old. Two doses of MMR vaccine in childhood are about 97% effective at preventing measles, providing long-term and possibly lifelong immunity. […] The MMR is a weakened live virus vaccine, also known as an attenuated vaccine. This means that after injection (receiving a vaccine), the viruses cause a harmless infection in the vaccinated person with very few, if any, symptoms before they are eliminated from the body. Rarely, vaccine-associated measles can occur in people with compromised immune systems. That is why the vaccine is not recommended for immune-compromised individuals and during pregnancy. Because their immune system is working hard after vaccination, some children who get the vaccine can have mild symptoms such as a fever or rash, but its not measles its just the body building immunity to the measles virus so that they dont get sick if theyre ever exposed.

• #23 Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/wiki/vaccines/measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-vaccine/

  The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is made from live, harmless viruses that are able to stimulate the body’s defense mechanism but not transmit the disease itself inside the individual. […] The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all children. It protects against three potentially serious illnesses. […] Following administration of the MMR vaccine, only a slight pain may be felt at the injection site. Mild symptoms that may occur include the following: […] Like all vaccines, there is the possibility of serious problems occurring, such as severe allergic reactions. Through rare, there are such cases that may present themselves and cause symptoms in individuals such as fever, swelling of the face or back of the neck, seizures, and brain damage.

• #24 Disease Elimination Takes Center Stage at Vaccination Week in the Americas Launch – NY Carib News

  https://nycaribnews.com/disease-elimination-takes-center-stage-at-vaccination-week-in-the-americas-launch/

  Gaps in vaccination coverage against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) have led to localized outbreaks in six countries the PAHO Director cautioned. […] To halt the spread of this highly contagious disease, we urgently need to strengthen our surveillance systems and rapid response capacity, while we close these immunization gaps. […] During this years Vaccination Week, counties will administer 2.5 million doses of measles-containing vaccines which, coupled with micro-planning to ensure every child is protected regardless of their location, will contribute to stopping the virus more effectively.

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