Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8903938/

  Measles, mumps, and rubella are highly contagious diseases that caused significant global mortality and morbidity in the pre-vaccine era. […] Since its first approval in the United States over 40 years ago, M-M-RII has been used in 75 countries for prevention of these diseases. […] The vaccine has been part of immunization programs that have achieved dramatic global reductions in case numbers and mortality rates, as well as the elimination of measles and rubella in several countries and regions. […] This report summarizes over four decades of global safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness data for the vaccine. […] We conclude that M-M-RII is well tolerated and has shown consistently high performance during routine use in multiple countries, in randomized controlled trials with diverse designs, and in outbreak settings, including use as measles postexposure prophylaxis.

• #1 MMR vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine

  The MMR vaccine is widely used around the world. As of 2012, 575 million doses had been administered since the vaccine’s introduction worldwide. Measles resulted in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization became common. This has decreased to 122,000 deaths per year as of 2012, mostly in low-income countries. Through vaccination, as of 2018, rates of measles in North and South America are very low. Rates of disease have been seen to increase in populations that go unvaccinated. Between 2000 and 2018, vaccination decreased measles deaths by 73%. […] Cochrane concluded that the „Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR and MMRV vaccine supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with measles mumps rubella and varicella.”

• #2 MMR vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine

  The MMR vaccine is widely used around the world. As of 2012, 575 million doses had been administered since the vaccine’s introduction worldwide. Measles resulted in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization became common. This has decreased to 122,000 deaths per year as of 2012, mostly in low-income countries. Through vaccination, as of 2018, rates of measles in North and South America are very low. Rates of disease have been seen to increase in populations that go unvaccinated. Between 2000 and 2018, vaccination decreased measles deaths by 73%. […] Cochrane concluded that the „Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR and MMRV vaccine supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with measles mumps rubella and varicella.”

• #2 MMR vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine

  The benefit of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death has been well documented. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the US prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of intellectual disability, and 5,200 deaths. During 1999-2004, a strategy led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide. Between 2000 and 2018, measles vaccination resulted in a 73% decrease in deaths from the disease. […] Measles is common in many areas of the world. Although it was declared eliminated from the US in 2000, high rates of vaccination and good communication with people who refuse vaccination are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the US.

• #3 Measles, Mumps and Rubella – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/measles-mumps-and-rubella/

  Measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are all live attenuated viral vaccines that are only available in combination as MMR in the United States. […] One dose of MMR vaccine is estimated to be 93% effective in preventing measles and 97% effective in preventing rubella. […] Effectiveness of two doses of MMR vaccine against mumps is estimated to be between 66 and 95%, and vaccine-induced protection has been shown to wane over time. […] There is convincing evidence that MMR does not cause autism.

• #4 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed* measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. […] Two doses of MMR vaccine are 97% effective at preventing measles, 1 dose is 93% effective. […] The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is very safe and effective. […] However, vaccination coverage among U.S. kindergartners has decreased from 95.2% during the 2019-2020 school year to 92.7% in the 2023-2024 school year, leaving approximately 280,000 kindergartners at risk during the 2023-2024 school year.

• #5

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8903938/

  Prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella continues to be an important public health initiative and M-M-RII plays an important role in the prevention of these diseases. […] This report highlights information from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies and expands on previous papers by including data from broader age groups, alternative administration methods, and outbreak settings. […] Real-world observational studies have confirmed that M-M-RII is highly effective in outbreak settings in different countries and age groups. […] These studies confirm that routine use of M-M-RII provides effective protection during outbreaks, and that the vaccine is also an effective public health tool in preventing measles post-exposure.

• #6 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  When measles gets into communities of unvaccinated people in the United States, outbreaks can occur. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. […] Achieving measles elimination status in the United States was a historic public health achievement. […] Elimination is defined as the absence of endemic measles transmission in a region for 12 months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States.

• #7 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/mmr/

  Rubella was declared eliminated (the absence of endemic transmission for 12 months or more) from the United States in 2004. Fewer than 10 cases (primarily import-related) have been reported annually in the United States since elimination was declared. Rubella incidence in the United States has decreased by more than 99% from the pre-vaccine era. A provisional total of 3 cases of rubella, and no cases of congenital rubella syndrome, were reported in 2022. […] The most recent comprehensive ACIP recommendations for the use of MMR vaccine were published in 2013 and are available at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6204.pdf. CDC published the ACIP recommendations for the use of Priorix (GSK) brand of MMR vaccine on November 18, 2022, and they are available here: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7146a1-H.pdf.

• #8 Measles | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/measles

  In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that endemic measles was eliminated from Australia. This was because an endemic measles strain had not been circulating for several years. […] However, measles cases in Australia continue to occur, mainly in non-immune travellers and their contacts. When these travellers return to Australia, they can cause measles outbreaks, typically of limited size and duration. […] The last measles death in Australia was recorded in 1995. […] WHO is overseeing efforts to eliminate measles worldwide through immunisation and surveillance strategies. […] During the COVID-19 pandemic, measles vaccination coverage rates fell around the world, with more than 40 million children missing a dose. Together with a decline in measles surveillance, measles is now again an imminent threat globally, emphasising the need to achieve high population immunity through vaccination.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON565

  As of 18 April 2025, a total of 2318 measles cases, including three deaths, have been confirmed in six countries in the WHO Region of the Americas, an 11-fold increase compared to the same period in 2024. […] Although it is preventable with two doses of the vaccine, over 22 million children worldwide did not receive their first dose of the vaccine in 2023. […] The majority (83%) of the cases reported in 2025 are linked to a large, multi-jurisdictional outbreak occurring among unvaccinated individuals in under-vaccinated communities that sometimes interact with one another. […] The measles vaccine is one of the most effective vaccines available. A two-dose schedule is 97% effective in preventing measles for life. […] Following the declaration of measles elimination in the Americas Region in 2016, there was an unusual and consistent increase in confirmed cases of the disease from 2017 to 2019.

• #10 Measles | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/vaccine-preventable-diseases/measles

  The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine can prevent measles and rubella. The vaccine is safe and effective. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends children receive their first dose of MMR vaccine between 12-15 months of age and a second dose between 4-6 years old. More than 95% of the people who receive a single dose of MMR will develop immunity to all three viruses. A second dose boosts immunity, typically enhancing protection to 98%. […] The best way to prevent measles is for all children to be fully vaccinated on time. There are two combination vaccines used to prevent measles: measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine. […] Measles is currently a rare disease in Georgia and in the U.S.; however, measles continues to occur commonly in other parts of the world. Measles can be brought into Georgia by unvaccinated persons who travel to or from countries where measles is common, and who are infectious with measles after arriving in Georgia. Measles can spread easily to unvaccinated persons; therefore, maintaining high immunization rates is essential to preventing measles.

• #11 Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/mmr.html

  Many carefully performed scientific studies have found no link between MMR vaccine and autism. […] CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are committed to ensuring that vaccines provided to the public are safe and effective. Once vaccines are licensed or authorized for emergency use in the United States, CDC and FDA continuously monitor them through several safety systems.

• #12 Measles on the rise again in Europe: time to check your vaccination status

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/measles-rise-again-europe-time-check-your-vaccination-status

  Data on measles cases in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) for the last twelve months show a considerable rise in notifications compared to 2023. […] Immunisation with two doses of the Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is the safest and most effective way to protect against this highly contagious disease. […] Data presented in the monthly measles and rubella update by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) indicate ongoing transmission of measles across a number of countries in EU/EEA, with a steep rise in cases reported during 2024. […] The ongoing transmission indicates gaps in vaccination coverage against this preventable illness among children, adolescents and adults alike. […] Prevention of measles outbreaks and protection of vulnerable populations requires that at least 95% of the population eligible for vaccination receive two doses of the MMR vaccine.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/measles

  The measles vaccine has been in use since the 1960s. It is safe, effective and inexpensive. WHO recommends immunization for all susceptible children and adults for whom measles vaccination is not contraindicated. Reaching all children with 2 doses of measles vaccine, either alone, or in a measles-rubella (MR), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) combination, should be the standard for all national immunization programmes. […] Measles remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an estimated 9.7 million cases and more than 140,000 measles-related… […] The lack of an endemic genotype of measles and rubella is an essential criterion for verification of elimination of disease transmission. Molecular surveillance…

• #14 Measles Outbreak – May 6, 2025 | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/measles-outbreak-2025

  The Texas Department of State Health Services is reporting an outbreak of measles primarily in West Texas. […] At this time, 702 cases have been confirmed since late January. This is an increase of 19 since the May 2 update. […] Due to the highly contagious nature of this disease, additional cases are likely to occur in the outbreak area and the surrounding communities. […] Based on the most recent data, DSHS has identified designated outbreak counties with ongoing measles transmission: Cochran, Dallam, Dawson, Gaines, Garza, Lynn, Lamar, Lubbock, Terry and Yoakum. […] The best way to prevent getting sick is to be immunized with two doses of a vaccine against measles, which is primarily administered as the combination measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Two doses of the MMR vaccine are highly effective at preventing measles. […] People who live in or visit the counties in the outbreak counties listed above should follow the outbreak vaccination recommendations.

• #15 What to Know About Measles and Vaccines | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2025/what-to-know-about-measles-and-vaccines

  The second dose is recommended at 4-6 years old, generally right before children enter kindergarten, and about 97% of children will be fully protected following that second dose. […] The MMR vaccine can be given to children as young as 6 months of age. […] The problem is that not everyone is vaccinated. Because measles is so contagious, it relies on at least 95% of a community to be vaccinated. […] In the U.S., about 91% of U.S. children ages 19-35 months have been vaccinated. […] Numerous epidemiological studies have found no association between the MMR vaccine and autism. […] After receiving the MMR vaccine, your body takes time to create antibodies, which is what provides you protection if you are exposed to the virus in the future. […] Most but not all people vaccinated against measles are protected for life, and the chance of being protected increases with a second dose of measles vaccine.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON565

  The overall risk of measles in the Americas Region is considered high due to several factors: ongoing virus circulation from imported cases has led to outbreaks with extended transmission chains, secondary cases, and virus spread to new areas and countries in 2025. […] Suboptimal vaccination coverage persists across the region. In 2023, only 28.6% of countries achieved over 95% coverage for the first MMR dose (MMR1), and just 16.7% for the second dose (MMR2). […] WHO recommends maintaining sustained homogeneous coverage of at least 95% with the first and second doses of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and strengthening integrated epidemiological surveillance of measles and rubella to achieve timely detection of all suspected cases in public and private healthcare facilities. […] WHO recommends providing broad access to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) or measles and rubella (MR) vaccination to maintain high vaccination rates of the general population and to ensure individuals at high risk of exposure are up to date on this vaccination, such as health and care personnel and international travellers.

• #17 Measles on the rise again in Europe: time to check your vaccination status

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/measles-rise-again-europe-time-check-your-vaccination-status

  Vaccination levels in the EU/EEA still fall short of this target, with estimates from 2023 showing that only four countries (Hungary, Malta, Portugal and Slovakia) report such coverage for both doses. […] Measles vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in many EU/EEA countries. […] Based on the available data, young children between one and four years of age and adults aged thirty years and older had their distinctive share among the group of unvaccinated people who contracted measles last year. […] Among those diagnosed with measles between the beginning of 2024 and early 2025 with information available on their vaccination status, 25503 (86%) were unvaccinated this means that eight out of ten people who fell ill with measles during that period had not been immunised. […] The first dose is usually given between 12-15 months of age and the second dose between three and seven years of age, with some variation among countries.

• #18 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/mmr/

  MMR vaccine given within 72 hours of initial measles exposure can reduce the risk of getting sick or reduce the severity of symptoms. Another option for exposed, measles-susceptible individuals at high risk of complications who cannot be vaccinated is to give immunoglobulin (IG) within six days of exposure. […] People with medical conditions that contraindicate measles immunization depend on high MMR vaccination coverage among those around them. To help prevent the spread of measles virus, make sure all your staff and patients who can be vaccinated are fully vaccinated according to the U.S. immunization schedule.

• #19 Measles Exposure Locations

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/measles/exposure-locations.html

  If you can get a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine within 72 hours of exposure, you can avoid developing measles. […] Exposed individuals that are unvaccinated against measles should talk with their doctor about getting the MMR vaccine. It is not harmful to get the MMR vaccine after being exposed to measles and doing so may prevent severe measles if given early enough after exposure.

• #20 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/mmr/

  MMR vaccine is recommended routinely for all children at age 12 through 15 months, with a second dose at age 4 through 6 years. The second dose of MMR can be given as early as 4 weeks (28 days) after the first dose and be counted as a valid dose if both doses were given after the child’s first birthday. The second dose is not a booster, but rather is intended to produce immunity in the small number of people who fail to respond to the first dose. […] During an outbreak of measles, healthcare facilities should recommend 2 doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval for unvaccinated healthcare personnel regardless of birth year if they lack laboratory evidence of measles immunity. […] In January 2018, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) published guidance for MMR vaccination of persons at increased risk for acquiring mumps during an outbreak. Persons previously vaccinated with 2 doses of a mumps virus-containing vaccine who are identified by public health authorities as being part of a group at increased risk for acquiring mumps because of an outbreak should receive a third dose of a mumps virus-containing vaccine to improve protection against mumps disease and related complications.

• #21 Ensure individuals are up to date on MMR vaccination especially for children and those traveling internationally – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/health-advisories/2024/mar-27-mmr

  Ensure individuals are up to date on MMR vaccination especially for children and those traveling internationally. […] Be aware of increases in measles cases and outbreaks occurring in every region of the world. Total US measles cases in 2024 already exceed the total for all of 2023. […] Ensure all patients without evidence of measles immunity are current on MMR vaccine, especially children aged 12 months and those travelling internationally. […] CDC recommends that all U.S. residents age 6 months and older without evidence of immunity who plan to travel internationally, receive MMR vaccine at least 2 weeks prior to departure. […] Declines in measles vaccination rates both locally and globally have increased risk of measles outbreaks worldwide. […] In the U.S., measles is commonly associated with unvaccinated U.S. travelers returning from other countries where measles is actively circulating.

• #22 Measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/J_M/Measles-mumps-rubella-MMR-vaccine

  Measles is a vaccine-preventable disease but you need to have 2 doses of the measles vaccine to be optimally protected. […] The MMR vaccine is safe and effective. Before vaccination, about 100 Australian children died each year from measles. Today, deaths from measles are extremely rare. […] The MMR vaccine contains weakened versions of the measles, mumps and rubella viruses; as a precaution, it is not recommended for pregnant women. […] A severe reaction following the administration of MMR vaccine is very rare (less than 1 in 1 million doses administered). […] The Western Australian Vaccine Safety Surveillance (WAVSS) system is the central reporting service in WA for any significant adverse events following immunisation.

• #23 MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) – Vaccine Risk Statement

  https://physiciansforinformedconsent.org/mmr-vrs/

  The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is a live virus vaccine that was introduced in 1963. It has significantly reduced the incidence of reported cases of measles, mumps, and rubella infections; however, vaccine immunity wanes over time. […] Methods to measure vaccine risks include surveillance systems, clinical studies, and epidemiological studies. […] The government tracks reported cases of vaccine side effects through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Approximately 40 cases of death and permanent injury from the MMR vaccine are reported to VAERS annually. However, VAERS is a passive reporting system authorities do not actively search for cases and do not actively remind doctors and the public to report cases. These limitations can lead to significant underreporting. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states, VAERS receives reports for only a small fraction of actual adverse events. Indeed, as few as 1% of serious side effects from medical products are reported to passive surveillance systems, and as few as 1.6% of MMR-related seizures are reported to VAERS. In addition, VAERS reports are not proof that a side effect occurred, as the system is not designed to thoroughly investigate all cases. As a result, VAERS does not provide an accurate count of MMR vaccine side effects.

• #24 4 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/6

  Ray et al. (2006) conducted a case-control study in children (0 to 6 years of age) enrolled in four health maintenance organizations (HMOs) participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) from January 1981 through December 1995. The cases were defined as patients hospitalized with a primary or secondary diagnosis of encephalopathy, encephalitis, or Reye syndrome, and who were enrolled in the HMO at least 60 days before hospitalization (or since birth for patients under 60 days of age). The medical records of all cases were reviewed by a neurologist, who was blind to vaccination status, to confirm patients met the case definition. A total of 452 encephalopathy cases were identified and categorized according to whether the encephalopathy etiology was known, unknown, or suspected but unconfirmed. One to three controls were matched to each case on age (within 7 days), sex, HMO location, and length of enrollment in the HMO. Vaccination histories were obtained from the medical records and stratified into time windows; the cases and controls had similar vaccination rates. Odds ratios were calculated for MMR vaccination within the specified time windows and included all cases, cases with unknown or suspected but unconfirmed diagnoses, or cases with only suspected but unconfirmed diagnoses. None of the comparisons found a statistically significant increase in risk, meaning all 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for odds ratios included 1. In fact, most of the point estimates of the odds ratios in these comparisons were less than 1. The highest odds ratio point estimate was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.51-2.98) for cases of unknown or suspected encephalopathy within 90 days of MMR vaccination. The authors concluded that MMR vaccination is not associated with an increased risk of encephalopathy owing to the absence of a consistent time association between vaccination and encephalopathy onset.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/measles

  Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals The Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals department is responsible for targeting vaccine-preventable diseases, guiding immunization research and establishing immunization policy. […] Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, measles remains an important cause of death among young children globally, and can also lead to serious adverse outcomes such as blindness, pneumonia and encephalitis. […] Routine measles vaccination for children, combined with mass immunization campaigns in countries with low routine coverage, are key public health strategies to reduce global measles deaths. The overwhelming majority (more than 95%) of measles deaths occur in countries with low per capita incomes and weak health infrastructures.

• #26 Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/mmr.html

  You can protect against measles, mumps, and rubella with vaccination. […] Due to high vaccination rates, outbreaks of measles, mumps, and rubella in the U.S. are not as common as they were before the vaccine began being used. However, these diseases still appear in the U.S. and people who decide not to vaccinate their children because of religious or personal beliefs put their children and others at risk for getting these diseases. […] Measles outbreaks can occur in communities with a high number of unvaccinated people. Maintaining high overall MMR vaccination rates is needed to continue to limit the spread of measles. […] Vaccine safety experts, including experts at CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), agree that MMR vaccine is not responsible for recent increases in the number of children with autism. In 2004, a report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded that there is no link between autism and MMR vaccine, and that there is no link between autism and vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.

• #27 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Safety Studies

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/mmr/mmr-studies.html

  Due to high vaccination rates, outbreaks of measles, mumps, and rubella in the U.S. are not as common as they were before the vaccine began being used. However, these diseases still appear in the U.S. and people who decide not to vaccinate their children because of religious or personal beliefs put their children and others at risk for getting these diseases. […] Measles outbreaks can occur in communities with a high number of unvaccinated people. Maintaining high overall MMR vaccination rates is needed to continue to limit the spread of measles. […] Many carefully performed scientific studies have found no link between MMR vaccine and autism. […] A November 2002 study by CDC and the Danish Medical Research Council that followed more than 500,000 children over 7 years and found no association between MMR vaccination and autism.

• #28 Measles | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/measles

  The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is the strongest protection against measles. […] Most people who get measles in the United States are unvaccinated. […] Getting the measles vaccine is the best way to protect yourself. […] Staff and volunteers at a childcare center, Early Childhood Education and Assistance Program (ECEAP), or head start preschool are required to provide documentation showing they have received the MMR vaccine or have immunity from measles. […] Visit the Measles Notifiable Conditions page for a summary of measles reporting and testing resources. […] View the Measles Cases and Outbreaks web page from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to see measles cases reported in the United States. […] Measles Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual (CDC)

• #29 Measles: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/measles/health-professionals-measles.html

  Humans are the only reservoir for measles. […] Measles is one of the most highly communicable infectious diseases with greater than a 90% secondary attack rate among people who are susceptible. […] Measles is a nationally notifiable disease in Canada and measles surveillance is conducted by public health professionals in provinces and territories. Cases meeting the national case definition are reported by health care providers to their local public health authority. […] National enhanced surveillance of measles is conducted through the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS). […] Genotype surveillance is conducted by PHAC’s National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) and is included in CMRSS. […] Weekly summaries of surveillance information collected through CMRSS on measles cases and activity in Canada are provided in the Measles and Rubella Weekly Monitoring Report. […] Measles elimination is a direct result of successful routine vaccination programs.

• #30 Leveraging digital surveillance to identify gaps and inequities in Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccination

  https://www.thrasherresearch.org/grant/02140?lang=eng

  BACKGROUND: Measles is a highly infectious and deadly pediatric disease, posing significant health risks to children, particularly with declining MMR vaccination rates. In 2022, it was estimated that between 9 and 15 million U.S. children were susceptible to measles due to inadequate immunization. […] GAP: Misinformation surrounding the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine has fueled vaccine hesitancy, causing MMR vaccine coverage rates to drop. […] RESULTS: We found significant demographic and geographic disparities in MMR vaccination rates, including children of parents who received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine had higher MMR vaccination rates (80.8%) than did children of unvaccinated parents (60.9%; odds ratio [OR]=1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.68, 2.00. We found higher MMR vaccination rates in the Northeast and Midwest United States. We also found that children 0-5 were less likely to be vaccinated than children older than 5.

• #31 With lower measles vaccine rates, some North Dakota counties may struggle with virus, experts say – InForum | Fargo, Moorhead and West Fargo news, weather and sports

  https://www.inforum.com/news/north-dakota/with-lower-measles-vaccine-rates-some-north-dakota-counties-may-struggle-with-virus-experts-say

  Eight counties in North Dakota have rates that are less than 80%. McKenzie County, which is south of Williams, has a rate of 70%, and nearby Billings has 67%, according to Health and Human Services. […] The lowest rate was in Sheridan County in central North Dakota with 57%, according to state data. Steele and Benson counties had the highest rate with 100%, the state said. […] The MMR vaccine is the most effective way to fight measles and is safe, Carson said. The state is recommending children as young as 6 months old get the vaccine if they live in or travel to Williams County, Howell said. […] Howell advised people to weigh the risks associated with measles with the risk of vaccinations, which are low, she added.

• #32 What’s behind the recent measles outbreaks around the world? – DW – 05/07/2025

  https://www.dw.com/en/global-resurgence-of-measles-is-a-wake-up-call/a-72463486

  „We no longer have herd immunity to measles in many countries,” said Bedford. […] Analysis from the ECDC shows routine childhood vaccination against measles remains below the recommended level to eliminate measles in many European countries. […] Health experts say misinformation campaigns are among the main driving forces behind lower vaccine uptake. […] Because herd immunity requires 95% of people to be immunized, even small drops in vaccine uptake can allow measles to spread. […] „And now in 2025, we have [US Health Secretary] Robert F. Kennedy repeating these untruths. Misinformation causes harm, and costs lives,” said Head. […] „Uptake of routine vaccines declined globally during the pandemic because of pressures on health services and people being unaware that routine vaccines were still being offered,” said Bedford. […] „Quite simply, improve vaccine uptake, and once improved, sustain high uptake. It’s never too late to be vaccinated, even as an adult when measles is often a more severe disease,” said Bedford, adding that measles immunization programs needed political commitment and financial investment.

• #33 Measles cases are rising in the U.S. Here’s why misinformation about the vaccine persists today | PBS News

  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/measles-cases-are-rising-in-the-u-s-heres-why-misinformation-about-the-vaccine-persists-today

  In 2000, U.S. health officials had declared the end of the diseases endemic spread, eliminated by decades of vaccination campaigns. […] However, misinformation has chipped away at hard-won gains. […] Two decades later, measles gained a foothold in pockets of the U.S., including parts of southern California and New York City, leading to one of the largest measles outbreaks in recent history with nearly 1,300 cases confirmed in 2019. According to the CDC, a majority of cases were among those who were unvaccinated against the virus. […] According to the CDC, the pandemic erased years of progress toward greater global vaccine protection against measles, with an increase in cases and deaths, particularly among children. […] Public health experts say 95 percent or more of children should be vaccinated against the disease to foster sufficient herd immunity within a community, protecting people with weakened immune systems, such as cancer patients and babies. […] To prevent more measles outbreaks, Ehrenfeld said the U.S. must improve vaccine coverage and strategies to combat these untruths.

• #34 Removing Personal Belief Exemptions for the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine School Requirement: The Effects on Immunization Rates | Department of Epidemiology

  https://epi.washington.edu/news/removing-personal-belief-exemptions-for-the-measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccine-school-requirement-the-effects-on-immunization-rates/

  The study found that non-medical exemption rates for school-required vaccines, which had been increasing since 2014, saw a dip after EHB 1638 was passed. […] While religious exemption rates saw a 367% increase during this period (from 0.3% to 1.4%), the study showed an overall net increase in the rates of MMR immunization following EHB 1638. […] This policy provided ripe conditions for a study, since until 2019, parents could waive immunization requirements by claiming one of four exemption types: medical, PBEs, religious, or religious membership. […] EHB 1638 only removed one type of exemption and for just one school-required immunization. […] Compared to California’s approach to eliminate all non-medical exemptions, the Washington study not only showed data about the change in vaccination rates, but also hypothesized how and whether parents sought out alternative MMR exemptions.

• #35 Removing Personal Belief Exemptions for the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine School Requirement: The Effects on Immunization Rates | Department of Epidemiology

  https://epi.washington.edu/news/removing-personal-belief-exemptions-for-the-measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccine-school-requirement-the-effects-on-immunization-rates/

  This is an important study to show the effect of legislation in increasing vaccine rates and prevention of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, says Dr. Helen Chu, associate professor in the UW School of Medicine. […] In fact, this is the first study to assess the effect of a statewide policy on PBE removal and the results suggest that eliminating PBEs while allowing for other exemption types may be an effective approach to increase MMR coverage in schools. […] These results have important policy and public health implications to protect communities from preventable diseases.

• #36 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) | Vaccine Recommendations | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/mmr/vaccine-recommendations-mmr/

  The most recent comprehensive ACIP recommendations for the use of MMR vaccine were published in 2013 and are available at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6204.pdf. CDC published the ACIP recommendations for the use of Priorix (GSK) brand of MMR vaccine on November 18, 2022, and they are available here: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7146a1-H.pdf. […] MMR vaccine is recommended routinely for all children at age 12 through 15 months, with a second dose at age 4 through 6 years. […] Adults with no evidence of immunity should get 1 dose of MMR vaccine (evidence of immunity is defined as documented receipt of 1 dose of live measles virus-containing vaccine [or 2 doses, if high risk], laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease, or birth before 1957), unless the adult is in a high-risk group.

• #37 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) | Vaccine Recommendations | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/mmr/vaccine-recommendations-mmr/

  Live measles vaccine became available in the United States in 1963. […] At the discretion of the state public health department, anyone exposed to measles in an outbreak setting can receive an additional dose of MMR vaccine even if they are considered completely vaccinated for their age or risk status. […] During an outbreak of measles, healthcare facilities should recommend 2 doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval for unvaccinated healthcare personnel regardless of birth year if they lack laboratory evidence of measles immunity. […] MMR can be given to children as young as 6 months of age who are at high risk of exposure such as during international travel or a community outbreak. […] People born before 1957 can be presumed to be immune. […] Approximately 7% of people do not develop measles immunity after the first dose of vaccine.

• #38 4 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine | Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13164/chapter/6

  Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine […] Prior to the licensure of a measles vaccine, an average of 400,000 measles cases were reported each year, although the actual incidence was estimated to be 3.5 million based on the size of the annual birth cohort, and the fact that nearly 100 percent of the population was infected during childhood (CDC, 1998). With the licensure of the vaccine, the measles burden has been reduced by more than 99 percent, and in 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicated that 95 and 98 percent of children vaccinated at age 12 and 15 months, respectively, developed measles antibodies (CDC, 1998). […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all children receive two subcutaneous doses of the MMR or MMRV vaccine without preference. The first dose is scheduled between 12 and 15 months of age and is followed by a second dose between 4 and 6 years of age prior to kindergarten or first grade. The ACIP also recommends that adults born after 1956 and all women of childbearing age who are not pregnant receive at least one dose of the MMR vaccine in the absence of prior immunity (CDC, 1998). According to the National Immunization Survey, from 2005 to 2009 more than 90 percent of children aged 19 to 35 months had received at least one dose of the MMR vaccine (CDC, 2010).

• #39 Measles (Rubeola) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/vaccine-preventable-disease-conditions/measles-rubeola

  The Texas Department of State Health Services is reporting an outbreak of measles in the South Plains region of Texas. Due to the highly contagious nature of this disease, additional cases are likely to occur in Gaines County and the surrounding communities. DSHS is working with South Plains Public Health District and Lubbock Public Health to investigate the outbreak. […] Immunization is the only way to prevent measles. Measles vaccination is required for school entry in Texas. […] Prior to vaccine introduction, annual measles incidence peaked at 85,862 in 1958 in Texas. Since the introduction of vaccine, cases have decreased by 99.9 percent in Texas. Nearly all cases and outbreaks of measles in the US and Texas since 2000 have occurred among persons exposed to imported cases from countries where measles is still endemic.

• #40 Measles vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine

  One dose is about 93% effective while two doses of the vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles. The benefits of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death have been well documented. From 1999 to 2004 a strategy led by the WHO and UNICEF led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide. Measles vaccination averted 57 million deaths between 2000 and 2022, as per World Health Organization report. […] Measles is common worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and excellent communication with those who refuse vaccination are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles. When addressing the major U.S. measles outbreak in 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that outbreaks are more likely in areas with pockets of unvaccinated residents.

• #41 Measles vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine

  Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles. When the rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decreases. The vaccine’s effectiveness lasts many years. The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles. The vaccine is available both by itself and in combinations such as the MMR vaccine (a combination with the rubella vaccine and mumps vaccine) or the MMRV vaccine (a combination of MMR with the chickenpox vaccine). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends measles vaccine be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common, or at twelve months where the disease is not common. As outbreaks easily occur in under-vaccinated populations, non-prevalence of disease is seen as a test of sufficient vaccination within a population.

• #42 MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/mmr-vaccine/

  The MMR vaccine gives long-term protection against measles, mumps and rubella. […] The MMR vaccine protects against: measles, mumps, rubella (german measles). […] These 3 infections spread easily between people and can lead to serious problems including meningitis, blindness and hearing loss. […] 2 doses of the MMR vaccine gives you long-term protection. […] Getting vaccinated also helps protect people who cannot be vaccinated, such as unborn babies, newborn babies and anyone with a weakened immune system. […] The MMR vaccine is recommended for all babies and young children, but older children and adults can have it if they were not vaccinated when they were younger. […] Babies and young children are given 2 doses of the MMR vaccine as part of the NHS vaccination schedule. […] The MMR vaccine can be given at any age.

• #43 Leveraging digital surveillance to identify gaps and inequities in Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccination

  https://www.thrasherresearch.org/grant/02140?lang=eng

  IMPACT: Following the identification of communities with suboptimal MMR vaccination rates, targeted interventions and revised vaccination policies can be developed to address specific concerns, potentially enhancing vaccine uptake. By focusing efforts in high-risk areas, the findings have the potential to reduce the probability of a measles outbreak in children, thereby directly contributing to the prevention of related morbidity and mortality.

• #44 Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/topics/measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr

  Stay informed with the latest updates from the American Medical Association on measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). The AMA offers up-to-date articles and resources for physicians dealing with MMR cases. Explore expert insights on how to effectively communicate with patients about MMR, public health issues related to these diseases, the latest developments in MMR vaccination, and much more. […] Join CDC experts and the AMA on May 15 for a timely discussion on current measles epidemiology, the importance of vaccination, clinical recognition, and how to prepare for and respond to measles in clinical settings. […] Measles has recently experienced a resurgence in many parts of the world. Learn about this significant public health challenge and what physicians need to know. […] Learn more about the latest ACIP news and vaccine recommendations.

• #45 North Dakota reports first measles case since 2011 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/measles/north-dakota-reports-first-measles-case-2011

  An unvaccinated child in Williams County, North Dakota, is the states first measles case since 2011. […] Vaccination remains the most effective defense against measles. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination is safer than risking measles illness. The MMR vaccine has been safely used in the United States since 1973. […] Currently North Dakota has an 81% vaccination rate among toddlers and 90% among kindergarteners entering during the 2024-2025 school year. Vaccination coverage at 95% or above is needed to halt measles transmission. […] In a new measles report released late last week, PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) said cases in the Americas region are 11-fold higher compared with last year. […] Most cases associated with this outbreak are either unvaccinated (84%) or vaccination status unknown (12%), the PAHO report said.

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