Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Swollen lymph nodes – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353906

  Finding the cause of swollen lymph nodes involves the following: […] Your medical history. This includes how the swollen lymph nodes started and if there are other symptoms. […] A physical exam. This includes checking lymph nodes just under the skin to see where they are and how they feel, and how big, tender and warm they are. […] Blood tests. A complete blood count (CBC) and other tests can look for the cause of the swollen lymph nodes. […] Imaging studies. A chest X-ray or CT scan of the affected area might show sources of infection or find tumors. Sometimes, a mammogram might be used. […] Lymph node biopsy. A sample from a lymph node or a whole lymph node might be removed and sent to a lab for study. […] For swollen lymph nodes, some basic questions to ask include: What’s causing my symptoms? […] What tests do I need? […] Have your lymph nodes gotten larger over time? […] Are your lymph nodes tender? […] What, if anything, makes your symptoms worse? […] What makes your symptoms better? […] Have you had regular cancer screenings, such as mammograms?

• #2 Swollen lymph nodes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353902

  Swollen lymph nodes most often happen because of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, cancer causes swollen lymph nodes. […] Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong in the body. […] See your healthcare professional if you’re worried or if your swollen lymph nodes: Have no known reason. […] The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, usually viral, such as the common cold. […] Other possible but rare causes include certain medicines, such as the anti-seizure medicine phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicines that prevent malaria. […] When an infection that causes swollen lymph nodes isn’t treated, a collection of pus may form. These are called abscesses.

• #3 Swollen lymph nodes: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105

  Swollen lymph nodes, or swollen glands, in the neck may indicate an infection. They can also occur due to a medical condition, such as an immune disorder or, less commonly, cancer. Treatment can depend on the cause. […] Swollen lymph nodes may occur alongside other symptoms. These vary depending on the underlying problem but may include: sore throat, cough, high temperature. […] In many cases, swelling reduces and then disappears within 12 weeks once the body has successfully fought the infection. If the problem persists for longer than a couple of weeks, it might warrant a visit to the doctor. […] To assist with reaching an accurate diagnosis, they may perform a physical examination with a focus on the affected area. They may also discuss the person’s symptoms and medical history. […] However, they may also order medical tests to determine the cause of the swelling. These tests may include a routine blood test to look for signs of infection.

• #3 Swollen lymph nodes: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105

  If the swelling continues for several weeks or a person has other warning signs, a doctor may recommend a lymph node biopsy. […] Swollen lymph nodes usually signal an infection or inflammation in the body. However, less commonly, it can point to cancer. […] It is best to consult a doctor if swollen lymph nodes persist for longer than 2 weeks or if they occur alongside other symptoms, such as high fever, abdominal pain, or night sweats. The cause of the swelling will determine the treatment.

• #4 Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Neck (Cervical Lymphadenopathy) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/25248-cervical-lymphadenopathy

  Healthcare providers decide the best treatment for you based on whats causing your swollen lymph nodes. […] If you notice unusual lumps in your neck or elsewhere in your body, you should call a healthcare provider. […] During an exam, a provider will feel the lumps in your neck. Theyll also check other areas of your body for swollen lymph nodes and other signs of illness or infection. […] If your provider suspects you might have a more serious condition, they may order some tests, including: Blood tests, X-rays or other imaging tests, Lymph node biopsy. […] Its common to worry when you notice something feels different in your body, especially when you know it can be a sign of a serious condition. […] Still, its a good idea to call a healthcare provider when you notice swollen lymph nodes in your neck or anywhere else in your body.

• #4 Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Neck (Cervical Lymphadenopathy) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/25248-cervical-lymphadenopathy

  You should consult a healthcare provider if you notice lumps in your neck so they can identify the cause. […] Its the medical name for swollen lymph nodes in your neck. The word cervical refers to your neck. […] Most often, swollen lymph nodes in your neck are a sign of an upper respiratory infection (like a common cold) or an infection in nearby tissues. […] Depending on the cause, you may notice swollen lymph nodes in other areas of your body besides your neck (like your armpits or groin). […] A wide range of bacterial, viral and other types of infections can cause swollen lymph nodes in your neck. […] Cancer can cause swollen lymph nodes in more than one area of your body (generalized lymphadenopathy). Your neck might be one of these areas. […] Its important to talk to a healthcare provider if you or your child has swollen lymph nodes so they can investigate further.

• #5 Swollen lymph nodes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003097.htm

  Lymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances. […] The term „swollen glands” refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The medical name for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy. […] In a child, a lymph node is considered enlarged if it is more than 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide. […] Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. […] Which lymph nodes are swollen depends on the cause and the body parts involved. Swollen lymph nodes that appear suddenly and are painful are usually due to injury or infection. Slow, painless swelling may be due to cancer or a tumor. […] Contact your health care provider if: Your lymph nodes do not get smaller after several weeks or they continue to get larger. […] Your provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history and symptoms. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the swollen nodes.

• #6 Swollen Lymph Nodes: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-lymph-nodes

  Lymphadenopathy is another name for swelling in the lymph nodes. […] How are swollen lymph nodes diagnosed? […] After you discuss the symptoms with the doctor, theyll perform a physical examination. […] After the physical examination, blood tests may be ordered to check for certain diseases. […] If necessary, the doctor may order an imaging test to further evaluate the lymph node or other areas of your body that may have caused the lymph node to swell. […] If the cause of swollen lymph node is uncertain, or if cancer is suspected, a lymph node biopsy may be recommended. […] Swollen lymph nodes may become smaller on their own without any treatment. […] In the case of an infection, you may be prescribed antibiotics or antiviral medications to eliminate the condition responsible for the swollen lymph nodes.

• #6 Swollen Lymph Nodes: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-lymph-nodes

  Swollen lymph nodes caused by cancer may not shrink back to their usual size until the cancer is treated. […] If you experience any of the symptoms that sometimes accompany swollen lymph nodes, or if you have painful swollen lymph nodes and no other symptoms, talk with a doctor. […] You should seek medical advice if lymph nodes: […] Persistent swelling in the lymph nodes that occurs without other signs of an infection can indicate some types of cancer. […] Swollen lymph nodes are usually a sign of an infection somewhere in the body. […] Swelling in the lymph nodes can occur with some types of cancer, such as lymphoma, leukemia, and breast cancer.

• #7 Generalised Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Glands) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-lymphadenopathy

  Supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph nodes are always suspicious of an underlying malignancy, particularly in those aged over 40 years. […] Bearing in mind the extensive list of differential diagnoses, it is important to keep the patient under review if spontaneous recovery does not occur. […] Investigation of patients with unexplained lymphadenopathy should include FBC, blood film and ESR, plasma viscosity or CRP (according to local policy). […] Biopsy is regarded as the diagnostic method of choice. […] The most important aspect of management is the recognition and exclusion of serious disease, which can often mimic trivial self-limiting conditions in the early stages. […] Patients and parents should be advised to seek further advice if lymph node enlargement does not resolve, new enlargements develop, old symptoms persist or new ones appear.

• #7 Generalised Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Glands) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-lymphadenopathy

  The following additional features of lymphadenopathy are suspicious should trigger further investigation and/or referral: Persistence for six weeks or more. […] Lymph nodes increasing in size. […] Lymph nodes greater than 2 cm in size. […] Widespread nature. […] Associated splenomegaly, night sweats or weight loss. […] Malignancies such as lymphoma, leukaemia and neuroblastoma carry a poor prognosis.

• #7 Generalised Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Glands) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-lymphadenopathy

  Generalised lymphadenopathy can be defined as enlargement of more than two non-contiguous lymph node groups. […] Most generalised lymphadenopathy is due to benign self-limited disease, such as viral or bacterial infection but it can be caused by a wide range of conditions – see 'Differential diagnosis’, below. […] In primary care unexplained lymphadenopathy has an annual incidence of 0.6%. […] Fewer than 1 in 100 of these cases have a malignant aetiology, but this increases as the age of the patient increases. […] 4% of patients aged 40 years or older who present with unexplained lymphadenopathy are found to have an underlying cancer, but for those younger than 40 years this falls to 0.4%. […] Persistent fever, night sweats, general malaise or weight loss may be pointers to significant disease.

• #8 Swollen Glands Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/symptoms/swollen-glands/

  Your GP will carry out a physical examination of your lymph nodes. Theyll check the size of your lymph nodes and discuss any other symptoms you may be experiencing. For further diagnosis, your GP may refer you for additional tests. These can include: […] The site of your swollen lymph nodes may help them identify the underlying cause. For example, infections of the leg or genitals can cause the lymph nodes in the groin to swell.

• #9 Swollen lymph nodes Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/swollen-lymph-nodes

  Swollen glands; Glands – swollen; Lymph nodes – swollen; Lymphadenopathy. […] The term „swollen glands” refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The medical name for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy. […] Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. […] Which lymph nodes are swollen depends on the cause and the body parts involved. Swollen lymph nodes that appear suddenly and are painful are usually due to injury or infection. Slow, painless swelling may be due to cancer or a tumor. […] Contact your health care provider if: Your lymph nodes do not get smaller after several weeks or they continue to get larger. […] The following tests may be done: Blood tests, including liver function tests, kidney function tests, and CBC with differential. Lymph node biopsy. Chest x-ray. CT scan of the abdomen. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the swollen nodes.

• #10 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to help rule out an infection. […] Doctors may order a blood test to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a test tube. It is a general marker of inflammation. The ESR may be higher than normal in some people with HL. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. […] An HIV test may be done if doctors think that HL is related to an HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. […] Blood tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be done because having either one can affect how treatments work.

• #11 What Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean? – Health Images

  https://www.healthimages.com/what-do-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean/

  Having a basic understanding of this system is essential in learning how to spot abnormalities. […] Pay attention to where and for how long your nodes feel enlarged. If they are persistently swollen for more than two weeks, this can mean a more serious infection, or cancerous cells could be causing protrusion and inflammation. […] While swollen lymph nodes are more commonly due to viral infections, there is a chance that they could indicate cancer, although rare. In adults over 40 years of age, lymph nodes that are long-lasting are associated with a 4 percent risk of cancer. […] Radiology imaging tests may be necessary for further examination and possible biopsy of the node tissue. Imaging helps technologists identify and characterize nodes as well as examine whether nodes are cancerous or benign. Imaging tests for swollen nodes include:

• #11 What Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean? – Health Images

  https://www.healthimages.com/what-do-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean/

  Your doctor may order an MRI to screen for tumors, swollen glands, and even breast cancer. […] CT scans can detect enlarged nodes over the entire body. This imaging is also used in biopsies to guide tissue removal. […] For patients with inflamed nodes around their neck, abdomen, or underarms, an ultrasound can help technologists and doctors assess and differentiate abnormal nodes from healthy ones.

• #12 Swollen Lymph Nodes and Glands: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Emergencies

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/swollen-glands

  Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that your body is fighting off an infection or an illness. […] Swollen lymph nodes diagnosis involves your doctor asking about your medical history and giving you a physical exam. […] They might be able to get an idea of what’s making your glands swell by where they are in your body. […] They also may recommend one of these tests to find out more about what’s going on: blood tests, X-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, biopsy, PET scan, CT scan.

• #13 Lymphoma – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/lymphoma

  Your doctor will perform a physical exam and may order blood tests or lymph node biopsy to help evaluate your condition. […] A procedure in which a portion of or an entire lymph node is surgically removed so it can be examined under a microscope to look for the presence of lymphoma cells. […] A surgical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the hip bone to remove a small amount of liquid bone marrow so it can be analyzed under a microscope. […] A minimally invasive test that involves the removal of a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) so it can be analyzed for the presence of lymphoma cells. […] A chest x-ray is used to look for enlarged lymph nodes. […] A CT of the body is used to detect enlarged lymph nodes or organs and abnormalities in the abdomen, pelvis, chest, head and neck.

• #14 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  Although the finding of lymphadenopathy sometimes raises fears about serious illness, it is, in patients seen in primary care settings, usually a result of benign infectious causes. Most patients can be diagnosed on the basis of a careful history and physical examination. […] Generalized adenopathy should always prompt further clinical investigation. When a node biopsy is indicated, excisional biopsy of the most abnormal node will best enable the pathologist to determine a diagnosis. […] The algorithm in Figure 2 provides a diagnostic framework for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. The algorithm emphasizes that a careful history and physical examination are the core of the evaluation. […] In patients with unexplained localized lymphadenopathy and a reassuring clinical picture, a three- to four-week period of observation is appropriate before biopsy. Patients with localized lymphadenopathy and a worrisome clinical picture or patients with generalized lymphadenopathy will need further diagnostic evaluation that often includes biopsy.

• #14 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  If a diagnosis cannot be made, the clinician should obtain a biopsy of the node. The diagnostic yield of the biopsy can be maximized by obtaining an excisional biopsy of the largest and most abnormal node. […] When the cause of the lymphadenopathy remains unexplained, a three- to four-week observation period is appropriate when the clinical setting indicates a high probability of benign disease.

• #15 Lymphadenopathy Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956340-workup

  The laboratory evaluation of lymphadenopathy must be directed by the history and physical examination and is based on the size and other characteristics of the nodes and the overall clinical assessment of the patient. When a laboratory evaluation is indicated, it must be driven by the clinical evaluation. […] Evaluation of hepatic and renal function and a urine analysis are useful in identifying underlying systemic disorders that may be associated with lymphadenopathy. When evaluating specific regional adenopathy, lymph node aspirate for culture may be important if lymphadenitis is clinically suspected. […] If the size, location, or character of the lymphadenopathy suggests malignancy, the need for laboratory studies and biopsy is more urgent. If laboratory testing is inconclusive, a lymph node biopsy is immediately indicated.

• #15 Lymphadenopathy Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956340-workup

  While excisional biopsy is considered the „gold standard,” it still has limitations and may yield a definitive diagnosis in only 40-60% of patients because of inadequate specimen size, improper handling, or node-sampling error (eg, Hodgkin lymphoma); sampling more accessible nodes may miss the underlying malignancy. […] If an excisional biopsy does not reveal the diagnosis, a second biopsy may be indicated. […] Endobronchial ultrasonographically guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a widespread technique for tissue sampling from hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes; unfortunately, less than half will result in diagnostic cytology. […] Staging is relevant only when a specific malignancy is diagnosed as the etiology of lymphadenopathy.

• #16 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  Radiologic evaluation with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography may help to characterize lymphadenopathy. […] Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy can aid in the diagnostic evaluation of lymph nodes when etiology is unknown or malignant risk factors are present. FNA cytology is a quick, accurate, minimally invasive, and safe technique to evaluate patients and aid in triage of unexplained lymphadenopathy. […] Open excisional biopsy remains a diagnostic option for patients who do not wish to undergo additional procedures.

• #16 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  Lymphadenopathy is benign and self-limited in most patients. Etiologies include malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disorders, as well as medications and iatrogenic causes. The history and physical examination alone usually identify the cause of lymphadenopathy. When the cause is unknown, lymphadenopathy should be classified as localized or generalized. Patients with localized lymphadenopathy should be evaluated for etiologies typically associated with the region involved according to lymphatic drainage patterns. Generalized lymphadenopathy, defined as two or more involved regions, often indicates underlying systemic disease. Risk factors for malignancy include age older than 40 years, male sex, white race, supraclavicular location of the nodes, and presence of systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. The workup may include blood tests, imaging, and biopsy depending on clinical presentation, location of the lymphadenopathy, and underlying risk factors. Biopsy options include fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or open excisional biopsy.

• #16 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  Generalized lymphadenopathy is the enlargement of more than two noncontiguous lymph node groups. Significant systemic disease from infections, autoimmune diseases, or disseminated malignancy often causes generalized lymphadenopathy, and specific testing is necessary to determine the diagnosis. […] If history and physical examination findings suggest a benign or self-limited process, reassurance can be provided and follow-up arranged if lymphadenopathy persists. Findings suggestive of infectious or autoimmune etiologies may require specific testing and treatment as indicated. If malignancy is considered unlikely based on history and physical examination, localized lymphadenopathy can be observed for four weeks. Generalized lymphadenopathy should prompt routine laboratory testing and testing for autoimmune and infectious causes.

• #17 Diagnosing Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | Hematologists at Compass Oncology

  https://www.compassoncology.com/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  If the initial tests show signs of cancer, a biopsy is necessary. This procedure will determine if cancer is present. […] Excision or incisional biopsy. This is the most common type of biopsy because it will remove an entire lymph node (excisional) or a small portion of a larger tumor (incisional). A pathologist evaluates the samples under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. […] If non-Hodgkin lymphoma is confirmed from the biopsy, additional information will be available, including the subtype.

• #18 Diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Cytogenetics is the analysis of a cell’s chromosomes, including their number, size, shape and arrangement. Cytogenetic techniques show chromosomal abnormalities, which help doctors confirm the diagnosis and identify the type or subtype of NHL. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells.

• #19 Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy/Adenopathy): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15219-swollen-lymph-nodes

  Swollen lymph nodes are your bodys natural reaction to illness or infection. The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an upper respiratory infection, but they can have many causes. If theyre enlarged with no obvious cause, see your healthcare provider to rule out something more serious. […] Lymphadenopathy is common and actually a good thing. The swelling in these pea- or bean-sized lymph nodes are one of your bodys natural reactions to illness or infection. Swollen lymph nodes mean your bodys immune system is working to clear away infection and/or invading viruses or bacteria. […] Lymphadenopathy is actually a symptom that could mean you have an illness or infection. Your healthcare provider may examine your swollen lymph nodes to determine whats causing the swelling. […] Most swollen lymph nodes arent a cause for concern and will go away as your infection clears up. Healthcare providers usually only worry about swollen lymph nodes when they enlarge for no apparent reason.

• #19 Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy/Adenopathy): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15219-swollen-lymph-nodes

  In rare situations, swollen lymph nodes can point to cancer specifically, lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system). Other less common causes of swollen lymph nodes include injury, AIDS and cancer thats spread from the lymph nodes to another part of your body. […] See your healthcare provider if you have swollen lymph nodes that dont go away or seem to grow over time. You may have a more serious condition that needs proper diagnosis and treatment.

• #20 Lymphadenopathy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956340-clinical

  The differential diagnosis of acute lymphadenopathy is broad. A patient’s medical history and review of systems is important in narrowing this differential. Upon examination, recognizing the pattern of lymph drainage aids in seeking an infectious focus. […] Although the underlying etiology is often self-limited infection, more serious underlying etiologies must be quickly recognized. Serious infections and malignancies are important considerations, as discussed in Outline – Etiologies of Lymphadenopathy. […] A family history of lymphadenopathy suggests an underlying immune disorder, which occasionally results in malignancy. […] A careful history and physical examination, with a consideration of the factors listed above, help determine whether an enlarged lymph node merits further investigation.

• #20 Lymphadenopathy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956340-clinical

  Generalized lymphadenopathy is defined as enlargement of more than 2 noncontiguous lymph node groups. A thorough history and physical examination are critical in establishing a diagnosis. […] Concern about malignant etiologies often drives further diagnostic testing in children with adenopathy. Malignancy is often associated with constitutional signs, such as fever, anorexia, nonspecific aches and pains, weight loss, and night sweats. […] Generalized lymphadenopathy is present at diagnosis in two thirds of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and in one third of children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). […] Malignant childhood tumors develop in the head and neck region in one quarter of cases. […] A literature review by Deosthali et al found nonspecific, benign etiology to be the most common diagnosis (67.8%) for pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy. […] Serious underlying disease is frequent in children with supraclavicular adenopathy and always merits further evaluation. […] Early lymph node biopsy should be considered in children with supraclavicular adenopathy.

• #21 Spotting the difference: Swollen lymph nodes in leukaemia VS during an infection

  https://www.leukaemiacare.org.uk/support-and-information/latest-from-leukaemia-care/blog/spotting-the-difference-swollen-lymph-nodes-in-leukaemia-vs-during-an-infection/

  Swollen lymph nodes occur as a symptom of leukaemia in approximately 20% of patients prior to their diagnosis. […] For the vast majority of cases, swollen lymph nodes indicate nothing more than the fact that your body is fighting off an infection. […] Certain characteristics such as the size of the lymph nodes, the way they feel or how long they last can help to differentiate swelling caused by infection from that caused by leukaemia or another type of blood cancer. Spotting the difference between harmless and harmful lymph nodes may be crucial in diagnosing leukaemia early. […] You should make an appointment with your GP if you have a swollen gland and no other signs of illness or infection. […] Any lumps on the neck, groin or armpits that are hard, very enlarged, and do not move when pushed may indicate lymphoma or another type of cancer and should be investigated by your GP.

• #21 Spotting the difference: Swollen lymph nodes in leukaemia VS during an infection

  https://www.leukaemiacare.org.uk/support-and-information/latest-from-leukaemia-care/blog/spotting-the-difference-swollen-lymph-nodes-in-leukaemia-vs-during-an-infection/

  Leukaemia symptoms normally occur in clusters. If you notice any other symptoms such as night sweats, persistent fever (more than 3-4 days), or unexplained weight loss, visit your doctor immediately. […] In leukaemia, swollen lymph nodes are caused by a build-up of large numbers of cancerous cells which have travelled from the bone marrow. […] It is important not to self-diagnose. Not every person with swollen lymph nodes requires immediate evaluation by a doctor and, if you have swollen lymph nodes, you shouldn’t immediately expect cancer, as this is unlikely to be the cause. […] Knowing what other symptoms are typical of leukaemia is crucial for helping you make the decision to visit your GP sooner for a blood test.

• #22 Swollen Lymph Nodes: When do they indicate something serious?

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/swollen-lymph-nodes-when-do-they-indicate-something-serious

  You must visit a doctor if you have any of the following symptoms: If you have hard, painful nodes that are fixed to the skin and grow rapidly. […] If you have swollen nodes near your collarbone or your lower neck (these can be a sign of cancer). […] Lymph node biopsy will be required to diagnose a cancerous node.

• #23 Enlarged Or Swollen Glands And Weakness

  https://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_or_swollen_glands_and_weakness/multisymptoms.htm

  Enlarged or swollen lymph nodes are sometimes referred to as swollen glands. These can occur with many different types of infections as well as inflammatory conditions and cancers. […] Symptoms of swollen lymph nodes vary greatly, but may include fever, night sweats, toothache, sore throat, or weight loss. Causes of swollen lymph nodes also vary, but may include cancer, the common cold, mono, chickenpox, HIV, and herpes. The treatment of swollen lymph nodes depends upon the cause.

• #24 When Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean Cancer?

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/when-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean-cancer

  Swollen lymph nodes, or what doctors call lymphadenopathy, are often caused by infections or a condition that affects your immune system. […] But sometimes, cancer cells may travel through your bloodstream and end up in your lymph nodes, or even start there. […] Your doctor can help you figure out what’s causing your lymph nodes to feel sore and larger than usual. […] If cancer is the cause of your swollen glands, it’s usually because cancer cells have spread there from another place in your body. This is called metastasis. […] There’s no way to tell if a swollen gland is a sign of cancer just by how it feels. […] Swollen lymph nodes close to your collarbone or the lower part of your neck are more likely to be cancer. […] If cancer is found in one of your lymph nodes, more tests and procedures are usually done.

• #25 Adenopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558918/

  Lymphadenopathy refers to the swelling of lymph nodes which can be secondary to bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, autoimmune disease, and malignancy. […] Lymphadenopathy is a term that refers to the swelling of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small glands that are responsible for filtering fluid from the lymphatic system. […] A thorough history and physical exam are one of the most important steps in determining the underlying cause of lymphadenopathy. […] Elucidating the etiology of lymphadenopathy can be challenging. […] The need for a lymph node biopsy depends on the etiology of lymphadenopathy. An excisional node biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. […] The variability in causes of lymphadenopathy can often present diagnostic challenges to clinicians. […] Most, but not all, cancers use the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system.

• #26 [Differential diagnosis and diagnostic strategies of lymphadenopathy] – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18273586/

  Besides acute inflammatory swelling of a lymph node, acute lymphadenitis, enlarged lymph nodes occur in conjunction with various benign and malignant diseases. Lymphadenopathy can appear in a localized or generalized form and requires further diagnostic measures. Possible causes are primarily infectious, immunological, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders. The medical history and physical examination provide the first clues to the diagnosis. Localized swollen glands often have an infectious etiology so that the first step is to identify the possible focus of infection. Generalized lymphadenopathy is frequently a sign of a hematological systemic disease, particularly in adults. Therefore, in every case of lymphadenopathy persisting for more than 1 month, invasive diagnostic procedures are indicated to rule out a malignant cause. The aim should be to perform a histological analysis; excision of entire lymph nodes is exigent, especially for the work-up of lymphoma. In cases of malignant lymphoma, staging examinations should subsequently be conducted to assess the prognosis and formulate a treatment plan.

• #27 Swollen glands

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/swollen-glands/

  Swollen glands are a sign your body is fighting an infection. They usually get better by themselves within 2 weeks. […] Glands (known as lymph glands or lymph nodes) swell near an infection to help your body fight it. […] Rarely, swollen glands can be caused by more serious conditions such as cancer of the blood system (leukaemia) or lymph system (lymphoma). […] Do not self-diagnose. Contact your GP if you’re worried. […] Your GP will recommend treatment depending on the cause of your swollen glands. This may include antibiotics. […] Antibiotics do not work for swollen glands if it’s caused by a viral infection.

• #28 Swollen lymph nodes – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/swollen-lymph-nodes

  Lymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances. […] The term „swollen glands” refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The medical name for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy. […] Common areas where lymph nodes can be easily felt, especially if they are enlarged, are the groin, armpits (axilla), above the clavicle (supraclavicular), in the neck (cervical), and the back of the head just above hairline (occipital). […] Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. […] Immune or autoimmune disorders that can cause swollen lymph nodes are: HIV, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] Cancers that can cause swollen lymph nodes include: Leukemia, Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the swollen nodes.

• #29 Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Lymph Glands)

  https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/lymphadenopathy

  If youve ever felt swollen lumps in your neck when youve had a respiratory infection or a sore throat, youve experienced lymphadenopathyswollen lymph glands. […] If youve been diagnosed with cancer, your doctor may wish to biopsy lymph nodes near your tumor to see whether any cancer cells have migrated there. […] Two factors that are more associated with a possible cancer diagnosis: swelling that lasts longer than two weeks, and the appearance of lymphadenopathy in middle-aged and older patients. […] Some cancer-related lymphadenopathy cases start with cells that travel from a tumor to one or more lymph nodes. But cancer also may originate in the lymph nodes. […] Lymphomas are cancers that begin in lymph nodes. […] Treatment for cancer-related lymphadenopathy would involve the same therapies used to treat cancer.

• #30 Swollen cervical lymph nodes: What does it mean?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327203

  Cervical lymph nodes are small nodes or glands in the neck. Swelling in the neck may indicate a nearby infection or other health condition. Treatment for cervical lymph nodes can depend on the cause. […] Swollen lymph nodes are usually a sign of infection but can stem from an inflammatory condition, an autoimmune disease, a reaction to a medication, or cancer. Sometimes they happen for no clear reason. […] Swelling in the cervical lymph nodes may indicate a problem in the head, neck, throat, or lymphatic system. […] A doctor can usually detect a swollen cervical lymph node by feeling a person’s neck. They may do additional tests to find out why the swelling has occurred. […] If necessary, the doctor may also perform a biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes to check for the presence of cancer cells. […] The treatment options for swollen lymph nodes depend on the underlying cause. […] A person should see their doctor if the swelling persists, worsens, or if it is causing concern. A doctor will investigate the cause and recommend a suitable course of treatment.

• #31 Cancer That Spreads To Lymph Nodes | Signs, Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/lymph-nodes

  Besides reviewing your medical history, doctors may use some of the following methods to diagnose the cause of swollen lymph nodes: Physical examination, feeling with fingers the nodes in the affected area to check their size and whether they feel hard, tender or warm; Lab tests, including blood tests to check for suspected underlying conditions; Imaging tests, including an X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound test; Biopsy to remove sections of lymph tissue or an entire lymph node to examine under a microscope. […] In rare cases, lymph node swelling may be related to cancer. Some cancers start in the lymph nodes. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma are types of lymph system cancers, as is acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] When cancer is present in a lymph node, a biopsy helps determine what type of cancer it is when the removed tissue or node is examined under a microscope. The cancer cells will look like the cancer cells of the tumor where they originated, so breast cancer cells in the lymphatic system will still look like breast cancer.

• #32 Swollen Lymph Nodes: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment – K Health

  https://khealth.com/learn/lymph-nodes/swollen-lymph-nodes/

  Swollen lymph nodes can mean your body is fighting an infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer. […] In this article, I’ll also discuss how the cause of swollen lymph nodes is diagnosed and what treatments are available. […] Lymphadenopathy is the medical term for swollen lymph nodes. […] Depending on the underlying cause, the swollen lymph nodes can be in a localized area or spread throughout the body. […] Localized swelling typically means a local infection, whereas swelling of lymph nodes throughout the body means a systemic medical condition. […] To diagnose what is causing your lymph nodes to swell, your primary medical professional will start by reviewing your medical history and current medications. […] They will then ask you questions about when you noticed the swelling and what other symptoms you are experiencing.

• #33 Diagnosing Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors use the results of sophisticated blood and tissue tests to diagnose chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. […] As abnormal lymphocytes multiply, they may collect in the lymph nodes, causing swelling in these small glands, which are part of the immune system and located throughout the body. People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may have noticeably swollen lymph nodes on either side of the neck, above the collarbone, under the arms, or around the groin. […] Many people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia develop swollen lymph nodes, which your doctor may feel during a physical exam. Occasionally, the doctor may need to perform a lymph node biopsy to determine that a node is swollen due to chronic lymphocytic leukemia and not some other condition. […] Our doctors can obtain the most amount of tissue for molecular and genetic testing by fully removing a lymph node. This procedure takes place in the hospital and requires a surgical incision. Swollen lymph nodes identified during physical exams may be removed and evaluated under a microscope.

• #34

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you see a GP because you’re concerned about symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, they’ll ask about your health and carry out a simple physical examination. […] If you’re referred to hospital, a biopsy will usually be carried out, as this is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] If a biopsy confirms a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma, further testing will be needed to check how far the lymphoma has spread. This allows a doctor to diagnose the stage of your lymphoma. […] When testing is complete, it should be possible to determine the stage of your lymphoma. „Staging” means scoring the cancer by how far it’s spread. […] „A” is put after your stage if you have no additional symptoms other than swollen lymph nodes. „B” is put after your stage if you have additional symptoms of weight loss, fever or night sweats.

• #35 Lymphadenopathy in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/lymphadenopathy-in-children.html

  Lymphadenopathy means swelling of the lymph nodes or glands. These are the bean-shaped glands in the neck, armpits, groin, chest, and abdomen. These glands act as filters for lymphatic fluid. This fluid contains white blood cells (lymphocytes) that help the body fight infection. Lymphadenopathy can occur in just one area of the body, such as the neck. Or it may affect lymph nodes throughout the body. The cervical lymph nodes, found in the neck, are the most common site of lymphadenopathy. […] Nearly all children will get lymphadenopathy at some time. That is because enlarged glands often occur with viral or bacterial infections like colds, the flu, or strep throat. […] The symptoms of lymphadenopathy can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #36 Lymphadenopathy in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=lymphadenopathy-in-children-90-P02044

  Lymphadenopathy means swelling of the lymph nodes or glands. These glands act as filters for lymphatic fluid. Lymphadenopathy can occur in just one area of the body, such as the neck. The cervical lymph nodes, found in the neck, are the most common site of lymphadenopathy. […] Nearly all children will get lymphadenopathy at some time. That is because enlarged glands often occur with viral or bacterial infections like colds, the flu, or strep throat. […] Enlarged lymph nodes are often near the source of infection, so their location can help find out the cause. […] The symptoms of lymphadenopathy can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Your childs healthcare provider will ask many questions about your childs health history and current symptoms.

• #37

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Swollen-Glands.aspx

  Lymph glands (or lymph nodes) are an important part of the bodys defense system against infection and illness. […] When lymph glands become enlarged or swollen, it usually means that the lymphocytes have increased in number due to an infection or other illness and that they are being called into action to produce extra antibodies. […] Rarely, swollen glands, particularly if long-lasting and without other signs of inflammation, such as redness or tenderness, may indicate a tumor. […] If your child has swollen glands, youll be able to feel them or actually see the swelling. […] Swollen glands at the base of the neck and just above the collarbone may be an infection or even a tumor within the chest, and should be examined by a physician as soon as possible. […] The treatment for swollen glands will depend on the cause.

• #37

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Swollen-Glands.aspx

  If the gland itself has an infection, it may require not only antibiotics but also warm compresses to localize the infection, followed by surgical drainage. […] If your pediatrician cannot find the cause of the swelling, or if the swollen glands dont improve after antibiotic treatment, further tests will be needed. […] In cases where the cause of a swollen gland is unclear, the pediatrician also may want to do a tuberculosis skin test. […] If the cause of prolonged swelling of lymph nodes cannot be found in any other way, it may be necessary to perform a biopsy (remove a piece of tissue from the gland) and examine it under a microscope. […] In rare cases this may reveal a tumor or fungus infection, which would require special treatment.

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