Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. […] Signs and symptoms of mucositis include: -Red, shiny, or swollen mouth and gums -Blood in the mouth -Sores in the mouth or on the gums or tongue -Soreness or pain in the mouth or throat -Difficulty swallowing or talking -Feeling of dryness, mild burning, or pain when eating food -Soft, whitish patches or pus in the mouth or on the tongue -Increased mucus or thicker saliva in the mouth.

• #2 Patients and Mucositis – Mucosamin

  https://mucosamin.com/patients-mucositis/

  Mucositis is an acute inflammatory and ulcerative complication of the mucosal membrane that commonly occurs during cancer therapy. It is one of the more significant side-effects of cancer treatment. Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract, leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. The oral cavity is the most common location for mucositis. The primary morbidity of OM is the intense pain, which is usually associated with ulcerative lesions. It can also cause dysphagia and impairment of the ability to talk, eat and swallow. The inflammation in OM can range from erythema to severe ulceration, and is typically associated with pain and discomfort. OM can cause profound psychological distress and impairment of quality of life for cancer patients due to pain and inability to eat solid foods. Chemotherapy-induced OM is regarded as an acute condition, with ulceration normally occurring 1-2 weeks after treatment, and resolving within 3 weeks of treatment. Radiotherapy-induced OM normally occurs around 2 weeks into a 7-week treatment cycle, and resolves 3-4 weeks after treatment has ended. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patients quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses).

• #3 Oral mucositis: the hidden side of cancer therapy | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-020-01715-7

  Inflammation response of epithelial mucosa to chemo- radiotherapy cytotoxic effects leads to mucositis, a painful side effect of antineoplastic treatments. About 40% of the patients treated with chemotherapy develop mucositis; this percentage rises to about 90% for head and neck cancer patients (HNC) treated with both chemo- and radiotherapy. […] Mucositis affects all gastro-intestinal tract and oral cavity inducing patient pain, inability to eat, weight loss and local infection. Furthermore, patients affected by a high-grade mucositis have to reduce chemotherapy regimen with delayed cancer treatment and worse prognosis. About 30–40% of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy develops mucositis, this percentage rises to 60–85% for patients undergoing to an hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and to almost 90% for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with radio- plus chemotherapy.

• #4 Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8202195/

  Intestinal mucositis, or damage to the intestinal mucosa, is a major contributor to the reduced quality of life, decreased survival rates, and early onset of death observed in patients with certain chemotherapeutic agents. […] Chemotherapy-induced mucositis (CIM) has been linked to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pain. […] The onset, timing, and clinical presentation of these symptoms are influenced by patient-specific risk factors such as age, ethnicity, and gender. […] Further, the symptomology of intestinal mucositis depends on the type and progression of cancer that is being treated. […] Moreover, patients with underlying systemic illnesses such as autoimmune diseases (e.g., IgA deficiency) or diabetes are more susceptible to mucosal damage during chemotherapy.

• #5 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  One study reported that patients who receive high doses of chemotherapy or undergo bone marrow transplantation have a 76% risk of mucositis. […] The frequency of mucositis is higher in patients with poor nutritional status and inadequate oral care. Younger age patients may have a higher incidence of oral mucositis. […] The pathophysiology of oral mucositis due to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy-chemotherapy is thought to be due to a complex process that starts with injury to the tissue in a five-phase model, as suggested by Sonis. […] Radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis results from tissue damage by the radiation beam, usually appearing in the third week of treatment and lasting between 7 and 98 days. […] Oral mucositis due to chemotherapy usually develops within five to fourteen days of treatment.

• #6 Mucositis symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-symptoms/

  Symptoms of mucositis can start up to two weeks after you begin treatment for blood cancer. Look out for symptoms and tell your healthcare team if you experience any. […] If you get oral mucositis, youll normally get symptoms five to ten days after chemotherapy, or 14 days after radiotherapy. Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, which can lead to mouth and gum infections (although sometimes a dry mouth on its own can just be a side effect of chemotherapy rather than mucositis), ulcers or blood blisters (or both) inside your mouth, and sometimes on your tongue or lips, a sore or painful mouth, which may make it difficult to eat, drink or talk, bad breath, oral thrush, an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can start up to 14 days after you begin chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main symptoms are: diarrhoea (frequent, watery poos), ulcers around your rectum or anus, bleeding from your gut, which you may notice as blood in your poo, trouble swallowing because it hurts, feeling sick, constipation (difficulty pooing), stomach cramps, bloating.

• #7 Mucositis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mucositis/

  Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed. It’s a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although mucositis can be painful, it usually gets better a few weeks after finishing cancer treatment. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your mouth usually begin around a week after starting chemotherapy, or about 2 weeks after starting radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, a sore mouth, which can make eating and drinking painful, mouth ulcers, bad breath, a fungal mouth infection (oral thrush). […] How severe your symptoms are will depend on the type of treatment you’re having. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your gut usually begin around 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of mucositis in your gut include: diarrhoea, sores (ulcers) around your bottom, bleeding from your gut (you may have blood in your poo), pain when swallowing, constipation, stomach cramps and bloating.

• #8 Mucositis symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-symptoms/

  Symptoms of mucositis can start up to two weeks after you begin treatment for blood cancer. Look out for symptoms and tell your healthcare team if you experience any. […] If you get oral mucositis, youll normally get symptoms five to ten days after chemotherapy, or 14 days after radiotherapy. Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, which can lead to mouth and gum infections (although sometimes a dry mouth on its own can just be a side effect of chemotherapy rather than mucositis), ulcers or blood blisters (or both) inside your mouth, and sometimes on your tongue or lips, a sore or painful mouth, which may make it difficult to eat, drink or talk, bad breath, oral thrush, an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can start up to 14 days after you begin chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main symptoms are: diarrhoea (frequent, watery poos), ulcers around your rectum or anus, bleeding from your gut, which you may notice as blood in your poo, trouble swallowing because it hurts, feeling sick, constipation (difficulty pooing), stomach cramps, bloating.

• #9 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  An extreme case of the condition is called confluent mucositis. In a worst case, the mucous membrane of the patient’s entire mouth and tongue can be coated by a white mucus coating that is up to a millimeter thick. The combination of mucus, excess saliva and pain can make it difficult or even impossible to eat. […] Oral mucositis generally begins 5-10 days following the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts anywhere from one week to six weeks or more. Resolution (in the case of HCT) coincides with recovery of the white blood cell count, specifically when the absolute neutrophil count becomes greater than 500 cells/µL. In patients being treated for solid tumors, the duration of oral mucositis depends on the type, dose, and course of treatment. […] The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can: -Cause pain -Restrict oral intake -Act as a portal of entry for organisms -Contribute to interruption of therapy -Increase the use of antibiotics and narcotics -Increase the length of hospitalization -Increase the overall cost of treatment.

• #10 Mucositis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mucositis/

  Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed. It’s a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although mucositis can be painful, it usually gets better a few weeks after finishing cancer treatment. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your mouth usually begin around a week after starting chemotherapy, or about 2 weeks after starting radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, a sore mouth, which can make eating and drinking painful, mouth ulcers, bad breath, a fungal mouth infection (oral thrush). […] How severe your symptoms are will depend on the type of treatment you’re having. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your gut usually begin around 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of mucositis in your gut include: diarrhoea, sores (ulcers) around your bottom, bleeding from your gut (you may have blood in your poo), pain when swallowing, constipation, stomach cramps and bloating.

• #11 Oral mucositis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1135

  Oral mucositis (OM) is an acute inflammation of the oral mucosa following systemic cancer therapy, particularly chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical history and physical examination. […] The clinical presentation ranges from a general erythematous oral mucosa to erosive lesions and, rarely, overt necrosis. Lesions are often very painful, may compromise nutrition and oral hygiene, and can increase the risk of local and systemic infection. […] Severe OM may necessitate an undesirable dose-reduction and/or a break in cancer therapy, thereby potentially impacting patient prognosis.

• #12 Dry, sore mouth (oral mucositis) | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-side-effects-treatment/dry-sore-mouth-oral-mucositis

  Oral mucositis is where the soft lining in the inside of your mouth (mucous membrane) is damaged. It can then become swollen, red and painful (inflamed), causing symptoms such as: […] Symptoms generally start at around 7 to 10 days after you start treatment. For most people, it lasts for around 2 to 3 weeks after completing treatment. […] Symptoms typically start between 12 and 15 days after you begin treatment. It usually clears up between 6 to 8 weeks after finishing treatment. […] Oral mucositis can also happen after a stem cell transplant, often starting around a week after you begin treatment. […] Usually, oral mucositis gets better once you finish your treatment for lymphoma and your blood counts return to the levels they were at before you had treatment. Usually, this is about 2 to 3 weeks after chemotherapy, and 6 to 8 weeks after radiotherapy.

• #13 Mucositis symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-symptoms/

  Symptoms of mucositis can start up to two weeks after you begin treatment for blood cancer. Look out for symptoms and tell your healthcare team if you experience any. […] If you get oral mucositis, youll normally get symptoms five to ten days after chemotherapy, or 14 days after radiotherapy. Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, which can lead to mouth and gum infections (although sometimes a dry mouth on its own can just be a side effect of chemotherapy rather than mucositis), ulcers or blood blisters (or both) inside your mouth, and sometimes on your tongue or lips, a sore or painful mouth, which may make it difficult to eat, drink or talk, bad breath, oral thrush, an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can start up to 14 days after you begin chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main symptoms are: diarrhoea (frequent, watery poos), ulcers around your rectum or anus, bleeding from your gut, which you may notice as blood in your poo, trouble swallowing because it hurts, feeling sick, constipation (difficulty pooing), stomach cramps, bloating.

• #14 Mucositis symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-symptoms/

  Symptoms of mucositis can start up to two weeks after you begin treatment for blood cancer. Look out for symptoms and tell your healthcare team if you experience any. […] If you get oral mucositis, youll normally get symptoms five to ten days after chemotherapy, or 14 days after radiotherapy. Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, which can lead to mouth and gum infections (although sometimes a dry mouth on its own can just be a side effect of chemotherapy rather than mucositis), ulcers or blood blisters (or both) inside your mouth, and sometimes on your tongue or lips, a sore or painful mouth, which may make it difficult to eat, drink or talk, bad breath, oral thrush, an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can start up to 14 days after you begin chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main symptoms are: diarrhoea (frequent, watery poos), ulcers around your rectum or anus, bleeding from your gut, which you may notice as blood in your poo, trouble swallowing because it hurts, feeling sick, constipation (difficulty pooing), stomach cramps, bloating.

• #15 Mucositis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mucositis/

  Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed. It’s a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although mucositis can be painful, it usually gets better a few weeks after finishing cancer treatment. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your mouth usually begin around a week after starting chemotherapy, or about 2 weeks after starting radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, a sore mouth, which can make eating and drinking painful, mouth ulcers, bad breath, a fungal mouth infection (oral thrush). […] How severe your symptoms are will depend on the type of treatment you’re having. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your gut usually begin around 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of mucositis in your gut include: diarrhoea, sores (ulcers) around your bottom, bleeding from your gut (you may have blood in your poo), pain when swallowing, constipation, stomach cramps and bloating.

• #16 Mucositis: Symptoms, causes, complications and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mucositis

  Mucositis describes inflammation and ulceration of the digestive tract lining. It can cause painful sores in the mouth or gastrointestinal symptoms. It often results from cancer treatments. […] Mucositis can cause a range of symptoms, many of which affect the mouth. Some common symptoms of oral mucositis may include: dry mouth, shiny, swollen, or red gums, soft, white patches or pus on the tongue, painful sores in the mouth, bad breath, blood in the mouth, pain or a mild burning sensation while eating, trouble swallowing or talking. […] In very severe cases, mucus, pus, or thick saliva can fill the mouth. If this occurs, it can prevent a person from eating. […] Some evidence suggests that 35-40% of people who receive chemotherapy may develop mucositis to some extent. The risk is much greater for people who also receive cancer treatment for head and neck cancers.

• #17 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  An extreme case of the condition is called confluent mucositis. In a worst case, the mucous membrane of the patient’s entire mouth and tongue can be coated by a white mucus coating that is up to a millimeter thick. The combination of mucus, excess saliva and pain can make it difficult or even impossible to eat. […] Oral mucositis generally begins 5-10 days following the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts anywhere from one week to six weeks or more. Resolution (in the case of HCT) coincides with recovery of the white blood cell count, specifically when the absolute neutrophil count becomes greater than 500 cells/µL. In patients being treated for solid tumors, the duration of oral mucositis depends on the type, dose, and course of treatment. […] The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can: -Cause pain -Restrict oral intake -Act as a portal of entry for organisms -Contribute to interruption of therapy -Increase the use of antibiotics and narcotics -Increase the length of hospitalization -Increase the overall cost of treatment.

• #18 Mucositis symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-symptoms/

  Symptoms of mucositis can start up to two weeks after you begin treatment for blood cancer. Look out for symptoms and tell your healthcare team if you experience any. […] If you get oral mucositis, youll normally get symptoms five to ten days after chemotherapy, or 14 days after radiotherapy. Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, which can lead to mouth and gum infections (although sometimes a dry mouth on its own can just be a side effect of chemotherapy rather than mucositis), ulcers or blood blisters (or both) inside your mouth, and sometimes on your tongue or lips, a sore or painful mouth, which may make it difficult to eat, drink or talk, bad breath, oral thrush, an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can start up to 14 days after you begin chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main symptoms are: diarrhoea (frequent, watery poos), ulcers around your rectum or anus, bleeding from your gut, which you may notice as blood in your poo, trouble swallowing because it hurts, feeling sick, constipation (difficulty pooing), stomach cramps, bloating.

• #19 Mucositis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mucositis/

  Mucositis is when your mouth or gut is sore and inflamed. It’s a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although mucositis can be painful, it usually gets better a few weeks after finishing cancer treatment. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your mouth usually begin around a week after starting chemotherapy, or about 2 weeks after starting radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of oral mucositis include: a dry mouth, a sore mouth, which can make eating and drinking painful, mouth ulcers, bad breath, a fungal mouth infection (oral thrush). […] How severe your symptoms are will depend on the type of treatment you’re having. […] The symptoms of mucositis in your gut usually begin around 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Symptoms of mucositis in your gut include: diarrhoea, sores (ulcers) around your bottom, bleeding from your gut (you may have blood in your poo), pain when swallowing, constipation, stomach cramps and bloating.

• #20 Mucositis: Symptoms, causes, complications and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mucositis

  While these scales vary slightly, they typically align on a grading scale of 1 to 4. Grade 1 may depict mild symptoms such as redness of the mucosa, while grade 4 displays more severe symptoms, which can include life-threatening complications such as bleeding and deep ulceration. […] Mucositis can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty eating. This condition is common among people undergoing cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Anyone with mucositis should see a doctor, who will recommend treatments to relieve pain and help keep the area moist.

• #21 Mucositis | Quirónsalud

  https://www.quironsalud.com/en/diseases-symptoms/mucositis

  Mucositis is the inflammation and irritation of the mucosal surface of the digestive tract. It is very common, especially oral mucositis, which affects the entire mouth, throat, and esophagus. […] Oral mucositis presents with the following symptoms: Inflammation and redness of the soft tissues in the mouth, throat, or esophagus. Swollen and reddened gums, which may bleed. Pain or burning sensation in the mouth, throat, or esophagus. Presence of pus patches. Development of ulcers of various sizes, which can be very painful. They typically appear on the tongue, inside the cheeks, lips, and soft palate. Dry mouth. Thickened saliva and increased mucus in the oral cavity. Significant difficulty swallowing. […] According to symptom progression, the World Health Organization classifies mucositis into different grades: Grade 1 mucositis: Mild pain with or without erythema. No ulcers. Grade 2 mucositis: Erythema and small, painful ulcers. Solids can still be consumed. Grade 3 mucositis: Extensive, painful erythema and ulceration. Only liquids can be ingested. Grade 4 mucositis: Severe, extensive erythema and ulceration with gum bleeding. Oral feeding is impossible.

• #22 Oral mucositis in cancer patients – MatchTrial

  https://matchtrial.health/en/oral-mucositis-in-cancer-patients/

  Oral mucositis or stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. The symptoms of oral mucositis may range from mild reddening to the appearance of severe ulcers. Symptoms can also range from discomfort, dry mouth, burning, tingling of the lips, changes in sense of taste, to pain and inability to eat or drink liquids. […] This toxicity occurs in 30-50% of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and in 90-100% of cases receiving radiation therapy, particularly if tumors close to the oral cavity are irradiated. […] The scale most commonly used to measure the degree of oral mucositis is that described by the World Health Organization (WHO), which takes into account anatomical, functional and symptomatic aspects. This scale is broken down into grades 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, with 0 being the absence of lesions to 4 being the impossibility of oral alimentation by the patient, requiring enteral or parenteral support.

• #23 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  One study reported that patients who receive high doses of chemotherapy or undergo bone marrow transplantation have a 76% risk of mucositis. […] The frequency of mucositis is higher in patients with poor nutritional status and inadequate oral care. Younger age patients may have a higher incidence of oral mucositis. […] The pathophysiology of oral mucositis due to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy-chemotherapy is thought to be due to a complex process that starts with injury to the tissue in a five-phase model, as suggested by Sonis. […] Radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis results from tissue damage by the radiation beam, usually appearing in the third week of treatment and lasting between 7 and 98 days. […] Oral mucositis due to chemotherapy usually develops within five to fourteen days of treatment.

• #24 Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8202195/

  Intestinal mucositis can be defined as inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract that leads to structural, functional, and immunological changes. […] CIM is commonly described as a five-phase sequence: 1) initiation (02days), 2) upregulation and activation of messengers (23days), 3) signal amplification (25days), 4) ulceration with inflammation (514days), and 5) healing (1421days). […] This rapid destruction of the intestinal mucosa has been shown to induce a debilitating cytokine storm that can exacerbate the negative effects of these chemotherapeutics. […] The upregulation of TNF feedback to increase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling leading to fibronectin degradation and activation of macrophages, ultimately increasing the mucositis.

• #25 Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8202195/

  Ulcerations in the epithelial layer (phase 4) ensue as an end event of tissue injury and stem cell death. […] This event leads to further increased release of ROS, which exacerbates the damage to the submucosal layer and advances the debilitating effects of chemotherapy-induced damage. […] Bacterial colonization at the mucosal ulcers further induces inflammation by stimulating infiltration and activation of proinflammatory macrophages, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation in the GI tract. […] Despite improvements in cancer treatments and palliative care, intestinal mucositis remains a significant, common clinical challenge in patients with cancer. […] Understanding the pathobiology of mucositis is essential to developing new approaches to improve patient outcome and survival.

• #26 Oral mucositis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1135

  Oral mucositis (OM) is an acute inflammation of the oral mucosa following systemic cancer therapy, particularly chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical history and physical examination. […] The clinical presentation ranges from a general erythematous oral mucosa to erosive lesions and, rarely, overt necrosis. Lesions are often very painful, may compromise nutrition and oral hygiene, and can increase the risk of local and systemic infection. […] Severe OM may necessitate an undesirable dose-reduction and/or a break in cancer therapy, thereby potentially impacting patient prognosis.

• #27 Mucositis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucositis

  Mucositis is the painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer. Oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation and ulceration that occurs in the mouth. Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment. […] Oral cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy usually become symptomatic four to five days after beginning treatment, reaching a peak at around day 10, and then slowly improving over the course of a few weeks. Mucositis associated with radiotherapy usually appears at the end of the second week of treatment and may last for six to eight weeks. […] The degree of pain is usually related to the extent of the tissue damage. Pain is often described as a burning sensation accompanied by reddening. […] In grade 3 oral mucositis, the patient is unable to eat solid food, and in grade 4, the patient is unable to consume liquids as well. […] Among patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, pain and decreased oral function may persist long after the conclusion of therapy.

• #28 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: […] Mouth pain […] Mouth sores […] Infection […] Bleeding. With chemotherapy, mucositis heals by itself when there is no infection. Healing usually takes 2 to 4 weeks. Mucositis caused by radiation therapy usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, depending on how long you have radiation treatment.

• #29 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  One study reported that patients who receive high doses of chemotherapy or undergo bone marrow transplantation have a 76% risk of mucositis. […] The frequency of mucositis is higher in patients with poor nutritional status and inadequate oral care. Younger age patients may have a higher incidence of oral mucositis. […] The pathophysiology of oral mucositis due to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy-chemotherapy is thought to be due to a complex process that starts with injury to the tissue in a five-phase model, as suggested by Sonis. […] Radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis results from tissue damage by the radiation beam, usually appearing in the third week of treatment and lasting between 7 and 98 days. […] Oral mucositis due to chemotherapy usually develops within five to fourteen days of treatment.

• #30 Mucositis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucositis

  Mucositis is the painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer. Oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation and ulceration that occurs in the mouth. Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment. […] Oral cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy usually become symptomatic four to five days after beginning treatment, reaching a peak at around day 10, and then slowly improving over the course of a few weeks. Mucositis associated with radiotherapy usually appears at the end of the second week of treatment and may last for six to eight weeks. […] The degree of pain is usually related to the extent of the tissue damage. Pain is often described as a burning sensation accompanied by reddening. […] In grade 3 oral mucositis, the patient is unable to eat solid food, and in grade 4, the patient is unable to consume liquids as well. […] Among patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, pain and decreased oral function may persist long after the conclusion of therapy.

• #31 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: […] Mouth pain […] Mouth sores […] Infection […] Bleeding. With chemotherapy, mucositis heals by itself when there is no infection. Healing usually takes 2 to 4 weeks. Mucositis caused by radiation therapy usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, depending on how long you have radiation treatment.

• #32 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  The oral mucositis starts to resolve as the absolute neutrophil count recovers in immunosuppressed patients or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. […] Symptomatic treatment and palliative care may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated cases of mucositis, which are usually self-limiting. However, nearly 20% of head and neck cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy require hospitalization and a delay in cancer therapy due to high-grade mucositis. […] Oral mucositis results in severe pain and the subsequent decrease in oral intake can lead to a significant deterioration in patient quality of life as well as nutritional status. This can also interrupt the chemotherapy treatment cycle, potentially worsening cancer outcomes.

• #33 Mucositis | Mayo Clinic Connect

  https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mucositis/

  Until your WBC is back to at least low end of normal it will be hard for you to beat this mucositis. […] I suspect the short of breath and exhaustion is from the radiation. I wish I had a suggestion, but the truth is, you just have to let your body rest and heal. […] The second the WBC started going up, within a day, I was 90% better. It was dramatic. […] I know well the ravages of chemo but I’m not had radiation. […] I totally understand the fatigue. The simplest tasks do me in. […] I was so tired every step at the grocery store was like I had run a marathon, and I took a couple naps to get through a workday. […] It made a huge difference for me when my whole mouth and throat were filled with apthous ulcers.

• #34 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  One study reported that patients who receive high doses of chemotherapy or undergo bone marrow transplantation have a 76% risk of mucositis. […] The frequency of mucositis is higher in patients with poor nutritional status and inadequate oral care. Younger age patients may have a higher incidence of oral mucositis. […] The pathophysiology of oral mucositis due to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy-chemotherapy is thought to be due to a complex process that starts with injury to the tissue in a five-phase model, as suggested by Sonis. […] Radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis results from tissue damage by the radiation beam, usually appearing in the third week of treatment and lasting between 7 and 98 days. […] Oral mucositis due to chemotherapy usually develops within five to fourteen days of treatment.

• #35 Icon For Play

  https://stellalife.com/pages/mucositis-relief?srsltid=AfmBOoofOMOnb5ZxpsSAd2kAUxLeB-nPR8UAOrf15q5EltRO0w4Oixay

  Younger patients tend to develop oral mucositis more often than older patients being treated for the same malignancy with the same regimen. This appears to be due to the more rapid rate of basal cell turnover noted in children. However, the healing of oral mucositis is also more rapid in the younger age group.

• #36 Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8202195/

  Intestinal mucositis, or damage to the intestinal mucosa, is a major contributor to the reduced quality of life, decreased survival rates, and early onset of death observed in patients with certain chemotherapeutic agents. […] Chemotherapy-induced mucositis (CIM) has been linked to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pain. […] The onset, timing, and clinical presentation of these symptoms are influenced by patient-specific risk factors such as age, ethnicity, and gender. […] Further, the symptomology of intestinal mucositis depends on the type and progression of cancer that is being treated. […] Moreover, patients with underlying systemic illnesses such as autoimmune diseases (e.g., IgA deficiency) or diabetes are more susceptible to mucosal damage during chemotherapy.

• #37 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  An extreme case of the condition is called confluent mucositis. In a worst case, the mucous membrane of the patient’s entire mouth and tongue can be coated by a white mucus coating that is up to a millimeter thick. The combination of mucus, excess saliva and pain can make it difficult or even impossible to eat. […] Oral mucositis generally begins 5-10 days following the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts anywhere from one week to six weeks or more. Resolution (in the case of HCT) coincides with recovery of the white blood cell count, specifically when the absolute neutrophil count becomes greater than 500 cells/µL. In patients being treated for solid tumors, the duration of oral mucositis depends on the type, dose, and course of treatment. […] The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can: -Cause pain -Restrict oral intake -Act as a portal of entry for organisms -Contribute to interruption of therapy -Increase the use of antibiotics and narcotics -Increase the length of hospitalization -Increase the overall cost of treatment.

• #38 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  The oral mucositis starts to resolve as the absolute neutrophil count recovers in immunosuppressed patients or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. […] Symptomatic treatment and palliative care may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated cases of mucositis, which are usually self-limiting. However, nearly 20% of head and neck cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy require hospitalization and a delay in cancer therapy due to high-grade mucositis. […] Oral mucositis results in severe pain and the subsequent decrease in oral intake can lead to a significant deterioration in patient quality of life as well as nutritional status. This can also interrupt the chemotherapy treatment cycle, potentially worsening cancer outcomes.

• #39 Patients and Mucositis – Mucosamin

  https://mucosamin.com/patients-mucositis/

  It is estimated that around 40% of people receiving chemotherapy will develop some degree of mucositis. In patients receiving very high doses of chemotherapy before haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) (bone marrow transplant), OM is seen in 80% of patients. It is estimated that up to 97% of people who have radiotherapy for head and neck cancer will develop some form of mucositis, which can include OM. Up to 90% of paediatric oncology patients may suffer from cancer treatment induced oral complications. […] Oral mucositis can: Cause pain; Restrict oral intake; Act as a portal of entry for organisms; Contribute to interruption of therapy; Increase the use of antibiotics and narcotics; Increase the length of hospitalization; Increase the overall cost of treatment.

• #40 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  The oral mucositis starts to resolve as the absolute neutrophil count recovers in immunosuppressed patients or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. […] Symptomatic treatment and palliative care may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated cases of mucositis, which are usually self-limiting. However, nearly 20% of head and neck cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy require hospitalization and a delay in cancer therapy due to high-grade mucositis. […] Oral mucositis results in severe pain and the subsequent decrease in oral intake can lead to a significant deterioration in patient quality of life as well as nutritional status. This can also interrupt the chemotherapy treatment cycle, potentially worsening cancer outcomes.

• #41 Oral Mucositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/

  Oral mucositis is a severely debilitating condition characterized by erythema, edema, and ulcerations of the oral mucosa. It is a complication of radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The lesions can also break the mucosa barrier resulting in local or systemic infection. In severe cases, this can lead to parenteral nutrition, ultimately leading to poor quality of life. […] Oral intake may be impaired due to pain, which in some cases may lead to the need for parenteral nutrition. […] In severe oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy, the dose in the subsequent chemotherapy cycle may have to be decreased or delayed, affecting patients’ quality of life and worsening prognosis. […] Between 20% to 40% of patients with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy develop mucositis, usually within five to fourteen days of starting treatment.

• #42 Oral Mucositis | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/hnc-resources/managing-side-effects/oral-mucositis/

  Oral mucositis develops during cancer treatment. The timing usually depends on your treatment. With chemotherapy, it tends to develop 5-10 days after receiving chemo drugs. It lasts an average of 1-2 weeks and will get better once your white blood cell counts return to normal. With radiation, mucositis develops 1-3 weeks after the start of radiation. If you develop mucositis from radiation, it will likely continue through the rest of your treatment. You’ll start to see improvement within 4-6 weeks following your last radiation treatment. […] Oral mucositis is one of the most common side effects of cancer treatment, and it can be one of the most debilitating. […] Quality of life: Oral mucositis can severely reduce your quality of life. Patients often say that mucositis was the most difficult side effect of their treatment. The good news is that it is temporary.

• #43 Patients and Mucositis – Mucosamin

  https://mucosamin.com/patients-mucositis/

  Mucositis is an acute inflammatory and ulcerative complication of the mucosal membrane that commonly occurs during cancer therapy. It is one of the more significant side-effects of cancer treatment. Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract, leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. The oral cavity is the most common location for mucositis. The primary morbidity of OM is the intense pain, which is usually associated with ulcerative lesions. It can also cause dysphagia and impairment of the ability to talk, eat and swallow. The inflammation in OM can range from erythema to severe ulceration, and is typically associated with pain and discomfort. OM can cause profound psychological distress and impairment of quality of life for cancer patients due to pain and inability to eat solid foods. Chemotherapy-induced OM is regarded as an acute condition, with ulceration normally occurring 1-2 weeks after treatment, and resolving within 3 weeks of treatment. Radiotherapy-induced OM normally occurs around 2 weeks into a 7-week treatment cycle, and resolves 3-4 weeks after treatment has ended. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patients quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses).

• #44 Oral mucositis: the hidden side of cancer therapy | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-020-01715-7

  Clinical manifestations of mucositis are appreciable at the fourth stage of the inflammation process, the ulceration phase. During this stage, mucosa and sub mucosal integrity is compromised, patients complain of pain and may need caregivers management. […] Mucositis is an acute event that mostly self-resolves as the anticancer treatment ends. At this stage the healing process is activated, during which stimuli from the submucosa extracellular matrix and mesenchyme promote tissue re-epithelialization. […] The risk to develop mucositis rises when chemotherapy is associated to radiotherapy. Almost the 90% of HNC patients, indeed, develop mucositis when treated with chemo plus radiotherapy. […] Mucositis-associated pain severely affects patient quality of life. High-grade mucositis often cause an inadequate food intake; consequently, patients can develop serious nutritional deficiency and need parenteral nutrition.

• #45 What is mucositis? 4 things to know about this cancer treatment side effect | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-mucositis–4-things-to-know-about-this-cancer-treatment-side-effect.h00-159774078.html

  Mucositis is a disruption in the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract that causes inflammation. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as sores and ulcers in the mouth and throat. […] Mucositis can make it painful to chew or eat. Try to avoid foods that irritate your mouth or make your symptoms worse. These may include foods that are crunchy or spicy. […] How long your mucositis symptoms last depends on: the type of cancer treatment you’re getting, the dosage of your treatment and your overall health. […] Typically, mucositis symptoms begin a few days after chemotherapy treatment. Symptoms may take a week or longer to start after radiation therapy. […] The good news is that mucositis does not last forever. Symptoms typically go away and your body heals after cancer treatment is completed. This usually happens anywhere from one to about six weeks after your last treatment.

• #46 What is mucositis? 4 things to know about this cancer treatment side effect | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-mucositis–4-things-to-know-about-this-cancer-treatment-side-effect.h00-159774078.html

  Mucositis is a disruption in the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract that causes inflammation. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as sores and ulcers in the mouth and throat. […] Mucositis can make it painful to chew or eat. Try to avoid foods that irritate your mouth or make your symptoms worse. These may include foods that are crunchy or spicy. […] How long your mucositis symptoms last depends on: the type of cancer treatment you’re getting, the dosage of your treatment and your overall health. […] Typically, mucositis symptoms begin a few days after chemotherapy treatment. Symptoms may take a week or longer to start after radiation therapy. […] The good news is that mucositis does not last forever. Symptoms typically go away and your body heals after cancer treatment is completed. This usually happens anywhere from one to about six weeks after your last treatment.

• #47 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: […] Mouth pain […] Mouth sores […] Infection […] Bleeding. With chemotherapy, mucositis heals by itself when there is no infection. Healing usually takes 2 to 4 weeks. Mucositis caused by radiation therapy usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, depending on how long you have radiation treatment.

• #48 Oral Mucositis: A Complication of Chemotherapy & Radiotherapy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-mucositis

  Some kinds of chemotherapy and radiation treatments can cause oral mucositis. […] About 40 percent of people undergoing regular cancer therapy will get oral mucositis. Up to 75 percent of people with high-dose chemotherapy and up to 90 percent of people getting both chemotherapy and radiation treatments may get this condition. […] Oral mucositis from chemotherapy or radiation treatment can last from 7 to 98 days. Variables such as the type of therapy and therapy frequency have an impact on oral mucositis symptoms, intensity, and length of time. […] After therapy is completed, sores from mucositis typically heal in two to four weeks. […] Oral mucositis can cause: pain, discomfort or burning, swelling, bleeding, a sore throat, sores on the mouth, tongue, and gums, a red or shiny mouth and gums, difficulty eating and tasting food, difficulty chewing, difficulty swallowing, difficulty talking, a bad taste in the mouth, thicker mucus and saliva, white patches or pus. […] A very serious case of oral mucositis is called confluent mucositis. Mucositis can lead to: mouth infection, a thick white coating in the mouth, dead tissue in some parts of the mouth, poor nutrition and weight loss.

• #49 Mucositis: causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.com.au/blog/post/treating-and-preventing-mucositis?srsltid=AfmBOopVaJjp3rWuDIiXvTT1pB8Mj_JqfoOWdkcbEdf5NZKeexS3yXNx

  Acute inflammation of the oral mucosa can feel slightly different for each person. However, there are four symptoms that are considered characteristic of oral mucositis. […] Pain and dry mouth can mean that people with mucositis can no longer swallow well. The dangerous thing about such a swallowing disorder – as with the taste disorder – is that those affected lose weight and consume too little fluid as a result. […] It is not generally possible to say how long those affected will suffer from the symptoms of mucositis. If cancer treatment is the cause of the inflammation, it can take up to eight weeks for the infection to disappear in individual cases. In uncomplicated cases, the disease heals on its own. However, it may also be necessary to use antibiotics, as described above.

• #50 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  An extreme case of the condition is called confluent mucositis. In a worst case, the mucous membrane of the patient’s entire mouth and tongue can be coated by a white mucus coating that is up to a millimeter thick. The combination of mucus, excess saliva and pain can make it difficult or even impossible to eat. […] Oral mucositis generally begins 5-10 days following the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts anywhere from one week to six weeks or more. Resolution (in the case of HCT) coincides with recovery of the white blood cell count, specifically when the absolute neutrophil count becomes greater than 500 cells/µL. In patients being treated for solid tumors, the duration of oral mucositis depends on the type, dose, and course of treatment. […] The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can: -Cause pain -Restrict oral intake -Act as a portal of entry for organisms -Contribute to interruption of therapy -Increase the use of antibiotics and narcotics -Increase the length of hospitalization -Increase the overall cost of treatment.

• #51 Mucositis: Symptoms and Coping Methods

  https://www.mesothelioma-aid.org/mucositis.htm

  Research also suggests that patients with head and neck cancer tend to be more prone to severe mucositis because the treatment is targeting these sensitive mucous linings and severe damage may be caused to those cells. […] Another consequence of this condition is taste loss. The amount of taste that is lost increases in proportion to the strength and aggressiveness of the chemotherapy treatment that the patient is receiving. […] Mucositis makes it very difficult to eat and may contribute to weight loss. […] The severity of it may be mild to severe and if left untreated it may become very serious. […] It takes approximately 7 to 14 days for the cells of the ulcerated mouth to heal. Ulceration may occur anywhere from three to ten days after chemotherapy. […] A patients main goal with mucositis is to stay clear of developing infections. The body already has a low white blood cell count due to the treatment they are receiving and healing takes considerably longer than it would in a healthy individual. […] The combination of low nutrition and low white blood counts means that the body is hindered in its ability to heal itself.

• #52 Mucositis | Mayo Clinic Connect

  https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mucositis/

  Until your WBC is back to at least low end of normal it will be hard for you to beat this mucositis. […] I suspect the short of breath and exhaustion is from the radiation. I wish I had a suggestion, but the truth is, you just have to let your body rest and heal. […] The second the WBC started going up, within a day, I was 90% better. It was dramatic. […] I know well the ravages of chemo but I’m not had radiation. […] I totally understand the fatigue. The simplest tasks do me in. […] I was so tired every step at the grocery store was like I had run a marathon, and I took a couple naps to get through a workday. […] It made a huge difference for me when my whole mouth and throat were filled with apthous ulcers.

• #53 Recognizing Early Symptoms of Oral Mucositis

  https://continentalhospitals.com/blog/recognizing-early-symptoms-of-oral-mucositis/

  Oral mucositis is a common yet serious side effect of cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It results in painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, leading to difficulty in eating, drinking, and speaking. […] Recognizing the early symptoms of oral mucositis is essential for timely intervention and better patient outcomes. […] The early signs of oral mucositis can often be subtle but should not be ignored. […] One of the first signs of oral mucositis is redness or inflammation in the mouth. This may initially appear as slight swelling or a reddish tint on the inner cheeks, gums, or tongue. […] Patients may begin to experience mild pain or a burning sensation in the mouth. This pain is often felt when consuming certain foods, especially spicy or acidic items.

• #54 Mucositis (Mouth Sores) & Oral Care Tip Sheet | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/gastrointestinal-side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-mouth-sores-oral-care-tip-sheet

  Mucositis is inflammation (swelling) of the lining of your mouth and throat. Mucositis can be a red, sore mouth and/or gums, or very painful open sores. These sores can make it hard for you to eat. […] Mucositis can cause pain, problems with nutrition and being unable to eat, and a higher chance of infection because of open sores. It can affect your quality of life. […] Signs and symptoms of mucositis are: Red, shiny, or swollen mouth and gums. Blood in the mouth. Sores in the mouth, on the gums, or tongue. Pain in the mouth or throat. Having a hard time swallowing or talking. Feeling dry in your mouth, mild burning, or pain when eating food. Soft, white-ish patches or pus in the mouth or on the tongue. More mucus or thicker saliva in the mouth. […] Dont ignore mouth sores! They can cause you to eat and drink less, can be a source of infection, and can cause pain and discomfort. Call your provider right away if you have one or more of these symptoms: Redness or shininess in the mouth that lasts for more than 48 hours. When you first notice any type of cut or sore in the mouth. Bleeding gums. Have pain or a hard time with eating or swallowing. Oral temperature above 100.4F (38.0C), chills, or sweats. Weight loss of 5 pounds or more since the mouth sores began.

• #55 Oral Mucositis | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/hnc-resources/managing-side-effects/oral-mucositis/

  If you begin to notice signs and symptoms of mucositis, talk to your medical team as soon as possible. If you’ve already seen your doctor for mucositis, let them know right away if your sores get worse, if you develop white patches or pus in your mouth, or if you develop a fever higher than 100.4 degrees. These could be signs of a serious complication.

• #56 Mucositis (Mouth Sores) & Oral Care Tip Sheet | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/gastrointestinal-side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-mouth-sores-oral-care-tip-sheet

  Mucositis is inflammation (swelling) of the lining of your mouth and throat. Mucositis can be a red, sore mouth and/or gums, or very painful open sores. These sores can make it hard for you to eat. […] Mucositis can cause pain, problems with nutrition and being unable to eat, and a higher chance of infection because of open sores. It can affect your quality of life. […] Signs and symptoms of mucositis are: Red, shiny, or swollen mouth and gums. Blood in the mouth. Sores in the mouth, on the gums, or tongue. Pain in the mouth or throat. Having a hard time swallowing or talking. Feeling dry in your mouth, mild burning, or pain when eating food. Soft, white-ish patches or pus in the mouth or on the tongue. More mucus or thicker saliva in the mouth. […] Dont ignore mouth sores! They can cause you to eat and drink less, can be a source of infection, and can cause pain and discomfort. Call your provider right away if you have one or more of these symptoms: Redness or shininess in the mouth that lasts for more than 48 hours. When you first notice any type of cut or sore in the mouth. Bleeding gums. Have pain or a hard time with eating or swallowing. Oral temperature above 100.4F (38.0C), chills, or sweats. Weight loss of 5 pounds or more since the mouth sores began.

• #57 Mucositis After Head/Neck Cancer Treatment More Prevalent Than Previously Known, Roswell Park Study Shows | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/newsroom/202310-mucositis-after-headneck-cancer-treatment-more-prevalent-previously-known-roswell

  Most head/neck cancer patients experience this side effect associated with poor quality of life, worse outcomes. Nearly all patients treated for head/neck cancer will experience mucositis. Oral mucositis, a condition marked by inflammation after treatment for head and neck cancer, causes painful ulcers and bleeding of the mucosal tissue, often leading to difficulty talking, eating and swallowing. The condition can affect the patients quality of life profoundly, leading to weight loss, placement of a feeding tube, longer and more frequent hospitalization, increased use of opiates to relieve pain and financial difficulties due to additional treatment costs. We know that mucositis following chemoradiation is one of the major drivers of poor outcomes in patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancers. Mucositis is often tied to more hospitalizations, treatment disruptions and other factors that are associated with worse treatment outcomes and worse quality of life. During the course of treatment, nearly all patients 568 out of 576 (98.6%) reported some degree of mouth and throat soreness. Of those, 360 (62.5%) experienced severe symptoms and were twice as likely as the others to be hospitalized (13.9% vs. 25.0%), typically to treat dehydration or malnourishment, or for pain control. More than half of all patients (56.8%) said they had moderate or severe difficulty swallowing; 69.4% reported moderate or severe difficulty eating; and 48.6%, moderate or severe difficulty drinking. Because mucositis can be difficult to spot by visual examination of the treatment area, the Roswell Park team used a validated survey for patients to self-report mouth and throat soreness on a weekly basis, to help identify the problem earlier and make it possible to intervene in time to reduce the severity of symptoms. Symptoms were addressed promptly for example, by increasing fluid intake and that strategy cut the hospitalization rate in half.

• #58 Mucositis treatments | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mucositis/mucositis-treatments/

  It’s important to know there are medicines and other treatments that can lower the risk of getting mucositis, and help with the symptoms if you get any after blood cancer treatment. […] Oral mucositis can be very painful, so your healthcare team will usually offer you painkillers. […] Try to be clear with your healthcare team about your symptoms and the amount of pain youre feeling, so they can give you the right care. […] Your treatment for GI mucositis will depend on your symptoms and how severe they are. […] Symptoms of GI mucositis can be upsetting and hard to talk about, but do tell your healthcare team about your symptoms so that they can treat them.

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