Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses). […] It is important that cancer patients be on the lookout for signs of mucositis, which should be treated as soon as possible once diagnosed. The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can:

• #2 Mucositis Relief – StellaLife Icon For Play

  https://stellalife.com/pages/mucositis-relief?srsltid=AfmBOorBcmmAh6WXRWq1C6VyavTUffKNt-fi1O1VgkDMCQDaC1-LaktL

  Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. Mucosal tissue, also known as mucosa or the mucous membrane, lines all body passages that communicate with the air, such as the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and have cells and associated glands that secrete mucus. The part of this lining that covers the mouth, called the oral mucosa, is one of the most sensitive parts of the body and is particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The oral cavity is the most common location for mucositis. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses).

• #3 Mucositis Relief – StellaLife Icon For Play

  https://stellalife.com/pages/mucositis-relief?srsltid=AfmBOorBcmmAh6WXRWq1C6VyavTUffKNt-fi1O1VgkDMCQDaC1-LaktL

  Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. Mucosal tissue, also known as mucosa or the mucous membrane, lines all body passages that communicate with the air, such as the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and have cells and associated glands that secrete mucus. The part of this lining that covers the mouth, called the oral mucosa, is one of the most sensitive parts of the body and is particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The oral cavity is the most common location for mucositis. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses).

• #4 Mucositis | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/clinical-tools/pep/mucositis

  Mucositis is an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. […] ONS PEP resources focus on oral mucositis, which is estimated to occur in about 40% of patients secondary to chemotherapy and almost 100% of those receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. Oral mucositis is a dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, with more than one-third of patients discontinuing treatment because of the condition. Oral mucositis can be costly as well, necessitating hospitalization in 62% and tube feedings in 70% of patients with this symptom. Approximately 80% of those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will experience some level of oral mucositis. […] Interventions for mucositis with immunotherapeutic agents have not been studied; however, good oral hygiene and use of a consistent oral care protocol have been recommended for prophylaxis.

• #5 Mucositis | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/clinical-tools/pep/mucositis

  Mucositis is an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. […] ONS PEP resources focus on oral mucositis, which is estimated to occur in about 40% of patients secondary to chemotherapy and almost 100% of those receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. Oral mucositis is a dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, with more than one-third of patients discontinuing treatment because of the condition. Oral mucositis can be costly as well, necessitating hospitalization in 62% and tube feedings in 70% of patients with this symptom. Approximately 80% of those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will experience some level of oral mucositis. […] Interventions for mucositis with immunotherapeutic agents have not been studied; however, good oral hygiene and use of a consistent oral care protocol have been recommended for prophylaxis.

• #6 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. Follow your health care provider’s instructions on how to care for your mouth. Use the information below as a reminder. […] When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #7 Oral mucositis – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/oral-mucositis-self-care

  When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #8 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  Mucositis occurs when cancer treatments break down the rapidly divided epithelial cells lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ulceration and infection. Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. It has a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can be dose-limiting (i.e., requiring a reduction in subsequent chemotherapy doses). […] It is important that cancer patients be on the lookout for signs of mucositis, which should be treated as soon as possible once diagnosed. The consequences of mucositis can be mild, requiring little intervention, but they can also be severe–such as hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition–and even result in fatality. Oral mucositis can:

• #9 Mucositis | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/clinical-tools/pep/mucositis

  Mucositis is an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. […] ONS PEP resources focus on oral mucositis, which is estimated to occur in about 40% of patients secondary to chemotherapy and almost 100% of those receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. Oral mucositis is a dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, with more than one-third of patients discontinuing treatment because of the condition. Oral mucositis can be costly as well, necessitating hospitalization in 62% and tube feedings in 70% of patients with this symptom. Approximately 80% of those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will experience some level of oral mucositis. […] Interventions for mucositis with immunotherapeutic agents have not been studied; however, good oral hygiene and use of a consistent oral care protocol have been recommended for prophylaxis.

• #10 FF #130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/oral-mucositis-prevention-and-treatment/

  Fast Fact Number: 130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment […] Introduction Radiation- and chemotherapy-induced mucositis cause pain, difficulty swallowing, and decreased oral intake. […] Risk factors The first step to preventing mucositis is to identify patients at risk of developing it. […] Prevention There are many prevention schemas to consider for patients at risk of developing mucositis, but unfortunately, there is no gold standard protocol. […] Oral care: At least two weeks prior to the start of radiation to the head and neck region, or the use of chemotherapy that is expected to cause severe and prolonged neutropenia (e.g., for acute leukemia), patients should undergo a thorough oral/dental exam with appropriate dental extraction and repair or removal of dental prostheses.

• #11 Mucositis Relief – StellaLife Icon For Play

  https://stellalife.com/pages/mucositis-relief?srsltid=AfmBOorBcmmAh6WXRWq1C6VyavTUffKNt-fi1O1VgkDMCQDaC1-LaktL

  The majority of oral cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in combination with radiation will experience at least some degree of mucositis. When caused by chemotherapy, mucositis is usually due to the low white blood cell count; when caused by radiation, mucositis is usually due to the necrotic and inflammatory effect of radiation energy on oral mucosa. […] People who undergo oncology treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, have a high risk of developing mucositis. If you develop mucositis or it worsens, you may need to increase brushing (with the softest toothbrush possible) to every 4 hours and at bedtime. This will help keep the mouth moisturized and help prevent any infections. It is important to brush and floss very gently. You will want to rinse your mouth frequently with a gentle antiseptic mouth rinse. StellaLife® VEGA® Oral Care Recovery Kit can help temporarily relieve symptoms associated with the effects of mucositis.

• #12 Oral mucositis: the hidden side of cancer therapy | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-020-01715-7

  Inflammation response of epithelial mucosa to chemo- radiotherapy cytotoxic effects leads to mucositis, a painful side effect of antineoplastic treatments. […] About 40% of the patients treated with chemotherapy develop mucositis; this percentage rises to about 90% for head and neck cancer patients (HNC) treated with both chemo- and radiotherapy. […] Mucositis affects all gastro-intestinal tract and oral cavity inducing patient pain, inability to eat, weight loss and local infection. […] Furthermore, patients affected by a high-grade mucositis have to reduce chemotherapy regimen with delayed cancer treatment and worse prognosis. […] Mucositis development leans not only on anticancer regimen, doses and number of cycles, but, also, on patients characteristics. […] In general old age, female gender, high bodyweight, a reduced clearance of drugs and genetic susceptibility are mucositis-related development risk factors.

• #13 Oral mucositis: the hidden side of cancer therapy | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-020-01715-7

  Mucositis epidemiological data are still underestimated and contradictory. […] Currently, there are different scales to grade mucositis, whose parameters vary among them. […] Clinical manifestations of mucositis are appreciable at the fourth stage of the inflammation process, the ulceration phase. […] Patients complain of pain and may need caregivers management. […] Mucositis is an acute event that mostly self-resolves as the anticancer treatment ends. […] The risk to develop mucositis rises when chemotherapy is associated to radiotherapy. […] Mucositis incidence and its severity depend on chemotherapy regimen, doses and treatment timing. […] The role of irinotecan treatment in GIM development has been extensively studied so far. […] Mucositis-associated pain severely affects patient quality of life.

• #14 Nursing care approaches to oral mucositis in pediatric oncology clinics: a cross-sectional study from Türkiye | Supportive Care in Cancer

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-023-08030-9

  It is important to determine the approaches for oral mucositis (OM) care in pediatric oncology clinics to reflect the profile of practices. The aim of this study was to report on current nursing care approaches for OM in Türkiye. […] Oral assessment of children was mainly conducted by nurses (95.1%), and 53.7% of clinics used the WHO Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale. To prevent OM, oral care routines were performed twice a day (36.6%) using sodium bicarbonate (61%) and 0.9% sodium chloride (26.8%) agents. For oral mucositis management, pharmacological agents included glutamine (oral) (51.2%), chlorhexidine (43.9%), and benzydamine hydrochloride (36.6%), while non-pharmacological agents included black mulberry syrup (41.5%), honey (19.8%), and chewing gum (9.8%). Chlorhexidine and benzydamine hydrochloride were used for all mucositis grades, while glutamine was frequently used for grades 2 and above.

• #15 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  OM symptoms and features should be managed by nurses with appropriate skills and competencies. […] Developing advanced competencies in OM management in terms of early intervention and symptom control can add value for transplant team nurses in their daily practice. […] Before hospitalization for HSCT and routinely afterward, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should be informed about the risk of developing OM, its features, and associated complications. […] The educational program should include methods for promoting oral hygiene and comfort, pain control, and dietary suggestions to maintain adequate oral intake of nutrients and water. […] The implementation of all oral care, prevention, and treatment strategies must start by an effective assessment plan. […] Patients’ mouths should be assessed using validated tools by specifically trained nurses or other healthcare professionals.

• #16 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  A systematic evaluation of the oral cavity should be performed on all patients undergoing HSCT during and after their hospital stay. […] Monitoring of a patient’s oral condition during the hospital stay for HSCT should be frequent (at least daily) and scheduled based on the patient’s clinical condition, time of OM onset and features, and any patient-reported symptoms. […] The adoption of correct oral hygiene strategies and the implementation of standardized oral care protocols are fundamental to support all patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy. […] This makes it possible to control the mouth microbial population, to limit the pathogenic bacterial species growth, and to prevent oral infection and/or systemic bacterial translocation as well as to reduce the risk of developing gingival or mucosal lesions.

• #17 Understanding oral mucositis and the role of the nurse | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cancer/understanding-oral-mucositis-and-the-role-of-the-nurse-02-12-2022/

  Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful inflammation of the lining of the mouth and throat (oral mucosa) and is one of the most common complications of radiation and chemotherapy cancer treatments. […] It is extremely painful and debilitating for patients and has a serious impact on their quality of life (Shetty et al, 2022; Singh and Singh, 2020). […] Nurses have a critical role in all aspects of managing OM, including assessment, teaching oral care, administering pharmacologic interventions, and helping patients cope with symptom distress (Harris et al, 2008). […] Nurses have a number of responsibilities in managing OM: Effective assessment and monitoring of the oral cavity and symptoms; disease management, focusing on ensuring availability of appropriate intervention for patients; and oral care education.

• #18 Understanding Oral Mucositis and the Role of the Nurse – GelX

  https://gelxuk.com/resource/understanding-oral-mucositis-and-the-role-of-the-nurse/

  Oral mucositis is a painful inflammation of the lining of the mouth and throat (oral mucosa) and is one of the most common complications of radiation and chemotherapy cancer treatments. It is extremely painful and debilitating for patients and has a serious impact on their Quality of Life. […] Nurses have a critical role in all aspects of managing OM, including assessment, teaching oral care, administering pharmacologic interventions, and helping patients cope with symptom distress. […] Nurses should also be involved in the development and implementation of standardised clinical practice guidelines. […] There are certain universally accepted indications for oral care interventions, which include: Promoting patient compliance with oral care regimens, Regular assessment of the oral cavity, Patient education, Comfort measures, Initiating therapeutic interventions.

• #19 Understanding oral mucositis and the role of the nurse | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cancer/understanding-oral-mucositis-and-the-role-of-the-nurse-02-12-2022/

  Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful inflammation of the lining of the mouth and throat (oral mucosa) and is one of the most common complications of radiation and chemotherapy cancer treatments. […] It is extremely painful and debilitating for patients and has a serious impact on their quality of life (Shetty et al, 2022; Singh and Singh, 2020). […] Nurses have a critical role in all aspects of managing OM, including assessment, teaching oral care, administering pharmacologic interventions, and helping patients cope with symptom distress (Harris et al, 2008). […] Nurses have a number of responsibilities in managing OM: Effective assessment and monitoring of the oral cavity and symptoms; disease management, focusing on ensuring availability of appropriate intervention for patients; and oral care education.

• #20 SciELO Brazil – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/zGJBzkHMXzhpnjWjQsRq7pR/

  In their activities, the nurses have responsibilities and conducts towards oral mucositis, such as systematic action to monitor the oral cavity and mucositis symptoms, evidence-based nursing intervention planning, always appropriate to the place of their care practice and considering each patient’s individual characteristics and needs.

• #21 SciELO Brazil – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/zGJBzkHMXzhpnjWjQsRq7pR/

  The aim was to develop a nursing care protocol for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis at an outpatient clinic of a High Complexity Center in Oncology. […] Care was related to oral hygiene, mouth rinse, cryotherapy, laser therapy and interventions related to the nutritional scope. […] The implementation of this care protocol has standardized the care strategies. […] Therefore, appropriate multiprofessional intervention is needed, and this group of professionals includes nurses. […] The protocol is a proposal to standardize procedures, which the health professionals can elaborate to guide their practice. […] The use of the protocol is expected to be able to contribute to the reduction and prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucosites in the study context.

• #22 SciELO Brazil – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MUCOSITIS AT AN ONCOLOGY OUTPATIENT CLINIC: A COLLECTIVE CONSTRUCTION

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/zGJBzkHMXzhpnjWjQsRq7pR/

  The aim was to develop a nursing care protocol for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis at an outpatient clinic of a High Complexity Center in Oncology. […] Care was related to oral hygiene, mouth rinse, cryotherapy, laser therapy and interventions related to the nutritional scope. […] The implementation of this care protocol has standardized the care strategies. […] Therefore, appropriate multiprofessional intervention is needed, and this group of professionals includes nurses. […] The protocol is a proposal to standardize procedures, which the health professionals can elaborate to guide their practice. […] The use of the protocol is expected to be able to contribute to the reduction and prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucosites in the study context.

• #23 Oral Care Protocol May Prevent Oral Mucositis

  https://www.theoncologynurse.com/issue-archive/2010-issues/june-vol-3-no-4/ton-588

  Careful attention to a set of oral care measures may help patients avoid chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, according to new research. […] Results showed that a protocol that provides specific instructions on the various components of oral care can reduce the incidence and severity of mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy. […] Hester developed an oral care protocol, and she and her colleagues evaluated its effectiveness in patients receiving standard doses of chemo therapeutic agents known to cause oral mucositis. […] With the oral care protocol, patients were given the following instructions. […] Results showed that patients in the intervention group were significantly more likely to brush their teeth twice daily, to rinse at least three times daily, and to rinse with saline rather than harsh commercial rinses than those in the usual care group.

• #24 Oral Care Protocol May Prevent Oral Mucositis

  https://www.theoncologynurse.com/issue-archive/2010-issues/june-vol-3-no-4/ton-588

  Overall, 4% of patients in the intervention group developed oral mucositis compared with 38% of patients in the control group. […] Current clinical practice guidelines tell patients to use bland rinses, brush their teeth frequently, to floss, and so on but do not specify how often to brush, what kind of bland rinses to use, how much salt or baking soda they should use in the rinse, and a way to escalate if they have mouth sores. […] We believe that this protocol is something specific that nurses can easily teach and that patients can easily follow. […] It doesn’t cost them anything. […] Future research should aim to examine how normal saline mouthwash compares with commercial rinses in preventing mucositis.

• #25 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-impaired-oral-mucous-membranes/

  Below is a nursing care plan with diagnosis and nursing interventions/goals for patients with impaired oral mucous membranes. […] This care plan is listed to give an example of how a Nurse (LPN or RN) may plan to treat a patient with those conditions. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired oral mucous membrane related to drying effect of prolonged use of steroids as evidence by patient has dry mucous membranes, red tongue with some leukoplakia and reports taking Prednisone. […] Nursing Outcomes: -The patient will report less discomfort in her mouth while eating or drinking within in 24 hours. -The patient’s mucous membranes will appear moist and pink with 48 hours. -The patient’s mucous membranes will be free from harmful plaque to prevent secondary infection throughout hospital stay. -The patient will demonstrate proper oral hygiene by discharge. -The patient will verbalize 3 ways on how to relieve dry mouth by discharge.

• #26 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-impaired-oral-mucous-membranes/

  Nursing Interventions: -The nurse will assess the patients mouth discomfort every shift until patient reports less discomfort in her mouth. -The nurse will educate the patient about avoiding, mouthwashes with high alcohol content, lemon swabs or prolonged use of hydrogen peroxide. -The nurse will encourage the patient to rinse mouth with saline solution every 2 hours. -The nurse will encourage the patient to suck on sugar-free candies every 2-3 hours to help with dry mouth. -The nurse will educate the patient on how to provide proper mouth care. -The nurse will assess the patient mucous membranes every shift for integrity. -The nurse will educate the patient on 3 ways on how to relieve dry mouth by discharge.

• #27 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  OM symptoms and features should be managed by nurses with appropriate skills and competencies. […] Developing advanced competencies in OM management in terms of early intervention and symptom control can add value for transplant team nurses in their daily practice. […] Before hospitalization for HSCT and routinely afterward, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should be informed about the risk of developing OM, its features, and associated complications. […] The educational program should include methods for promoting oral hygiene and comfort, pain control, and dietary suggestions to maintain adequate oral intake of nutrients and water. […] The implementation of all oral care, prevention, and treatment strategies must start by an effective assessment plan. […] Patients’ mouths should be assessed using validated tools by specifically trained nurses or other healthcare professionals.

• #28 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  OM symptoms and features should be managed by nurses with appropriate skills and competencies. […] Developing advanced competencies in OM management in terms of early intervention and symptom control can add value for transplant team nurses in their daily practice. […] Before hospitalization for HSCT and routinely afterward, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should be informed about the risk of developing OM, its features, and associated complications. […] The educational program should include methods for promoting oral hygiene and comfort, pain control, and dietary suggestions to maintain adequate oral intake of nutrients and water. […] The implementation of all oral care, prevention, and treatment strategies must start by an effective assessment plan. […] Patients’ mouths should be assessed using validated tools by specifically trained nurses or other healthcare professionals.

• #29 Mucositis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/mucositis/

  You may not be able to stop mucositis from occurring, but there are steps you can take before beginning radiation or chemotherapy treatment to help alleviate its side effects and symptoms. The first step is to see if your doctor can recommend a dentist who deals with cancer patients. […] It is known that a good oral care regimen can help prevent or decrease the severity of mucositis and, just as important, help prevent the development of infection through open mouth sores. […] Oral cancer patients receiving radiation therapy should examine their mouths at least once a day for redness, sores, or signs of infection. The healthcare team should be notified if you notice worsening sores, white patches, pus, a “hairy” or thick feeling tongue, bleeding in the mouth, or development of a fever (temperature greater than 100.4).

• #30 Mucositis Relief – StellaLife Icon For Play

  https://stellalife.com/pages/mucositis-relief?srsltid=AfmBOorBcmmAh6WXRWq1C6VyavTUffKNt-fi1O1VgkDMCQDaC1-LaktL

  Oral cancer patients receiving radiation therapy should examine their mouths at least once a day for redness, sores, or signs of infection. The healthcare team should be notified if you notice worsening sores, white patches, pus, a “hairy” or thick feeling tongue, bleeding in the mouth, or development of a fever (temperature greater than 100.4).

• #31 FF #130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/oral-mucositis-prevention-and-treatment/

  Fast Fact Number: 130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment […] Introduction Radiation- and chemotherapy-induced mucositis cause pain, difficulty swallowing, and decreased oral intake. […] Risk factors The first step to preventing mucositis is to identify patients at risk of developing it. […] Prevention There are many prevention schemas to consider for patients at risk of developing mucositis, but unfortunately, there is no gold standard protocol. […] Oral care: At least two weeks prior to the start of radiation to the head and neck region, or the use of chemotherapy that is expected to cause severe and prolonged neutropenia (e.g., for acute leukemia), patients should undergo a thorough oral/dental exam with appropriate dental extraction and repair or removal of dental prostheses.

• #32 Give patients more than lip service: Manage oral mucositis with evidence-based interventions

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/give-patients-more-than-lip-service-manage-oral-mucositis-with-evidence-based-interventions/

  The most widely recognized side effects of cancer treatment are hair loss and nausea, but 40% of patients also experience oral mucositis, an inflammatory and potentially ulcerative process in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. The condition can impair patients’ ability to eat, swallow, and talk, and it can lead to pain, malnutrition, bleeding, and local and systemic infection. […] Oral care is the best way to maintain oral health, integrity, and function. Although oral care protocols have not been demonstrated to prevent oral mucositis, they can minimize it, reduce microbial flora, decrease pain and bleeding, and prevent infection and dental complications. […] Nursing assessment and patient education will help alleviate the common and distressing symptom of oral mucositis. More research is needed to examine effective interventions, but healthcare professionals can rely on oral care protocols to maintain patients’ functional status and quality of life.

• #33 Prevention and Management of Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: a Review Article – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209575/

  As there is no universally accepted medical or hygienic solution for prevention of mucositis, treatment of the problems experienced by patients with mucositis is an area for nursing intervention. Three important areas of focus include: treatment of pain, dryness, and ulcerations. […] Its worthy of mention, regarding that mucositis is unavoidable in patients after chemo/radiation therapy, it is advisable to improve quality of life and decrease the severity of complications with timely nursing care and palliative medicines.

• #34 Prevention and Management of Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: a Review Article – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209575/

  After chemo/radiation therapy, mucositis is one of the most common side effects, so timely nursing care and instructed home care, significantly could decrease cost of medical care, and then increase quality of life. […] Regardless of selected treatment, meticulous oral hygiene is essential for OM control. […] Recommendations for oral care include: Collaborate with a multidisciplinary team in all phases of treatment. Brush all tooth surfaces for at least 90 seconds, at least twice daily by a soft toothbrush. Allow toothbrushes to air dry before storing. Floss at least once daily or as advised by clinician. Rinse mouth four times daily with a bland rinse. Avoid tobacco, alcohol, irritating foods (acidic, hot, rough, and spicy). Use water-based moisturizers to protect lips. Maintain adequate hydration. Provide written instruction and training for patients about the above items. Verify understanding with return explanation and demonstration.

• #35 Give patients more than lip service: Manage oral mucositis with evidence-based interventions

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/give-patients-more-than-lip-service-manage-oral-mucositis-with-evidence-based-interventions/

  The most widely recognized side effects of cancer treatment are hair loss and nausea, but 40% of patients also experience oral mucositis, an inflammatory and potentially ulcerative process in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. The condition can impair patients’ ability to eat, swallow, and talk, and it can lead to pain, malnutrition, bleeding, and local and systemic infection. […] Oral care is the best way to maintain oral health, integrity, and function. Although oral care protocols have not been demonstrated to prevent oral mucositis, they can minimize it, reduce microbial flora, decrease pain and bleeding, and prevent infection and dental complications. […] Nursing assessment and patient education will help alleviate the common and distressing symptom of oral mucositis. More research is needed to examine effective interventions, but healthcare professionals can rely on oral care protocols to maintain patients’ functional status and quality of life.

• #36 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. Follow your health care provider’s instructions on how to care for your mouth. Use the information below as a reminder. […] When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #37 Oral mucositis – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/oral-mucositis-self-care

  When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #38 Oncology nursing practices in the management of chemotherapy-related oral mucositis in accordance with evidence-based guidelines: a descriptive and cross-sectional study | Supportive Care in Cancer

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-022-07361-3

  This study aimed to explore the practices of oncology nurses in the management of chemotherapy-related oral mucositis (OM) by MASCC/ISOO guidelines. […] The mean age of the nurses was 29.05 ± 7.40, the majority (90.4%) of them were female and 76.4% of them have a Bachelor’s degree. More of the nurses (59.9%) had a written protocol for managing OM in their institutions, 38.9% of them used the MASCC/ISOO guideline, and 63.0% of them used an OM assessment scale. […] Most of the nurses (99.4%) recommended mouthwash to patients and 65.6% of them recommended mouthwash four times and more a day. […] It was determined that there were deficiencies in the implementation of written protocols for OM and the use of guidelines, and there were differences between the frequency of oral care, oral care products, and the practices of nurses in the prevention and treatment of OM.

• #39 FF #130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/oral-mucositis-prevention-and-treatment/

  Over-the-counter supplements: Ice chip therapy (patient holds ice chips in their mouth 30 minutes prior to an infusion of a cytotoxic chemotherapy) may reduce the incidence of severe chemotherapy-induced mucositis. […] Radiation therapy technique: Advanced radiotherapy techniques such as 3D-conformal therapy and intensity modulated therapy decrease radiation toxicity by limiting doses to the normal oral mucosa. […] Prophylactic feeding tube placement: for patients with severe pain brought on by oral intake, gastric feeding tube placement may be considered to prevent mucositis pain. […] Treatment of mucositis: This is covered in more detail in Fast Fact #450, particularly the role of opioids (topical and systemic) and other systemic non-opioid analgesics. […] Local anesthetics and topical agents: Liquid lidocaine and diphenhydramine are routinely used to relieve pain. […] Low-energy laser therapy: Some studies have shown pain relief with the use of low power laser therapy delivered in a fractionated course three times a week.

• #40 Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7960907/

  Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search […] Patients with cancer receiving tumor therapy often suffer from oral mucositis. […] The aim of this project was to summarize experiences with nursing procedures by experts in integrative oncology and to establish recommendations for nursing interventions that can prevent or cure mucositis. […] The panel discussed and agreed on 19 nursing procedures, which included mouthwashes, such as teas, supplements, oil applications, and different kinds of ice cubes to suck, as well as flaxseed solution, propolis, and mare milk. […] The current evidence supports the use of some nursing procedures (f.e. propolis for 2 and 3 grade mucositis) for improving oral mucositis during cancer therapies. […] Integrative oncology approach requires a multidisciplinary team work including all necessary health professionals such as physicians, nurses, and psychologists. […] Especially nurses play a key role in the care of oral mucositis within this team. […] Therefore, we first needed to identify which integrative oncology strategies different hospitals regularly apply for the prevention or therapy of radio- or chemotherapy-associated mucositis, how these methods are integrated and applied, and whether they are effective and safe. […] The expert panel established basic safety advice for all nursing procedures: high-quality products should be used, and allergies or a version of taste or smell need to be considered. […] From experts’ opinion, the following nursing procedures were classified as high effective (CE4) for prevention of oral mucositis: sea buckthorn pulp oil, marshmallow root tea, OraLife gel and mouthwash (AgainLife), and propolis. […] Sea buckthorn pulp oil, OraLife gel, and propolis were also classified as high effective (CE4) for the treatment of oral mucositis. […] Although research is rare, from experts’ opinion, some nursing procedures (propolis for grades 2 and 3 mucositis, cryotherapy for all grades of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and also as a prophylaxis, oil applications and industrial herb preparations for prevention of mucositis) are promising for improving oral mucositis in cancer patients.

• #41 FF #130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/oral-mucositis-prevention-and-treatment/

  Over-the-counter supplements: Ice chip therapy (patient holds ice chips in their mouth 30 minutes prior to an infusion of a cytotoxic chemotherapy) may reduce the incidence of severe chemotherapy-induced mucositis. […] Radiation therapy technique: Advanced radiotherapy techniques such as 3D-conformal therapy and intensity modulated therapy decrease radiation toxicity by limiting doses to the normal oral mucosa. […] Prophylactic feeding tube placement: for patients with severe pain brought on by oral intake, gastric feeding tube placement may be considered to prevent mucositis pain. […] Treatment of mucositis: This is covered in more detail in Fast Fact #450, particularly the role of opioids (topical and systemic) and other systemic non-opioid analgesics. […] Local anesthetics and topical agents: Liquid lidocaine and diphenhydramine are routinely used to relieve pain. […] Low-energy laser therapy: Some studies have shown pain relief with the use of low power laser therapy delivered in a fractionated course three times a week.

• #42 FF #130 Oral Mucositis: Prevention and Treatment | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/oral-mucositis-prevention-and-treatment/

  Over-the-counter supplements: Ice chip therapy (patient holds ice chips in their mouth 30 minutes prior to an infusion of a cytotoxic chemotherapy) may reduce the incidence of severe chemotherapy-induced mucositis. […] Radiation therapy technique: Advanced radiotherapy techniques such as 3D-conformal therapy and intensity modulated therapy decrease radiation toxicity by limiting doses to the normal oral mucosa. […] Prophylactic feeding tube placement: for patients with severe pain brought on by oral intake, gastric feeding tube placement may be considered to prevent mucositis pain. […] Treatment of mucositis: This is covered in more detail in Fast Fact #450, particularly the role of opioids (topical and systemic) and other systemic non-opioid analgesics. […] Local anesthetics and topical agents: Liquid lidocaine and diphenhydramine are routinely used to relieve pain. […] Low-energy laser therapy: Some studies have shown pain relief with the use of low power laser therapy delivered in a fractionated course three times a week.

• #43 Prevention and Management of Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: a Review Article – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209575/

  As there is no universally accepted medical or hygienic solution for prevention of mucositis, treatment of the problems experienced by patients with mucositis is an area for nursing intervention. Three important areas of focus include: treatment of pain, dryness, and ulcerations. […] Its worthy of mention, regarding that mucositis is unavoidable in patients after chemo/radiation therapy, it is advisable to improve quality of life and decrease the severity of complications with timely nursing care and palliative medicines.

• #44 Mucositis—Supportive Care During Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer | touchONCOLOGY

  https://touchoncology.com/head-and-neck-cancer/journal-articles/mucositis-supportive-care-during-radiotherapy-or-chemoradiotherapy-of-head-and-neck-cancer/

  Mucositis—Supportive Care During Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer […] Painful ulcers and sores and related dysphagia, thick saliva, taste impairment, and weight loss significantly affect the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation treatment with or without concomitant chemotherapy. […] The majority of patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck (HN) cancer will develop oral mucositis, which is a clinical syndrome characterized by erythema, ulcerations, and odynophagia. […] Mouth Hygiene and Preventive Dental Care Basic oral care protocols including daily topical fluoride, flossing, and frequent mouth rinses can be helpful for preventing and alleviating of mucositis. […] Pain is the main debilitating symptom of mucositis. Topical anesthetics, narcotics, and antidepressants could control it. […] Proper management of mucosal damage by prophylactic (maintaining of mouth hygiene and dental care) and active (pain management, dose reduction when possible, and nutritional care) steps can substantially improve treatment-related QOL.

• #45 Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-pdq

  Pain control helps improve the patient’s quality of life. […] Oral mucositis breaks down the lining of the mouth, which lets bacteria and viruses get into the blood. […] Regular dental treatments, including cleaning and polishing, should wait until the transplant patient’s immune system returns to normal. […] Careful brushing and flossing may help prevent infection of oral tissues.

• #46 FF #450 Multimodal Analgesic Strategies for Cancer-Related Oral Mucositis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/multimodal-analgesic-strategies-for-cancer-related-oral-mucositis/

  Opioid therapy: Short-acting (SA), full agonist opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone, and oxycodone are common initial agents. For patients exhibiting persistent pain despite regular doses of SA opioids, round-the-clock use of long-acting (LA) opioids should be considered. Difficulties with swallowing intact pills make LA formulations of oxycodone or morphine problematic. Therefore, LA opioids which can be given as a transdermal patch (e.g., fentanyl, buprenorphine) or as a crushed pill or solution (e.g., methadone) are often prescribed. […] Topical agents: Topical opioids present a potentially safer analgesic approach, given their limited risk of systemic absorption. Topical dexamethasone (e.g., 2.5 mg) and even honey may also have a role in prevention and treatment of mucositis per small, controlled studies. Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant that, when used as a mouthwash or oral rinse, has been shown to decrease mucositis pain compared to placebo.

• #47 FF #450 Multimodal Analgesic Strategies for Cancer-Related Oral Mucositis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/multimodal-analgesic-strategies-for-cancer-related-oral-mucositis/

  NSAIDs or acetaminophen are adjuvant analgesic options for mucositis pain if there are no contraindications. Low-energy laser therapy: Recent MASCC/ISOO guides support using low-energy laser therapy, or photobiomodulation, in preventing oral mucositis from stem cell transplantation and radiation for HNC treatment.

• #48 Oral mucositis – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000047.htm

  Oral mucositis is tissue swelling and irritation in the mouth. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause mucositis. Follow your health care provider’s instructions on how to care for your mouth. Use the information below as a reminder. […] When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #49 Oral mucositis – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/oral-mucositis-self-care

  When you have mucositis, you may have symptoms such as: Mouth pain, Mouth sores, Infection, Bleeding. […] Take good care of your mouth during cancer treatment. Not doing so can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause infection in your mouth, which can spread to other parts of your body. […] Rinse your mouth 5 or 6 times a day for 1 to 2 minutes each time. Use one of the following solutions when you rinse: 1 tsp (5 g) of salt in 4 c (1 L) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 8 ounces (oz) or 240 milliliters(ml) of water, 1 tsp (5 g) of salt and 1 tsp (5 g) of baking soda in 4 c (1 L) of water. […] Ask your provider about treatments you can use in your mouth, including: Bland rinses, Mucosal coating agents, Water-soluble lubricating agents, including artificial saliva, Pain medicine, „Magic mouthwash” (a mouthwash to help treat mouth sores, available with a prescription).

• #50 Nursing care approaches to oral mucositis in pediatric oncology clinics: a cross-sectional study from Türkiye | Supportive Care in Cancer

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-023-08030-9

  It is important to determine the approaches for oral mucositis (OM) care in pediatric oncology clinics to reflect the profile of practices. The aim of this study was to report on current nursing care approaches for OM in Türkiye. […] Oral assessment of children was mainly conducted by nurses (95.1%), and 53.7% of clinics used the WHO Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale. To prevent OM, oral care routines were performed twice a day (36.6%) using sodium bicarbonate (61%) and 0.9% sodium chloride (26.8%) agents. For oral mucositis management, pharmacological agents included glutamine (oral) (51.2%), chlorhexidine (43.9%), and benzydamine hydrochloride (36.6%), while non-pharmacological agents included black mulberry syrup (41.5%), honey (19.8%), and chewing gum (9.8%). Chlorhexidine and benzydamine hydrochloride were used for all mucositis grades, while glutamine was frequently used for grades 2 and above.

• #51 Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7960907/

  Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search […] Patients with cancer receiving tumor therapy often suffer from oral mucositis. […] The aim of this project was to summarize experiences with nursing procedures by experts in integrative oncology and to establish recommendations for nursing interventions that can prevent or cure mucositis. […] The panel discussed and agreed on 19 nursing procedures, which included mouthwashes, such as teas, supplements, oil applications, and different kinds of ice cubes to suck, as well as flaxseed solution, propolis, and mare milk. […] The current evidence supports the use of some nursing procedures (f.e. propolis for 2 and 3 grade mucositis) for improving oral mucositis during cancer therapies. […] Integrative oncology approach requires a multidisciplinary team work including all necessary health professionals such as physicians, nurses, and psychologists. […] Especially nurses play a key role in the care of oral mucositis within this team. […] Therefore, we first needed to identify which integrative oncology strategies different hospitals regularly apply for the prevention or therapy of radio- or chemotherapy-associated mucositis, how these methods are integrated and applied, and whether they are effective and safe. […] The expert panel established basic safety advice for all nursing procedures: high-quality products should be used, and allergies or a version of taste or smell need to be considered. […] From experts’ opinion, the following nursing procedures were classified as high effective (CE4) for prevention of oral mucositis: sea buckthorn pulp oil, marshmallow root tea, OraLife gel and mouthwash (AgainLife), and propolis. […] Sea buckthorn pulp oil, OraLife gel, and propolis were also classified as high effective (CE4) for the treatment of oral mucositis. […] Although research is rare, from experts’ opinion, some nursing procedures (propolis for grades 2 and 3 mucositis, cryotherapy for all grades of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and also as a prophylaxis, oil applications and industrial herb preparations for prevention of mucositis) are promising for improving oral mucositis in cancer patients.

• #52 Treatment Options for Cancer Patients Suffering from Oral Mucositis | Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1018

  More than 75% of those receiving chemotherapy will experience oral mucositis, which is a major problem for both patients and carers. […] Oral mucositis is characterised by the presence of ulcerative and erythematous lesions of the oral mucosa in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment to the oral cavity. […] Oral mucositis can be a major issue for cancer patients, since it may demand parenteral nourishment, might lead to infection, and causes the patient pain and discomfort. […] Pain is the major symptom of oral mucositis. This discomfort greatly impacts dietary intake, oral hygiene, and quality of life. Consequently, the control of mucositis discomfort is a crucial aspect of any mucositis therapeutic approach. […] Until recently, oral mucositis was mostly treated with palliative care; however, tailored treatment strategies are currently being explored. […] For the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis, a wide range of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments have been employed. […] Nutritional support is essential as pain associated with severe oral mucositis can significantly impair nutritional intake.

• #53 Oral Mucositis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – bluem®

  https://bluemcare.com/problems/oral-mucositis/?srsltid=AfmBOor7q0iYzWHqKNb9wsQkufSMNarHM2WZlGRuSCAalpUFxLzkmYzD

  Patients undergoing a chemotherapy often develop problems with their oral mucosa. The area can get inflamed and white or grey sores will develop as a result. This is another nasty side effect of chemotherapy. Infections can delay the healing process. Therefore it is important to try and avoid oral mucositis. If you already have oral mucositis it is important to soothe and take special care of your mouth. […] Oral mucositis is a known side-effect of chemotherapy. The treatment will be focused on reducing the complaints. There are a couple of things you can do to reduce the side-effects: […] Yes. Oral mucositis has a large pharmacoeconomic impact. It can cause weight loss, dehydration, malnutrition and an inability to eat or drink.

• #54 What is mucositis? 4 things to know about this cancer treatment side effect | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-mucositis–4-things-to-know-about-this-cancer-treatment-side-effect.h00-159774078.html

  Mucositis is a disruption in the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract that causes inflammation. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as sores and ulcers in the mouth and throat. […] Mucositis is a common side effect of cancer treatment, but it is treatable. […] When we treat mucositis, our goal is to relieve the symptoms. This often includes practicing good oral hygiene. Your doctor may recommend: […] Mucositis can make it painful to chew or eat. Try to avoid foods that irritate your mouth or make your symptoms worse. […] If you’re an MD Anderson patient, your doctor can refer you to a dietitian to help manage this side effect, so that you get the proper nutrition during treatment. […] Let your doctor know if treatment is not helping your symptoms. They can make adjustments to the treatment, so that you’re able to get some relief. […] The good news is that mucositis does not last forever. Symptoms typically go away and your body heals after cancer treatment is completed. This usually happens anywhere from one to about six weeks after your last treatment.

• #55 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  One of the worst experiences for patients undergoing stem cell transplant is oral mucositis, caused by the toxicity of the treatments. It is a very common complication that causes patients pain and discomfort, increases their risk of infection, and raises hospitalization costs. As nurses are largely involved in mucositis management, they need to develop the necessary knowledge and skills as well as the competencies to educate patients on how to minimize its effects. […] Key steps in caring for patients include assessing risk, proactive intervention, monitoring, and addressing related issues such as vomiting, dietary problems, and oral infections. This review aims to provide useful elements for managing oral mucositis that go beyond the recommendations and suggestions of international guidelines.

• #56 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1189108

  One of the worst experiences for patients undergoing stem cell transplant is oral mucositis, caused by the toxicity of the treatments. It is a very common complication that causes patients pain and discomfort, increases their risk of infection, and raises hospitalization costs. As nurses are largely involved in mucositis management, they need to develop the necessary knowledge and skills as well as the competencies to educate patients on how to minimize its effects. […] Key steps in caring for patients include assessing risk, proactive intervention, monitoring, and addressing related issues such as vomiting, dietary problems, and oral infections. This review aims to provide useful elements for managing oral mucositis that go beyond the recommendations and suggestions of international guidelines.

• #57 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  OM symptoms and features should be managed by nurses with appropriate skills and competencies. […] Developing advanced competencies in OM management in terms of early intervention and symptom control can add value for transplant team nurses in their daily practice. […] Before hospitalization for HSCT and routinely afterward, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should be informed about the risk of developing OM, its features, and associated complications. […] The educational program should include methods for promoting oral hygiene and comfort, pain control, and dietary suggestions to maintain adequate oral intake of nutrients and water. […] The implementation of all oral care, prevention, and treatment strategies must start by an effective assessment plan. […] Patients’ mouths should be assessed using validated tools by specifically trained nurses or other healthcare professionals.

• #58 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  OM symptoms and features should be managed by nurses with appropriate skills and competencies. […] Developing advanced competencies in OM management in terms of early intervention and symptom control can add value for transplant team nurses in their daily practice. […] Before hospitalization for HSCT and routinely afterward, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should be informed about the risk of developing OM, its features, and associated complications. […] The educational program should include methods for promoting oral hygiene and comfort, pain control, and dietary suggestions to maintain adequate oral intake of nutrients and water. […] The implementation of all oral care, prevention, and treatment strategies must start by an effective assessment plan. […] Patients’ mouths should be assessed using validated tools by specifically trained nurses or other healthcare professionals.

• #59 Fast Facts for the Frontline: Oral Care and Mucositis During Cancer Treatment

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/oral-care-and-mucositis-during-cancer-treatment

  Many anticancer therapies increase the risk of oral mucositis, leading to dose reduction or treatment delays. There are interventions that can help, and more are under study. […] Oncology nurses play a major role in alleviating some of this anxiety by providing education about management of possible side effects. […] One often overlooked topic deserves special attention: oral care. […] Severe pain associated with mucositis often results in decreased oral intake and malnutrition, leading to dose reduction or delays in treatment. […] Beginning oral care early and maintaining a routine throughout treatment can reduce the severity of mucositis and prevent associated complications from getting out of hand. […] Discussing oral care with patients before starting anticancer therapy is crucial.

• #60 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  A systematic evaluation of the oral cavity should be performed on all patients undergoing HSCT during and after their hospital stay. […] Monitoring of a patient’s oral condition during the hospital stay for HSCT should be frequent (at least daily) and scheduled based on the patient’s clinical condition, time of OM onset and features, and any patient-reported symptoms. […] The adoption of correct oral hygiene strategies and the implementation of standardized oral care protocols are fundamental to support all patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy. […] This makes it possible to control the mouth microbial population, to limit the pathogenic bacterial species growth, and to prevent oral infection and/or systemic bacterial translocation as well as to reduce the risk of developing gingival or mucosal lesions.

• #61 Mucositis From Cancer Treatment: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mucositis-from-cancer-treatment-care-instructions.ack5321

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You can’t drink fluids. You have new or worse pain. You have a fever. You have diarrhea. You have new or more blood in your stools. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have new or worse symptoms. Your diarrhea does not get better, or it happens more often.

• #62 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  To date, the literature does not provide any strong evidence that can be applied in all settings. […] The following recommendations for OM prevention and treatment are provided in the international guidelines. […] Managing OM in HSCT patients requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach based on up-to-date scientific evidence and advanced competencies. […] Continuous nurse training, patient and caregiver education, effective assessment and monitoring, and standardized oral hygiene protocols are still essential aspects to improve HSCT patients’ clinical outcomes, safety and comfort.

• #63 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1189108

  To date, the literature does not provide any strong evidence that can be applied in all settings. […] Preventive photobiomodulation by low-frequency oral laser applications is strongly recommended to prevent OM according to the protocols detailed in Table 3. […] Managing OM in HSCT patients requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach based on up-to-date scientific evidence and advanced competencies. […] Continuous nurse training, patient and caregiver education, effective assessment and monitoring, and standardized oral hygiene protocols are still essential aspects to improve HSCT patients’ clinical outcomes, safety and comfort.

• #64 Oral Mucositis Management and Care | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1189108

  To date, the literature does not provide any strong evidence that can be applied in all settings. […] The following recommendations for OM prevention and treatment are provided in the international guidelines. […] Managing OM in HSCT patients requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach based on up-to-date scientific evidence and advanced competencies. […] Continuous nurse training, patient and caregiver education, effective assessment and monitoring, and standardized oral hygiene protocols are still essential aspects to improve HSCT patients’ clinical outcomes, safety and comfort.

• #65 Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7960907/

  Nursing Procedures for the Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis Induced by Cancer Therapies: Clinical Practice Guideline Based on an Interdisciplinary Consensus Process and a Systematic Literature Search […] Patients with cancer receiving tumor therapy often suffer from oral mucositis. […] The aim of this project was to summarize experiences with nursing procedures by experts in integrative oncology and to establish recommendations for nursing interventions that can prevent or cure mucositis. […] The panel discussed and agreed on 19 nursing procedures, which included mouthwashes, such as teas, supplements, oil applications, and different kinds of ice cubes to suck, as well as flaxseed solution, propolis, and mare milk. […] The current evidence supports the use of some nursing procedures (f.e. propolis for 2 and 3 grade mucositis) for improving oral mucositis during cancer therapies. […] Integrative oncology approach requires a multidisciplinary team work including all necessary health professionals such as physicians, nurses, and psychologists. […] Especially nurses play a key role in the care of oral mucositis within this team. […] Therefore, we first needed to identify which integrative oncology strategies different hospitals regularly apply for the prevention or therapy of radio- or chemotherapy-associated mucositis, how these methods are integrated and applied, and whether they are effective and safe. […] The expert panel established basic safety advice for all nursing procedures: high-quality products should be used, and allergies or a version of taste or smell need to be considered. […] From experts’ opinion, the following nursing procedures were classified as high effective (CE4) for prevention of oral mucositis: sea buckthorn pulp oil, marshmallow root tea, OraLife gel and mouthwash (AgainLife), and propolis. […] Sea buckthorn pulp oil, OraLife gel, and propolis were also classified as high effective (CE4) for the treatment of oral mucositis. […] Although research is rare, from experts’ opinion, some nursing procedures (propolis for grades 2 and 3 mucositis, cryotherapy for all grades of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and also as a prophylaxis, oil applications and industrial herb preparations for prevention of mucositis) are promising for improving oral mucositis in cancer patients.

• #66 Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-pdq

  Oral complications are common in cancer patients, especially those with head and neck cancer. […] Preventing and controlling oral complications can help you continue cancer treatment and have a better quality of life. […] Patients receiving treatments that affect the head and neck should have their care planned by a team of doctors and specialists. […] The most common oral complications from cancer treatment include the following: Oral mucositis (inflamed mucous membranes in the mouth). […] Care of mucositis during chemotherapy and radiation therapy includes cleaning the mouth and relieving pain. […] Oral mucositis is an inflammation of mucous membranes in the mouth. […] Mucositis may cause the following problems: Pain. […] Treatment of mucositis caused by either radiation therapy or chemotherapy is about the same.

• #67 Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-pdq

  Oral complications are common in cancer patients, especially those with head and neck cancer. […] Preventing and controlling oral complications can help you continue cancer treatment and have a better quality of life. […] Patients receiving treatments that affect the head and neck should have their care planned by a team of doctors and specialists. […] The most common oral complications from cancer treatment include the following: Oral mucositis (inflamed mucous membranes in the mouth). […] Care of mucositis during chemotherapy and radiation therapy includes cleaning the mouth and relieving pain. […] Oral mucositis is an inflammation of mucous membranes in the mouth. […] Mucositis may cause the following problems: Pain. […] Treatment of mucositis caused by either radiation therapy or chemotherapy is about the same.

• #68 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Updated clinical practice guidelines for managing mucositis, a very common and often debilitating complication of cancer therapy, was recently published in the journal Cancer. Patients experiencing mucositis often require enteral or parenteral nutrition, consume more opioids, and experience more interruptions to cancer therapy than patients who do not experience mucositis. […] The new guidelines summary, which will provide healthcare professionals better tools to deliver care for cancer patients, is the result of extensive and meticulous literature review and clinical interpretation by the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology. […] Led by Sharon Elad, DMD MSc, professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center’s Eastman Institute for Oral Health, the Mucositis Study Group’s major goal is to improve outcomes of patients experiencing mucositis associated with cancer therapies.

• #69 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Updated clinical practice guidelines for managing mucositis, a very common and often debilitating complication of cancer therapy, was recently published in the journal Cancer. Patients experiencing mucositis often require enteral or parenteral nutrition, consume more opioids, and experience more interruptions to cancer therapy than patients who do not experience mucositis. […] The new guidelines summary, which will provide healthcare professionals better tools to deliver care for cancer patients, is the result of extensive and meticulous literature review and clinical interpretation by the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology. […] Led by Sharon Elad, DMD MSc, professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center’s Eastman Institute for Oral Health, the Mucositis Study Group’s major goal is to improve outcomes of patients experiencing mucositis associated with cancer therapies.

• #70 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Updated clinical practice guidelines for managing mucositis, a very common and often debilitating complication of cancer therapy, was recently published in the journal Cancer. Patients experiencing mucositis often require enteral or parenteral nutrition, consume more opioids, and experience more interruptions to cancer therapy than patients who do not experience mucositis. […] The new guidelines summary, which will provide healthcare professionals better tools to deliver care for cancer patients, is the result of extensive and meticulous literature review and clinical interpretation by the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology. […] Led by Sharon Elad, DMD MSc, professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center’s Eastman Institute for Oral Health, the Mucositis Study Group’s major goal is to improve outcomes of patients experiencing mucositis associated with cancer therapies.

• #71 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Mucositis affects the inner lining of the oral and gastrointestinal tract. Oral mucositis often leads to difficulty eating and swallowing. Gastrointestinal mucositis is associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, intestinal cramping, and anal pain. For patients who are immunosuppressed, oral mucositis is associated with greater risk for bacteremia, which has possible systemic implications. […] Highlights from this newly published summary paper include additional recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy and benzydamine, as well as a stronger guideline statement for cryotherapy. Each of these guidelines is defined for a specific setting and cancer patient population. […] The new guidelines show that natural honey may help prevent oral mucositis for patients with head and neck cancer.

• #72 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Mucositis affects the inner lining of the oral and gastrointestinal tract. Oral mucositis often leads to difficulty eating and swallowing. Gastrointestinal mucositis is associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, intestinal cramping, and anal pain. For patients who are immunosuppressed, oral mucositis is associated with greater risk for bacteremia, which has possible systemic implications. […] Highlights from this newly published summary paper include additional recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy and benzydamine, as well as a stronger guideline statement for cryotherapy. Each of these guidelines is defined for a specific setting and cancer patient population. […] The new guidelines show that natural honey may help prevent oral mucositis for patients with head and neck cancer.

• #73 New Guidelines for Managing Mucositis Now Available | URMC Newsroom

  https://urmcnewsroom.iprsoftware.com/story/new-guidelines-for-managing-mucositis-now-available

  Even with the best evidence-based interventions, we don’t have an ultimate guideline for mucositis in all clinical settings. Future research will hopefully identify better interventions that will relieve the patient’s pain and improve quality of life. […] This summary paper captures the highlights of a series of frequently cited detailed publications describing the approach to various categories of interventions. […] The continuous update of the guidelines is done by a large multi-disciplinary group of clinicians and scientists using meticulous methods which incur validity and applicability. Projects carried out by the various MASCC/ISOO Study Groups result in clinical practice guidelines, position papers, publications, and other products that advance supportive care in cancer.

• #74 Understanding oral mucositis and the principles of effective mouth care

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/evidence-and-practice/understanding-oral-mucositis-and-the-principles-of-effective-mouth-care-ns.2021.e11717

  Mucositis involves an inflammation of the oral or gastrointestinal mucosa and is a common complication of cancer treatment. Mucositis is usually associated with high-dose chemotherapy, radiotherapy and, more recently, molecular targeted therapy. Oral mucositis refers specifically to inflammation and ulceration that occurs in the mouth. If not treated promptly, it can potentially lead to life-threatening infection requiring hospitalisation and intravenous antibiotics. This article discusses the causes and nursing management of oral mucositis, with an emphasis on self-care and optimal oral hygiene, as well as pharmacological interventions. […] To understand the nursing role in caring for patients with oral mucositis.

• #75 Brushing up on mouth care for cancer patients with mucositis

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/brushing-mouth-care-cancer-patients-mucositis/

  Without proper assessment and intervention, mucositis can reduce your patient’s oral intake and cause poor nutritional status, which can hinder white blood cell recovery during immunosuppressive chemotherapy treatment. You can improve your patient’s comfort level and quality of life during cancer treatment by detecting mucositis early and providing appropriate care.

• #76 Prevention and Management of Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: a Review Article – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209575/

  As there is no universally accepted medical or hygienic solution for prevention of mucositis, treatment of the problems experienced by patients with mucositis is an area for nursing intervention. Three important areas of focus include: treatment of pain, dryness, and ulcerations. […] Its worthy of mention, regarding that mucositis is unavoidable in patients after chemo/radiation therapy, it is advisable to improve quality of life and decrease the severity of complications with timely nursing care and palliative medicines.

Zobacz więcej