Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention of Malaria in Travelers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0515/p973.html

  There are approximately 300 million cases of malaria each year, resulting in 1 million deaths worldwide. […] Physicians should have basic knowledge of parasite transmission and malaria prevention. The risk of malaria acquisition is based largely on geographic location and travel season. […] Key elements in prevention include barrier protection and chemoprophylaxis. Travelers to malaria-endemic areas should be advised to use mosquito repellent at all times and bed netting at night. Prophylactic medication should be initiated before travel and continued after return. […] Not only are mosquitoes proliferating with environmental change, but recent findings also suggest that malaria is becoming resistant to treatment. Family physicians can address these issues with a preventive approach that includes traveler education, risk assessment, barrier protection, and chemoprophylaxis.

• #2 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  Each year, malaria causes an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide. […] All travelers to malaria-endemic regions should be prescribed prophylaxis. […] The primary method of malaria prevention is avoiding mosquito bites. […] Prevention strategies include personal protective measures such as using insecticide-treated bed nets, wearing clothes that minimize exposed skin, and applying mosquito-repelling chemicals. […] All travelers to malaria-endemic regions should be prescribed prophylaxis. […] The choice of agent should be based on location and duration of travel, malarial resistance patterns, and the patient’s medical history. […] The use of antimalarial agents does not negate the need for personal protective measures. […] In 2021, the first malaria vaccine approved for widespread use was recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living in endemic areas.

• #3 Malaria | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/malaria.html

  Healthcare professionals should know how to diagnose, treat, and prevent malaria in international travelers. […] Use malaria chemoprophylaxis. […] Malaria prevention consists of a combination of mosquito-avoidance measures and chemoprophylaxis. […] Although highly efficacious, interventions are not 100% effective, so all febrile persons returning from malaria-endemic areas should be tested for malaria even if they took chemoprophylaxis. […] No antimalarial drug is 100% protective, so travelers must combine chemoprophylaxis with mosquito avoidance and personal protective measures. […] All recommended malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens involve taking a medicine before, during, and after travel to an area with malaria. […] Travelers should not count on being able to obtain safe, reliable malaria chemoprophylaxis medication abroad; strongly advise that before leaving the United States they purchase enough medication to last them for the entire duration of their travel to malaria-endemic areas.

• #4 Malaria Prophylaxis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/3/10/3212

  It is important to emphasize that no chemoprophylactic regimen confers complete protection and it must always be associated with primary prophylaxis aimed at avoiding mosquito bites. […] Chemoprophylactic failures of atovaquone/proguanil against P. vivax and P. ovale have been reported in travellers to Southest Asia, probably due to drug resistance. […] Malaria preventive measures are key to avoid malaria infection and diseases. Key preventive measures are anti-vectorial measures to avoid mosquito bite and adequate chemoprophylaxis to avoid diseases. The combination of these two approaches gives the best protection. […] No antimalarial prophylactic regimen gives complete protection. […] In particular situations (low endemicity, repeated travels, persons unable to take chemoprophylactic drugs), stand-by antimalarial emergency treatment (SBET) may be considered.

• #5 Malaria – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/malaria

  Note: Malaria maps and specific malaria advice for each country affected by malaria is available on the individual country pages […] Chemoprophylaxis (taking malaria prevention tablets) […] You cannot be vaccinated against malaria, but you can protect yourself against this disease using the A, B, C, D approach to prevention as follows: […] C = Chemoprophylaxis (taking malaria prevention tablets) […] The malaria section will indicate if you need to take tablets to prevent malaria (antimalarials). […] For countries with a high risk: antimalarial tablets are recommended for everyone […] For countries with a low risk with additional advice: antimalarial tablets are only recommended for those at increased risk of catching malaria, or increased risk of severe malaria […] Protecting yourself against mosquito bites is as important as taking antimalarial tablets.

• #6 Malaria Prevention: Antimalarial Medicine and Advice

  https://patient.info/travel-and-vaccinations/malaria-leaflet/malaria-prevention

  It is sensible to find out whether there is a risk of malaria in the place you are visiting. If there is a risk, you can avoid getting malaria by taking steps to avoid mosquito bites, and in some cases by taking antimalarial medication. Malaria can be a life-threatening illness, so it is extremely important to consider prevention before travelling to an at-risk area. […] There is an ABCD for prevention of malaria. This is: Awareness of risk of malaria. […] Chemoprophylaxis. This means taking antimalarial medication to prevent the disease. […] Malaria is a serious infection, so prevention is crucial. […] Antimalarial medication (chemoprophylaxis) helps to prevent malaria. The best medication to take depends on the country you visit. This is because the type of parasite varies between different parts of the world. Also, in some areas the parasite has become resistant to certain medicines.

• #7 Malaria Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551639/

  Malaria is an infection caused by Plasmodium species endemic to most parts of Africa, South America, East Asia, and parts of Europe and the Middle East. All visitors to endemic areas should receive counseling on malaria risk, mosquito bite avoidance, and tailored chemoprophylaxis based on their medical histories and travel plans. […] Malaria is endemic to most parts of Africa, South America, East Asia, and parts of Europe and the Middle East. Approximately 125 million visitors travel to these areas, and estimates of malaria infections in travelers range between ten to thirty thousand though the actual number of cases is likely far higher. All travelers to endemic areas should, therefore, receive counseling on areas with a malaria risk, mosquito bite avoidance, and chemoprophylaxis. […] A pre-travel evaluation is necessary for the traveler to a malaria-endemic area.

• #8 Malaria Prophylaxis | Infectious Disease | DHMC and Clinics

  https://www.dartmouth-hitchcock.org/infectious-disease/malaria-prophylaxis

  Malaria Prophylaxis […] Travelers can protect themselves from malaria by taking prescription medicine and preventing mosquito bites. Take prescription medicine if recommended for your destination. […] Visit your health care provider 4 to 6 weeks before travel for a prescription for an antimalarial drug based on your travel itinerary and medical history. Antimalarial drugs are available in the United States by prescription only. […] Obtain your prescription before you travel rather than at your destination because buying medications abroad has its risks. […] All medicines may have some side effects. Minor side effects such as nausea, occasional vomiting, or diarrhea usually do not require stopping the antimalarial drug. […] Seek medical attention if you feel ill, especially if you have a fever up to 1 year after travel.

• #9 Malaria Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551639/

  When considering chemoprophylaxis, providers should consider the travelers comorbidities, medication allergies, itinerary, activities, length of travel in endemic areas, and medication cost. […] Travelers should receive counseling on the prevention of mosquito bites, including wearing clothing that reduces exposed skin, using DEET on any exposed skin, staying in well-screened rooms, sleeping under permethrin-treated bed nets, and avoiding the outdoors at both dawn and dusk. […] The three most commonly prescribed medications for chemoprophylaxis are atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, and mefloquine. […] Atovaquone-proguanil targets both liver and blood schizonts and is effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. […] Doxycycline targets blood schizonts and is effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.

• #10 Malaria Prophylaxis: Updated Guidelines for Travelers and High-Risk Populations

  https://www.mcwhealthcare.com/malaria-prophylaxis-updated-guidelines-for-travelers-and-high-risk-populations/

  Healthcare providers should conduct a thorough risk assessment before recommending a prophylactic regimen. This includes: […] Understanding specific destinations, rural vs. urban settings, duration of stay, and season of travel helps determine the level of risk. […] Assessing the travellers past medical history, including previous episodes of malaria, other pre-existing conditions (like pregnancy or immune-compromising disorders), and medication allergies. […] Discussing options with travellers to ensure they are comfortable with the recommended prophylaxis plan, which increases adherence. […] The choice of an antimalarial drug depends on the destinations current drug resistance patterns, the travellers health status, and potential drug interactions. Commonly prescribed prophylactic medications include:

• #11 Malaria: Malaria prevention | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/primary-care/malaria/treatments/prevention.html

  Malaria can often be prevented by the use of antimalarial drugs and use of protection measures against mosquito bites. […] Drugs to prevent malaria can be prescribed for travelers to malarious areas, but travelers from different countries may receive different recommendations, reflecting differences in treatment protocols as well as availability of medicines in different countries. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are several medications recommended for prevention of malaria in travelers. […] Strict adherence to the recommended doses and schedules of the antimalarial drug selected is necessary for effective protection. […] Be aware that you are still at risk for malaria even with the use of protection. […] To avoid mosquito bites, the CDC recommends the following: Apply insect repellent to exposed skin. The recommended repellent contains 20-35% percent N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET).

• #12 Prevention of Malaria in Travelers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0515/p973.html

  Mosquito sprays and bed netting are effective in preventing malaria transmission. […] The CDC recommends diethyltoluamide (DEET) and picaridin as repellents for malaria prevention. […] Barriers such as insecticide-treated netting and clothing are as important as repellents in the prevention of malaria. A study in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that bed netting reduces the incidence of malaria by at least 50 percent. […] All recommended chemoprophylactic regimens involve taking medication before travel, during travel, and for a period of time after leaving the malaria-endemic region. […] Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline, and mefloquine are the drugs of choice for malaria prevention in most malaria-endemic regions. […] Travelers should be warned that adequate chemoprophylaxis does not guarantee full protection against malaria.

• #13 Malaria Prophylaxis: Updated Guidelines for Travelers and High-Risk Populations

  https://www.mcwhealthcare.com/malaria-prophylaxis-updated-guidelines-for-travelers-and-high-risk-populations/

  Use of EPA-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin. […] Wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats to reduce skin exposure. […] Utilising bed nets impregnated with insecticide in sleeping areas without air conditioning or screens. […] Staying in accommodations that practise indoor residual spraying with insecticides. […] Travellers should be instructed to seek medical attention if they experience fever or other symptoms suggestive of malaria during or after return from travel, despite taking prophylaxis. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications. […] Malaria prophylaxis is a vital component of travel medicine and public health in malaria-endemic areas. By staying informed about the latest guidelines and resistance patterns, and tailoring recommendations to individual travellers needs and local conditions, healthcare professionals can significantly reduce the risk of malaria in travellers and residents of high-risk areas. Education on both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic prevention measures is key to ensuring safety and compliance.

• #14 Atovaquone and proguanil (oral route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/atovaquone-and-proguanil-oral-route/description/drg-20061484

  Antiprotozoals are medicines that are used to prevent and treat malaria, a red blood cell infection transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. This medicine is a combination of two medicines, atovaquone and proguanil. […] For malaria prevention: Adults 250 milligrams (mg) of atovaquone and 100 mg proguanil (1 adult strength tablet) per day, starting 1 to 2 days before entering malarial area and continuing for 7 days following return. […] Malaria is spread by the bites of certain kinds of infected female mosquitoes. If you are living in, or will be traveling to, an area where there is a chance of getting malaria, the following mosquito-control measures will help to prevent infection: Remain in air-conditioned or well-screened rooms to reduce contact with mosquitoes. […] If possible, sleep under mosquito netting, preferably netting coated or soaked with permethrin, to avoid being bitten by malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

• #15 Atovaquone and proguanil (oral route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/atovaquone-and-proguanil-oral-route/description/drg-20061484

  Wear long-sleeved shirts or blouses and long trousers to protect your arms and legs, especially from dusk through dawn when mosquitoes are out. […] Apply mosquito repellent, preferably one containing DEET, to uncovered areas of the skin from dusk through dawn when mosquitoes are out. […] Use a pyrethrum-containing flying insect spray to kill mosquitoes in living and sleeping quarters during evening and nighttime hours.

• #16 Malaria Prevention & Anti-malarial Medication | MinuteClinic®

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/malaria

  The best thing you can do to prevent malaria is to take the anti-malarial medication that kills the parasites so you can avoid getting sick. Other actions that you can take to avoid malaria include: […] Avoiding mosquito bites […] […] For infants, covering baby carriers and strollers with mosquito netting […] […] Sleeping under insecticide-treated bed netting […] […] Treating clothes, footwear and tents with permethrin (do not use directly on your skin) or buying pre-treated clothing and gear […] […] Using a mosquito spray with DEET or another repellent registered with the Environmental Protection Agency […] […] Using mosquito nets when sleeping outdoors […] […] Wearing light-colored clothing that covers your arms and legs, especially at night when you’re outdoors.

• #17 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  Only 56% of young children and pregnant women were sleeping under a net in 2022. […] Indoor residual spraying (IRS): A study found that IRS reduces the risk of contracting malaria by 47% in children under 5 and 71% in people above the age of 5. […] However, its use has decreased amongst populations at risk in endemic countries from 5.5% in 2010 to 1.8% in 2022. […] Larviciding: This is the regular application of chemical or microbial insecticides to water bodies or water containers to kill the aquatic immature forms of the mosquito (the larvae and pupae) and thus reduce malaria transmission. […] It used to be the mainstay of vector control in the 1930s and 40s and is still used in some densely urban settings like Singapore. […] However, it has faced operational challenges in deployment in Africa, where ITNs and IRS are now favoured.

• #18 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  The vaccines are for children from 5 months old, administered in a course of four doses, with an optional fifth dose 1 year later. […] Both vaccines prevented around 75% of malaria episodes in areas of highly seasonal transmission where SMC is used. […] Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs): Sleeping under an LLIN reduces the risk of contracting malaria by 56%. […] However, only around half of all sub-Saharan African households have access to them. […] Over 2 billion pyrethroid-treated LLINs have been distributed since 2005. […] Modeling suggests these have been a major factor in the declining malaria prevalence between 2005 and 2015. […] In March 2023, WHO recommended the use of dual-ingredient nets to help combat growing pyrethroid resistance. […] The main opportunity is to increase the coverage, use and durability of bed nets, particularly amongst the populations most at risk.

• #19 Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/drug-malaria/index.html

  Drugs to prevent malaria differ by country of travel. […] Counsel patients to use personal protective measures along with malaria chemoprophylaxis. […] Consider contraindications and drug-drug interactions when prescribing a malaria prophylaxis. […] Consider the timing of when to start and stop chemoprophylaxis. Some medications require patients take them weeks in advance of travel and continued after leaving the malaria-endemic area. […] When used correctly malaria chemoprophylaxis is very effective. Using multiple prevention strategies together offer additional protection. Counsel patients on the use of personal protective measures, (i.e., insect repellent, long sleeves, long pants, sleeping in a mosquito-free setting or using an insecticide-treated bed net) along with malaria chemoprophylaxis.

• #20 Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/drug-malaria/index.html

  Recommendations for drugs to prevent malaria differ by country of travel and can be found in CDC’s Yellow Book chapter on Malaria Prevention Information, by Country. Recommended drugs for each country are listed in alphabetical order and have comparable efficacy in that country. […] CDC has replaced the Malaria Prevention Country Tables with the Yellow Book 2024 chapter on Malaria Prevention Information, by Country. You can find the same information regarding chemoprophylaxis by country or region.

• #21 Malaria prophylaxis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_prophylaxis

  In choosing the agent, it is important to weigh the risk of infection against the risks and side effects associated with the medications. […] Chloroquine, proguanil, mefloquine, and doxycycline are suppressive prophylactics. This means that they are only effective at killing the malaria parasite once it has entered the erythrocytic stage (blood stage) of its life cycle, and therefore have no effect until the liver stage is complete. That is why these prophylactics must continue to be taken for four weeks after leaving the area of risk. […] Causal prophylactics target not only the blood stages of malaria, but the initial liver stage as well. This means that the user can stop taking the drug seven days after leaving the area of risk. Malarone and primaquine are the only causal prophylactics in current use. […] Specific regimens are recommended by the WHO, UK HPA and CDC for prevention of P. falciparum infection. […] Prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax requires a different approach given the long liver stage of this parasite.

• #22 Prophylaxis of Malaria

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3395692/

  The principal drugs currently in use are mefloquine, doxycycline, atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), and to some extent Primaquine. […] Blood stage prophylaxis refers to drugs that act only on parasites within the red blood cells. […] Liver stage prophylaxis, refers to drugs that act on the parasite while invading the hepatocytes. […] The introduction of chloroquine in the 1950s brought great hope that falciparum prevention could be easily achieved with a long acting drug, that was well-tolerated and taken on a weekly basis. […] The principal drugs currently in use are mefloquine, doxycycline, atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), and to some extent Primaquine. […] Primaquine, as viewed by many clinicians, has its only role in regard to its activity against P. vivax infection. […] Since primaquine is a drug that acts on the liver stage of the malaria parasite, there is no need to continue taking it for 1 month after departure from the malarious area.

• #23 Malaria – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/malaria/traveler-summary

  Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone or generic), doxycycline, mefloquine, and tafenoquine are equally effective antimalarial drugs when taken as instructed. […] The adult dose of atovaquone-proguanil is a 250 mg/100 mg tablet, taken orally once daily. Start taking atovaquone-proguanil 1 to 2 days before arrival in a malaria risk area, take it daily while in the risk area, and continue taking it daily for 1 week after leaving the malarious area. […] The adult dose of doxycycline is a 100 mg tablet, taken orally once daily. Start taking doxycycline 1 to 2 days before arrival in a malaria risk area, take it daily while in the risk area, and continue taking it daily for 4 weeks after leaving the malarious area. […] The adult dose of mefloquine is a 250 mg tablet taken orally once weekly. Start taking mefloquine 2 to 3 weeks before arrival in a malaria risk area, take it weekly while in the risk area, and continue taking it weekly for 4 weeks after leaving the malarious area.

• #24 Malaria tablets – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/services/malaria-tablets/

  from £0.65 per tablet Malaria tablets […] Doxycycline: from £0.65 per tablet – take one tablet per day from two days before you travel and continue for four weeks after your return. […] Malarone: from £3.00 per tablet – take one every day from two days before you travel and continue for 7 days after your return […] Chloroquine and Proguanil: £15.85 per pack – dosage dependant on weight. For adults over 45kg, take one Chloroquine tablet per week and one Proguanil tablet every day from 7 days before you travel and for four weeks after you return. […] Which malaria tablets you can use depends primarily on where you’re travelling to. The malaria parasite in some parts of the world has developed a resistance to chloroquine. If you are travelling to any of these countries, you need to take Malarone or doxycycline to be protected.

• #25 Malaria tablets – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/services/malaria-tablets/

  During your travel consultation, our nurse or pharmacist will tell you which antimalarials are suitable for the country or countries you’re travelling to. […] Doxycycline can increase your sensitivity to sunlight and may therefore be less suitable if you’re likely to spend extended periods of time in the sun. […] If several types of malaria tablets are suitable for your itinerary you can choose whichever you prefer – some travellers prefer to take tablets daily whereas other find it easier to remember taking their medication if it’s taken daily. […] Malarone costs more than the other antimalarials but is suitable for malaria prevention in all countries, including those where the parasite has developed a resistance to other antimalarials. […] It needs to be taken daily from two days before you enter a risk area until seven days after your return.

• #26 Malaria tablets – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/services/malaria-tablets/

  Doxycycline is suitable for malaria in all parts of the world and available at a lower cost than Malarone. […] You need to start your course two days before you travel, taking one tablet per day. Unlike Malarone, Doxycycline needs to be taken for four weeks after your return from a malaria area. […] Chloroquine and Proguanil is one of the more affordable antimalarials but it’s only suitable for malaria prevention in a limited number of countries. […] The dosage for this medication is dependant on your weight. For adults over 45kg, you’ll need to take the prescribed dose of Chloroquine once every week on the same day; Proguanil should be taken once every day. […] In order to be protected, it is important that you take the full course of tablets you have been prescribed. Malaria tablets only act on the parasite during specific stages of its lifecycle so if you stop taking your tablets too early you may still develop malaria if you were infected while abroad.

• #27 Malaria Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551639/

  Mefloquine targets blood schizonts and is effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum, though mefloquine resistance has emerged in parts of Southeast Asia. […] Chloroquine targets blood schizonts. […] Primaquine targets liver hypnozoites and can be used as prophylaxis in areas with only P. vivax. […] Tafenoquine is active against hypnotize and erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium species. […] Pregnant travelers should generally be counseled to avoid travel to malaria-endemic areas until after delivery as malaria increases the risk for prematurity, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. […] Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnant women due to concerns for fetal dental discoloration and bone growth inhibition. […] Atovaquone-proguanil has not been well-studied in pregnant women and is generally not prescribed in this population.

• #28 Antimalarial medications | About | Defence

  https://www.defence.gov.au/about/accessing-information/antimalarial-medications

  Mefloquine (trade name Lariam™) is used in the ADF when other anti-malarial medications are unsuitable. Commonly prescribed in the broader Australian community, mefloquine can be used for both prevention and treatment of malaria. […] Primaquine (trade name Primacin™) is an anti-malarial medication used to prevent relapses of malaria. ADF personnel who lack the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme are not prescribed primaquine. A personalised risk assessment and anti-malarial program is developed for these individuals. […] Tafenoquine (trade names Kodatef and Kozenis) is chemically related to primaquine. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) registered tafenoquine in 2018. It is now included in the suite of antimalarial medications available to ADF personnel. ADF personnel who lack the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme are not prescribed tafenoquine.

• #29 Malaria Chemoprophylaxis

  https://fpnotebook.com/ID/Parasite/MlrChmprphylxs.htm

  Malaria Prophylaxis taken exactly as prescribed does not ensure complete protection. […] Malaria may still occur at 1 week to 1 year after Parasite infection. […] Malaria may also recur after completing treatment. […] Chemoprophylaxis is for prevention only. […] Agents are started 1-2 weeks before travel. […] Agents are continued for 4 weeks after travel. […] Always recheck the CDC Travel Website (Yellow book) for current resistance guidelines. […] Indications (Areas of no Chloroquine Resistance) include Mexico, Caribbean, Haiti and Dominican Republic, Central America, Argentina, some areas in Middle East, and some areas of China. […] Chloroquine (Aralen) is safe in pregnancy (all trimesters). […] Mefloquine (Lariam) is safe in second and third trimesters of pregnancy (avoid in first trimester).

• #30 Dosing Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/table/dosing-recommendations-prevention-and-treatment-malaria

  Dosage Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria Indication First Choice Comments/Special Issues Primary Prophylaxis For Travel To Chloroquine-Sensitive Areas: Chloroquine base 5 mg/kg body weight base by mouth, up to 300 mg once weekly (equivalent to 7.5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate). Start 12 weeks before leaving, take weekly while away, and then take once weekly for 4 weeks after returning home […] For Areas with Mainly P. Vivax: Primaquine phosphate 0.6 mg/kg body weight base once daily by mouth, up to a maximum of 30 mg base/day. Starting 1 day before leaving, taken daily, and for 37 days after return. Recommendations are the same for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. […] For Travel to Chloroquine-Resistant Areas: Atovaquone/proguanil once daily started 12 days before travel, for duration of stay, and then for 1 week after returning home. Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg body weight (maximum 100 mg) by mouth once daily for children aged 8 years. Must be taken 12 days before travel, daily while away, and then up to 4 weeks after returning. Mefloquine 5 mg/kg body weight orally given once weekly (maximum 250 mg).

• #31 Malaria Chemoprophylaxis

  https://fpnotebook.com/ID/Parasite/MlrChmprphylxs.htm

  Tafenoquine (Arakoda) is indicated for Chloroquine Resistance. […] All patients must be tested for G6PD before starting Tafenoquine. […] Indications for Terminal Chemoprophylaxis include prolonged exposure to P. vivax or P. ovale. […] Taken for 14 days on leaving endemic area. […] Patients refusing Malaria Prophylaxis should start one of the following agents at the first onset of fever, chills, or muscle aches. […] Prescribe a 3-day course of one of the following agents.

• #32 Malaria | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/malaria.html

  If travel to a malaria-endemic area cannot be deferred, an effective chemoprophylaxis regimen and mosquito avoidance measures are essential. […] Malaria infection can be more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. […] Pregnant women traveling to areas where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum has not been reported can take chloroquine chemoprophylaxis. […] For travel to areas with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium, mefloquine is the only medication recommended for malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy. […] Travelers should be discouraged from obtaining chemoprophylaxis medications while abroad. […] Tafenoquine can cause potentially life-threatening hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency. […] G6PD deficiency must be ruled out with a quantitative laboratory test before prescribing primaquine to patients.

• #33 Malaria | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/malaria.html

  Travelers should take primaquine for 14 days after leaving a malaria-endemic area, concurrently with their primary chemoprophylaxis medication. […] Tafenoquine is contraindicated during breastfeeding if either the breastfeeding woman or the infant have intermediate or low G6PD activity or if their G6PD status is unknown.

• #34 Prophylaxis of Malaria

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3395692/

  For travelers to vivax-predominant areas; short-term travelers, a daily dose of primaquine (only if G6PD is normal) seems to be the most convenient option. […] For long-term travelers, a weekly dose of chloroquine (depends on the area), or of mefloquine (if there are no contraindications) followed by terminal prophylaxis with primaquine, would be the most convenient and efficacious.

• #35 Malaria – Travel Doctor

  https://traveldoctor.co.za/health/malaria/

  In accordance with the South African National Guidelines for the Prevention of Malaria 2018, malaria prophylaxis is indicated for the prevention of malaria in non-immune travellers to malaria areas. The recommended medication is doxycycline, mefloquine and atovaquone / proguanil. […] Mefloquine (Lariam) is the only prophylactic that is safe to use in PREGNANCY, provided the person has no other contra-indications to the use of mefloquine. […] If travel is unavoidable they MUST take malaria prophylaxis. […] Mefloquine is safe to use in children that weigh more than 5kg, provided they do not suffer from any contra-indications. […] Doxycycline can be used in teenagers and adults but should be used with GREAT CAUTION in younger children. […] TRAVEL DOCTOR has obtained stock of mefloquine and paediatric atovaquone / proguanil (Malarone Junior ) as Section 21 medication.

• #36 Malaria, information and prevention (Engelse vertaling) | Amsterdam UMC

  https://www.amsterdamumc.nl/nl/patienteninformatie/malaria-information-and-prevention-engelse-vertaling.htm

  Malaria can be prevented in two ways: […] Prevention of mosquito bites. […] Prevention of malaria after a mosquito bite (by the immediate killing of malaria parasites that have entered the blood stream). […] Malaria can be prevented by using anti-malaria tablets (also called chemoprophylaxis). These tablets contain agents that kill malaria parasites when they enter the bloodstream after a mosquito bite. […] Malarone is malaria prophylaxis prescribed most frequently in the Netherlands. […] Lariam can give the following complaints: nausea, abdominal pain, dizzyness and problems with sleeping (strange dreams, sometimes nightmares) or mood shifts. […] Research has shown that Lariam can be safely used during all trimesters of pregnancy. […] The most important side effect of doxycyclin are hypersensitivity to sunlight, gastro-intestinal complaint and vaginal discharge due to fungal infection.

• #37 Malaria – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/malaria/traveler-summary

  Tafenoquine is unique in requiring a blood test prior to first-time use to ensure that a genetic enzyme deficiency of red blood cells does not exist. […] All children (including young infants) who travel to malaria risk areas should be protected against insects and should take drugs to prevent malaria. […] In most cases, travelers will not need to carry self-treatment drugs when using the recommended medication to prevent malaria. However, in rare situations in which a less effective medication must be used and access to medical care within 24 hours of developing a fever while in a malarious area may not be possible, it may be prudent to carry a drug for self-treatment.

• #38 Malaria Prophylaxis: Updated Guidelines for Travelers and High-Risk Populations

  https://www.mcwhealthcare.com/malaria-prophylaxis-updated-guidelines-for-travelers-and-high-risk-populations/

  Malaria in pregnant women is associated with high risks of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Mefloquine or chloroquine (where effective) is generally recommended depending on the resistance patterns and trimester of pregnancy. […] Dosing is weight-based, and not all forms of malaria prophylaxis are suitable for children. Atovaquone-proguanil can be used in children weighing 5 kg or more, and doxycycline is only for children aged eight years and older due to the risk of tooth discoloration. […] Those staying in endemic areas for extended periods may require a tailored approach, balancing the risks of long-term medication use with the risk of malaria. […] In addition to chemoprophylaxis, travellers should be advised on non-pharmacologic measures to prevent mosquito bites:

• #39 Malarone for prevention of malaria – Medicines For Children

  https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/medicines/malarone-for-prevention-of-malaria/

  Start giving Malarone 1-2 days before entering the high-risk area. Give it regularly while you are in the high-risk area, and continue to give it for 1 week after leaving that area. […] This leaflet is about the use of Malarone for the prevention of malaria when travelling to high-risk malaria regions. (This is called malaria prophylaxis.) […] Malaria is a serious illness. This medicine will reduce the risk of developing malaria if you are visiting an area where there are mosquitoes that carry malaria described as a high-risk area. […] It is vital that you do your best to avoid mosquito bites because Malarone does not provide complete protection. […] You need to start giving Malarone to your child 1-2 days before going into the high-risk area, to make sure that they are protected against malaria. Give it every day while you are in the high-risk area. You must continue to give Malarone for 1 week after you leave the high-risk area.

• #40 Malaria Prophylaxis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/3/10/3212

  It is important to emphasize that no chemoprophylactic regimen confers complete protection and it must always be associated with primary prophylaxis aimed at avoiding mosquito bites. […] Chemoprophylactic failures of atovaquone/proguanil against P. vivax and P. ovale have been reported in travellers to Southest Asia, probably due to drug resistance. […] Malaria preventive measures are key to avoid malaria infection and diseases. Key preventive measures are anti-vectorial measures to avoid mosquito bite and adequate chemoprophylaxis to avoid diseases. The combination of these two approaches gives the best protection. […] No antimalarial prophylactic regimen gives complete protection. […] In particular situations (low endemicity, repeated travels, persons unable to take chemoprophylactic drugs), stand-by antimalarial emergency treatment (SBET) may be considered.

• #41 Malaria – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/malaria

  It is important to discuss the suitability of antimalarial tablets for you with a qualified doctor, nurse or pharmacist. […] You should begin taking antimalarial tablets before arriving in a malaria-risk area as guided by your travel health professional. […] You must complete the course of tablets even after you have left the malaria area: stopping a course of tablets early, even when you are no longer in a malaria area, can lead to you developing malaria infection if the parasites are already in your body […] In the UK, antimalarial tablets require a prescription, except for: chloroquine, which can be bought from local pharmacies […] Quick diagnosis and access to prompt treatment for malaria saves lives. […] If you think you might have malaria it is very important to seek medical attention urgently.

• #42 Malaria – Travel Doctor

  https://traveldoctor.co.za/health/malaria/

  When considering malaria risk, travellers should bear in mind that NO Anti-malarial provides 100% protection against the disease. Thus, avoiding mosquito bites remains the cornerstone of protection against malaria. DO NOT GET BITTEN! […] Although no Malaria Prophylaxis provides 100% cover, one should consider that 90% protection is better than no protection at all. Therefore, the use of Malaria Prophylaxis is highly recommended as a second line of defense against malaria. […] No malaria prophylaxis offers complete protection from the malaria parasite, but chosen and applied well, the combination can provide 90% protection against malaria illness and death. […] Options include: Mefloquine (Lariam), Doxycycline and Atovaquone Proguanil. […] Malaria chemoprophylaxis kills the malaria parasite before the traveller (who has no natural immunity to malaria and never acquires it in spite of repeated infections) becomes clinically ill. […] Prescribed prophylaxis will assist in combatting malaria infection, but they do not provide complete protection.

• #43 Mefloquine (Lariam®) – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/mefloquine-lariam.asp

  Malaria is a serious infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Malaria is found in Afghanistan, and many areas in Africa, South America, and Asia. Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis is required in Afghanistan, parts of Africa and other malaria endemic countries. Mefloquine is a round, white tablet taken once a week that can help prevent malaria for travelers. Mefloquine is particularly helpful for those who are unable to take other medications to prevent malaria such as doxycycline and atovaquone-proguanil. Mefloquine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 1989. Veterans may file a claim for disability compensation for health problems they believe are related to mefloquine use during military service. A drug that has been given to military personnel for protection against malaria. Service members may have taken mefloquine (brand name: Lariam), a round, white tablet, once a week when deployed to areas where malaria is found. Most people who take mefloquine do not experience side effects. For those who do, the most common reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, difficulty sleeping, and bad dreams. Occasionally, mefloquine may cause more serious side effects. Examples include psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, paranoia, depression, mood changes, hallucinations, agitation, and unusual behavior.

• #44 Malaria prevention | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/malaria-prevention

  You need to take your anti-malaria medication for the entire time you are travelling. If you have side effects from the medication, do not stop taking it without getting advice from a health care professional. […] Anti-malaria medication does not prevent mosquito bites or parasites from getting into your body, but it prevents the parasites from multiplying. […] You must continue to take your anti-malaria medication until it is finished, even after your return to Canada. The length of time depends on which drug you are prescribed, and whether you return home or travel to another destination. If you do not take the medication for the recommended time, the parasites may start to multiply in your blood and make you sick. […] Even when taking anti-malaria medication, there is a small chance of developing the illness, sometimes months later. If you develop a fever within 1 year of your return home, or other symptoms such as constant headaches, muscle aches and weakness, vomiting or diarrhea, speak with your health care provider immediately about your travels. Malaria is treatable with early diagnosis and prompt treatment, which can also prevent serious complications.

• #45 Malarone for prevention of malaria – Medicines For Children

  https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/medicines/malarone-for-prevention-of-malaria/

  Although Malarone provides good protection against malaria, there is still a risk of infection. It is vital that you take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Use a mosquito net at night. Use insect repellent and dress your child in long-sleeved tops and trousers in the evening and at night. […] If your child is ill at any time in the 3 months after you return home, contact your doctor straight away. Tell them that you have travelled to a high-risk malaria area. […] There is a low risk of malaria developing for up to 1 year, so if your child is ill at any point during this time, tell your doctor that you have travelled to a high-risk malaria area.

• #46 Malaria – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/malaria

  If you are travelling to remote or rural areas of a malaria-risk country where you will be unable to access medical care quickly, or to an area where available medical facilities have limited resources or offer low standards of care, then you may be advised by a travel health professional to carry a course of standby emergency treatment (SBET) for malaria.

• #47 Prevention of Malaria in Travelers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0515/p973.html

  Travelers who decline malaria prophylaxis or who will be traveling to remote areas with limited access to health care may be prescribed a three-day supply of presumptive malaria treatment before travel. […] Along with barrier protection and chemoprophylaxis, vaccination may eventually play a key role in the eradication of malaria worldwide.

• #48 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  Each year, malaria causes an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide. […] All travelers to malaria-endemic regions should be prescribed prophylaxis. […] The primary method of malaria prevention is avoiding mosquito bites. […] Prevention strategies include personal protective measures such as using insecticide-treated bed nets, wearing clothes that minimize exposed skin, and applying mosquito-repelling chemicals. […] All travelers to malaria-endemic regions should be prescribed prophylaxis. […] The choice of agent should be based on location and duration of travel, malarial resistance patterns, and the patient’s medical history. […] The use of antimalarial agents does not negate the need for personal protective measures. […] In 2021, the first malaria vaccine approved for widespread use was recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living in endemic areas.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria

  Preventive chemotherapy is the use of medicines, either alone or in combination, to prevent malaria infections and their consequences. It requires giving a full treatment course of an antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations at designated time points during the period of greatest malarial risk, regardless of whether the recipients are infected with malaria. […] Since October 2021, WHO has recommended broad use of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, and deadly severe malaria, among young children. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths and contributes to reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based diagnostic testing (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test).

• #50 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  Perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) is recommended for infants and young children at high risk of severe malaria living in areas with moderate-to-high year-round malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) is the provision of full treatment courses of long-acting antimalarials administered after discharge from hospital among children recently admitted with severe anaemia. […] Vaccines are a recent addition to the antimalarial toolbox. […] WHO recommends the use of malaria vaccines for the prevention of P. falciparum malaria in children living in endemic areas, prioritizing areas of moderate and high transmission. […] RTS,S/AS01 and R21-MM received WHO recommendation in October 2021 and October 2023, respectively, with rollout accelerating in 2024.

• #51 Long-acting injectable atovaquone nanomedicines for malaria prophylaxis | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02603-z

  Chemoprophylaxis is currently the best available prevention from malaria, but its efficacy is compromised by non-adherence to medication. […] These findings support the use of long-acting injectable formulations as a new approach for malaria prophylaxis in travellers and for malaria control in the field. […] Antimalarial drugs thus continue to provide an essential component of malaria prophylaxis. […] A safe and effective long-acting intramuscular drug-dosing preparation would provide a new tool, which joins the high efficacy of chemotherapy with the durability and ease of adherence more characteristic of a vaccine. […] These are, to our knowledge, the first studies of a long-acting slow-release nanoformulation of drug for causal malaria prophylaxis. […] Atovaquone long-acting injectable nanoformulations combine a safe, extensively studied, clinically used drug with excipients utilised in other FDA-approved medicines. Our findings suggest that a single intramuscular dose of nanoformulated atovaquone may provide causal prophylaxis against falciparum malaria for an extended period of time. This is a potential option for non-immune people travelling to malarious areas, whose trips typically last 4 weeks or less, and if carefully deployed it may also provide an intervention in malaria control efforts.

• #52 New malaria prophylaxis promising in clinical trial | German Center for Infection Research

  https://www.dzif.de/en/new-malaria-prophylaxis-promising-clinical-trial

  Researchers from the University of Tbingen and the DZIF show medicine is effective when the timing is right. Their new active substance DSM 265 demonstrated a good prophylactic effect for Malaria. […] Researchers headed by Professor Peter Kremsner and Dr. Benjamin Mordmller at the Institute of Tropical Medicine of the University of Tbingen and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) have run the first clinical trials on a new agent, DSM265. […] The substance inhibits a Plasmodium-specific metabolic chain and thus its replication in the human liver and the in the blood can be stopped. Theoretically DSM265 can stop an infection by Plasmodium straight after the mosquito bite, says Professor Kremsner. […] The participants who took DSM265 one day previously were fully protected against the disease, Dr. Mordmller explains. Taking it seven days prior to infection was only partially efficacious, but there are ways to improve that, for instance by increasing the dose. […] But this first clinical trial has been very promising, says the manuscripts first author, Dr. Mihly Sulyok. Now the development of DSM265 as a malaria prophylaxis effective in the long term can go ahead.

• #53

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1654619

  A total of 25 participants received CIS43LS at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of body weight, 20 mg per kilogram, or 40 mg per kilogram, and 4 of the 25 participants received a second dose (20 mg per kilogram regardless of initial dose). […] Among adults who had never had malaria infection or vaccination, administration of the long-acting monoclonal antibody CIS43LS prevented malaria after controlled infection.

• #54 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  Malaria prevention: an integrated approach […] A trio of innovative tools can help accelerate progress towards zero malaria deaths: Next-generation vector control tools, Expanded use of preventive medicines, The first generation of malaria vaccines. […] Optimizing the use of these tools requires locally led, tailored approaches to deployment based on context, epidemiology and funding. […] There are many exciting new technologies on the horizon, such as long-acting injectables, monoclonal antibodies, innovative vector control tools and next-generation vaccines, which have the potential to be transformative. […] Gaps remain. Sustained funding for the continued delivery of these vital prevention tools and the development of new tools is the only way to finally end malaria for good.

• #55 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  Malaria is a complex disease. […] Its defeat requires the complete removal of the parasite reservoirs from all humans, including those most at risk, who may harbour and transmit the disease in their communities. […] In March 2024, the WHO Malaria Policy Advisory Group (MPAG) issued an update on the subnational tailoring of malaria interventions and strategies, stating, No single intervention can address all malaria requirements and the highest impact will be achieved by using a mix of interventions. […] Resource-constrained countries will need to choose the optimum mix of tools to protect as many at-risk populations as possible, depending on context, epidemiology and budget. […] For example, studies have shown that using SMC and vaccines in combination provides considerable advantage in preventing malaria, than on their own.

• #56 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  MMV will continue to innovate to protect and treat young children and pregnant women through the expansion of malaria chemoprevention, supporting regional manufacturing and advancing next-generation preventive drug research and development. […] Malaria control and prevention now has a powerful combination of tools to reverse the trend of the disease in Africa and save more lives: new insecticides, expanded use of chemoprevention and the first-generation malaria vaccines. […] Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is for children in age groups at high risk of severe malaria in areas in Africa where malaria is highly seasonal. […] It consists of a full antimalarial treatment course of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine + amodiaquine (SPAQ) administered at monthly intervals during the high-transmission period (typically the rainy season), generally for up to 4-5 months per year.

• #57 Malaria prevention: an integrated approach | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-prevention-overview-tools

  SMC is 75-88% effective in protecting infants and children in the first 28 days after administration. […] Implementation of this cost-effective tool has grown steadily over 53 million children in 18 countries received at least one dose in 2023. […] Implementation is coordinated by National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCP) at the country level, with learnings shared through the SMC Alliance, which MMV currently coordinates. […] Following updates to the WHO guidelines for malaria chemoprevention in 2022 to expand the use of SMC to children in age groups at high risk of malaria, MMV and the SMC Alliance have been working with countries to study the epidemiological effects of administering SMC to older age groups. […] Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp): WHO recommends a monthly dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in eligible women from the second trimester of pregnancy living in areas of moderate-to-high malaria transmission in Africa.

• #58 Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women

  WHO recommends Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), a type of malaria chemoprevention, to prevent and reduce the impact of malaria on pregnant adolescent girls and women and their children. […] An important example of a medicine used for malaria prevention is sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP). SP is a well-tolerated, efficacious and affordable medicine used alone or in combination with other drugs to prevent malaria in infants, children and pregnant adolescent girls and women. […] Pregnant adolescent girls and women living in areas of moderate to high malaria transmission in Africa should receive three or more doses of SP starting as early as possible in the second trimester, to be administered at monthly intervals up to the time of delivery. […] Always refer to the latest WHO guidelines.

• #59 Consolidated guidelines for malaria

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guidelines-for-malaria

  Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in school-aged children (IPTsc) […] Post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) […] MDA for burden reduction […] MDA to reduce transmission of P. falciparum in very low to low transmission settings […] MDA to reduce transmission of falciparum in moderate to high transmission settings […] MDA to reduce transmission of P. vivax […] Mass relapse prevention (MRP) to reduce transmission of P. vivax

• #60 Consolidated guidelines for malaria

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guidelines-for-malaria

  WHO regularly convenes the world’s leading malaria experts to review available evidence and advise on recommendations to control and eliminate malaria. […] Clear, evidence-informed recommendations are designed to guide countries as they develop national malaria strategic plans; they support decisions around what to do. […] The consolidation of WHO’s malaria guidelines is one of a number of actions the Organization has undertaken in recent years to make its guidance more accessible to end users in malaria-endemic countries. […] Interventions recommended for large-scale deployment […] Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) […] Perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) – formerly intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTi) […] Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC)

• #61 Malaria Prevention: Antimalarial Medicine and Advice

  https://patient.info/travel-and-vaccinations/malaria-leaflet/malaria-prevention

  Be aware that antimalarials that you buy in the tropics or over the internet may be fake. It is therefore recommended that you obtain your antimalarial treatment from your pharmacist or a travel clinic. […] The type of medication advised will depend upon the area to which you are travelling. […] You must take the medication exactly as advised. This usually involves starting the medication up to a week before you go on your trip. […] Note: medication is only a part of protection against malaria. It is not 100% effective and does not guarantee that you will not get malaria. The advice above on avoiding mosquito bites is just as important, even when you are taking antimalarial medication.

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