Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treatment

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/case-management/treatment

  Each year, an estimated 600 000 people die from malaria a treatable disease. Effective case management requires both early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The best available treatment, particularly for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). […] The primary objective of treatment is curing the infection by ensuring the rapid and full elimination of Plasmodium parasites from a patients bloodstream. This also prevent an uncomplicated case of malaria from progressing to severe disease or death. […] Prompt treatment within 24 hours of fever onset with effective and safe antimalarial is necessary to effect a cure and prevent life-threatening complications. […] ACTs combine 2 active pharmaceuticals with different mechanisms of action: an artemisinin derivative extracted from Artemisia annua and a partner drug.

• #1 General Approach to Treatment | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html

  Initiate antimalarial treatment immediately upon confirmation of malaria diagnosis. […] Once the diagnosis of malaria has been made, appropriate antimalarial treatment must be initiated immediately. […] Treatment should be guided by the following four main factors: Infecting Plasmodium species; Clinical status of the patient; Expected drug susceptibility of the infecting parasite as determined by the geographic area where the infection was acquired; and Previous use of antimalarials, including those taken for malaria chemoprophylaxis. […] Patients diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria can be effectively treated with oral antimalarials. However, patients who have one or more of the following clinical criteria […] and/or percent parasitemia of 5% are considered to have manifestations of severe disease and should be treated aggressively with intravenous antimalarial therapy.

• #1 General Approach to Treatment | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html

  If the diagnosis of malaria is suspected and cannot be confirmed or if the diagnosis of malaria is confirmed but species determination is not possible, antimalarial treatment effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum must be initiated immediately and revisited once confirmatory results become available. […] It is important to consider if malaria occurred while an individual was taking a drug for malaria chemoprophylaxis. In this case, the treatment regimen should not include the drug or drug combination used for prophylaxis unless no other options are available. […] After initiation of treatment, the patient’s clinical and parasitological status should be monitored.

• #1 Efficacy of antimalarial drugs for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Asian region: A network meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0225882

  The WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. […] The primary advantage of the combination therapy is that the artemisinin quickly and drastically reduces the majority of malaria parasites, and the partner drug clears remaining small number of parasites. […] Five ACTs recommended by WHO for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria are: artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artesunate- amodiaquine (ASAQ), artesunate- mefloquine (ASMQ), artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ASSP) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP). […] The findings suggest the superiority of DHP (3-day course) to AL and other comparator ACTs are with the overall low/very low quality of evidence judgements. […] Overall, we observed a low certainty evidence whether any antimalarial regimens included in this study were better in clearance of parasitemia at day 28 since the certainty of the evidence was assessed as low.

• #1 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  Each year, malaria causes an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide. […] The World Health Organization recommends treating uncomplicated cases of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy. […] Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria. […] The CDC-recommended treatment of malaria is based on four variables: the clinical status of the patient (uncomplicated vs. severe disease), the species involved, the patient’s history of prophylaxis, and the geographic region where the infection occurred. […] The World Health Organization recommends treating uncomplicated cases of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), which comprises an artemisinin derivative and a partner drug. […] If ACT is not available and the infection likely occurred in an area with chloroquine-sensitivity, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) may be used.

• #1 Treatment

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/case-management/treatment

  Use of oral artemisinin-based monotherapy is considered a contributing factor to the development and spread of resistance to artemisinins. WHO has urged malaria-endemic countries to take measures to halt their production and marketing, and to promote access to quality-assured ACTs for the treatment of falciparum malaria.

• #1 Dosing Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/table/dosing-recommendations-prevention-and-treatment-malaria

  Dosage Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria Indication First Choice Comments/Special Issues Primary Prophylaxis For Travel To Chloroquine-Sensitive Areas: Chloroquine base 5 mg/kg body weight base by mouth, up to 300 mg once weekly (equivalent to 7.5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate). Start 12 weeks before leaving, take weekly while away, and then take once weekly for 4 weeks after returning home. Atovaquone/proguanil once daily started 12 days before travel, for duration of stay, and then for 1 week after returning home. Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg body weight (maximum 100 mg) by mouth once daily for children aged 8 years. Must be taken 1-2 days before travel, daily while away, and then up to 4 weeks after returning. Mefloquine 5 mg/kg body weight orally given once weekly (max 250 mg). For Areas with Mainly P. Vivax: Primaquine phosphate 0.6 mg/kg body weight base once daily by mouth, up to a maximum of 30 mg base/day. Starting 1 day before leaving, taken daily, and for 37 days after return. Recommendations are the same for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. For travel to chloroquine-sensitive areas. Equally recommended options include chloroquine, atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline (for children aged 8 years), and mefloquine; primaquine is recommended for areas with mainly P. vivax. G6PD screening must be performed prior to primaquine use. For travel to chloroquine-resistant areas, preferred drugs are atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline (for children aged 8 years) or mefloquine. For Travel to Chloroquine-Resistant Areas: Atovaquone/proguanil once daily started 12 days before travel, for duration of stay, and then for 1 week after returning home. Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg body weight (maximum 100 mg) by mouth once daily for children aged 8 years. Must be taken 12 days before travel, daily while away, and then up to 4 weeks after returning. Mefloquine 5 mg/kg body weight orally given once weekly (maximum 250 mg). Secondary Prophylaxis For P. vivax or P. ovale: Primaquine 0.5 mg/kg base (0.8 mg/kg salt) up to adult dose orally, daily for 14 days after departure from the malarious area. This regimen, known as PART, is recommended only for individuals who have resided in a malaria-endemic area for an extended period of time. Adult dose: 30 mg base (52.6 mg salt) orally, daily for 14 days after departure from the malarious area. Treatment Uncomplicated P. Falciparum or Unknown Malaria Species, from Chloroquine-Resistant Areas (All Malaria Areas Except Those Listed as Chloroquine Sensitive) or Unknown Region: Atovaquone-proguanil (pediatric tablets 62.5 mg/25 mg; adult tablets 250 mg/100 mg), dosed once daily. Uncomplicated P. Falciparum OR Unknown Malaria Species From Chloroquine-Sensitive Region: Chloroquine phosphate: 16.6 mg/kg body weight (10 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base) (maximum 1000 mg) by mouth once, then 8.3 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth at 6, 24, and 48 hours (total dose = 41.6 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate [maximum 2500 mg] = 25 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base). P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi (All Areas Except Papua New Guinea, Indonesia; See Comments) Initial Therapy (Followed by Anti-Relapse Therapy for P. Ovale and P. Vivax): Chloroquine phosphate 16.6 mg/kg body weight (10 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base) (maximum 1000 mg) by mouth once, then 8.3 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth at 6, 24, and 48 hours (total dose = 41.6 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate [maximum 2500 mg] = 25 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base). Anti-Relapse Therapy for P. ovale, P. vivax: Primaquine 0.5 mg base/kg body weight (max 30 mg base) by mouth once daily for 14 days. Uncomplicated P. falciparum or Unknown Malaria Species from Chloroquine-Resistant Areas (All Malaria Areas Except Those Listed as Chloroquine Sensitive) or Unknown Region: Mefloquine (250-mg tablets only): 15 mg/kg body weight (maximum 750 mg) by mouth once, then 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth given 12 hours later. Quinine sulfate 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 650 mg) per dose by mouth every 8 hours for 3 to 7 days, plus Clindamycin 7 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth every 8 hours for 7 days, or doxycycline: 2.2 mg/kg body weight per dose (maximum 100 mg) given by mouth every 12 hours, or tetracycline 612.5 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth given every 6 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg per dose given 4 times daily) for 7 days. Artesunate 2.4 mg/kg body weight IV bolus at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours PLUS One of the Following: Doxycycline (treatment dosing as above), or Atovaquone-proguanil (treatment dosing as above), or Mefloquine 15 mg/kg body weight (maximum 750 mg) by mouth once, then 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth once given 12 hours later, or Clindamycin (dosing as above). Quinidine gluconate 10 mg/kg body weight IV loading dose over 12 hours, then 0.02 mg/kg body weight/minute infusion for 24 hours (Treatment duration: 7 days in Southeast Asia, Oceania, otherwise 3 days) PLUS One of the Following: Doxycycline 100 mg per dose by mouth every 12 hours for 7 days; for children 45 kg, use 2.2 mg/kg body weight per dose OR Clindamycin 7 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth given every 8 hours for 7 days.

• #1 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  If ACT is unavailable and the infection occurred in an area with chloroquine resistance, atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), a combination of quinine (Qualaquin) plus tetracycline, doxycycline, or clindamycin (Cleocin) should be used. […] Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe disease and should be initiated as soon as possible. […] If artesunate is not immediately available, the preferred oral medication for severe disease is artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem). […] Malaria is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant patients. ACTs may be used in the second and third trimesters except for artemether/lumefantrine, which may be used in the first trimester as well.

• #1 Antimalarial Medications – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470158/

  Quinidine gluconate is the drug of choice for suspected severe malaria because it is the only parenterally available antimalarial drug. […] Clindamycin, doxycycline, or tetracycline should be added to quinidine therapy when treating severe malaria in either IV or oral form, depending on the patient’s clinical condition. […] Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have few contraindications. […] Patients with a G6PD deficiency are at increased risk for hemolysis when given these drugs. […] Because of mass migration, malaria cases are now being diagnosed in the USA. […] An infectious disease expert should always be consulted when dealing with a patient with malaria because of drug resistance and constant changes in the drugs recommended.

• #1 Malaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Inpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221134-treatment

  P falciparum is resistant to chloroquine treatment except in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, parts of Central America, and parts of the Middle East. […] In the United States, patients with P falciparum infections often are treated on an inpatient basis in order to observe for complications attributable to either the illness or its treatment. […] Treatment options for P falciparum infections depend on chloroquine resistance. […] Artemisinin-based combination therapy, such as artemether-lumefantrine, is recommended for uncomplicated P falciparum malaria. […] IV artesunate is suitable for pregnant individuals, children, and infants. […] Severe malaria is characterized by criteria such as impaired consciousness/coma, hemoglobin levels below 7 g/dL, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, circulatory collapse/shock, acidosis, jaundice (particularly when accompanied by other signs of severe malaria), disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a parasite density of 5% or higher.

• #1 Treatment of Severe Malaria | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html

  Patients with any manifestations of severe malaria should be treated promptly and aggressively with intravenous (IV) antimalarial therapy. […] IV artesunate is the only IV antimalarial medication currently available in the United States. […] Initiate treatment for severe malaria immediately as it can progress to a fatal outcome rapidly. […] Patients with severe malaria, regardless of infecting species, should be treated with intravenous (IV) artesunate. […] The preferred antimalarial for interim oral treatment is artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) because of its fast onset of action. […] When IV artesunate arrives, immediately discontinue the oral medication and start parenteral treatment. […] After the initial course of IV artesunate is completed, if parasite density is 1% and patient can tolerate oral treatment, a full treatment course with a follow-on regimen must be administered.

• #1 Treatment of Severe Malaria | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html

  IV artesunate can be used in infants, children, and pregnant women. […] The only formal contraindication to IV artesunate treatment is known allergy to IV artemisinins. […] All persons treated for severe malaria with IV artesunate should be monitored weekly for up to four weeks after treatment initiation for evidence of hemolytic anemia.

• #1 Caring for Kids New to Canada – Malaria

  https://kidsnewtocanada.ca/conditions/malaria

  In malaria due to P. vivax or P. ovale, after treatment of acute illness, patients who do not have the inherited sex-linked deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) should be given a 2-week course of primaquine to eradicate the liver hypnozoites and prevent relapses of acute malaria. […] Supportive therapy may include: Acetaminophen for fever, Glucose to prevent or treat hypoglycemia, Fluids to prevent or treat dehydration, Blood transfusion for severe anemia, Anticonvulsants for seizures, Exchange transfusion, which may be lifesaving if the patient has complicated P. falciparum or hyperparasitemia, Broad-spectrum antibiotics in severe malaria for possible concomitant bacteremia.

• #1 Malaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Inpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221134-treatment

  Patients displaying these symptoms should receive immediate and intensive treatment with injectable antimalarials, even before a laboratory diagnosis confirms the specific malaria species. […] IV artesunate is the recommended treatment for severe malaria, to be given every 12 hours for 24 hours. […] In the United States, for uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant P falciparum and P vivax / ovale, artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) is recommended by the CDC for pregnant patients in all trimesters, as strong evidence demonstrates that it is effective and safe in the treatment of malaria in pregnancy. […] If artemether-lumefantrine is not available, quinine plus clindamycin can be used, or mefloquine if there are no other options are available. […] Prophylaxis with weekly chloroquine is recommended after initial treatment if infected during pregnancy with P vivax / ovale and antirelapse therapy with primaquine can be considered after delivery.

• #1 Malaria | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/malaria-16689758.html

  If the first line ACT is unavailable, contra-indicated or has failed despite being correctly administered, use another ACT. […] The patient must be hospitalised. […] The drug of choice is artesunate, preferably IV, or if not possible IM. […] Treat parenterally for at least 24 hours (3 doses), then, if the patient can tolerate the oral route, change to a complete 3-day course of an ACT. […] Quinine IV is still recommended in some national protocols. […] Artesunate, or if unavailable artemether, is recommended in all trimesters. […] Quinine IV is not recommended as standard treatment, however it still remains in some national protocols.

• #1 The treatment of malaria – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8703186/

  Increasing drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and a resurgence of malaria in tropical areas have effected a change in treatment of malaria in the last two decades. Treatment depends on severity, age of patient, degree of background immunity, likely pattern of susceptibility to antimalarial drugs, and the cost and availability of drugs. Chloroquine should be used for P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Primaquine may be needed to treat P. vivax and P. ovale to rid the body of hypnozoites that survive in the liver. In areas of low grade resistance to chloroquine, amodiaquine can be used to effectively treat falciparum malaria. A combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is responsive to falciparum infections with high grade resistance to chloroquine. Mefloquine, halofantrine, or quinine with tetracycline can be used to treat multidrug-resistant P. falciparum. Derivatives of artemisinin obtained from qinghao or sweet wormwood developed as pharmaceuticals in China are the most rapidly acting of all antimalarial drugs. Children tend to tolerate antimalarial drugs well. Health workers should not prescribe primaquine to pregnant women or newborns due to the risk of hemolysis. Chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, quinine, and quinidine can be safely given in therapeutic doses throughout pregnancy. Clinical manifestations of severe malaria are hypoglycemia, convulsions, severe anemia, acute renal failure, jaundice, pulmonary edema, cerebral malaria, shock, and acidosis. Health workers should be prepared to treat these symptoms accordingly.

• #1 Malaria: Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/malaria-treatment-and-prevention

  Quinine has been used for more than three centuries. […] Quinine has a fast onset of action with a short elimination half-life and has been shown to have an additive effect when combined with antibiotics such as clindamycin, tetracycline, or doxycycline. […] Chloroquine phosphate, a synthetic form of quinine, was introduced after World War II and is still the drug of choice for P. falciparum infections that are not chloroquine resistant. […] Unfortunately, P. falciparum is highly resistant to chloroquine in most areas of the world, particularly in Africa. […] The treatment options listed above are the same for pediatric patients, except that the drug dose is determined by the weight of the child. […] Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is chemically related to chloroquine but has different therapeutic and toxic doses.

• #1 Malaria | Novartis

  https://www.novartis.com/diseases/malaria

  Novartis has been committed to the fight against malaria for decades. In 1999 we launched the first fixed-dose Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) and in 2009 the first dispersible pediatric ACT developed in partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV). […] In 2021, we crossed the 1 billion mark in antimalarial treatments delivered to patients worldwide since 1999. […] Despite the tremendous progress made in combating malaria, one child still dies from the disease every minute. Novartis is committed to contributing to the WHOs target of reducing malaria-related child mortality by at least 90% in 2030. […] In 2009, Novartis and MMV co-developed the first dispersible pediatric ACT for children above 5 kg, one of the most vulnerable groups affected by malaria. To date, more than 470 million pediatric treatments have been delivered.

• #1 Management of Malaria in Children – PAEDIATRIC INNOVATION, EDUCATION & RESEARCH NETWORK

  https://www.piernetwork.org/malaria.html

  Malaria is an imported parasitic infection transmitted to humans by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes and is caused by five species of Plasmodium – falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae or knowlesi. […] Severe malaria is a medical emergency. Children with malaria can deteriorate extremely quickly, especially those with comorbidities. The diagnosis must be confirmed urgently and treatment started as soon as possible. […] Intravenous (IV) artesunate is the treatment of choice for all children with severe malaria. […] Specialist Paediatric Infectious Diseases advice should be obtained as early as possible and cases of severe malaria should ideally be managed in a tertiary centre with paediatric intensive care facilities. […] IV artesunate is the antimalarial drug of choice for severe malaria. It should be given as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed in children with severe features.

• #1 Severe Malaria Treatment in Children

  https://www.severemalaria.org/severe-malaria/groups-at-risk/severe-malaria-treatment-in-children

  For severe cases, when parenteral (intravenous or intramuscular) treatment cannot be given, rectal artesunate should be administered and the infant transferred immediately to a facility where full level of care can be provided. […] A single dose of Artesunate Rectal Capsules as pre-referral intervention reduces the risk of death.

• #1 Malaria: Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/malaria-treatment-and-prevention

  Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) is a combination drug that is used for the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria. […] Mefloquine is used for the oral treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant P. falciparum malaria. […] Primaquine phosphate in conjunction with chloroquine is used to eradicate any parasitic forms that may remain dormant in the liver, thus preventing relapses in P. vivax and P. ovale infections. […] Artemisinin derivatives are effective for the treatment of quinine-resistant P. falciparum infection. […] As many drugs have severe adverse effects, a definitive diagnosis of malaria must be made before treatment is initiated. […] Once diagnosed, P. falciparum malaria in an individual who does not have immunity should be treated as an emergency. […] Resistance to antimalarials is developing rapidly in many parts of the world, so the search for the next first-line malaria drug is ongoing.

• #1 Malaria – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184

  Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. […] Many malaria parasites have developed resistance to common drugs used to treat the disease. […] If you’ll be traveling to a location where malaria is common, talk to your doctor a few months ahead of time about whether you should take drugs before, during and after your trip to help protect you from malaria parasites. […] In general, the drugs taken to prevent malaria are the same drugs used to treat the disease. What drug you take depends on where and how long you are traveling and your own health. […] The World Health Organization has recommended a malaria vaccine for use in children who live in countries with high numbers of malaria cases. […] Researchers are continuing to develop and study malaria vaccines to prevent infection.

• #1 Malaria: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/malaria

  Several antimalarial drugs can be used preventively on a short-term basis (for travelers to endemic regions) or administered in tablet form or by injection (the latter in hospital) to treat the disease. […] The most common malaria drugs are: Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines for P. falciparum malaria. […] Chloroquine for treatment of infection with the P. vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this drug. […] Primaquine can be added to the main treatment to prevent relapse of infection with P. vivax and P. ovale. […] For several years now, parasites have been developing resistance to antimalarial drugs. […] In 2008, for example, the first cases of artemisinin resistance were detected in South-East Asia. Resistance was defined by delayed parasite clearance from the bloodstream of patients treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). […] In recent years, artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has also been reported in two regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, in Central Africa (Rwanda) and East Africa (Uganda).

• #1 Malaria: Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/malaria/guide/treatment/

  Your doctor will probably recommend that you take a drug to help prevent a malaria infection, known as prophylaxis. […] If you develop malaria in spite of taking prophylaxis, your treatment will be different from whats usually given to people with malaria who didnt take preventive drugs. […] Treatment for malaria typically involves a combination of drugs to kill the disease-causing parasite. […] Which drug or combination of drugs you take to treat malaria, and the length of your treatment, will be based on several factors: […] To reduce the risk of drug resistance, drugs for malaria are often given in combination. This helps kill off the parasite by targeting it in more than one way. […] Common side effects from various malaria drugs include: […] In the United States, guidelines for treating both uncomplicated and severe malaria include the following drugs: […] Primaquine is given to people with malaria caused by P. vivax or P. ovale to kill immature parasites in their liver. […] Artesunate is a first-line medication given by IV to people with severe malaria.

• #1 On Biology Why some people test positive for malaria after successful anti-malarial treatment

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-biology/2018/07/10/people-test-positive-malaria-successful-anti-malarial-treatment/

  Treating patients with malaria first requires a confirmed diagnosis. The human malaria parasite has developed partial resistance to every drug used to treat it, particularly the first-line treatment, ACT (artemisinin combination therapy). In order to curb the further spread of ACT resistance, in 2010 the World Health Organization recommended that all suspected malaria cases receive a parasite-based diagnosis (rather than presumptive treatment based on external symptoms such as a fever) before issuing anti-malarial medication. However, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed that are quick, easy and cheap to use. The RDT works by detecting antigens (an umbrella term for proteins that indicate an infection) produced by the malaria parasite, and induce a chemical reaction which causes the indicator band to fluoresce. By reducing the number of anti-malarial medications given without first confirming the presence of the parasite, the rate of overtreatment declined, and the probability of developing anti-malarial resistance reduces. Understanding the duration of antigen persistence is critical for correctly interpreting RDTs from recently-treated individuals. After a successful anti-malarial treatment, the malaria parasites clear from the bloodstream and the treated individual begins to feel better within a couple of days. At this point, an issue with the use of RDTs for diagnosis purposes arises. The antigens produced by the recently-cleared malaria parasites persist in the blood after treatment for a period of time, and this duration of antigen persistence has been widely reported to be highly variable. Therefore, subsequent RDT tests can still appear positive if a recently-treated individual is tested, despite the fact that they are no longer infected with malaria. Understanding the duration of antigen persistence is critical for correctly interpreting RDTs from recently-treated individuals, and reduces the probability of clinicians mismanaging non-malarial fevers contributing to ACT resistance. The authors found that approximately half of RDTs remained positive for more than a week after treatment, and a small fraction remained positive for more than three weeks after treatment. This study found that between these two types of RDTs, HRP2-detecting RDTs showed persistent positivity for much longer than pLDH-detecting RDTs (or combination RDTs that detect both HRP2 and pLDH simultaneously) after successful anti-malarial treatment. The results from this study suggest that clinicians should treat positive RDT results from recently-treated patients with caution, particularly if the patient is young and the clinician only has access to RDTs that detect HRP2. Fortunately, with malaria prevalence continuing to decrease in most areas of the world, reinfection after successful treatment is becoming less and less likely for human populations. RDTs have contributed in no small part to this development, but their correct usage is instrumental in continuing this trend. Over-diagnosis of malaria leads to over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs and a systematic mismanagement of non-malarial fevers globally. On an individual level, it is of utmost importance to provide the best diagnosis possible for a patient in order to achieve an optimal health outcome.

• #1 Malaria | Novartis

  https://www.novartis.com/diseases/malaria

  „Resistance to treatment presents the biggest threat to the incredible progress that has been made in the fight against malaria in the past 20 years. We cannot afford to wait; this is why we are committing to advance the research and development of next-generation treatments,” said Vas Narasimhan, CEO of Novartis. […] Two antimalarials in development, KAF156 (ganaplacide) and KAE609 (cipargamin), offer new mechanisms of action against the disease and have the potential to offer simplified therapeutic regimens over current treatments. […] Ganaplacide demonstrated activity against both vivax and falciparum malaria, including artemisinin-resistant parasites. […] The development of cipargamin is led by Novartis with financial support from Wellcome. Cipargamin has a novel, fast-acting, long-lasting mechanism of action, and is potent against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium strains. […] In 2020, Novartis advanced another novel malaria therapy, INE963, a fast acting long-lasting antimalarial with an entirely new mechanism of action.

• #1 Malaria treatment shown to be 100% effective in Phase 2 trial – Purdue University News

  https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/archive/releases/2021/Q3/malaria-treatment-shown-to-be-100-effective-in-phase-2-trial.html

  A repurposed cancer drug has been shown to be 100% effective in treating malaria in a Phase 2 clinical trial. […] The trial shows that the addition of the drug Imatinib to the customary malaria therapy enables clearance of all malaria parasites from 90% of patients within 48 hours and from 100% of patients within three days. […] The patients receiving Imatinib also were relieved of their fevers in less than half of the time experienced by similar patients treated with the standard therapy. […] Imatinib was originally produced by Novartis for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and other cancers. […] Low said for the past 50 years, malaria treatments have used drugs that target the parasite itself, but the microorganism eventually developed resistance to the drugs. […] Because we’re targeting an enzyme that belongs to the red blood cell, the parasite can’t mutate to develop resistance it simply can’t mutate proteins in our blood cells.

• #1 Malaria symptoms and treatment options | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  In 2018, the first new single-dose drug (tafenoquine) for malaria relapse in 60 years was approved by the US FDA and the Australian TGA with the support of MMV and drug manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline. […] Malaria is diagnosed using either light microscopy or rapid detection tests. This is important to: […] Always check the latest WHO guidelines for malaria, when considering treatment options for malaria, as drug research continues to evolve regularly.

• #1 New drug approved for malaria treatment | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

  https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/new-drug-approved-for-malaria-treatment/

  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a new drug aimed at a particular type of malaria that accounts for about 8.5 million infections per year roughly 15-20% of all malaria cases around the world. […] The new drug, Krintafel (tafenoquine), prevents relapse of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax), one of several parasites that causes the disease. […] Currently, patients with P. vivax require a 10-day treatment and many don’t complete the regimen, leading to malaria recurrence. […] Kinfatel, a single-dose medication, aims to address that problem. […] She added that global malaria eradication efforts require a multifaceted approach. There is no silver bullet in malaria, she said.

• #2 General Approach to Treatment | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html

  Initiate antimalarial treatment immediately upon confirmation of malaria diagnosis. […] Once the diagnosis of malaria has been made, appropriate antimalarial treatment must be initiated immediately. […] Treatment should be guided by the following four main factors: Infecting Plasmodium species; Clinical status of the patient; Expected drug susceptibility of the infecting parasite as determined by the geographic area where the infection was acquired; and Previous use of antimalarials, including those taken for malaria chemoprophylaxis. […] Patients diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria can be effectively treated with oral antimalarials. However, patients who have one or more of the following clinical criteria […] and/or percent parasitemia of 5% are considered to have manifestations of severe disease and should be treated aggressively with intravenous antimalarial therapy.

• #2 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  Each year, malaria causes an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide. […] The World Health Organization recommends treating uncomplicated cases of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy. […] Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria. […] The CDC-recommended treatment of malaria is based on four variables: the clinical status of the patient (uncomplicated vs. severe disease), the species involved, the patient’s history of prophylaxis, and the geographic region where the infection occurred. […] The World Health Organization recommends treating uncomplicated cases of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), which comprises an artemisinin derivative and a partner drug. […] If ACT is not available and the infection likely occurred in an area with chloroquine-sensitivity, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) may be used.

• #2 Malaria: Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/malaria-treatment-and-prevention

  Malaria is an overwhelming global health problem that can lead to complications and death if not appropriately treated. […] Treatment for malaria should not be started until a laboratory diagnosis has been confirmed. […] Once diagnosed, malaria should be treated as a medical emergency because P. falciparum infections may rapidly progress and become fatal. […] The choice of medication depends on: The species of infecting Plasmodium; The clinical condition of the patient–patients with uncomplicated malaria (e.g., not presenting with anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, shock, acidosis, jaundice, or convulsion) can be treated with oral antimalarial drugs, whereas patients with complications should be treated aggressively with parenteral antimalarial drugs; and The geographic area where the infection was acquired–some areas harbor parasites that are resistant to certain drugs.

• #2 Efficacy of antimalarial drugs for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Asian region: A network meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0225882

  The WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. […] The primary advantage of the combination therapy is that the artemisinin quickly and drastically reduces the majority of malaria parasites, and the partner drug clears remaining small number of parasites. […] Five ACTs recommended by WHO for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria are: artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artesunate- amodiaquine (ASAQ), artesunate- mefloquine (ASMQ), artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ASSP) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP). […] The findings suggest the superiority of DHP (3-day course) to AL and other comparator ACTs are with the overall low/very low quality of evidence judgements. […] Overall, we observed a low certainty evidence whether any antimalarial regimens included in this study were better in clearance of parasitemia at day 28 since the certainty of the evidence was assessed as low.

• #2 Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0900/malaria.html

  If ACT is unavailable and the infection occurred in an area with chloroquine resistance, atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), a combination of quinine (Qualaquin) plus tetracycline, doxycycline, or clindamycin (Cleocin) should be used. […] Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe disease and should be initiated as soon as possible. […] If artesunate is not immediately available, the preferred oral medication for severe disease is artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem). […] Malaria is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant patients. ACTs may be used in the second and third trimesters except for artemether/lumefantrine, which may be used in the first trimester as well.

• #2 Dosing Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/table/dosing-recommendations-prevention-and-treatment-malaria

  Dosage Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria Indication First Choice Comments/Special Issues Primary Prophylaxis For Travel To Chloroquine-Sensitive Areas: Chloroquine base 5 mg/kg body weight base by mouth, up to 300 mg once weekly (equivalent to 7.5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate). Start 12 weeks before leaving, take weekly while away, and then take once weekly for 4 weeks after returning home. Atovaquone/proguanil once daily started 12 days before travel, for duration of stay, and then for 1 week after returning home. Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg body weight (maximum 100 mg) by mouth once daily for children aged 8 years. Must be taken 1-2 days before travel, daily while away, and then up to 4 weeks after returning. Mefloquine 5 mg/kg body weight orally given once weekly (max 250 mg). For Areas with Mainly P. Vivax: Primaquine phosphate 0.6 mg/kg body weight base once daily by mouth, up to a maximum of 30 mg base/day. Starting 1 day before leaving, taken daily, and for 37 days after return. Recommendations are the same for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. For travel to chloroquine-sensitive areas. Equally recommended options include chloroquine, atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline (for children aged 8 years), and mefloquine; primaquine is recommended for areas with mainly P. vivax. G6PD screening must be performed prior to primaquine use. For travel to chloroquine-resistant areas, preferred drugs are atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline (for children aged 8 years) or mefloquine. For Travel to Chloroquine-Resistant Areas: Atovaquone/proguanil once daily started 12 days before travel, for duration of stay, and then for 1 week after returning home. Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg body weight (maximum 100 mg) by mouth once daily for children aged 8 years. Must be taken 12 days before travel, daily while away, and then up to 4 weeks after returning. Mefloquine 5 mg/kg body weight orally given once weekly (maximum 250 mg). Secondary Prophylaxis For P. vivax or P. ovale: Primaquine 0.5 mg/kg base (0.8 mg/kg salt) up to adult dose orally, daily for 14 days after departure from the malarious area. This regimen, known as PART, is recommended only for individuals who have resided in a malaria-endemic area for an extended period of time. Adult dose: 30 mg base (52.6 mg salt) orally, daily for 14 days after departure from the malarious area. Treatment Uncomplicated P. Falciparum or Unknown Malaria Species, from Chloroquine-Resistant Areas (All Malaria Areas Except Those Listed as Chloroquine Sensitive) or Unknown Region: Atovaquone-proguanil (pediatric tablets 62.5 mg/25 mg; adult tablets 250 mg/100 mg), dosed once daily. Uncomplicated P. Falciparum OR Unknown Malaria Species From Chloroquine-Sensitive Region: Chloroquine phosphate: 16.6 mg/kg body weight (10 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base) (maximum 1000 mg) by mouth once, then 8.3 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth at 6, 24, and 48 hours (total dose = 41.6 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate [maximum 2500 mg] = 25 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base). P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi (All Areas Except Papua New Guinea, Indonesia; See Comments) Initial Therapy (Followed by Anti-Relapse Therapy for P. Ovale and P. Vivax): Chloroquine phosphate 16.6 mg/kg body weight (10 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base) (maximum 1000 mg) by mouth once, then 8.3 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth at 6, 24, and 48 hours (total dose = 41.6 mg/kg body weight chloroquine phosphate [maximum 2500 mg] = 25 mg/kg body weight chloroquine base). Anti-Relapse Therapy for P. ovale, P. vivax: Primaquine 0.5 mg base/kg body weight (max 30 mg base) by mouth once daily for 14 days. Uncomplicated P. falciparum or Unknown Malaria Species from Chloroquine-Resistant Areas (All Malaria Areas Except Those Listed as Chloroquine Sensitive) or Unknown Region: Mefloquine (250-mg tablets only): 15 mg/kg body weight (maximum 750 mg) by mouth once, then 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth given 12 hours later. Quinine sulfate 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 650 mg) per dose by mouth every 8 hours for 3 to 7 days, plus Clindamycin 7 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth every 8 hours for 7 days, or doxycycline: 2.2 mg/kg body weight per dose (maximum 100 mg) given by mouth every 12 hours, or tetracycline 612.5 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth given every 6 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg per dose given 4 times daily) for 7 days. Artesunate 2.4 mg/kg body weight IV bolus at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours PLUS One of the Following: Doxycycline (treatment dosing as above), or Atovaquone-proguanil (treatment dosing as above), or Mefloquine 15 mg/kg body weight (maximum 750 mg) by mouth once, then 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum 500 mg) by mouth once given 12 hours later, or Clindamycin (dosing as above). Quinidine gluconate 10 mg/kg body weight IV loading dose over 12 hours, then 0.02 mg/kg body weight/minute infusion for 24 hours (Treatment duration: 7 days in Southeast Asia, Oceania, otherwise 3 days) PLUS One of the Following: Doxycycline 100 mg per dose by mouth every 12 hours for 7 days; for children 45 kg, use 2.2 mg/kg body weight per dose OR Clindamycin 7 mg/kg body weight per dose by mouth given every 8 hours for 7 days.

• #2 How Malaria Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-malaria-is-treated-4160926

  Often, a combination of medications is used to prevent recurrence and to avoid persistent infections due to medication resistance. […] For example, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have made several treatment recommendations based on the region in which malaria is acquired and the type of malaria species. […] According to the CDC, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are recommended for treatment of P. malariae, which is not associated with chloroquine resistance, a problem noted with some other malaria species. […] The WHO recommends ACTs for treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by the P. falciparum parasite. […] According to the CDC, P. falciparum infections acquired in Central America west of the Panama Canal, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and most of the Middle East are not associated with chloroquine-resistant strains and can be treated with chloroquine. […] According to the WHO, ACTs or chloroquine should be used to treat P. vivax infections in areas without chloroquine-resistant P. vivax. […] Primaquine can be used for treatment of P. vivax and P. ovale malaria. […] With the right medication, malaria can often be successfully treated.

• #2 Chapter 7 – Treatment of malaria: Canadian recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/catmat/canadian-recommendations-prevention-treatment-malaria/chapter-7-treatment.html

  Patients should be tested to exclude glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency before giving antirelapse therapy with primaquine. […] In cases with known or suspected G6PD deficiency, seek expert medical advice because primaquine may cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency. […] Self-treatment of malaria (also known to as standby emergency treatment) has received little study, yet it is a frequent topic of discussion with travellers. […] Individuals in chloroquine-sensitive regions should self-treat with chloroquine and then resume or start chloroquine prophylaxis.

• #2 Treatment of Severe Malaria | Malaria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html

  Patients with any manifestations of severe malaria should be treated promptly and aggressively with intravenous (IV) antimalarial therapy. […] IV artesunate is the only IV antimalarial medication currently available in the United States. […] Initiate treatment for severe malaria immediately as it can progress to a fatal outcome rapidly. […] Patients with severe malaria, regardless of infecting species, should be treated with intravenous (IV) artesunate. […] The preferred antimalarial for interim oral treatment is artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) because of its fast onset of action. […] When IV artesunate arrives, immediately discontinue the oral medication and start parenteral treatment. […] After the initial course of IV artesunate is completed, if parasite density is 1% and patient can tolerate oral treatment, a full treatment course with a follow-on regimen must be administered.

• #2 Malaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Inpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221134-treatment

  Patients displaying these symptoms should receive immediate and intensive treatment with injectable antimalarials, even before a laboratory diagnosis confirms the specific malaria species. […] IV artesunate is the recommended treatment for severe malaria, to be given every 12 hours for 24 hours. […] In the United States, for uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant P falciparum and P vivax / ovale, artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) is recommended by the CDC for pregnant patients in all trimesters, as strong evidence demonstrates that it is effective and safe in the treatment of malaria in pregnancy. […] If artemether-lumefantrine is not available, quinine plus clindamycin can be used, or mefloquine if there are no other options are available. […] Prophylaxis with weekly chloroquine is recommended after initial treatment if infected during pregnancy with P vivax / ovale and antirelapse therapy with primaquine can be considered after delivery.

• #2 Malaria: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/malaria

  Several antimalarial drugs can be used preventively on a short-term basis (for travelers to endemic regions) or administered in tablet form or by injection (the latter in hospital) to treat the disease. […] The most common malaria drugs are: Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines for P. falciparum malaria. […] Chloroquine for treatment of infection with the P. vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this drug. […] Primaquine can be added to the main treatment to prevent relapse of infection with P. vivax and P. ovale. […] For several years now, parasites have been developing resistance to antimalarial drugs. […] In 2008, for example, the first cases of artemisinin resistance were detected in South-East Asia. Resistance was defined by delayed parasite clearance from the bloodstream of patients treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). […] In recent years, artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has also been reported in two regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, in Central Africa (Rwanda) and East Africa (Uganda).

• #2 Towards next-generation treatment options to combat Plasmodium falciparum malaria | Nature Reviews Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-024-01099-x

  Malaria, which is caused by infection of red blood cells with Plasmodium parasites, can be fatal in non-immune individuals if left untreated. […] chemotherapy remains central to malaria treatment and control. For many antimalarial drugs, clinical efficacy has been compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. […] there is an urgent need for new antimalarial medicines to complement the existing first-line artemisinin-based combination therapies. […] we discuss various opportunities to expand the present malaria treatment space, appraise the current antimalarial drug development pipeline and highlight examples of promising targets. […] We also discuss other approaches to circumvent antimalarial resistance and how potency against drug-resistant parasites could be retained.

• #2 The Cure for Malaria Could be in Your Backyard – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesThe Cure for Malaria Could be in Your Backyard – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases

  https://ctegd.uga.edu/the-cure-for-malaria-could-be-in-your-backyard/

  Cassera in collaboration with David Kingston at Virginia Tech and Michael Goetz and Jason Clement from the Natural Product Discovery Institute (NPDI) has a grant from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT008088) to study plants in the NPDI Repository to identify new antimalarial compounds. […] So far over 28,000 extracts have been screened and the team has identified over 100 compounds with anti-malarial activity. […] An extract of the wood from a species of Malleastrum in the mahogany family was found to have moderate antimalarial activity against a drug-resistant strain of P. falciparum. […] “We have identified some really promising compounds,” said Belen Cassera. “A few could be ready for pre-clinical studies in a few years.” […] In addition to testing for anti-malarial activity, the Cassera lab is also looking at the mechanism of action – how the compound works. This is an important step in drug discovery; because once it is understood how the compound works a synthetic analog could be synthesized and manufactured at a cheaper cost and in a safer form.

• #2 Malaria | Novartis

  https://www.novartis.com/diseases/malaria

  „Resistance to treatment presents the biggest threat to the incredible progress that has been made in the fight against malaria in the past 20 years. We cannot afford to wait; this is why we are committing to advance the research and development of next-generation treatments,” said Vas Narasimhan, CEO of Novartis. […] Two antimalarials in development, KAF156 (ganaplacide) and KAE609 (cipargamin), offer new mechanisms of action against the disease and have the potential to offer simplified therapeutic regimens over current treatments. […] Ganaplacide demonstrated activity against both vivax and falciparum malaria, including artemisinin-resistant parasites. […] The development of cipargamin is led by Novartis with financial support from Wellcome. Cipargamin has a novel, fast-acting, long-lasting mechanism of action, and is potent against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium strains. […] In 2020, Novartis advanced another novel malaria therapy, INE963, a fast acting long-lasting antimalarial with an entirely new mechanism of action.

• #2

• #2 University of Glasgow – University news – New drug could help fight against treatment-resistant malaria

  https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_1122981_en.html

  New drug could help fight against treatment-resistant malaria. An international team of researchers have developed a promising new drug which could help combat the spread of treatment-resistant malaria. The breakthrough development is the first to adapt an approach from cancer treatments to tackle malaria. It works by permanently disabling a protein that Plasmodium falciparum, one of the mosquito-borne parasites which spreads malaria, uses to duplicate itself inside the human body. In a paper published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, they outline how the treatment could be more effective than current medications at all stages of malaria infection. The new drug could help to overcome the growing problem of Plasmodium falciparums resistance to artemisinin, the current frontline treatment for malaria infections. A fresh approach to medication could help us shore up our defences against malaria in the years to come. The new drug works by targeting a protein called PfCLK3, which plays a vital role in the parasites ability to splice RNA. The molecule weve developed is much more focused on its target it has a special chemical grappling hook that ensures it sticks only to the PfCLK3 protein, which could help it treat malaria without causing unwanted effects in humans. Although more testing is required, wed expect from what weve seen so far that the molecule would be effective at all stages of the parasites life cycle, which is something that isnt possible with artemisinin. Our hope is that this molecule could be the basis of a one-shot cure for malaria in the future. Developing the next generation of malaria treatments is one of the aims of Keltic Pharma, a spinout from the University of Glasgow founded by Professor Jamieson and colleagues Professor Andrew Tobin and Professor Graeme Milligan. The teams paper, titled Targeting Pf CLK3 with Covalent Inhibitors: A Novel Strategy for Malaria Treatment, is published in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.

• #3 Malaria: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15014-malaria

  Antimalarial medications can cure it. […] Antimalarial medications can treat malaria and clear the infection from your body, but its important to start treatment as soon as possible. […] Your provider will prescribe medications to kill the type of Plasmodium parasite responsible for your infection. […] Antimalarial drugs include: Artemisinin drugs (artemether and artesunate), Atovaquone, Chloroquine, Doxycycline, Mefloquine, Quinine, Primaquine. […] If youve traveled to or live in a country where malaria is common and you have symptoms, see a healthcare provider immediately. Early diagnosis makes treatment more effective. […] Your provider might prescribe antimalarial medications for you to take before, during and after your stay. Medications can greatly reduce the chances of getting malaria.

• #3 Malaria symptoms and treatment options | Medicines for Malaria Venture

  https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/malaria-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Malaria is treated with antimalarial drugs that: […] Several things influence the choice of malaria treatment, including: […] WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as first-line treatment against uncomplicated malaria caused by the P. falciparum parasite: […] The availability of ACTs and other control measures have contributed heavily to the reduction in malaria-related mortality in the last 20 years. […] WHO recommends intravenous or intramuscular administration of injectable artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria for at least 24 hours and until the patient can tolerate oral medication. […] P. vivax radical cure protects patients from relapsing malaria through the administration of a combination therapy (both treatment of the blood stage symptoms and treatment of the liver stage relapsing form of the parasite).

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