Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adrenal Adenoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539906/

  Genetic understanding of adrenal adenomas, similar to many other areas of medicine, is evolving rapidly. Certain genetic mutations have been linked to both hormonally active and hormonally inactive adrenal adenomas. However, the precise mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis remain unclear. […] Mutations in the CTNNB1 genes, which provide instructions for making beta-catenin (Wnt/beta-catenin pathway), have been associated with the development of larger, nonsecreting adrenocortical adenomas. […] The mutations associated with macronodular cortisol-producing adrenal nodules include PRKACA(associated with cortisol-producing adenoma), GNAS1(linked to McCune-Albright syndrome), MENIN(related to multiple endocrine neoplasm type 1), ARMC5(associated with primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia), APC(associated with primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia), and FH(related to primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia). […] The mutations associated with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas include KCNJ5, which accounts for approximately 40% of such cases. In addition, mutations in ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, and CTNNB1 have also been associated with this condition.

• #2 Benign adrenal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20356190

  Benign adrenal tumors are masses that aren’t cancer. They form in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. These glands make hormones that send messages to nearly every organ and tissue in the body. […] Most benign adrenal tumors cause no symptoms and don’t need treatment. But sometimes these tumors make high levels of some hormones that can cause problems. Hormones from the cortex control metabolism, blood pressure and certain body features, such as hair growth. Hormones from the medulla control the body’s response to stress. […] The cause of benign adrenal tumors often is not known.

• #3 Adenoma of the Adrenal Gland: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17769-adrenal-adenoma

  Adrenal adenomas are benign (noncancerous) tumors in your adrenal glands. Your adrenal glands are small, triangular glands located atop both of your kidneys. They secrete hormones that help your body respond to stress. Your adrenal glands also release hormones that regulate your blood sugar, blood pressure and immune system, among other essential functions. […] Adrenal adenomas form in your adrenal cortex. […] Adrenal adenomas dont usually cause symptoms or require treatment. Some may lead to the overproduction of one or more normal adrenal hormones. […] Researchers dont know what causes an adrenal adenoma or other benign adrenal gland tumors to form. Still, certain genetic conditions may increase your risk, including: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1). Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Carney complex. Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Obesity and tobacco use may also increase your chances of having an adrenal adenoma. […] Treatment outcomes associated with adrenalectomy are excellent. Removing the affected adrenal gland often relieves the symptoms related to functional adrenal adenomas.

• #4 Pathogenesis of benign adrenocortical tumors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21115158/

  Most adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are benign unilateral adrenocortical adenomas, often discovered incidentally. […] Although most ACT are of sporadic origin, they may also be part of syndromic and/or hereditary disorders. […] The identification of the genetics of familial diseases associated with benign ACT has been helpful to define somatic alterations in sporadic ACT: for example, identification of PRKAR1A mutations in Carney complex or alterations of the Wnt/-catenin pathway in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli. […] Components of the cAMP signaling pathway-for example, adrenocorticotropic-hormone receptors and other membrane receptors, Gs protein, phosphodiesterases and protein kinase A-can be altered to various degrees in benign cortisol-secreting ACT. […] These progress have been important for the understanding of the pathogenesis of benign ACT, but already have profound implications for clinical management, for example in unraveling the genetic origin of disease in some patients with ACT. […] They also have therapeutic consequences, and should help to develop new therapeutic options.

• #5 Biomedicines | Special Issue : Pathogenesis and Treatment of Adrenal Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomedicines/special_issues/adrenal_genetic

  Advances in genomics have enormously improved our understanding of adrenal tumorigenesis and led to the development of prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Bilateral nodular hyperplasias causing Cushing’s syndrome are frequently caused by germline alterations leading to cAMP/PKA pathway activation (micronodular) and ARMC5 inactivation (macronodular). […] Somatic mutations of β-catenin and PRKACA are observed in non-secreting or cortisol producing adenomas, respectively. […] Alterations of the β-catenin (CTNN1B, ZNFR3) or TP53 pathways are found in carcinomas. […] Mutations in cancers are more common in aggressive tumors and correlate with transcriptome or methylation profiles. Identification of these alterations helps to refine the molecular classification of these tumors and to develop molecular targeted treatment.

• #6 Genetic Alterations in Benign Adrenal Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/5/1041

  The genetic basis of most types of adrenal adenomas has been elucidated over the past decade, leading to the association of adrenal gland pathologies with specific molecular defects. Various genetic studies have established links between variants affecting the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway and benign cortisol-producing adrenal lesions. Specifically, genetic alterations in GNAS, PRKAR1A, PRKACA, PRKACB, PDE11A, and PDE8B have been identified. […] The genetic background of primary adrenal lesions has been unraveled through advances in the field of genomics over the past decade. The initial clues to our understanding came from a study of rare familial tumor syndromes and the identification of germline and somatic pathogenic variants in CS and primary aldosteronism (PA). These discoveries have facilitated the classification of adrenocortical lesions more accurately based on the causal gene while the genetic screening and counseling can be more individualized to each patient.

• #7 Genetic Alterations in Benign Adrenal Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/5/1041

  In CS, aberrant cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling has been found to be implicated in the majority of the benign cortisol-secreting ATCs. The involvement of this pathway was first identified in CS in McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), which is caused by somatic-activating variants in the gene that encodes the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα), GNAS. […] In the case of PA, its pathogenesis has been found to be linked to aberrant intracellular calcium signaling in aldosterone hypersecretion and defects in genes that encode ion channels such as CACNA1H, CACNA1D, CLCN2, KCNJ5, and ATPases including ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 have been implicated in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. This review aims to describe the causative molecular alternations in benign ATCs.

• #8 Adrenocortical adenoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocortical_adenoma

  An adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex. […] Study of the reported cases indicate that most adrenocortical adenomas occur due to neoplastic proliferation of adrenal cortical cells within the three distinct layers of adrenal cortex. […] The developmental physiology of the adrenal cortex is believed to play a pivotal role in formation of the adrenocortical tumors. […] Moreover, recent studies suggest that mutations affecting the molecular pathways of the adrenocortical region can stimulate abnormal proliferation and tumor formation. […] Through these studies, the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling has been identified as a key mediator of cortisol secretion, and the mutations associated with the dysregulation of cyclic AMP – protein kinase A pathways have been implicated in the adrenocortical pathophysiology.

• #9 What are Adrenal Tumors? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/adrenal-tumors.html

  Adrenal tumors can be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancerous). Even benign adrenal tumors can be dangerous or cause uncomfortable symptoms. […] Adenomas: A type of non-cancerous tumor. […] Overproduction of cortisol may be caused by: A benign tumor on the adrenal gland called an adenoma. […] Hyperaldosteronism: This condition is caused by a small tumor in the adrenal gland that makes too much aldosterone or an enlargement (hyperplasia) of the adrenal glands. […] MD Andersons Endocrine Center has one of the nations few programs dedicated to providing personalized care for benign and malignant adrenal tumors, a group of complex and diverse disorders.

• #10 Adrenal Adenoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adrenal-adenoma

  An adrenal adenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that forms within an adrenal glandthe hormone-producing gland located on top of each kidney. Whether or not an adrenal adenoma causes symptoms depends on if it is classified as functional (hormone-producing) or non-functional (non-hormone producing). […] Non-functional adrenal adenomas may progress to functional ones over time, however, they do not progress to cancer. […] As mentioned above, a non-functional adrenal adenoma does not typically cause symptoms. Thats because the tumor doesnt cause any changes to hormone secretion. But if the tumors presence causes the adrenal glands cortex to secrete increased levels of certain hormones, symptoms may begin to develop and the tumor is considered to be functional. […] In some cases, higher levels of hormones can lead to serious conditions. When an adrenal adenoma causes the adrenal gland to secrete higher levels of cortisol, for example, a person may develop hypercortisolism, or Cushings syndrome, which causes excessive weight gain, abnormal fat distribution, abdominal striae (stretch marks), and osteoporosis.

• #11 Types of Adrenal Tumors | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/adrenal-tumors/types

  Adrenal tumors originate in the adrenal glands, which are small organs located on top of the kidneys in the lower back. […] The causes of adrenal tumors are not fully understood, although we know that some rare genetic conditions increase the risk. These include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, von HippelLindau syndrome, familial paraganglioma syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney complex, and LiFraumeni syndrome. […] Most adrenal gland tumors are benign, or noncancerous, but need to be treated if symptoms appear. There are several types of adrenal tumors that may require treatment. […] A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the adrenal medullathe inner section of the adrenal gland, which normally produces healthy levels of stress hormones. These types of tumors cause the adrenal medulla to produce elevated levels of stress hormones, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

• #12 ADRENAL TUMORS TREATMENTS – Comprehensive Urology

  https://comprehensive-urology.com/general-urology/adrenal-tumors/

  Benign adrenal tumors are small, non-cancerous growths. They form in the adrenal glands and don’t metastasize to other body parts. Typically, they don’t induce symptoms and might be discovered incidentally during an abdominal exam or diagnostic test. In such instances, treatment might not be required. […] However, in the event that the lesions interfere with adrenal gland function, causing the gland to produce too much or too little of the body’s essential hormones, than medical treatment will be strongly recommended. In some cases, even benign lesions can become cancerous, so it is important to discuss your situation with a urologist. […] Benign adrenal lesions are usually categorized based on where they develop within the adrenal gland. Tumors in the outer layers, known as the cortex, are termed adrenal adenomas. Conversely, tumors in the innermost part, called the medulla, are referred to as pheochromocytomas.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12022-022-09710-8

  The new WHO classification of adrenal cortical proliferations reflects translational advances in the fields of endocrine pathology, oncology and molecular biology. […] Understanding germline susceptibility and the clonal-neoplastic nature of individual adrenal cortical nodules in primary bilateral macronodular adrenal cortical disease, and recognition of the clonal-neoplastic nature of incidentally discovered non-functional subcentimeter benign adrenal cortical nodules has led to redefining the spectrum of adrenal cortical nodular disease. […] This group of clinicopathological entities are reflected in functional adrenal cortical pathologies. […] Adrenal cortical carcinomas are subtyped based on their morphological features to include conventional, oncocytic, myxoid, and sarcomatoid subtypes.

• #14 Adrenal Tumors – Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://compurocare.com/adrenal-tumors/

  Adrenal tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous), as well as functioning (hormone-producing) or non-functioning. […] Most adrenal tumors are adenomas, non-cancerous growths. […] Though there is no known cause for adrenal tumors, evidence suggests a link between adrenal tumors and certain inherited conditions, including: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a genetic condition that increases the likelihood of developing cancer; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), a disorder of the endocrine system; Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), an inherited mutation of a protein called the von Hippel Lindau gene; Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease), a disorder that causes tumors to develop in the nervous system; Paraganglioma syndrome, a condition in which tumors develop in paraganglia, cell bundles in the nervous system; Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a growth disorder; Carney complex, a genetic condition that produces tumors in the endocrine glands. […] Physicians have found no evidence of lifestyle changes that affect the development of adrenal tumors.

• #15 Relationship of obesity, body fat, benign adrenal tumors and the mediating mechanism: a two-step mendelian randomization study | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13774-0

  Benign adrenal tumors comprise the majority of asymptomatic adrenal masses and are often associated with cortisol secretion, which increases the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. […] The causal relationships among obesity, body fat, and benign adrenal tumors remain uncertain. […] Our study demonstrates that obesity and elevated body fat may serve as risk factors for benign adrenal tumors. Furthermore, we identify the mediating role of total/bioavailable testosterone levels in women, suggesting its potential target for prevention and intervention of benign adrenal tumors in individuals with obesity or high body fat. […] Studies have shown that obesity may promote the development of benign adrenal tumors through insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. […] The mechanisms between obesity and benign adrenal tumors remain controversial. Systemic low-grade inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and hormonal dysregulation are commonly implicated mechanisms in obesity-related diseases.

• #16 Relationship of obesity, body fat, benign adrenal tumors and the mediating mechanism: a two-step mendelian randomization study | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13774-0

  Our study confirms that obesity is a significant risk factor for benign adrenal tumors and establishes causal relationships between BMI, WC, HC, and benign adrenal tumors. […] Our study identified CRP and sleeplessness/insomnia as risk factors for benign adrenal tumors, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cognitive performance may serve as protective factors. […] Our study identified the mediating mechanisms among obesity, body fat, and benign adrenal tumors. In women, total/bioavailable testosterone levels mediated the association between obesity and benign adrenal tumors. […] Our study used MR methods to tentatively identify the pathogenic mechanisms of benign adrenal tumors in women.

• #17 Cushing syndrome due to adrenal tumor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000407.htm

  Cushing syndrome due to adrenal tumor is a form of Cushing syndrome. It occurs when a tumor of the adrenal gland releases excess amounts of the hormone cortisol. […] One such problem is a tumor on one of the adrenal glands. Adrenal tumors release cortisol. Adrenal tumors are rare. They can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). […] Noncancerous tumors that can cause Cushing syndrome include: Adrenal adenomas, a common tumor that rarely makes excess cortisol. […] Cancerous tumors that may cause Cushing syndrome include an adrenal carcinoma. This is a rare tumor, but it usually makes excess cortisol. […] Surgery is done to remove the adrenal tumor. Often, the entire adrenal gland is removed. […] Appropriate treatment of adrenal tumors may reduce the risk of complications in some people with adrenal tumor-related Cushing syndrome.

• #18 Weight Gain and Adrenal Tumors

  https://www.adrenal.com/blog/weight-gain-and-adrenal-tumors

  Benign (non-cancerous) adrenal tumors can cause hormone over-production leading to weight gain. The hormone being over-produced depends on which cell in the adrenal gland it arose from. Specifically, with regard to weight gain and adrenal tumor-type, the tumors arising from the outer layer, or adrenal cortex, can frequently cause weight gain. […] Changes in the bodys fat tissue at a cellular level is caused by the cortisol over-production from the adrenal tumor. The cortisol slows down metabolism and increases appetite. So, not only are you wanting to eat more, but the excess cortisol is causing the fat redistribution and changes within the fat, further promoting weight gain. […] Thus, it is reasonable to assume that even non-functional adrenal tumors may be related to weight gain as well.

• #19 Adrenal Adenoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adrenal-adenoma

  When higher levels of aldosterone are secreted, a person may develop primary aldosteronism or Conn syndrome, characterized by difficult-to-control hypertension, and in some cases, severe hypokalemia (low potassium levels). […] In rare cases, an adrenal adenoma may cause the adrenal gland to secrete higher-than-normal levels of the sex hormones estrogen or testosterone, which may lead to symptoms like enlarged breasts in males or excess facial and/or body hair in females. […] Treatment depends on the type of adrenal adenoma. […] Non-functional adrenal adenoma: Treatment for non-functional adrenal adenoma is usually not necessary. Instead, a watch-and-wait approach may be recommended. […] Functional adrenal adenoma: Functional adrenal adenoma is usually treated with surgery. After these benign tumors are removed, symptoms usually disappear; the procedure is curative for most people, however in cases of long-standing hypertension, some patients will still require medication to normalize their blood pressure.

• #20 Weight Gain and Adrenal Tumors

  https://www.adrenal.com/blog/weight-gain-and-adrenal-tumors

  The excess aldosterone produced by the adrenal tumor causes salt retention by the kidney, which in turn causes water retention, as the available body water attempts to dilute the salt at a cellular level. The increased salt and water retention causes weight gain and high blood pressure. […] The cycle can only be broken by surgery to remove the affected adrenal gland containing the aldosterone over-producing tumor.

• #21 Benign Feminizing Adrenal Tumor in an Adult Male | Ochsner Journal

  https://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/20/3/311

  Feminizing adrenal tumors are rare and generally malignant tumors usually seen in male adults and children. […] Given the ambiguity in distinguishing between malignant and benign feminizing adrenal tumors, we suggest that radiologic (via Hounsfield units), clinical (via trending hormone levels), and histopathologic (via Weiss and Ki-67 scores) findings are sufficient to confirm the benign nature of this commonly malignant tumor. […] The paucity of data describing truly benign feminizing adrenal tumors leads to difficulties in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors. […] Another important aspect to consider is the proliferative indices, such as Ki-67, as these values are significantly higher in the setting of adrenocortical carcinoma vs adenoma. […] We used the Weiss score and the Ki-67 score to label our case as benign and suggest that if a tumor is radiologically, macroscopically, and histopathologically diagnosed as benign with Hounsfield units, Weiss score, and Ki-67 score, the tumor should be considered benign, regardless of the patient’s hormonal status.

• #22 Adrenal Cortex Tumors | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/adrenal-cortex-tumors

  These tumors often develop after prolonged stimulation of the adrenal cortex. […] There is a continuous spectrum of abnormal change ranging from small areas of hyperplasia to benign and then malignant cancer. […] The stimulation may be due to overproduction of pituitary hormones that control the gland, or excess of these or similar hormones from an external source such as medicines or chemicals in the environment. […] Sometimes disruption of the natural regulation of hormone production (’feedback control’) by the gland results in over-stimulation. […] Cancer induction is a multi-step process called 'tumor progression’. […] Some cancers never progress past the first stages so remain benign. […] Others progress rapidly.

• #23 Risk for Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension from Benign Adrenal Tumors Higher Than Thought | Inside Precision Medicine

  https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/risk-for-type-2-diabetes-hypertension-from-benign-adrenal-tumors-higher-than-thought/

  People with benign adrenal tumors are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure than previously understood, according to new research from the University of Birmingham in the U.K. […] The study, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, revealed that more of these tumors secrete abnormal levels of the stress hormone cortisol than previously thought, making them more likely to cause cardiometabolic health problems in those affected. […] One hormone that incidentalomas are known to secrete is the hormone cortisol, associated with the body’s response to stress. Previous studies suggested that around a third of adrenal incidentalomas secrete cortisol, putting those affected at higher risk for developing cardiometabolic symptoms such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure, but according to the current study the figure could actually be closer to half of those affected.

• #24 Risk for Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension from Benign Adrenal Tumors Higher Than Thought | Inside Precision Medicine

  https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/risk-for-type-2-diabetes-hypertension-from-benign-adrenal-tumors-higher-than-thought/

  High blood pressure and increased blood glucose were more common in those with definitive MACS than in those with non-cortisol secreting tumors. “Compared to those without MACS, we observed that patients with MACS were more likely to be diagnosed with high blood pressure and to require three or more tablets to achieve an adequate blood pressure control. When we looked at patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, those with MACS were twice more likely to be treated with insulin, indicating that other medications haven’t helped managing their blood sugar levels,” said first author and University of Birmingham researcher Alessandro Prete in a press statement. […] “Our hope is that this research will put a spotlight on this condition and increase awareness of its impact on health. We advocate that all patients who are found to carry an adrenal incidentaloma are tested for MACS and have their blood pressure and glucose levels measured regularly,” added Wiebke Arlt, a professor at the University of Birmingham who led the research.

• #25 Molecular Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adrenal Tumors | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/34360/molecular-mechanism-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-adrenal-tumors/magazine

  Adrenal tumors occur in one or both adrenal glands, which are endocrine organs located on the top of kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two parts, with the outer part (cortex) producing aldosterone, cortisol, and/or androgens that impact salt and potassium balance, metabolism, and sexual characteristics, respectively, when overly excreted in patients with hyperaldosteronism, Cushings Syndrome, or adrenocortical carcinoma, and the inner part (medulla) producing catecholamines which affect heart rate, blood pressure and/or cause other systemic sympathetic symptoms when overly excreted by pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs). […] With endocrine function, even benign adrenal tumors can be bothering or even life-threatening, and require evaluations and corresponding management. […] An improved understanding of the genetic, molecular, and cellular changes lead to novel ideas and ultimately clinical improvements in strategies of screening, evaluating and treating adrenal tumors, and managing systemic impacts and risks of patients with functional and/or malignant adrenal tumors.

• #26 Urinary Steroid Profile Assay

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/2019/11/26/a-breakthrough-in-distinguishing-benign-adrenal-tumors-from-cancerous-ones/

  Approximately 80 million CT scans are performed in the United States every year. Adrenal tumors are found incidentally in about 5% of these scans. Most of these tumors will turn out to be benign, but a small fraction will be adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC), a type of cancer with high mortality and frequent recurrence; even for localized disease the 5-year survival rates do not exceed 65%, and distant spread is associated with a >90% death rate within that time period. Early diagnosis of a malignant adrenal mass is therefore imperative to assure timely and appropriate therapy. […] Unfortunately, CT imaging alone is very limited in its ability to distinguish benign from malignant adrenal tumors; only very small and hypodense lesions can be easily dismissed as benign. […] In benign ACAs, near-normal levels of precursor and bioactive steroids are produced. By contrast, ACC frequently shows abnormal patterns of steroid production. By measuring 25 different steroid metabolites, even subtle abnormalities can be detected. This is the basis for the diagnostic capability of 25 steroid profiling.

• #27 Urinary Steroid Profile Assay

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/2019/11/26/a-breakthrough-in-distinguishing-benign-adrenal-tumors-from-cancerous-ones/

  Clinical assessment of probability for malignancy works relatively well when expert physicians are involved and the tumors are relatively large. […] However, for small and medium-sized tumors, even the experts are still frequently struggling to distinguish ACC from ACA or from other cancerous lesions in adrenal glands (such as sarcomas, metastases, lymphomas, etc). […] Adrenal carcinoma has a capsule holding it together and, theoretically, this prevents the cancer from spreading locally. […] Combining algorithmic clinical risk assessment with steroid profiling allows us to diagnosis ACC in a noninvasive manner. […] In the first situation, steroid profiling would allow us to diagnose adrenal cancer in a noninvasive manner, in which case a biopsy would be avoided and surgery would be scheduled ASAP.

• #28 Molecular Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adrenal Tumors | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/34360/molecular-mechanism-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-adrenal-tumors/magazine

  Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying genetic and molecular images of adrenal tumors is of urgent need, which may aid us in identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new treatments. […] Molecular mechanisms of adrenal tumors, including tumorigenesis, progression or metastasis. […] Basic or preclinical investigations of novel treatments or potential therapeutic molecules for benign or malignant/metastatic adrenal tumors, including but not limited to targeted therapies and comprehensive therapies.

• #29 ADRENAL TUMORS TREATMENTS – Comprehensive Urology

  https://comprehensive-urology.com/general-urology/adrenal-tumors/

  Depending on the size and location of a benign lesion in an adrenal gland, the condition may not automatically require treatment, however it is crucial to have a urologist regularly monitor the lesion for any changes. If the tumor is affecting the adrenal gland or becoming malignant, medication, chemotherapy, or surgery may be necessary.

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