Grzybica – Epidemiologia

Grzybica
Epidemiologia

Grzybica (kandydoza) jest powszechną infekcją grzybiczą, dotykającą zarówno mężczyzn, jak i kobiety, z wyższą częstością u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością. Epidemiologicznie, około 75% kobiet doświadcza co najmniej jednego epizodu grzybicy pochwy w ciągu życia, z 20% roczną częstością występowania, a 8% kobiet cierpi na nawracające infekcje (≥4 epizody/rok). Grzybica jamy ustnej dotyka około 6% niemowląt poniżej miesiąca życia oraz 20% pacjentów poddawanych chemioterapii i osób z AIDS. Kandydemia, inwazyjna infekcja krwi wywołana przez Candida, występuje w USA z częstością około 9/100 000 mieszkańców rocznie, z surowym wskaźnikiem śmiertelności około 25%. Najczęściej izolowanymi gatunkami są C. albicans (80-90% przypadków grzybicy jamy ustnej) oraz C. albicans i C. glabrata (95% przypadków grzybicy pochwy). Nowy patogen, Candida auris, charakteryzuje się wysoką lekoopornością i wymaga szczególnego nadzoru epidemiologicznego.

Grzybica mężczyzn i kobiet: Epidemiologia i nadzór

Częstotliwość występowania w populacji ogólnej
Grzybica u niemowląt i dzieci
Grzybica u osób dorosłych
Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju grzybicy
Grzybica inwazyjna i kandydemia
Gatunki Candida wywołujące grzybicę
Nowe zagrożenia epidemiologiczne: Candida auris
Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne
Systemy nadzoru i monitorowania
Profilaktyka i zalecenia dla osób z grupy ryzyka
Kolejne rozdziały

Grzybica mężczyzn i kobiet: Epidemiologia i nadzór

Grzybica (kandydoza) należy do jednych z najczęstszych infekcji grzybiczych dotykających zarówno mężczyzn, jak i kobiet. Występuje ona powszechnie zarówno u osób z prawidłową odpornością, jak i u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością, choć u tych drugich obserwuje się zwiększoną częstość występowania tego schorzenia. Grzybica nie jest klasyfikowana jako choroba przenoszona drogą płciową (STI), chociaż może być wywołana lub przekazana podczas kontaktów seksualnych.¹²³

Częstotliwość występowania w populacji ogólnej

Grzybica dotyka obie płcie, choć dane epidemiologiczne wskazują na pewne różnice w częstości występowania u mężczyzn i kobiet. Zarówno mężczyźni, jak i kobiety są narażeni na rozwój grzybicy jamy ustnej oraz skóry, natomiast grzybica narządów płciowych jest częstsza u kobiet.⁴⁵⁶

Według danych epidemiologicznych, około 75% kobiet doświadcza co najmniej jednego epizodu grzybicy pochwy w ciągu życia. U 40-45% wystąpią co najmniej dwa epizody, a około 20% kobiet doświadcza infekcji każdego roku. Szacuje się, że około 20% kobiet może być bezobjawowo skolonizowanych przez drożdżaki w obrębie pochwy.⁷⁸⁹

Grzybica jamy ustnej występuje u około 6% niemowląt poniżej miesiąca życia. Dotyka ona również około 20% pacjentów poddawanych chemioterapii z powodu nowotworów oraz 20% osób z AIDS.¹⁰

Grzybica u niemowląt i dzieci

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, około 37% noworodków może być dotkniętych pleśniawką (grzybicą jamy ustnej) w pierwszych miesiącach życia. Grzybica jamy ustnej rzadko występuje w pierwszym tygodniu życia. Szczyt zachorowań przypada na czwarty tydzień życia, a infekcja staje się rzadsza u niemowląt powyżej 6-9 miesięcy. Wynika to prawdopodobnie z rozwoju odporności immunologicznej gospodarza.¹¹¹²¹³

U niemowląt z obniżoną odpornością mogą wystąpić dodatkowe objawy, takie jak biegunka, wysypki, nawracające infekcje oraz powiększenie wątroby i śledziony (hepatosplenomegalia).¹⁴

Grzybica u osób dorosłych

Grzybica pochwy występuje najczęściej u kobiet w wieku 20-40 lat. Około 8% kobiet doświadcza nawracających infekcji.¹⁵ Nawracająca grzybica pochwy i sromu definiowana jest jako cztery lub więcej epizodów w ciągu roku, z częściowym lub całkowitym ustąpieniem objawów pomiędzy epizodami. Około 5% kobiet, które doświadczyły jednego epizodu grzybicy pochwy i sromu, rozwinie nawracającą postać choroby.¹⁶

U mężczyzn grzybica zwykle dotyka główkę prącia, szczególnie u pacjentów nieobrzezanych lub mających zwężenie napletka. Dodatkowo, mężczyźni z osłabioną odpornością, przyjmujący antybiotyki lub cierpiący na cukrzycę są bardziej narażeni na rozwój grzybicy.¹⁷

Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju grzybicy

Istnieje wiele czynników zwiększających ryzyko rozwoju grzybicy. Do najważniejszych należą:¹⁸¹⁹²⁰

Neutropenia
Obniżona odporność (np. u pacjentów z HIV/AIDS, poddawanych chemioterapii)
Obecność cewników dożylnych
Hospitalizacja, szczególnie na oddziałach intensywnej terapii
Niedawne stosowanie antybiotyków
Niedawne stosowanie kortykosteroidów
Niekontrolowana cukrzyca
Ciąża (u kobiet)
Stosowanie antykoncepcji hormonalnej z wysokimi dawkami estrogenu
Zabiegi irygacji pochwy lub stosowanie sprayów dopochwowych
Choroby autoimmunologiczne (toczeń, choroby tarczycy)

²¹²²

Grzybica inwazyjna i kandydemia

Kandydemia odnosi się szczególnie do zakażeń krwi wywołanych przez grzyby z rodzaju Candida i jest jednym z najczęstszych rodzajów inwazyjnych zakażeń. W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że każdego roku występuje około 25 000 przypadków kandydemii.²³

Częstość występowania kandydemii malała w latach 2008-2013, a następnie utrzymywała się na poziomie około 9 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie w latach 2012-2016. Około 25% osób z kandydemią umiera podczas hospitalizacji (surowy wskaźnik śmiertelności) według nadzoru CDC.²⁴

Przeliczony na populację roczny wskaźnik zachorowalności był najwyższy w stanie Maryland (14,1 na 100 000 mieszkańców) i najniższy w stanie Oregon (4,0 na 100 000 mieszkańców). Surowy roczny wskaźnik zachorowalności na kandydemię był najwyższy wśród dorosłych w wieku 65 lat i starszych (25,5 na 100 000 mieszkańców), a następnie wśród niemowląt w wieku poniżej 1 roku (15,8). Roczny wskaźnik zachorowalności był wyższy wśród mężczyzn (9,4) niż wśród kobiet (8,0) i był około 2 razy wyższy wśród osób rasy czarnej w porównaniu z osobami innych ras/grup etnicznych (13,7 wobec 5,8).²⁵

Gatunki Candida wywołujące grzybicę

Nawet 95% wszystkich zakażeń krwi wywołanych przez Candida w Stanach Zjednoczonych jest spowodowanych przez pięć gatunków Candida: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis i C. krusei.²⁶

W przypadku grzybicy jamy ustnej, w 80-90% przypadków przyczyną jest Candida albicans. Candida jest częścią normalnej mikrobioty jamy ustnej u wielu zdrowych osób.²⁷

W przypadku grzybicy pochwy i sromu, około 95% przypadków jest wywołanych przez Candida albicans, a 5% przez Candida glabrata, która jest trudniejsza w leczeniu. Około 1/3 przypadków przewlekłych jest spowodowana przez gatunki inne niż C. albicans.²⁸

Nowe zagrożenia epidemiologiczne: Candida auris

W ostatnich latach na świecie pojawił się nowy patogen – Candida auris, który został zidentyfikowany jako nowy, globalny patogen szpitalny. Przypadki infekcji C. auris zgłoszono w ponad 20 krajach, w tym w Japonii, Korei Południowej, Indiach, Kuwejcie, Omanie, RPA, Wenezueli, Panamie, Kolumbii, Pakistanie, Izraelu, Hiszpanii, Wielkiej Brytanii, Kanadzie i USA.²⁹

Badania przeprowadzone przez Centra Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC) w celu określenia światowej epidemiologii C. auris wykazały, że spośród 54 izolatów znalezionych u pacjentów w Pakistanie, Indiach, RPA i Wenezueli, 93% było opornych na leki przeciwgrzybicze, a 7% było opornych szczególnie na echinokandyny. Ze względu na wysoką lekooporność oraz zdolność do szybkiego rozprzestrzeniania się, C. auris wymaga szczególnego nadzoru epidemiologicznego.³⁰

Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne

Chociaż grzybica pochwy i sromu (VVC) nie jest chorobą poważną, sam rozmiar obciążenia chorobą powoduje, że koszty medyczne wynoszą około 1,8 miliarda dolarów rocznie, a wpływ ekonomiczny spowodowany utratą godzin pracy został niedawno oszacowany na dodatkowy 1 miliard dolarów rocznie w samych tylko Stanach Zjednoczonych.³¹

Wskaźnik zachorowalności na ostrą grzybicę pochwy i sromu jest prawie niemożliwy do oszacowania, ponieważ jest ona niedostatecznie zgłaszana lekarzom ze względu na dostępność skutecznych opcji leczenia bez recepty.³²

Systemy nadzoru i monitorowania

W ramach Programu Infekcji Związek z Opieką Zdrowotną (ang. Emerging Infections Program – EIP) amerykańskich Centrów Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC), aktywność monitorowania zakażeń krwi wywołanych przez Candida śledzi trendy epidemiologiczne w kandydemii.³³

Aktywny nadzór nad kandydemią dostarcza ważnych informacji na temat zachorowalności i śmiertelności tej choroby oraz osób najbardziej narażonych. Dane nadzoru są niezbędne do ukierunkowania wysiłków na zapobieganie. Kandydemia pozostaje poważną przyczyną zachorowalności i śmiertelności w Stanach Zjednoczonych.³⁴

Profilaktyka i zalecenia dla osób z grupy ryzyka

Profilaktyka grzybicy obejmuje szereg działań, szczególnie u osób z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka:³⁵³⁶

Noszenie luźnych spodni lub spódnic oraz bawełnianej bielizny
Zapewnienie właściwej higieny osobistej
Unikanie długotrwałego przebywania w wilgotnej lub ciepłej odzieży
Optymalna kontrola poziomu cukru we krwi u osób z cukrzycą
Unikanie irygacji pochwy i sprayów dopochwowych u kobiet
Wybieranie luźnych, przewiewnych ubrań, szczególnie w regionach narządów płciowych

³⁷³⁸

W przypadku podejrzenia grzybicy, należy skonsultować się z lekarzem w celu potwierdzenia diagnozy i wykluczenia innych infekcji. Leczenie grzybicy zwykle wymaga zastosowania leków przeciwgrzybiczych, które mogą być podawane w formie tabletek doustnych, czopków dopochwowych lub kremów łagodzących podrażnienia.³⁹

Grzybica powinna ustąpić w ciągu 7-14 dni od rozpoczęcia leczenia. W przypadku nawracających infekcji (więcej niż 4 razy w ciągu 12 miesięcy), może być konieczne dłuższe leczenie (do 6 miesięcy).⁴⁰⁴¹

Kolejne rozdziały

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Thrush in men and women
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/
The GP will want to confirm it’s thrush and rule out other infections. […] You’ll usually need antifungal medicine to get rid of thrush. This can be a tablet you take, a tablet you insert into your vagina (pessary) or a cream to relieve the irritation. […] Thrush should clear up within 7 to 14 days of starting treatment. […] You might need to take treatment for longer (up to 6 months) if you keep getting thrush (you get it more than 4 times in 12 months). […] Thrush is not classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can be triggered by sex or, less often, passed on during sex. […] Thrush is caused by a fungus called candida that is normally harmless. […] Thrush tends to grow in warm, moist conditions and develops if the balance of bacteria changes.
#2 Thrush in Men: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://patient.info/infections/fungal-infections/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common infection, caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Thrush in men is quite common, although women are more likely to get thrush than men. […] Thrush isn’t considered a 'sexually transmitted infection’ (STI or also called STD). […] Despite this, thrush infections can sometimes be linked to sex. […] More situations or conditions that make male thrush more likely include having diabetes, a course of antibiotics, having a weakened immune system, a tight foreskin, and skin conditions causing the skin in that area to be cracked or broken. […] Thrush in men is usually easily treated with a course of an antifungal cream. […] Are there any complications from thrush in men? Usually not. […] How to prevent thrush in men includes avoiding anything which might make your genital area hot or wet for any length of time.
#3 Yeast Infection/Thrush (Candidiasis) | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/info/thrush
Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but it is possible to pass yeast infections to your partner during sex. […] Your risk for yeast infections is higher if you are pregnant, have high blood sugar, have birth control with higher doses of estrogen, douche or use vaginal sprays, recently took antibiotics or steroids, or have a weakened immune system, such as from HIV.
#4 Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560624/
Candidiasis is more prevalent in old age and infancy. In the US, about 37% of newly born babies may be affected by thrush during the first few months of life. […] Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] The incidence of invasive and disseminative candidiasis has been on the rise globally, and people with an impaired immune system are the most vulnerable.
#5 Thrush: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969147-overview
As many as 37% of newborns may develop thrush during the first months of life. […] Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] Thrush is rare during the first week of life. Incidence peaks around the fourth week of life; thrush is uncommon in infants older than 6-9 months. Thrush can occur, however, at any age in predisposed patients. […] Thrush is universal and is more common in poorly nourished populations.
#6 Thrush in Men: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://patient.info/infections/fungal-infections/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common infection, caused by a fungus called Candida. […] Thrush in men is quite common, although women are more likely to get thrush than men. […] Thrush isn’t considered a 'sexually transmitted infection’ (STI or also called STD). […] Despite this, thrush infections can sometimes be linked to sex. […] More situations or conditions that make male thrush more likely include having diabetes, a course of antibiotics, having a weakened immune system, a tight foreskin, and skin conditions causing the skin in that area to be cracked or broken. […] Thrush in men is usually easily treated with a course of an antifungal cream. […] Are there any complications from thrush in men? Usually not. […] How to prevent thrush in men includes avoiding anything which might make your genital area hot or wet for any length of time.
#7 Candidiasis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis
Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans. Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old. About 20% of those receiving chemotherapy for cancer and 20% of those with AIDS also develop the disease. […] It is estimated that 20% of women may be asymptomatically colonized by vaginal yeast. In the United States there are approximately 1.4 million doctor office visits every year for candidiasis. About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives. […] Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in persons with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often coexisting with other esophageal diseases. About two-thirds of people with AIDS and esophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis. […] Candidal sepsis is rare. Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States. The incidence of bloodstream candida in intensive care units varies widely between countries.
#8 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection
The number of cases of vaginal yeast infection is not entirely clear because it is not a reportable disease and it is commonly diagnosed clinically without laboratory confirmation. […] Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. […] About 75% of women have at least one infection in their lifetime, 40%-45% will have two or more episodes, and approximately 20% of women get an infection yearly.
#9 Candidiasis (Thrush) – almostadoctor
https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/candidiasis-thrush
Vaginal thrush (vaginal candidiasis) is the most second cause of pathological vaginal discharge (behind bacterial vaginosis), it is not usually sexually transmitted, and is instead the result of fungal overgrowth, which can be the result of many factors. About 20% of women have asymptomatic genital colonisation of yeast. But when an overgrowth of this occurs, vulvovaginitis can result. […] Symptomatic Candida infection occurs in 75% of women at some stage in their life. […] 95% of cases the result of Candida albicans. […] 5% of cases due to Candida Glabrata which is more difficult to treat. […] About 1/3 of chronic cases are due to non-albicans species. […] The partner is usually asymptomatic, although sometimes candidal infection can cause balanitis in men. […] Chronic or recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis occurs in a number of cases. It is thought to be due to a hypersensitivity to colonising candida, rather than true recurrent infections.
#10 Candidiasis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis
Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans. Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old. About 20% of those receiving chemotherapy for cancer and 20% of those with AIDS also develop the disease. […] It is estimated that 20% of women may be asymptomatically colonized by vaginal yeast. In the United States there are approximately 1.4 million doctor office visits every year for candidiasis. About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives. […] Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in persons with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often coexisting with other esophageal diseases. About two-thirds of people with AIDS and esophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis. […] Candidal sepsis is rare. Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States. The incidence of bloodstream candida in intensive care units varies widely between countries.
#11 Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560624/
Candidiasis is more prevalent in old age and infancy. In the US, about 37% of newly born babies may be affected by thrush during the first few months of life. […] Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] The incidence of invasive and disseminative candidiasis has been on the rise globally, and people with an impaired immune system are the most vulnerable.
#12 Oral Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/
Oral candidiasis can occur in immunocompetent or immunocompromised patients but is more common in immunocompromised hosts. More than 90% of patients with HIV develop oral candidiasis at some point during the duration of the disease. […] Oral candidiasis occurs equally in males and females. It typically occurs in neonates and infants; it is rare in the first week of life. It is most common during the fourth week of life and less common in infants older than six months, likely secondary to the development of host immunity. Signs and symptoms of immunosuppression in these patients are diarrhea, rashes, repeated infections, and hepatosplenomegaly.
#13 Thrush: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969147-overview
As many as 37% of newborns may develop thrush during the first months of life. […] Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] Thrush is rare during the first week of life. Incidence peaks around the fourth week of life; thrush is uncommon in infants older than 6-9 months. Thrush can occur, however, at any age in predisposed patients. […] Thrush is universal and is more common in poorly nourished populations.
#14 Oral Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/
Oral candidiasis can occur in immunocompetent or immunocompromised patients but is more common in immunocompromised hosts. More than 90% of patients with HIV develop oral candidiasis at some point during the duration of the disease. […] Oral candidiasis occurs equally in males and females. It typically occurs in neonates and infants; it is rare in the first week of life. It is most common during the fourth week of life and less common in infants older than six months, likely secondary to the development of host immunity. Signs and symptoms of immunosuppression in these patients are diarrhea, rashes, repeated infections, and hepatosplenomegaly.
#15 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis
How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.
#16 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis
How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.
#17 Thrush in men I Canesten
https://www.canesten.co.za/intimate-health/learning-zone/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common condition that affects both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans. […] In men, thrush usually affects the head of the penis. Some of the early male thrush symptoms include an itchy penis head, soreness and inflammation of the head of the penis, swelling of the foreskin and an itching or burning sensation while urinating or having an intercourse. […] Thrush is mainly developed in men with a foreskin constriction and those with a weakened immune system. You are more likely to get thrush if: You have a foreskin constriction, You have a weakened immune system, You are taking antibiotics, You are suffering from diabetes. […] Although a penile yeast infection is easily treated, it is always advised to take precautionary steps to lower the risk of developing one.
#18
https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121828/candida-albicans
Epidemiology […] risk factors […] neutropenia […] immunocompromised status […] indwelling catheter […] hospital admission, especially in the ICU […] recent use of antibiotics […] recent use of corticosteroids […] […] […] Pathogenesis […] neutropenia in patients causes systemic Candida infections […] T-cell deficiency causes local infections […] antibiotic use may lead to overgrowth of Candida due to disruption of normal flora […] […] […] High mortality in invasive candidiasis
#19 Yeast Infection/Thrush (Candidiasis) | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/info/thrush
Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but it is possible to pass yeast infections to your partner during sex. […] Your risk for yeast infections is higher if you are pregnant, have high blood sugar, have birth control with higher doses of estrogen, douche or use vaginal sprays, recently took antibiotics or steroids, or have a weakened immune system, such as from HIV.
#20 Thrush in men I Canesten
https://www.canesten.co.za/intimate-health/learning-zone/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common condition that affects both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans. […] In men, thrush usually affects the head of the penis. Some of the early male thrush symptoms include an itchy penis head, soreness and inflammation of the head of the penis, swelling of the foreskin and an itching or burning sensation while urinating or having an intercourse. […] Thrush is mainly developed in men with a foreskin constriction and those with a weakened immune system. You are more likely to get thrush if: You have a foreskin constriction, You have a weakened immune system, You are taking antibiotics, You are suffering from diabetes. […] Although a penile yeast infection is easily treated, it is always advised to take precautionary steps to lower the risk of developing one.
#21 Vaginal thrush (yeast infection; vulvovaginal candidiasis; VVT; VVC) | Healthengine Blog
https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/vaginal-thrush-yeast-infection-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-vvt-vvc
Vaginal thrush (or vulvovaginal candidiasis) is a common condition that is often chronic and can interfere with womens sexual function and sense of wellbeing. […] Thrush is a common condition and it is estimated that three out four women, i.e. 75%, will develop the infection in their lifetime and half of these will have repeat infections of one or two episodes. […] Thrush is very common in pregnant women as a result of high levels of reproductive hormones. […] Certain conditions are known to be associated with recurrent thrush. These factors include use of antibacterial and systemic corticosteroids and conditions which affect immunologic status including uncontrolled diabetes, lupus, thyroid disease and HIV infection. […] Most cases of thrush resolve spontaneously when the normal flora recolonise the vagina.
#22 Yeast Infection/Thrush (Candidiasis) | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/info/thrush
Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but it is possible to pass yeast infections to your partner during sex. […] Your risk for yeast infections is higher if you are pregnant, have high blood sugar, have birth control with higher doses of estrogen, douche or use vaginal sprays, recently took antibiotics or steroids, or have a weakened immune system, such as from HIV.
#23 Data and Statistics on Candidemia | Candidiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
Candidemia is one of the most common bloodstream infections in the United States. […] Candidemia refers specifically to bloodstream infections with Candida, the most common type of invasive infections. […] As part of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP), the Candida Bloodstream Infections Activity monitors epidemiologic trends in candidemia. […] An estimated 25,000 cases of candidemia occur in the United States each year. […] Candidemia incidence declined during 2008-2013 and then remained at approximately 9 cases per 100,000 population per year during 2012-2016. […] About 25% of people with candidemia die during hospitalization (crude mortality rate), according to CDC surveillance. […] Although the overall national incidence has declined, incidence increased in some surveillance areas in recent years.
#24 Data and Statistics on Candidemia | Candidiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
Candidemia is one of the most common bloodstream infections in the United States. […] Candidemia refers specifically to bloodstream infections with Candida, the most common type of invasive infections. […] As part of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP), the Candida Bloodstream Infections Activity monitors epidemiologic trends in candidemia. […] An estimated 25,000 cases of candidemia occur in the United States each year. […] Candidemia incidence declined during 2008-2013 and then remained at approximately 9 cases per 100,000 population per year during 2012-2016. […] About 25% of people with candidemia die during hospitalization (crude mortality rate), according to CDC surveillance. […] Although the overall national incidence has declined, incidence increased in some surveillance areas in recent years.
#25 Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia â Four Sites, United States, 2012â2016 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6808a1.htm
Candidemia is a bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by yeasts in the genus Candida. Candidemia is one of the most common health care-associated BSIs in the United States, with all-cause in-hospital mortality of up to 30%. […] The crude candidemia incidence averaged across sites and years during 2012-2016 was 8.7 per 100,000 population; important differences in incidence were found by site, age group, sex, and race. The crude annual incidence was the highest in Maryland (14.1 per 100,000 population) and lowest in Oregon (4.0 per 100,000 population). The crude annual incidence of candidemia was highest among adults aged 65 years (25.5 per 100,000 population) followed by infants aged 1 year (15.8). The crude annual incidence was higher among males (9.4) than among females (8.0) and was approximately 2 times greater among blacks than among nonblacks (13.7 versus 5.8).
#26 Data and Statistics on Candidemia | Candidiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
Up to 95% of all Candida bloodstream infections in the United States are caused by five species of Candida: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. […] The decreased rates of candidemia are most notable among infant and elderly populations. […] Among all ages, candidemia rates are approximately twice as high among Black people compared with other races/ethnicities. […] Candida is a leading cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in U.S. hospitals.
#27 Oral candidiasis affects men and women similarly | PortalCLÃNIC
https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/news/oral-candidiasis-affects-men-and-women-similarly
Oral thrush is a common infection, mainly as a consequence of a weakened immune system or an alteration of the microbiota of the oral cavity. […] Oral thrush is the same in women and men. […] Although it can occur in a population with a healthy immune system, oral candidiasis usually occurs in the immunocompromised population. […] In 80-90% of cases, oral thrush is caused by Candida albicans. […] Candida is part of the normal oral microbiota in many healthy people. […] Diagnosis of oral thrush is usually clinical, through a physical examination, a review of the medical history and risk factors.
#28 Candidiasis (Thrush) – almostadoctor
https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/candidiasis-thrush
Vaginal thrush (vaginal candidiasis) is the most second cause of pathological vaginal discharge (behind bacterial vaginosis), it is not usually sexually transmitted, and is instead the result of fungal overgrowth, which can be the result of many factors. About 20% of women have asymptomatic genital colonisation of yeast. But when an overgrowth of this occurs, vulvovaginitis can result. […] Symptomatic Candida infection occurs in 75% of women at some stage in their life. […] 95% of cases the result of Candida albicans. […] 5% of cases due to Candida Glabrata which is more difficult to treat. […] About 1/3 of chronic cases are due to non-albicans species. […] The partner is usually asymptomatic, although sometimes candidal infection can cause balanitis in men. […] Chronic or recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis occurs in a number of cases. It is thought to be due to a hypersensitivity to colonising candida, rather than true recurrent infections.
#29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Candida-auris-(C-auris)-Everything-You-Need-to-Know.aspx
Candida auris epidemiology […] A literature review published in 2018 found that clinical reports of C. auris infections had been published from Japan, South Korea, India, Kuwait, Oman, South Africa, Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Pakistan, Israel, Spain, the UK, Canada, and the USA. […] C. auris cases have been found in over 20 countries, and C. auris has been identified as a new, global nosocomial pathogen. […] Investigations carried out by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to determine the worldwide epidemiology of C. auris found that, out of the 54 isolates found in patients across Pakistan, India, South Africa, and Venezuela, 93% were resistant to antifungal medication and 7% were resistant specifically to echinocandins. […] C. auris has been identified as a new global pathogen and more research is needed into how it spreads to prevent the fungus from infecting large numbers of people.
#30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Candida-auris-(C-auris)-Everything-You-Need-to-Know.aspx
Candida auris epidemiology […] A literature review published in 2018 found that clinical reports of C. auris infections had been published from Japan, South Korea, India, Kuwait, Oman, South Africa, Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Pakistan, Israel, Spain, the UK, Canada, and the USA. […] C. auris cases have been found in over 20 countries, and C. auris has been identified as a new, global nosocomial pathogen. […] Investigations carried out by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to determine the worldwide epidemiology of C. auris found that, out of the 54 isolates found in patients across Pakistan, India, South Africa, and Venezuela, 93% were resistant to antifungal medication and 7% were resistant specifically to echinocandins. […] C. auris has been identified as a new global pathogen and more research is needed into how it spreads to prevent the fungus from infecting large numbers of people.
#31 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis
How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.
#32 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis
How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.
#33 Data and Statistics on Candidemia | Candidiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
Candidemia is one of the most common bloodstream infections in the United States. […] Candidemia refers specifically to bloodstream infections with Candida, the most common type of invasive infections. […] As part of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP), the Candida Bloodstream Infections Activity monitors epidemiologic trends in candidemia. […] An estimated 25,000 cases of candidemia occur in the United States each year. […] Candidemia incidence declined during 2008-2013 and then remained at approximately 9 cases per 100,000 population per year during 2012-2016. […] About 25% of people with candidemia die during hospitalization (crude mortality rate), according to CDC surveillance. […] Although the overall national incidence has declined, incidence increased in some surveillance areas in recent years.
#34 Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia â Four Sites, United States, 2012â2016 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6808a1.htm
Approximately nine out of 100,000 persons developed culture-positive candidemia annually in four U.S. sites. The youngest and oldest persons, men, and blacks had the highest incidences of candidemia. […] Active surveillance for candidemia yielded important information about the disease incidence and death rate and persons at greatest risk. […] Candidemia remains a serious cause of illness and death in the United States, and surveillance data are necessary to focus prevention efforts.
#35 Thrush in Men | Male Thrush Treatment & Prevention | Canesten
https://www.canesten.co.uk/intimate-health/learning-zone/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common condition that affects both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans. […] In men, thrush symptoms can be similar to those of a sexually transmitted disease. Some of the male thrush symptoms include burning, itching or other irritation under the foreskin or on the tip of the penis, redness of the head of the penis and a tight foreskin. […] A weakened immune system, antibiotics or diabetes may make men more susceptible. The following can increase the risk of men getting thrush. […] Although a penile yeast infection is easily treated, it is always advised to take precautionary steps to lower the risk of developing one. Ensuring proper hygiene and going for loose-fitting, breathable clothing are some of the simplest and most effective actions to help you prevent male thrush.
#36 Vaginal thrush (yeast infection; vulvovaginal candidiasis; VVT; VVC) | Healthengine Blog
https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/vaginal-thrush-yeast-infection-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-vvt-vvc
The prognosis is good and most women with thrush will respond to antifungal treatment. […] Treatment of thrush involves the use of antifungal creams, vaginal pessaries and/or oral medication. […] Uncomplicated VVT responds to many available antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole cream, pessaries or fluconazole oral tablets. […] For VVT caused by fungus other than C.albicans, nystatin cream for seven to forteen days is useful. […] The following measures can help to prevent thrush: Wear loose pants or skirts and cotton underwear. […] Optimal control of blood sugar in women with diabetes.
#37 Vaginal thrush (yeast infection; vulvovaginal candidiasis; VVT; VVC) | Healthengine Blog
https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/vaginal-thrush-yeast-infection-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-vvt-vvc
The prognosis is good and most women with thrush will respond to antifungal treatment. […] Treatment of thrush involves the use of antifungal creams, vaginal pessaries and/or oral medication. […] Uncomplicated VVT responds to many available antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole cream, pessaries or fluconazole oral tablets. […] For VVT caused by fungus other than C.albicans, nystatin cream for seven to forteen days is useful. […] The following measures can help to prevent thrush: Wear loose pants or skirts and cotton underwear. […] Optimal control of blood sugar in women with diabetes.
#38 Thrush in Men | Male Thrush Treatment & Prevention | Canesten
https://www.canesten.co.uk/intimate-health/learning-zone/thrush-in-men
Thrush is a common condition that affects both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans. […] In men, thrush symptoms can be similar to those of a sexually transmitted disease. Some of the male thrush symptoms include burning, itching or other irritation under the foreskin or on the tip of the penis, redness of the head of the penis and a tight foreskin. […] A weakened immune system, antibiotics or diabetes may make men more susceptible. The following can increase the risk of men getting thrush. […] Although a penile yeast infection is easily treated, it is always advised to take precautionary steps to lower the risk of developing one. Ensuring proper hygiene and going for loose-fitting, breathable clothing are some of the simplest and most effective actions to help you prevent male thrush.
#39 Thrush in men and women
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/
The GP will want to confirm it’s thrush and rule out other infections. […] You’ll usually need antifungal medicine to get rid of thrush. This can be a tablet you take, a tablet you insert into your vagina (pessary) or a cream to relieve the irritation. […] Thrush should clear up within 7 to 14 days of starting treatment. […] You might need to take treatment for longer (up to 6 months) if you keep getting thrush (you get it more than 4 times in 12 months). […] Thrush is not classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can be triggered by sex or, less often, passed on during sex. […] Thrush is caused by a fungus called candida that is normally harmless. […] Thrush tends to grow in warm, moist conditions and develops if the balance of bacteria changes.
#40 Thrush in men and women
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/
The GP will want to confirm it’s thrush and rule out other infections. […] You’ll usually need antifungal medicine to get rid of thrush. This can be a tablet you take, a tablet you insert into your vagina (pessary) or a cream to relieve the irritation. […] Thrush should clear up within 7 to 14 days of starting treatment. […] You might need to take treatment for longer (up to 6 months) if you keep getting thrush (you get it more than 4 times in 12 months). […] Thrush is not classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can be triggered by sex or, less often, passed on during sex. […] Thrush is caused by a fungus called candida that is normally harmless. […] Thrush tends to grow in warm, moist conditions and develops if the balance of bacteria changes.
#41 Thrush in men | nidirect
https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/thrush-men
Thrush isnt classed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) but it can be triggered by sex and sometimes passed on through sex. […] You might need to take treatment for longer (for up to six months) if you keep getting thrush (you get it more than twice in six months). […] Your GP can help identify if there is something causing your thrush to last or recur.