Gruźlica – Epidemiologia

Gruźlica
Epidemiologia

Gruźlica (TB) pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego na świecie, z około 10,8 mln nowych przypadków i 1,25 mln zgonów rocznie według WHO. W 2023 roku odnotowano rekordową liczbę 8,2 mln nowych diagnoz, z największym obciążeniem w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, Afryce, Europie i regionie Pacyfiku. W USA w 2023 roku zgłoszono 9 633 przypadki (wzrost o 16% względem 2022), a wskaźnik zapadalności wyniósł 2,9/100 000. Szczególnie niepokojący jest wzrost gruźlicy wśród dzieci oraz osób z utajoną infekcją (około 13 mln w USA). Wysoka koinfekcja z HIV (około 8% przypadków globalnie) oraz narastająca liczba przypadków gruźlicy wielolekoopornej (MDR-TB) stanowią poważne wyzwania terapeutyczne i epidemiologiczne. W Indiach w 2023 roku zdiagnozowano 63 939 przypadków MDR-TB, co podkreśla skalę problemu lekooporności. Nadzór epidemiologiczny, prowadzony m.in. przez NTSS w USA i systemy WHO, jest kluczowy dla monitorowania i kontroli choroby, umożliwiając ocenę trendów, identyfikację populacji wysokiego ryzyka oraz planowanie interwencji.

Epidemiologia gruźlicy

Globalne obciążenie gruźlicą
Gruźlica w Stanach Zjednoczonych
System nadzoru nad gruźlicą w USA
Trendy epidemiologiczne w gruźlicy

Gruźlica lekooporna
Międzynarodowe inicjatywy w zakresie nadzoru nad gruźlicą

Europejskie inicjatywy w zakresie nadzoru nad gruźlicą
Nadzór nad gruźlicą w Wielkiej Brytanii
Nadzór nad gruźlicą w Kanadzie

Czynniki wpływające na epidemiologię gruźlicy

Czynniki ryzyka gruźlicy

Strategie nadzoru i monitorowania gruźlicy

Wyzwania w nadzorze nad gruźlicą
Strategiczne podejścia do kontroli gruźlicy

Nowe technologie w nadzorze nad gruźlicą
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Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia gruźlicy

Gruźlica (TB) pozostaje jednym z najpoważniejszych wyzwań zdrowia publicznego na świecie. Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), każdego roku odnotowuje się około 10,8 miliona nowych przypadków gruźlicy, a choroba ta powoduje około 1,25 miliona zgonów rocznie, co czyni ją jedną z wiodących przyczyn śmierci z powodu chorób zakaźnych na świecie¹²³. Szacuje się, że około jedna czwarta światowej populacji jest zakażona prątkiem gruźlicy (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), jednak większość zakażeń pozostaje w formie utajonej, bezobjawowej⁴.

Globalne obciążenie gruźlicą

Według najnowszego raportu WHO z 2024 roku, około 8,2 miliona osób zostało nowo zdiagnozowanych z gruźlicą w 2023 roku, co stanowi najwyższą liczbę kiedykolwiek odnotowaną przez WHO od rozpoczęcia monitorowania w 1995 roku (wzrost z 7,5 miliona przypadków w 2022 roku)⁵⁶. Pomimo lekkiego spadku liczby zgonów z powodu gruźlicy do 1,25 miliona w 2023 roku (z 1,32 miliona w 2022 roku), ogólna liczba nowych przypadków nieznacznie wzrosła do szacowanych 10,8 miliona⁷.

Największe obciążenie gruźlicą występuje w regionach Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, Afryki, Europy i Zachodniego Pacyfiku⁸. Indie i Indonezja są krajami z najwyższą liczbą przypadków gruźlicy na świecie⁹. W Regionie Europy WHO w 2023 roku zgłoszono ponad 172 000 osób z nową i nawrotową gruźlicą oraz ponad 7 500 przypadków wśród dzieci poniżej 15 roku życia, co stanowi 10% wzrost w porównaniu do 2022 roku¹⁰.

W Regionie Ameryk liczba przypadków gruźlicy wzrosła o około 20% w ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat¹¹. WHO szacuje, że rocznie na gruźlicę umiera 200 000 dzieci¹².

Gruźlica w Stanach Zjednoczonych

W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2024 roku wstępnie zgłoszono 10 347 przypadków gruźlicy, co stanowi 8% wzrost liczby przypadków i 6% wzrost wskaźników w porównaniu z 2023 rokiem¹³. Według danych opublikowanych przez CDC w czerwcu 2024 roku, do 13 milionów osób w USA (w 60 jurysdykcjach) żyje z utajoną infekcją gruźliczą¹⁴.

W 2023 roku liczba przypadków gruźlicy w USA wyniosła 9 633, co stanowi wzrost o 1 295 przypadków (16%) w porównaniu z 2022 rokiem¹⁵¹⁶. Wskaźnik zapadalności w 2023 roku (2,9 na 100 000 osób) również wzrósł w porównaniu do 2022 roku (2,5 na 100 000)¹⁷. W 2023 roku czterdzieści stanów i Dystrykt Kolumbii zgłosiły wzrost liczby przypadków i wskaźników zapadalności¹⁸.

W 2022 roku około 73% zgłoszonych przypadków gruźlicy w USA wystąpiło wśród osób urodzonych poza USA¹⁹. W 2023 roku zapadalność na gruźlicę wzrosła wśród dzieci w wieku 5-14 lat (68 przypadków, co odpowiada 42% wzrostowi)²⁰. CDC odnotowało 202 przypadki gruźlicy u dzieci w wieku czterech lat i młodszych w 2022 roku, wzrost z 160 przypadków w 2021 roku²¹.

System nadzoru nad gruźlicą w USA

Krajowy System Nadzoru nad Gruźlicą (National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, NTSS) w Stanach Zjednoczonych gromadzi informacje o każdym nowo zgłoszonym przypadku gruźlicy w USA²². Program ten jest wspólnym wysiłkiem Centrów Kontroli i Prewencji Chorób (CDC) oraz stanowych i lokalnych departamentów zdrowia, które zgłaszają przypadki gruźlicy do CDC²³.

Wszystkie obszary sprawozdawcze (50 stanów, Dystrykt Kolumbii, Nowy Jork, 5 terytoriów USA i 3 stowarzyszone państwa) zgłaszają przypadki gruźlicy do CDC elektronicznie, stosując standardowe kryteria raportowania²⁴. Zgłoszone przypadki są weryfikowane zgodnie z definicją przypadku gruźlicy dla nadzoru zdrowia publicznego²⁵.

NTSS gromadzi informacje o wszystkich nowo zgłoszonych przypadkach gruźlicy od 1953 roku, a przypadki zgłoszone od 1993 roku są przechowywane w elektronicznej bazie danych²⁶. Obszary sprawozdawcze dostarczają informacje o przypadkach gruźlicy do NTSS, używając standardowego formatu raportu – Report of Verified Case of TB (RVCT)²⁷.

Trendy epidemiologiczne w gruźlicy

Liczba zgłoszonych przypadków gruźlicy i wskaźnik zapadalności w USA wzrosły w 2023 roku trzeci rok z rzędu od 2020 roku, przekraczając poziomy sprzed pandemii COVID-19²⁸. National Vital Statistics System zgłosił 565 zgonów związanych z gruźlicą (0,2 zgonu na 100 000 osób), w których gruźlica była podstawową przyczyną śmierci w 2022 roku, co jest najnowszym rokiem, dla którego dostępne są dane²⁹.

Prewalencja gruźlicy globalnie spada od wczesnych lat 90. XX wieku (zanim zaczęła spadać zapadalność)³⁰. Według szacunków, od 1995 roku, kiedy wprowadzono strategię DOTS, uratowano około 22 miliony istnień³¹.

Gruźlica i HIV: Immunosupresja wywołana zakażeniem HIV jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka progresji do aktywnej gruźlicy i ma znaczący wpływ na epidemiologię gruźlicy. Podczas gdy ryzyko rozwoju aktywnej gruźlicy w populacji ogólnej wynosi 5-10% po zakażeniu prątkiem gruźlicy w ciągu całego życia, ryzyko to wynosi około 10% rocznie u osób z koinfekcją HIV i M. tuberculosis³². Około 8% przypadków gruźlicy na świecie występuje wśród osób zakażonych HIV (najwyższy odsetek w regionie afrykańskim WHO, ponad 50% w niektórych częściach południowej Afryki)³³. Liczba zgonów wśród pacjentów z gruźlicą zakażonych HIV wyniosła 0,3 miliona w 2012 roku, bez istotnych różnic między mężczyznami i kobietami³⁴.

Gruźlica lekooporna

Jednym z najbardziej niepokojących zjawisk w epidemiologii gruźlicy jest rosnąca liczba wykrywanych form wielolekoopornych, co wymaga silnego i kompleksowego zaangażowania w zakresie alokacji funduszy, promocji badań oraz wdrażania nowych narzędzi i protokołów³⁵. Odpowiedź na gruźlicę wielolekooporną (MDR-TB) była powolna w większości krajów³⁶.

W Indiach, które są krajem o najwyższym obciążeniu gruźlicą na świecie, w ramach Narodowego Programu Eliminacji Gruźlicy (NTEP) w 2023 roku zdiagnozowano 63 939 przypadków gruźlicy wielolekoopornej (MDR-TB), co podkreśla zaangażowanie programu w zwalczanie lekooporności³⁷.

W USA główne czynniki, które napędzały nawrót gruźlicy w latach 80. i 90., to pojawienie się wirusa ludzkiego niedoboru odporności (HIV), rozprzestrzenianie się gruźlicy wielolekoopornej (MDR-TB) oraz zmniejszenie zasobów dla amerykańskich programów kontroli gruźlicy³⁸.

Międzynarodowe inicjatywy w zakresie nadzoru nad gruźlicą

Dane z nadzoru nad gruźlicą zostały globalnie uznane za fundamentalne źródło danych do oceny obciążenia chorobą i trendów epidemiologicznych gruźlicy³⁹. WHO corocznie zbiera dane z nadzoru nad gruźlicą z ponad 200 krajów i publikuje sytuację epidemiologiczną gruźlicy na poziomie krajowym, regionalnym i globalnym⁴⁰.

Kilka krajów o wysokim obciążeniu przeprowadziło dogłębne oceny epidemiologiczne⁴¹. Regionalne Biuro WHO dla Zachodniego Pacyfiku zapewnia wsparcie techniczne krajom w przeprowadzaniu okresowych badań epidemiologicznych i przeglądów gruźlicy, koncentrując się na siedmiu krajach o wysokim obciążeniu gruźlicą⁴². W 2022 roku 94% krajów i terytoriów w regionie zgłosiło dane z nadzoru nad gruźlicą do WHO⁴³.

W maju 2024 roku Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) wydała nowe wytyczne dotyczące nadzoru nad gruźlicą⁴⁴. Jego celem jest zapewnienie dalszej światowej standaryzacji nadzoru nad gruźlicą, w kontekście strategii WHO End TB, najnowszych wytycznych WHO dotyczących badań przesiewowych, zapobiegania, diagnostyki i leczenia gruźlicy oraz zobowiązań podjętych na spotkaniu wysokiego szczebla ONZ w sprawie gruźlicy w 2023 roku⁴⁵.

Nadzór nad gruźlicą został zdefiniowany jako systematyczne i ciągłe zbieranie, analiza, raportowanie i wykorzystanie danych związanych z zakażeniem i chorobą gruźlicy w populacji⁴⁶. Jest to niezbędne dla wiarygodnego monitorowania epidemii gruźlicy na poziomie krajowym, regionalnym i globalnym; do oceny postępów w osiąganiu krajowych, regionalnych i globalnych celów związanych z gruźlicą; do oceny wydajności usług gruźliczych; oraz do informowania o planowaniu, budżetowaniu, polityce, działaniach programowych i klinicznych⁴⁷.

Europejskie inicjatywy w zakresie nadzoru nad gruźlicą

Nadzór jest kluczowym elementem w kontroli i eliminacji gruźlicy w Unii Europejskiej i Europejskim Obszarze Gospodarczym⁴⁸. Dokładny przegląd sytuacji gruźlicy umożliwia identyfikację mocnych stron kontroli gruźlicy i podjęcie pozostałych wyzwań⁴⁹. Wraz z Regionalnym Biurem Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia dla Europy, ECDC zbiera i rozpowszechnia dane z nadzoru nad gruźlicą dla regionu europejskiego⁵⁰.

Roczny Raport Nadzoru nad Gruźlicą przedstawia kluczowe ustalenia dotyczące trendów gruźlicy i przegląd sytuacji gruźlicy w regionie europejskim⁵¹. Sieć nadzoru ma na celu utrzymanie i dalszy rozwój działań nadzorczych, przyczyniając się tym samym do międzynarodowego postępu zarówno w dziedzinie epidemiologii gruźlicy, jak i w dziedzinie laboratoryjnej⁵².

Według raportu „Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2025” opartego na danych z 2023 roku, w 2023 roku zgłoszono 38 993 przypadki gruźlicy w 29 krajach Unii Europejskiej i Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego (UE/EOG), co daje wskaźnik zgłoszeń wynoszący 8,6 na 100 000 populacji w UE/EOG⁵³. Stanowiło to kontynuację niewielkiego wzrostu obserwowanego w większości krajów w 2022 roku, podczas gdy ogólny trend nadal spadał w ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat⁵⁴.

Nadzór nad gruźlicą w Wielkiej Brytanii

Według danych UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) z marca 2025 roku, nastąpił 13% wzrost zgłoszonych przypadków gruźlicy w 2024 roku (5 480) w porównaniu do 2023 roku, co stanowiło ponad 600 dodatkowych zgłoszeń osób zdiagnozowanych w 2024 roku (Londyn i Midlands) w porównaniu do 2023 roku⁵⁵.

W Anglii w 2023 roku wskaźniki zgłoszeń gruźlicy wzrosły o 11,0% w porównaniu z 2022 rokiem, co stanowi największy roczny wzrost w bieżącym okresie sprawozdawczym (2000-2023)⁵⁶. Anglia pozostała poniżej progu Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) wynoszącego 10 na 100 000 populacji dla kraju o niskiej zapadalności, osiągając poziom 8,5 na 100 000 populacji w 2023 roku, ale wskaźnik ten odbiegał coraz bardziej od trajektorii potrzebnej do osiągnięcia celu WHO End TB do 2035 roku⁵⁷.

Prawie 80% aktywnej gruźlicy zgłoszonej w Anglii wystąpiło u osób urodzonych poza Wielką Brytanią, u których wskaźniki wzrosły o 7,2% do 40,1 na 100 000 w porównaniu z 2022 rokiem⁵⁸. Wskaźnik zgłoszeń gruźlicy u osób urodzonych w Wielkiej Brytanii w 2023 roku wzrósł o 5,0% w porównaniu z 2022 rokiem, co stanowi pierwszy wzrost wskaźnika u osób urodzonych w Wielkiej Brytanii z gruźlicą od 2012 roku, po dekadzie ciągłego spadku⁵⁹.

Nadzór nad gruźlicą w Kanadzie

W 2022 roku w Kanadzie zgłoszono 1 971 przypadków aktywnej gruźlicy⁶⁰. Osoby urodzone poza Kanadą i ludność rdzenną stanowiły większość przypadków. W 2022 roku, wśród przypadków aktywnej gruźlicy z dostępnymi informacjami o miejscu urodzenia i grupie populacyjnej, 1 258 było osobami urodzonymi poza Kanadą, a 393 osobami urodzonymi w Kanadzie, z których 292 było ludnością rdzenną⁶¹.

Wskaźnik aktywnej gruźlicy w Kanadzie jest jednym z najniższych na świecie⁶². Kanada doświadczyła stałego spadku wskaźnika gruźlicy między latami 40. a 80. XX wieku⁶³. Od tego czasu roczne wskaźniki pozostają mniej więcej takie same⁶⁴.

W 2022 roku wskaźnik aktywnej gruźlicy w Kanadzie wynosił 5,1 na 100 000 populacji⁶⁵. Wskaźniki były najwyższe wśród Inuitów (136,7 na 100 000), Pierwszych Narodów (21,4 na 100 000) i osób urodzonych poza Kanadą (14,4 na 100 000)⁶⁶.

Według raportu z nadzoru nad gruźlicą w Kanadzie za lata 2012-2021, Agencja Zdrowia Publicznego Kanady (PHAC) we współpracy z władzami zdrowia publicznego prowincji i terytoriów monitoruje gruźlicę w Kanadzie za pośrednictwem Canadian Tuberculosis Reporting System (CTBRS), krajowego systemu nadzoru opartego na przypadkach, który gromadzi i przechowuje anonimowe dane o osobach zdiagnozowanych z aktywną gruźlicą⁶⁷.

W 2021 roku u 1 829 osób w Kanadzie zdiagnozowano aktywną gruźlicę, co odpowiada zapadalności 4,8 przypadków na 100 000 populacji⁶⁸. W latach 2012-2021 liczba nowych przypadków rocznie wahała się od 1 615 do 1 921, jednak zapadalność pozostała stabilna (od 4,6 na 100 000 do 5,1 na 100 000)⁶⁹.

Czynniki wpływające na epidemiologię gruźlicy

Pięć głównych czynników wpływa na epidemiologię gruźlicy: (1) warunki społeczno-ekonomiczne, (2) leczenie gruźlicy, (3) zakażenie HIV, (4) cukrzyca i (5) szczepienie BCG⁷⁰.

Warunki społeczno-ekonomiczne: Głównym czynnikiem prowadzącym do zmniejszenia liczby przypadków gruźlicy jest poprawa warunków społecznych i mieszkaniowych⁷¹. Większość przypadków występuje w krajach o niskich dochodach⁷². W krajach uprzemysłowionych gruźlica generalnie dotyka najbardziej niekorzystnych grup społecznych⁷³.

Leczenie gruźlicy: Zdiagnozowanie i rozpoczęcie skutecznego leczenia u pacjenta we wczesnej fazie choroby gruźlicy, zanim może zarazić wiele osób, jest uważane za najbardziej skuteczny środek zapobiegawczy przeciwko gruźlicy⁷⁴. Gdy rozpocznie się skuteczne leczenie gruźlicy, następuje szybka redukcja transmisji⁷⁵. Od czasu wprowadzenia leczenia gruźlicy, ryzyko zakażenia gruźlicą zmniejszało się o około 10% rocznie w krajach uprzemysłowionych⁷⁶. Trend ten obserwowano zarówno w krajach z programem szczepień BCG, jak i bez niego⁷⁷. Programy wykrywania, diagnostyka i leczenie gruźlicy przyczyniły się do tego zmniejszenia ryzyka zakażenia gruźlicą⁷⁸.

Zakażenie HIV: Immunosupresja wywołana zakażeniem HIV jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka progresji do aktywnej gruźlicy i ma znaczący wpływ na epidemiologię gruźlicy⁷⁹. Podczas gdy ryzyko rozwoju aktywnej gruźlicy w populacji ogólnej wynosi 5-10% po zakażeniu prątkiem gruźlicy w ciągu całego życia, ryzyko to wynosi około 10% rocznie u osób z koinfekcją HIV i M. tuberculosis⁸⁰.

Cukrzyca: Ryzyko gruźlicy wśród osób z cukrzycą jest wyższe niż wśród osób bez cukrzycy⁸¹. Szacuje się, że cukrzyca przyczynia się do 15% przypadków gruźlicy na świecie⁸². Cukrzyca jest również związana ze słabszym wchłanianiem leków przeciwgruźliczych, a tym samym z wyższymi wskaźnikami gruźlicy lekoopornej⁸³.

Szczepienie BCG: Pomimo pewnej ochrony zapewnianej przez szczepienie BCG, wpływ szczepienia BCG na transmisję gruźlicy i epidemię gruźlicy jest uznawany za znikomy⁸⁴.

Czynniki ryzyka gruźlicy

Gruźlica jest ściśle powiązana zarówno z przeludnieniem, jak i niedożywieniem, co czyni ją jedną z głównych chorób ubóstwa⁸⁵. Osoby z grup wysokiego ryzyka obejmują: osoby używające narkotyków dożylnie, mieszkańców i pracowników miejsc, w których gromadzą się osoby wrażliwe (np. więzienia i schroniska dla bezdomnych), społeczności medycznie niedostatecznie zaopatrzone i ubogie w zasoby, mniejszości etniczne wysokiego ryzyka, dzieci mające bliski kontakt z pacjentami z kategorii wysokiego ryzyka oraz pracowników służby zdrowia obsługujących tych pacjentów⁸⁶.

Wskaźnik gruźlicy różni się w zależności od wieku⁸⁷. W Afryce dotyka głównie nastolatków i młodych dorosłych⁸⁸. Jednak w krajach, w których wskaźniki zapadalności drastycznie spadły (takich jak Stany Zjednoczone), gruźlica jest głównie chorobą osób starszych i z obniżoną odpornością⁸⁹.

Na całym świecie 22 „wysoko obciążone” stany lub kraje doświadczają razem 80% przypadków, a także 83% zgonów⁹⁰.

Najsilniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka zakażenia gruźlicą jest kraj, w którym dana osoba urodziła się lub spędziła większość swojego życia⁹¹.

Strategie nadzoru i monitorowania gruźlicy

Skuteczny nadzór nad gruźlicą umożliwia agencjom zdrowia publicznego kontrolę rozprzestrzeniania się choroby, opracowywanie strategii i polityk zapobiegania/interwencji oraz reagowanie na zdarzenia obejmujące potencjalną ekspozycję na gruźlicę⁹².

Nadzór nad gruźlicą monitoruje i analizuje dane dotyczące choroby gruźliczej (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), zakażenia gruźlicą oraz mykobakterii i innych chorób gruźliczych i gruźlicopodobnych⁹³. Zbierane dane obejmują m.in. informacje demograficzne, diagnostyczne i geograficzne⁹⁴. Dane dotyczące zarządzania przypadkami są zbierane dla przypadków Mycobacterium tuberculosis⁹⁵. Dokładna identyfikacja i terminowe zgłaszanie zarówno choroby gruźliczej, jak i zakażenia są kluczowe dla skutecznej kontroli i leczenia choroby oraz zapobiegania jej rozprzestrzenianiu się⁹⁶.

Głównym celem systemów nadzoru jest ocena rozmiarów i charakteru gruźlicy poprzez zbieranie i analizę danych epidemiologicznych⁹⁷. Dane z nadzoru nad gruźlicą umożliwiają urzędnikom zdrowia publicznego opisanie zachorowalności i śmiertelności, monitorowanie trendów w zapadalności na gruźlicę, wykrywanie potencjalnych ognisk choroby i definiowanie populacji wysokiego ryzyka⁹⁸.

W celu śledzenia postępów w realizacji celów dotyczących gruźlicy, WHO opracowała listę kontrolną standardów i wartości referencyjnych dla systemów nadzoru gruźlicy i rejestracji danych o stanie zdrowia z następującymi celami⁹⁹:

Ocena zdolności krajowego systemu nadzoru do dokładnego pomiaru przypadków i zgonów z powodu gruźlicy¹⁰⁰
Identyfikacja luk w krajowych systemach nadzoru, które muszą zostać usunięte w celu poprawy nadzoru nad gruźlicą¹⁰¹

Wyzwania w nadzorze nad gruźlicą

W niektórych krajach nadzór nad gruźlicą już spełnia standardy niezbędne do dokładnego monitorowania, ale w innych istnieją ważne luki w systemie nadzoru gruźlicy, które uniemożliwiają to¹⁰². Na przykład przypadki gruźlicy, które są diagnozowane w sektorze prywatnym, w wielu środowiskach nie są zgłaszane, a w wielu krajach o wysokim obciążeniu gruźlicą osoby chore na gruźlicę mogą nie mieć dostępu do opieki zdrowotnej, a tym samym w ogóle nie zostać zdiagnozowane¹⁰³.

Ponadto wiele krajów nie posiada systemów rejestracji stanu cywilnego o zasięgu geograficznym i jakości wymaganej do dokładnego pomiaru zgonów spowodowanych gruźlicą¹⁰⁴.

Znaczna część pacjentów z gruźlicą pozostaje nierozpoznana i nieleczona lub niezgłoszona¹⁰⁵. Dalsze usprawnienia w zakresie możliwości diagnostycznych i systemów nadzoru są potrzebne w niektórych regionach, takich jak Azja Południowo-Wschodnia, Afryka i Wschodni Region Śródziemnomorski¹⁰⁶.

Strategiczne podejścia do kontroli gruźlicy

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) niedawno uruchomiła nową globalną strategię gruźlicy na erę po 2015 roku, mającą na celu zakończenie globalnej epidemii gruźlicy do 2035 roku¹⁰⁷. Ta strategia opiera się na trzech filarach¹⁰⁸:

Promowanie zintegrowanej opieki skoncentrowanej na pacjencie i profilaktyki
Wspieranie odważnych polityk i systemów wsparcia
Zachęcanie do intensyfikacji badań i innowacji

W Stanach Zjednoczonych działania w zakresie zapobiegania gruźlicy koncentrują się najpierw na wczesnym wykrywaniu i leczeniu przypadków gruźlicy, aby wyleczyć pacjenta i zapobiec dalszej transmisji gruźlicy¹⁰⁹. Rząd USA rozpoczął systematyczne śledzenie zachorowalności na gruźlicę w całym kraju w 1953 roku, wkrótce po powszechnym wprowadzeniu leków chemioterapeutycznych przeciwgruźliczych¹¹⁰.

W miarę jak amerykański program kontroli gruźlicy wchodzi w nową dekadę, potrzebna jest kombinacja starych i nowych podejść, aby utrzymać i przyspieszyć postęp w kierunku eliminacji gruźlicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych¹¹¹. Działania w zakresie zdrowia publicznego były skuteczne w zmniejszaniu zachorowalności i śmiertelności z powodu gruźlicy poprzez podejście w dużej mierze skoncentrowane na zapobieganiu transmisji gruźlicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych¹¹².

Przyszłe wysiłki USA w zakresie zapobiegania gruźlicy powinny obejmować skupienie się na testowaniu i leczeniu utajonego zakażenia gruźlicą, aby zapobiec progresji do choroby gruźliczej¹¹³. Środki zapobiegające transmisji gruźlicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych muszą być utrzymane, aby uniknąć potencjalnego wzrostu niedawnej transmisji, która mogłaby prowadzić do dużych ognisk choroby¹¹⁴.

Nowe technologie w nadzorze nad gruźlicą

Wdrożenie nowych szybkich molekularnych testów diagnostycznych pozwoli, miejmy nadzieję, na rozszerzenie możliwości testowania w warunkach ograniczonych zasobów na całym świecie i poprawę zarządzania przypadkami gruźlicy¹¹⁵.

Przykładem takich nowatorskich rozwiązań jest TimBre – rozwiązanie wykorzystujące uczenie maszynowe do analizy akustycznej kaszlu w celu wykrywania gruźlicy i COVID-19¹¹⁶. Badanie to koncentrowało się głównie na domenie częstotliwości, co utorowało drogę do ekstrakcji cech i eksplikowalnych modeli uczenia maszynowego działających na bezstratnych plikach WAV, wykorzystujących teorię akustyczną i dane demograficzne¹¹⁷. Rozwiązanie to może być teraz dodane do arsenału pracowników służby zdrowia w sytuacjach, gdy nie jest dostępny test RT-PCR lub RTG klatki piersiowej, i można bez problemu przeprowadzić dwukierunkowe badania przesiewowe za pomocą jednego nagrania kaszlu, a także oferować informacje na temat chorób niezakaźnych jako część diagnostyki różnicowej¹¹⁸.

Innym przykładem wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii w nadzorze nad gruźlicą jest system SeedbankTree, który oszacował, że uśpione prątki gruźlicy mutują tylko około jednej ósmej tak szybko jak bakterie podczas aktywnej infekcji, a średni czas przed reaktywacją wynosił 1,27 roku¹¹⁹. Ta metodologia jest cenna ze względu na swoją zdolność do uwzględnienia niepewności¹²⁰. Jeśli naukowcy nie uwzględnią uśpienia, prawdopodobnie dojdą do wniosku, że organizm ewoluuje bardzo powoli, gdy w rzeczywistości spędził długie okresy ukrywając się¹²¹.

Wnioski

Gruźlica pozostaje jednym z największych wyzwań zdrowia publicznego na świecie, a kontrola tej choroby wymaga kompleksowego podejścia obejmującego skuteczny nadzór, wczesne wykrywanie przypadków, odpowiednie leczenie i działania profilaktyczne¹²²¹²³.

Globalne obciążenie gruźlicą jest nadal znaczące, ale dzięki skoordynowanym wysiłkom można osiągnąć postępy w kontroli i ostatecznie eliminacji tej choroby¹²⁴. Nadzór nad gruźlicą odgrywa kluczową rolę w monitorowaniu trendów epidemiologicznych, ocenie efektywności programów kontroli gruźlicy i identyfikacji populacji wysokiego ryzyka¹²⁵.

Choć zaobserwowano pewne postępy w zmniejszaniu zachorowalności i śmiertelności z powodu gruźlicy, wyzwania pozostają, szczególnie w kontekście gruźlicy lekoopornej, koinfekcji HIV-TB oraz zapewnienia dostępu do diagnostyki i leczenia dla wszystkich potrzebujących¹²⁶.

Strategie WHO, takie jak End TB Strategy, mają na celu zakończenie globalnej epidemii gruźlicy do 2035 roku, ale osiągnięcie tego celu będzie wymagało zintensyfikowanych wysiłków w zakresie badań, innowacji, finansowania i współpracy międzynarodowej¹²⁷¹²⁸.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the post-2015 era aimed at ending the global TB epidemic by 2035. […] TB control cannot be carried out without setting up an effective surveillance system in order to define the course of the epidemic and assess the impact of control measures on the disease. […] The increasing number of detected multidrug-resistant forms is among the current most frightening issues, requiring a strong and comprehensive commitment in terms of funds allocation, research promotion and field implementation of new tools and protocols.
#2 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#3 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) says Tuberculosis outbreaks will remain a global health risk in 2025. […] The WHO issued an updated Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report on October 29, 2024. […] The report revealed that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, a respiratory disease, in 2023, the highest number ever recorded by the WHO. […] According to the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, there were 1.25 million fatalities in 192 countries and areas, led by India and Indonesia. […] The WHO says most people who develop TB live in the Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa (South Africa), Europe, and the Western Pacific. […] The WHO’s European Region reported over 172,000 people with new and relapsed TB in 2023 and more than 7,500 cases among children under 15 in 2023, a 10% increase from 2022.
#4 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
Roughly one-quarter of the world’s population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. […] However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause disease, and 90-95% of infections remain asymptomatic. […] In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. […] In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, and 1.20-1.45 million deaths occurred (most of these occurring in developing countries). […] In 2018, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. […] The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. […] Tuberculosis incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring and summer.
#5 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#6 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) says Tuberculosis outbreaks will remain a global health risk in 2025. […] The WHO issued an updated Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report on October 29, 2024. […] The report revealed that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, a respiratory disease, in 2023, the highest number ever recorded by the WHO. […] According to the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, there were 1.25 million fatalities in 192 countries and areas, led by India and Indonesia. […] The WHO says most people who develop TB live in the Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa (South Africa), Europe, and the Western Pacific. […] The WHO’s European Region reported over 172,000 people with new and relapsed TB in 2023 and more than 7,500 cases among children under 15 in 2023, a 10% increase from 2022.
#7 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#8 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) says Tuberculosis outbreaks will remain a global health risk in 2025. […] The WHO issued an updated Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report on October 29, 2024. […] The report revealed that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, a respiratory disease, in 2023, the highest number ever recorded by the WHO. […] According to the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, there were 1.25 million fatalities in 192 countries and areas, led by India and Indonesia. […] The WHO says most people who develop TB live in the Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa (South Africa), Europe, and the Western Pacific. […] The WHO’s European Region reported over 172,000 people with new and relapsed TB in 2023 and more than 7,500 cases among children under 15 in 2023, a 10% increase from 2022.
#9 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) says Tuberculosis outbreaks will remain a global health risk in 2025. […] The WHO issued an updated Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report on October 29, 2024. […] The report revealed that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, a respiratory disease, in 2023, the highest number ever recorded by the WHO. […] According to the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, there were 1.25 million fatalities in 192 countries and areas, led by India and Indonesia. […] The WHO says most people who develop TB live in the Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa (South Africa), Europe, and the Western Pacific. […] The WHO’s European Region reported over 172,000 people with new and relapsed TB in 2023 and more than 7,500 cases among children under 15 in 2023, a 10% increase from 2022.
#10 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) says Tuberculosis outbreaks will remain a global health risk in 2025. […] The WHO issued an updated Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report on October 29, 2024. […] The report revealed that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, a respiratory disease, in 2023, the highest number ever recorded by the WHO. […] According to the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, there were 1.25 million fatalities in 192 countries and areas, led by India and Indonesia. […] The WHO says most people who develop TB live in the Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa (South Africa), Europe, and the Western Pacific. […] The WHO’s European Region reported over 172,000 people with new and relapsed TB in 2023 and more than 7,500 cases among children under 15 in 2023, a 10% increase from 2022.
#11 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In the Region of the Americas, TB cases have increased by about 20% over the past five years. […] As of March 25, 2025, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) data revealed a 13% increase in reported TB cases in 2024 (5,480) compared to 2023, which amounted to more than 600 additional notifications of people being diagnosed in 2024 (London and Midlands) compared to 2023. […] The 2025 Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring Report, released by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe on March 24, 2025, shows that children under 15 years of age accounted for 4.3% of those with new and relapsed TB in the WHO European Region, representing a 10% surge in pediatric TB for 2023, compared to 2022. […] The WHO estimates that 200,000 children die from TB annually.
#12 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In the Region of the Americas, TB cases have increased by about 20% over the past five years. […] As of March 25, 2025, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) data revealed a 13% increase in reported TB cases in 2024 (5,480) compared to 2023, which amounted to more than 600 additional notifications of people being diagnosed in 2024 (London and Midlands) compared to 2023. […] The 2025 Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring Report, released by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe on March 24, 2025, shows that children under 15 years of age accounted for 4.3% of those with new and relapsed TB in the WHO European Region, representing a 10% surge in pediatric TB for 2023, compared to 2022. […] The WHO estimates that 200,000 children die from TB annually.
#13 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In 2024, 10,347 TB cases were provisionally reported by the U.S. CDC. […] The percentage increase in case counts (8%) and rates (6%) from 2023 to 2024. […] The U.S. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published in June 2024, examined the most recent five years of National TB Indicators Project data. […] This data indicated that up to 13 million people in the U.S. (60 jurisdictions) live with latent TB infection. […] On March 28, 2024, the MMWR confirmed TB incidence increased in 2023 compared with 2022 among children aged 514 (68 cases, corresponding to a 42% increase in case count). […] The CDC reported 202 cases of TB in children ages four and younger in 2022, an increase from 160 cases in 2021. […] In 2023, 1,295 cases (16%) increased compared with the 2022 total.
#14 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In 2024, 10,347 TB cases were provisionally reported by the U.S. CDC. […] The percentage increase in case counts (8%) and rates (6%) from 2023 to 2024. […] The U.S. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published in June 2024, examined the most recent five years of National TB Indicators Project data. […] This data indicated that up to 13 million people in the U.S. (60 jurisdictions) live with latent TB infection. […] On March 28, 2024, the MMWR confirmed TB incidence increased in 2023 compared with 2022 among children aged 514 (68 cases, corresponding to a 42% increase in case count). […] The CDC reported 202 cases of TB in children ages four and younger in 2022, an increase from 160 cases in 2021. […] In 2023, 1,295 cases (16%) increased compared with the 2022 total.
#15 National Data | Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023 | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/summary/national.html
The number of reported tuberculosis (TB) disease cases and incidence rate increased in 2023 for the third year since 2020, surpassing pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] In 2023, the United States reported 9,633 cases of TB disease. This represents an increase in case count by: […] The TB incidence rate was 2.9 cases per 100,000 persons. This represents an increase in incidence rate by: […] The National Vital Statistics System reported 565 TB-related deaths (0.2 deaths per 100,000 persons) where TB was the underlying cause of death for 2022, the most recent year for which data are available. […] TB disease was the reported underlying cause of death for 565 deaths (0.2 per 100,000 persons) in 2022, the most recent year for which data are available.
#16 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In 2024, 10,347 TB cases were provisionally reported by the U.S. CDC. […] The percentage increase in case counts (8%) and rates (6%) from 2023 to 2024. […] The U.S. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published in June 2024, examined the most recent five years of National TB Indicators Project data. […] This data indicated that up to 13 million people in the U.S. (60 jurisdictions) live with latent TB infection. […] On March 28, 2024, the MMWR confirmed TB incidence increased in 2023 compared with 2022 among children aged 514 (68 cases, corresponding to a 42% increase in case count). […] The CDC reported 202 cases of TB in children ages four and younger in 2022, an increase from 160 cases in 2021. […] In 2023, 1,295 cases (16%) increased compared with the 2022 total.
#17 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The rate in 2023 (2.9 per 100,000 persons) also increased compared to 2022 (2.5). […] Forty states and DC reported increases in case counts and rates in 2023. […] In 2022, about 73% of reported TB cases that occurred in the U.S. were among non-U.S.-born persons. […] In the Americas, the PAHO reported that about 325,000 people fell ill from TB in 2023, and 35,000 died from TB, according to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report. […] The WHO published the 2023 Global TB Report on November 7, 2023. […] The TB surveillance and monitoring report from the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) estimated that 229,000 people were diagnosed with TB in the European Region in 2022. […] The ECDC stated the EU/EEA is not on track to reach the goal of ending the TB epidemic by 2030.
#18 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The rate in 2023 (2.9 per 100,000 persons) also increased compared to 2022 (2.5). […] Forty states and DC reported increases in case counts and rates in 2023. […] In 2022, about 73% of reported TB cases that occurred in the U.S. were among non-U.S.-born persons. […] In the Americas, the PAHO reported that about 325,000 people fell ill from TB in 2023, and 35,000 died from TB, according to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report. […] The WHO published the 2023 Global TB Report on November 7, 2023. […] The TB surveillance and monitoring report from the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) estimated that 229,000 people were diagnosed with TB in the European Region in 2022. […] The ECDC stated the EU/EEA is not on track to reach the goal of ending the TB epidemic by 2030.
#19 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
The rate in 2023 (2.9 per 100,000 persons) also increased compared to 2022 (2.5). […] Forty states and DC reported increases in case counts and rates in 2023. […] In 2022, about 73% of reported TB cases that occurred in the U.S. were among non-U.S.-born persons. […] In the Americas, the PAHO reported that about 325,000 people fell ill from TB in 2023, and 35,000 died from TB, according to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report. […] The WHO published the 2023 Global TB Report on November 7, 2023. […] The TB surveillance and monitoring report from the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) estimated that 229,000 people were diagnosed with TB in the European Region in 2022. […] The ECDC stated the EU/EEA is not on track to reach the goal of ending the TB epidemic by 2030.
#20 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In 2024, 10,347 TB cases were provisionally reported by the U.S. CDC. […] The percentage increase in case counts (8%) and rates (6%) from 2023 to 2024. […] The U.S. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published in June 2024, examined the most recent five years of National TB Indicators Project data. […] This data indicated that up to 13 million people in the U.S. (60 jurisdictions) live with latent TB infection. […] On March 28, 2024, the MMWR confirmed TB incidence increased in 2023 compared with 2022 among children aged 514 (68 cases, corresponding to a 42% increase in case count). […] The CDC reported 202 cases of TB in children ages four and younger in 2022, an increase from 160 cases in 2021. […] In 2023, 1,295 cases (16%) increased compared with the 2022 total.
#21 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In 2024, 10,347 TB cases were provisionally reported by the U.S. CDC. […] The percentage increase in case counts (8%) and rates (6%) from 2023 to 2024. […] The U.S. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published in June 2024, examined the most recent five years of National TB Indicators Project data. […] This data indicated that up to 13 million people in the U.S. (60 jurisdictions) live with latent TB infection. […] On March 28, 2024, the MMWR confirmed TB incidence increased in 2023 compared with 2022 among children aged 514 (68 cases, corresponding to a 42% increase in case count). […] The CDC reported 202 cases of TB in children ages four and younger in 2022, an increase from 160 cases in 2021. […] In 2023, 1,295 cases (16%) increased compared with the 2022 total.
#22 National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/data-sources-and-methods/data-sources/national-tuberculosis-surveillance-system-ntss
The National Tuberculosis Surveillance System collects information on each newly reported case of tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. […] The program is a cooperative effort of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local health departments, who report cases of TB to CDC. […] All reporting areas (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, the 5 U.S. territories [American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands], and the 3 freely associated states [Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Palau]) report TB cases to CDC electronically, using standard reporting criteria. […] Reported cases are verified according to the TB case definition for public health surveillance. […] In 2018, the 50 states and the District of Columbia reported 9,025 TB cases to CDC.
#23 National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/data-sources-and-methods/data-sources/national-tuberculosis-surveillance-system-ntss
The National Tuberculosis Surveillance System collects information on each newly reported case of tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. […] The program is a cooperative effort of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local health departments, who report cases of TB to CDC. […] All reporting areas (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, the 5 U.S. territories [American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands], and the 3 freely associated states [Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Palau]) report TB cases to CDC electronically, using standard reporting criteria. […] Reported cases are verified according to the TB case definition for public health surveillance. […] In 2018, the 50 states and the District of Columbia reported 9,025 TB cases to CDC.
#24 National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/data-sources-and-methods/data-sources/national-tuberculosis-surveillance-system-ntss
The National Tuberculosis Surveillance System collects information on each newly reported case of tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. […] The program is a cooperative effort of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local health departments, who report cases of TB to CDC. […] All reporting areas (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, the 5 U.S. territories [American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands], and the 3 freely associated states [Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Palau]) report TB cases to CDC electronically, using standard reporting criteria. […] Reported cases are verified according to the TB case definition for public health surveillance. […] In 2018, the 50 states and the District of Columbia reported 9,025 TB cases to CDC.
#25 National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/data-sources-and-methods/data-sources/national-tuberculosis-surveillance-system-ntss
The National Tuberculosis Surveillance System collects information on each newly reported case of tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. […] The program is a cooperative effort of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local health departments, who report cases of TB to CDC. […] All reporting areas (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, the 5 U.S. territories [American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands], and the 3 freely associated states [Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Palau]) report TB cases to CDC electronically, using standard reporting criteria. […] Reported cases are verified according to the TB case definition for public health surveillance. […] In 2018, the 50 states and the District of Columbia reported 9,025 TB cases to CDC.
#26 Technical Notes | Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023 | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/commentary/notes.html
Information in the 2023 edition of Reported Tuberculosis in the United States summarizes incident cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) by each of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) unless otherwise specified. […] NTSS has collected information on all newly reported cases of TB since 1953, and cases reported since 1993 are maintained in an electronic database. […] Some jurisdictions require reporting of latent TB infection, a related condition in which TB bacteria live in the body without making a person sick. However, latent TB infection is not required to be reported to CDC, so this report focuses exclusively on cases of TB disease reported to NTSS. […] Reporting areas (i.e., the 50 U.S. states, D.C., New York City, Puerto Rico, and other U.S. jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea) provide information about TB cases to the NTSS by using a standard case report format, the Report of Verified Case of TB (RVCT).
#27 Technical Notes | Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023 | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/commentary/notes.html
Information in the 2023 edition of Reported Tuberculosis in the United States summarizes incident cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) by each of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) unless otherwise specified. […] NTSS has collected information on all newly reported cases of TB since 1953, and cases reported since 1993 are maintained in an electronic database. […] Some jurisdictions require reporting of latent TB infection, a related condition in which TB bacteria live in the body without making a person sick. However, latent TB infection is not required to be reported to CDC, so this report focuses exclusively on cases of TB disease reported to NTSS. […] Reporting areas (i.e., the 50 U.S. states, D.C., New York City, Puerto Rico, and other U.S. jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea) provide information about TB cases to the NTSS by using a standard case report format, the Report of Verified Case of TB (RVCT).
#28 National Data | Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023 | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/summary/national.html
The number of reported tuberculosis (TB) disease cases and incidence rate increased in 2023 for the third year since 2020, surpassing pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] In 2023, the United States reported 9,633 cases of TB disease. This represents an increase in case count by: […] The TB incidence rate was 2.9 cases per 100,000 persons. This represents an increase in incidence rate by: […] The National Vital Statistics System reported 565 TB-related deaths (0.2 deaths per 100,000 persons) where TB was the underlying cause of death for 2022, the most recent year for which data are available. […] TB disease was the reported underlying cause of death for 565 deaths (0.2 per 100,000 persons) in 2022, the most recent year for which data are available.
#29 National Data | Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023 | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/summary/national.html
The number of reported tuberculosis (TB) disease cases and incidence rate increased in 2023 for the third year since 2020, surpassing pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] In 2023, the United States reported 9,633 cases of TB disease. This represents an increase in case count by: […] The TB incidence rate was 2.9 cases per 100,000 persons. This represents an increase in incidence rate by: […] The National Vital Statistics System reported 565 TB-related deaths (0.2 deaths per 100,000 persons) where TB was the underlying cause of death for 2022, the most recent year for which data are available. […] TB disease was the reported underlying cause of death for 565 deaths (0.2 per 100,000 persons) in 2022, the most recent year for which data are available.
#30 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 8.6 million cases (8.39.0 million) were estimated to have occurred in 2012, approximately 2.9 of whom were in women. […] TB prevalence is declining globally since the early 1990s (before incidence started to decline). […] TB mortality was estimated at 1.3 million deaths (1.01.6 million) in 2012, including 320 000 (300 000 340 000) HIV-associated cases. […] The traditional case detection rate (CDR), defined as the proportion of notified cases among the estimated number of new and relapse TB cases, thought to have occurred in a given year, is a problematic indicator in TB epidemiology, though it could potentially provide very useful information on the diagnostic capacity of a TB control program. […] In 2012, 6.1 million TB cases were notified by the National TB Programs (NTPs).
#31 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#32 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#33 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#34 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#35 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the post-2015 era aimed at ending the global TB epidemic by 2035. […] TB control cannot be carried out without setting up an effective surveillance system in order to define the course of the epidemic and assess the impact of control measures on the disease. […] The increasing number of detected multidrug-resistant forms is among the current most frightening issues, requiring a strong and comprehensive commitment in terms of funds allocation, research promotion and field implementation of new tools and protocols.
#36 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#37 National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme
https://dghs.mohfw.gov.in/national-tuberculosis-elimination-programme.php
The programme diagnosed 63,939 cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), highlighting the programmes commitment to addressing drug resistance. […] The NTEP continued its tradition of providing free diagnostic services, conducting approximately 1.89 crore sputum smear tests and 68.3 lakh nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in 2023. […] Comprehensive care packages and decentralized services have been introduced for TB patients under NTEP, including scale up of shorter oral regimen for DRTB. […] The programme has made significant efforts to expand TB preventive treatment (TPT). […] Under NTEP, the government provides free diagnostics and quality assured drugs along with financial assistance of 500 per month during the course of treatment for all TB patients in the country. […] The programme has proactively conducted house-to-house searches of TB cases among these vulnerable populations.
#38 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
Major factors that fueled the U.S. TB resurgence were the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, and reductions in resources for U.S. TB control programs. […] While LTBI has been viewed as an important aspect of TB epidemiology, measuring and reducing LTBI has historically been considered a tertiary priority in the U.S. TB control program. […] Given the numerous key determinants of U.S. TB incidence rates, CDC and its partners have developed several advanced statistical models to explain and predict incidence rate trends. […] The United States has made considerable progress in reducing deaths attributed in TB. […] The strongest risk factor for becoming infected with TB is the country in which a person is born or spends most of his or her life.
#39
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/activities/strengthening-tb-surveillance
TB surveillance data have been globally recognized as a fundamental data source for assessing the disease burden and epidemiological trends of TB. WHO collects TB surveillance data annually from more than 200 countries and publishes the epidemiological situation of TB at the country, regional and global levels. […] Several high-burden countries have published in-depth epidemiological assessments. […] WHO Western Pacific Regional Office provides technical support to countries in conducting periodic epidemiological surveys and reviews for TB with a focus on seven countries with a high burden of TB. […] 94% of countries and territories in the Region reported TB surveillance data to WHO in 2022.
#40
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/activities/strengthening-tb-surveillance
TB surveillance data have been globally recognized as a fundamental data source for assessing the disease burden and epidemiological trends of TB. WHO collects TB surveillance data annually from more than 200 countries and publishes the epidemiological situation of TB at the country, regional and global levels. […] Several high-burden countries have published in-depth epidemiological assessments. […] WHO Western Pacific Regional Office provides technical support to countries in conducting periodic epidemiological surveys and reviews for TB with a focus on seven countries with a high burden of TB. […] 94% of countries and territories in the Region reported TB surveillance data to WHO in 2022.
#41
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/activities/strengthening-tb-surveillance
TB surveillance data have been globally recognized as a fundamental data source for assessing the disease burden and epidemiological trends of TB. WHO collects TB surveillance data annually from more than 200 countries and publishes the epidemiological situation of TB at the country, regional and global levels. […] Several high-burden countries have published in-depth epidemiological assessments. […] WHO Western Pacific Regional Office provides technical support to countries in conducting periodic epidemiological surveys and reviews for TB with a focus on seven countries with a high burden of TB. […] 94% of countries and territories in the Region reported TB surveillance data to WHO in 2022.
#42
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/activities/strengthening-tb-surveillance
TB surveillance data have been globally recognized as a fundamental data source for assessing the disease burden and epidemiological trends of TB. WHO collects TB surveillance data annually from more than 200 countries and publishes the epidemiological situation of TB at the country, regional and global levels. […] Several high-burden countries have published in-depth epidemiological assessments. […] WHO Western Pacific Regional Office provides technical support to countries in conducting periodic epidemiological surveys and reviews for TB with a focus on seven countries with a high burden of TB. […] 94% of countries and territories in the Region reported TB surveillance data to WHO in 2022.
#43
https://www.who.int/westernpacific/activities/strengthening-tb-surveillance
TB surveillance data have been globally recognized as a fundamental data source for assessing the disease burden and epidemiological trends of TB. WHO collects TB surveillance data annually from more than 200 countries and publishes the epidemiological situation of TB at the country, regional and global levels. […] Several high-burden countries have published in-depth epidemiological assessments. […] WHO Western Pacific Regional Office provides technical support to countries in conducting periodic epidemiological surveys and reviews for TB with a focus on seven countries with a high burden of TB. […] 94% of countries and territories in the Region reported TB surveillance data to WHO in 2022.
#44
https://www.who.int/news/item/29-05-2024-who-releases-new-guidance-on-tuberculosis-surveillance
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released new guidance on Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance. Its goal is to ensure the continued worldwide standardization of TB surveillance, in the context of WHOs End TB Strategy, the latest WHO guidelines on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and commitments made at the 2023 United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on TB. […] TB surveillance is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis, reporting and use of data related to TB infection and disease in the population. It is essential for the reliable monitoring of the TB epidemic at national, regional and global levels; for assessment of progress towards national, regional and global targets related to TB; for the assessment of the performance of TB services; and to inform planning, budgeting, policy, programmatic and clinical actions.
#45
https://www.who.int/news/item/29-05-2024-who-releases-new-guidance-on-tuberculosis-surveillance
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released new guidance on Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance. Its goal is to ensure the continued worldwide standardization of TB surveillance, in the context of WHOs End TB Strategy, the latest WHO guidelines on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and commitments made at the 2023 United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on TB. […] TB surveillance is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis, reporting and use of data related to TB infection and disease in the population. It is essential for the reliable monitoring of the TB epidemic at national, regional and global levels; for assessment of progress towards national, regional and global targets related to TB; for the assessment of the performance of TB services; and to inform planning, budgeting, policy, programmatic and clinical actions.
#46
https://www.who.int/news/item/29-05-2024-who-releases-new-guidance-on-tuberculosis-surveillance
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released new guidance on Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance. Its goal is to ensure the continued worldwide standardization of TB surveillance, in the context of WHOs End TB Strategy, the latest WHO guidelines on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and commitments made at the 2023 United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on TB. […] TB surveillance is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis, reporting and use of data related to TB infection and disease in the population. It is essential for the reliable monitoring of the TB epidemic at national, regional and global levels; for assessment of progress towards national, regional and global targets related to TB; for the assessment of the performance of TB services; and to inform planning, budgeting, policy, programmatic and clinical actions.
#47
https://www.who.int/news/item/29-05-2024-who-releases-new-guidance-on-tuberculosis-surveillance
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released new guidance on Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance. Its goal is to ensure the continued worldwide standardization of TB surveillance, in the context of WHOs End TB Strategy, the latest WHO guidelines on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and commitments made at the 2023 United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on TB. […] TB surveillance is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis, reporting and use of data related to TB infection and disease in the population. It is essential for the reliable monitoring of the TB epidemic at national, regional and global levels; for assessment of progress towards national, regional and global targets related to TB; for the assessment of the performance of TB services; and to inform planning, budgeting, policy, programmatic and clinical actions.
#48 Surveillance and updates for tuberculosis
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance
Surveillance is a crucial component in the control and elimination of TB in the European Union and European Economic Area. An accurate overview of the TB situation enables the strengths of TB control to be identified and the remaining challenges to be addressed. Together with the World Health Organizations Regional Office for Europe, ECDC collects and disseminates TB surveillance data for the European region. […] The annual TB Surveillance Report presents the key findings on TB trends and an overview of the TB situation in the European Region. […] The network aims to maintain and further develop surveillance activities and thereby contribute to the international progress both in the TB epidemiology and laboratory fields.
#49 Surveillance and updates for tuberculosis
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance
Surveillance is a crucial component in the control and elimination of TB in the European Union and European Economic Area. An accurate overview of the TB situation enables the strengths of TB control to be identified and the remaining challenges to be addressed. Together with the World Health Organizations Regional Office for Europe, ECDC collects and disseminates TB surveillance data for the European region. […] The annual TB Surveillance Report presents the key findings on TB trends and an overview of the TB situation in the European Region. […] The network aims to maintain and further develop surveillance activities and thereby contribute to the international progress both in the TB epidemiology and laboratory fields.
#50 Surveillance and updates for tuberculosis
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance
Surveillance is a crucial component in the control and elimination of TB in the European Union and European Economic Area. An accurate overview of the TB situation enables the strengths of TB control to be identified and the remaining challenges to be addressed. Together with the World Health Organizations Regional Office for Europe, ECDC collects and disseminates TB surveillance data for the European region. […] The annual TB Surveillance Report presents the key findings on TB trends and an overview of the TB situation in the European Region. […] The network aims to maintain and further develop surveillance activities and thereby contribute to the international progress both in the TB epidemiology and laboratory fields.
#51 Surveillance and updates for tuberculosis
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance
Surveillance is a crucial component in the control and elimination of TB in the European Union and European Economic Area. An accurate overview of the TB situation enables the strengths of TB control to be identified and the remaining challenges to be addressed. Together with the World Health Organizations Regional Office for Europe, ECDC collects and disseminates TB surveillance data for the European region. […] The annual TB Surveillance Report presents the key findings on TB trends and an overview of the TB situation in the European Region. […] The network aims to maintain and further develop surveillance activities and thereby contribute to the international progress both in the TB epidemiology and laboratory fields.
#52 Surveillance and updates for tuberculosis
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance
Surveillance is a crucial component in the control and elimination of TB in the European Union and European Economic Area. An accurate overview of the TB situation enables the strengths of TB control to be identified and the remaining challenges to be addressed. Together with the World Health Organizations Regional Office for Europe, ECDC collects and disseminates TB surveillance data for the European region. […] The annual TB Surveillance Report presents the key findings on TB trends and an overview of the TB situation in the European Region. […] The network aims to maintain and further develop surveillance activities and thereby contribute to the international progress both in the TB epidemiology and laboratory fields.
#53 Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2025 – 2023 data
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/tuberculosis-surveillance-and-monitoring-europe-2025-2023-data
This report provides an overview of the latest tuberculosis (TB) epidemiological situation and is published jointly by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. In 2023, 38 993 cases of TB were reported in 29 European Union and European Economic Area (EU/ EEA) countries, resulting in a notification rate of 8.6 per 100 000 population in the EU/ EEA. This represented a continuation of the slight increase observed in most countries for 2022, while the overall trend has continued to decrease over the last five years. Exceptions to this trend were Cyprus, Greece, Iceland and Slovakia where an increase of 13% was observed in 2023 against data reported for 2019. However, the rates for 2020-2021 should be interpreted with caution, given the measures implemented to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on TB data collection and patient access to health services. […] Findings from the joint report Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe by ECDC and WHO Regional Office for Europe. […] Tuberculosis cases in EU/EEA, non EU/EEA and 18 high-priority countries in 2023.
#54 Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2025 – 2023 data
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/tuberculosis-surveillance-and-monitoring-europe-2025-2023-data
This report provides an overview of the latest tuberculosis (TB) epidemiological situation and is published jointly by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. In 2023, 38 993 cases of TB were reported in 29 European Union and European Economic Area (EU/ EEA) countries, resulting in a notification rate of 8.6 per 100 000 population in the EU/ EEA. This represented a continuation of the slight increase observed in most countries for 2022, while the overall trend has continued to decrease over the last five years. Exceptions to this trend were Cyprus, Greece, Iceland and Slovakia where an increase of 13% was observed in 2023 against data reported for 2019. However, the rates for 2020-2021 should be interpreted with caution, given the measures implemented to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on TB data collection and patient access to health services. […] Findings from the joint report Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe by ECDC and WHO Regional Office for Europe. […] Tuberculosis cases in EU/EEA, non EU/EEA and 18 high-priority countries in 2023.
#55 Tuberculosis Outbreaks â Vax-Before-Travel
https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-outbreaks
In the Region of the Americas, TB cases have increased by about 20% over the past five years. […] As of March 25, 2025, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) data revealed a 13% increase in reported TB cases in 2024 (5,480) compared to 2023, which amounted to more than 600 additional notifications of people being diagnosed in 2024 (London and Midlands) compared to 2023. […] The 2025 Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring Report, released by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe on March 24, 2025, shows that children under 15 years of age accounted for 4.3% of those with new and relapsed TB in the WHO European Region, representing a 10% surge in pediatric TB for 2023, compared to 2022. […] The WHO estimates that 200,000 children die from TB annually.
#56
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-in-england-2024-report/tuberculosis-incidence-and-epidemiology-england-2023
In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in England in 2023 increased by 11.0% compared with 2022, the largest year-on-year increase in the current reporting period (2000 to 2023) […] England remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold of 10 per 100,000 population for a low incidence country, at 8.5 per 100,000 population in 2023 but the rate diverged further from the trajectory needed to meet the WHO End TB target by 2035 […] almost 80% of active TB notified in England was in people born outside the UK in whom rates increased by 7.2% to 40.1 per 100,000 compared with 2022 […] the TB notification rate in people born in the UK in 2023 increased by 5.0% compared with 2022, this was the first rate-increase in UK-born individuals with TB UK since 2012 following a decade of continual decline
#57
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-in-england-2024-report/tuberculosis-incidence-and-epidemiology-england-2023
In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in England in 2023 increased by 11.0% compared with 2022, the largest year-on-year increase in the current reporting period (2000 to 2023) […] England remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold of 10 per 100,000 population for a low incidence country, at 8.5 per 100,000 population in 2023 but the rate diverged further from the trajectory needed to meet the WHO End TB target by 2035 […] almost 80% of active TB notified in England was in people born outside the UK in whom rates increased by 7.2% to 40.1 per 100,000 compared with 2022 […] the TB notification rate in people born in the UK in 2023 increased by 5.0% compared with 2022, this was the first rate-increase in UK-born individuals with TB UK since 2012 following a decade of continual decline
#58
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-in-england-2024-report/tuberculosis-incidence-and-epidemiology-england-2023
In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in England in 2023 increased by 11.0% compared with 2022, the largest year-on-year increase in the current reporting period (2000 to 2023) […] England remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold of 10 per 100,000 population for a low incidence country, at 8.5 per 100,000 population in 2023 but the rate diverged further from the trajectory needed to meet the WHO End TB target by 2035 […] almost 80% of active TB notified in England was in people born outside the UK in whom rates increased by 7.2% to 40.1 per 100,000 compared with 2022 […] the TB notification rate in people born in the UK in 2023 increased by 5.0% compared with 2022, this was the first rate-increase in UK-born individuals with TB UK since 2012 following a decade of continual decline
#59
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-in-england-2024-report/tuberculosis-incidence-and-epidemiology-england-2023
In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in England in 2023 increased by 11.0% compared with 2022, the largest year-on-year increase in the current reporting period (2000 to 2023) […] England remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold of 10 per 100,000 population for a low incidence country, at 8.5 per 100,000 population in 2023 but the rate diverged further from the trajectory needed to meet the WHO End TB target by 2035 […] almost 80% of active TB notified in England was in people born outside the UK in whom rates increased by 7.2% to 40.1 per 100,000 compared with 2022 […] the TB notification rate in people born in the UK in 2023 increased by 5.0% compared with 2022, this was the first rate-increase in UK-born individuals with TB UK since 2012 following a decade of continual decline
#60 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#61 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#62 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#63 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#64 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#65 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#66 Tuberculosis (TB): Monitoring – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/surveillance.html
In 2022 there were 1,971 cases of active tuberculosis reported in Canada. People born outside Canada and Indigenous Peoples accounted for the majority of cases. In 2022, among active tuberculosis cases with available information on place of birth and population group, 1,258 were people born outside of Canada and 393 were Canadian-born, of whom 292 were Indigenous Peoples. […] The rate of active tuberculosis in Canada is among the lowest in the world. Canada experienced a steady decrease in the rate of tuberculosis between the 1940s and 1980s. Since then, the annual rates have remained about the same. […] In 2022, the rate of active tuberculosis in Canada was 5.1 per 100,000 population. The rates were highest among Inuit (136.7 per 100,000), First Nations (21.4 per 100,000) and people born outside of Canada (14.4 per 100,000). […] Provincial and territorial public health authorities voluntarily submit data on all new and re-treatment cases of active tuberculosis disease in Canada. The federal government uses these data to report on national tuberculosis trends annually.
#67 Tuberculosis surveillance in Canada summary report: 2012-2021 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis-surveillance-canada-summary-2012-2021.html
The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) works with provincial and territorial governments, other federal departments and agencies and Indigenous partners, towards the goal of tuberculosis (TB) elimination in Canada as part of The End TB Strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO). This report provides a summary of the descriptive epidemiology of active TB in Canada from 2012 to 2021 with a specific focus on data from 2021, along with information on the incidence of drug-resistant TB disease, and treatment outcomes. […] PHAC, in collaboration with provincial and territorial public health authorities, monitors TB in Canada through the Canadian Tuberculosis Reporting System (CTBRS), a national case-based surveillance system that collects and maintains non-nominal data on persons diagnosed with active TB. Active TB occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes an infection, either through primary infection or reactivation of latent TB, usually affecting the lungs although other organs or systems may be involved.
#68 Tuberculosis surveillance in Canada summary report: 2012-2021 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis-surveillance-canada-summary-2012-2021.html
In 2021, there were 1,829 people in Canada diagnosed with active TB, corresponding to an incidence of 4.8 cases per 100,000 population. Between 2012 and 2021 the number of new cases per year ranged from 1,615 to 1,921, however the incidence remained stable (from 4.6 per 100,000 to 5.1 per 100,000). […] In 2021, the incidence of active TB in Canada among males was higher (5.3 cases per 100,000) compared with females (4.3 cases per 100,000). Examining TB incidence by age, in 2021 individuals aged 75 years and older had the highest incidence of active TB at 8.1 cases per 100,000. […] In 2021, information on population group (i.e., born outside Canada, Indigenous Peoples, non-Indigenous Canadian-born, and Canadian-born unspecified Indigenous identity) was reported for 86% (n=1,376/1,600) of incident active TB cases. Over three quarters (76.7%) of active TB cases were among people born outside Canada.
#69 Tuberculosis surveillance in Canada summary report: 2012-2021 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis-surveillance-canada-summary-2012-2021.html
In 2021, there were 1,829 people in Canada diagnosed with active TB, corresponding to an incidence of 4.8 cases per 100,000 population. Between 2012 and 2021 the number of new cases per year ranged from 1,615 to 1,921, however the incidence remained stable (from 4.6 per 100,000 to 5.1 per 100,000). […] In 2021, the incidence of active TB in Canada among males was higher (5.3 cases per 100,000) compared with females (4.3 cases per 100,000). Examining TB incidence by age, in 2021 individuals aged 75 years and older had the highest incidence of active TB at 8.1 cases per 100,000. […] In 2021, information on population group (i.e., born outside Canada, Indigenous Peoples, non-Indigenous Canadian-born, and Canadian-born unspecified Indigenous identity) was reported for 86% (n=1,376/1,600) of incident active TB cases. Over three quarters (76.7%) of active TB cases were among people born outside Canada.
#70 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#71 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#72 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#73 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#74 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#75 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#76 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#77 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#78 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Five major factors influence TB epidemiology: (1) socioeconomic conditions, (2) TB treatment, (3) HIV infection, (4) diabetes and (5) BCG vaccination. […] The principal factors leading to a reduction in TB cases are improved social and housing conditions. Most cases occur in low-income countries. In industrialised countries, TB generally affects the most disadvantaged social groups. […] Diagnosing and initiating effective treatment in a patient early during their TB disease, before they can infect multiple people, is considered the most effective preventive measure against TB. Once an effective TB treatment is started, there is a rapid reduction in transmission. […] Since the introduction of TB treatment, the risk of TB infection decreased by approximately 10% per year in industrialised countries. This trend was observed in countries with a BCG vaccination programme as well as in those without one. Detection programmes, diagnosis and treatment of TB contributed to this reduction in the risk of TB infection.
#79 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#80 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#81 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#82 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#83 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#84 1.5 Factors modifying tuberculosis epidemiology | MSF Medical Guidelines
https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/TUB/english/1-5-factors-modifying-tuberculosis-epidemiology-20320188.html
Immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is a major risk factor for progression to active TB and has a considerable impact on the epidemiology of TB. While the lifetime risk of developing active TB in the general population is 5 to 10% after infection with M. tuberculosis, this risk is approximately 10% per year in people with co-infection HIV and M. tuberculosis. Approximately 8% of incident TB cases in the world are among people with HIV infection (highest in the WHO African Region, more than 50% in parts of southern Africa). […] The risk of TB among people with diabetes is higher than among those without diabetes. It is estimated that diabetes contributes to 15% of TB cases worldwide. Diabetes is also associated with poor absorption of TB drugs and therefore higher rates of drug-resistant TB. […] Despite some protection from the BCG vaccination, the impact of BCG vaccination on TB transmission and the TB epidemic is considered negligible.
#85 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter. […] There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low rainfall. […] It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change. […] Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty. […] Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients.
#86 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter. […] There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low rainfall. […] It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change. […] Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty. […] Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients.
#87 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#88 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#89 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#90 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. […] In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. […] However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised. […] Worldwide, 22 „high-burden” states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. […] In 2023, tuberculosis overtook COVID-19 as the leading cause of infectious disease-related deaths globally, according to a World Health Organization. […] Around 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB last year, allowing them access to treatmentâa record high since WHO’s tracking began in 1995 and an increase from 7.5 million cases in 2022. […] The report highlights ongoing obstacles in combating TB, including severe funding shortages that hinder efforts toward eradication. […] Although TB-related deaths decreased slightly to 1.25 million in 2023 from 1.32 million in 2022, the overall number of new cases rose marginally to an estimated 10.8 million.
#91 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
Major factors that fueled the U.S. TB resurgence were the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, and reductions in resources for U.S. TB control programs. […] While LTBI has been viewed as an important aspect of TB epidemiology, measuring and reducing LTBI has historically been considered a tertiary priority in the U.S. TB control program. […] Given the numerous key determinants of U.S. TB incidence rates, CDC and its partners have developed several advanced statistical models to explain and predict incidence rate trends. […] The United States has made considerable progress in reducing deaths attributed in TB. […] The strongest risk factor for becoming infected with TB is the country in which a person is born or spends most of his or her life.
#92 Tuberculosis Surveillance | Tuberculosis | Health & Senior Services
https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/tuberculosis/surveillance.php
Tuberculosis surveillance monitors and analyzes data on tuberculosis disease (mycobacterium tuberculosis), tuberculosis infection and mycobacterium and other tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease. Data collected include, but are not limited to, demographic, diagnostic and geographic information. Case management data are collected for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accurate identification and timely reporting of both tuberculosis disease and infection are critical to successful disease control and treatment and the prevention of disease spread. […] Successful tuberculosis surveillance enables public health agencies to: […] Tuberculosis surveillance enhances physicians and public health agencies ability to control disease spread, develop prevention/intervention strategies and policies and respond to events involving potential exposure to tuberculosis disease.
#93 Tuberculosis Surveillance | Tuberculosis | Health & Senior Services
https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/tuberculosis/surveillance.php
Tuberculosis surveillance monitors and analyzes data on tuberculosis disease (mycobacterium tuberculosis), tuberculosis infection and mycobacterium and other tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease. Data collected include, but are not limited to, demographic, diagnostic and geographic information. Case management data are collected for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accurate identification and timely reporting of both tuberculosis disease and infection are critical to successful disease control and treatment and the prevention of disease spread. […] Successful tuberculosis surveillance enables public health agencies to: […] Tuberculosis surveillance enhances physicians and public health agencies ability to control disease spread, develop prevention/intervention strategies and policies and respond to events involving potential exposure to tuberculosis disease.
#94 Tuberculosis Surveillance | Tuberculosis | Health & Senior Services
https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/tuberculosis/surveillance.php
Tuberculosis surveillance monitors and analyzes data on tuberculosis disease (mycobacterium tuberculosis), tuberculosis infection and mycobacterium and other tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease. Data collected include, but are not limited to, demographic, diagnostic and geographic information. Case management data are collected for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accurate identification and timely reporting of both tuberculosis disease and infection are critical to successful disease control and treatment and the prevention of disease spread. […] Successful tuberculosis surveillance enables public health agencies to: […] Tuberculosis surveillance enhances physicians and public health agencies ability to control disease spread, develop prevention/intervention strategies and policies and respond to events involving potential exposure to tuberculosis disease.
#95 Tuberculosis Surveillance | Tuberculosis | Health & Senior Services
https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/tuberculosis/surveillance.php
Tuberculosis surveillance monitors and analyzes data on tuberculosis disease (mycobacterium tuberculosis), tuberculosis infection and mycobacterium and other tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease. Data collected include, but are not limited to, demographic, diagnostic and geographic information. Case management data are collected for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accurate identification and timely reporting of both tuberculosis disease and infection are critical to successful disease control and treatment and the prevention of disease spread. […] Successful tuberculosis surveillance enables public health agencies to: […] Tuberculosis surveillance enhances physicians and public health agencies ability to control disease spread, develop prevention/intervention strategies and policies and respond to events involving potential exposure to tuberculosis disease.
#96 Tuberculosis Surveillance | Tuberculosis | Health & Senior Services
https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/tuberculosis/surveillance.php
Tuberculosis surveillance monitors and analyzes data on tuberculosis disease (mycobacterium tuberculosis), tuberculosis infection and mycobacterium and other tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease. Data collected include, but are not limited to, demographic, diagnostic and geographic information. Case management data are collected for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accurate identification and timely reporting of both tuberculosis disease and infection are critical to successful disease control and treatment and the prevention of disease spread. […] Successful tuberculosis surveillance enables public health agencies to: […] Tuberculosis surveillance enhances physicians and public health agencies ability to control disease spread, develop prevention/intervention strategies and policies and respond to events involving potential exposure to tuberculosis disease.
#97 14: Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis | Oncohema Key
https://oncohemakey.com/14-public-health-surveillance-for-tuberculosis/
Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 8.7 million new cases of TB and 1.4 million deaths from TB occurred in 2011 worldwide. […] A core responsibility of public health agencies is to assess the extent and character of TB by collecting and analyzing epidemiologic data. TB surveillance data enable public health officials to describe morbidity and mortality, monitor trends in TB incidence, detect potential outbreaks, and define high-risk populations. […] Since 1953, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has maintained a standardized national TB surveillance system focused on identifying incident TB cases and reporting TB incidence counts, rates, and case follow-up information on an annual basis. […] The goal of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the epidemiology of TB and the national TB surveillance system used in the United States.
#98 14: Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis | Oncohema Key
https://oncohemakey.com/14-public-health-surveillance-for-tuberculosis/
Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 8.7 million new cases of TB and 1.4 million deaths from TB occurred in 2011 worldwide. […] A core responsibility of public health agencies is to assess the extent and character of TB by collecting and analyzing epidemiologic data. TB surveillance data enable public health officials to describe morbidity and mortality, monitor trends in TB incidence, detect potential outbreaks, and define high-risk populations. […] Since 1953, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has maintained a standardized national TB surveillance system focused on identifying incident TB cases and reporting TB incidence counts, rates, and case follow-up information on an annual basis. […] The goal of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the epidemiology of TB and the national TB surveillance system used in the United States.
#99 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#100 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#101 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#102 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#103 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#104 Standards and benchmarks for tuberculosis surveillance and vital registration systems: checklist and user guide – TB DIAH
https://www.tbdiah.org/resources/publications/standards-and-benchmarks-for-tuberculosis-surveillance-and-vital-registration-systems-checklist-and-user-guide/
A major goal of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance is to provide an accurate measure of the number of new TB cases and related deaths that occur each year, and to be able to assess these trends over time. […] In some countries, TB surveillance already meets the standards necessary to do this, but in others, there are important gaps in the TB surveillance system that make this impossible. […] For example, TB cases that are diagnosed in the private sector go unreported in many settings, and in many countries with a high burden of TB, people with TB may not access health care and therefore not be diagnosed at all. […] Furthermore, many countries lack vital registration systems with the geographical coverage and quality required to accurately measure deaths caused by TB. […] Therefore, the Checklist of standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems was developed with the following objectives: To assess a national surveillance systems ability to accurately measure TB cases and deaths. […] To identify gaps in national surveillance systems that must be addressed in order to improve TB surveillance.
#105 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#106 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#107 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the post-2015 era aimed at ending the global TB epidemic by 2035. […] TB control cannot be carried out without setting up an effective surveillance system in order to define the course of the epidemic and assess the impact of control measures on the disease. […] The increasing number of detected multidrug-resistant forms is among the current most frightening issues, requiring a strong and comprehensive commitment in terms of funds allocation, research promotion and field implementation of new tools and protocols.
#108 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#109 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
What is now recognized as tuberculosis (TB) has been part of the human experience for all of recorded history, although it was not until the early 19th century that the various clinical presentations of the disease were first postulated to be one condition, and not until later in that century that TB was recognized as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. […] In the United States, TB prevention activities have first focused on early detection and treatment of TB cases, in order to cure the patient and prevent further TB transmission. […] The U.S. government began systematically tracking TB morbidity nationwide in 1953, shortly after the widespread introduction of anti-TB chemotherapy drugs. […] U.S. TB incidence rates consistently decreased at annual percent declines from 2.1% to 11.1% from the introduction of systematic national surveillance in 1953 to 1985.
#110 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
What is now recognized as tuberculosis (TB) has been part of the human experience for all of recorded history, although it was not until the early 19th century that the various clinical presentations of the disease were first postulated to be one condition, and not until later in that century that TB was recognized as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. […] In the United States, TB prevention activities have first focused on early detection and treatment of TB cases, in order to cure the patient and prevent further TB transmission. […] The U.S. government began systematically tracking TB morbidity nationwide in 1953, shortly after the widespread introduction of anti-TB chemotherapy drugs. […] U.S. TB incidence rates consistently decreased at annual percent declines from 2.1% to 11.1% from the introduction of systematic national surveillance in 1953 to 1985.
#111 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
This primary prevention goal is the top priority of the U.S. TB program. […] As the U.S. TB control program enters a new decade, a combination of old and new approaches are needed to maintain and accelerate progress toward eliminating TB in the United States. […] Public health efforts have been successful in reducing TB morbidity and mortality through an approach largely focused on preventing TB transmission within the United States. […] Future U.S. TB prevention efforts should include a focus on testing for and treating latent tuberculosis infection in order to prevent progression to tuberculosis disease. […] Measures to prevent TB transmission in the United States must be maintained to avoid potential increases in recent transmission that could lead to large outbreaks.
#112 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
This primary prevention goal is the top priority of the U.S. TB program. […] As the U.S. TB control program enters a new decade, a combination of old and new approaches are needed to maintain and accelerate progress toward eliminating TB in the United States. […] Public health efforts have been successful in reducing TB morbidity and mortality through an approach largely focused on preventing TB transmission within the United States. […] Future U.S. TB prevention efforts should include a focus on testing for and treating latent tuberculosis infection in order to prevent progression to tuberculosis disease. […] Measures to prevent TB transmission in the United States must be maintained to avoid potential increases in recent transmission that could lead to large outbreaks.
#113 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
This primary prevention goal is the top priority of the U.S. TB program. […] As the U.S. TB control program enters a new decade, a combination of old and new approaches are needed to maintain and accelerate progress toward eliminating TB in the United States. […] Public health efforts have been successful in reducing TB morbidity and mortality through an approach largely focused on preventing TB transmission within the United States. […] Future U.S. TB prevention efforts should include a focus on testing for and treating latent tuberculosis infection in order to prevent progression to tuberculosis disease. […] Measures to prevent TB transmission in the United States must be maintained to avoid potential increases in recent transmission that could lead to large outbreaks.
#114 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878887/
This primary prevention goal is the top priority of the U.S. TB program. […] As the U.S. TB control program enters a new decade, a combination of old and new approaches are needed to maintain and accelerate progress toward eliminating TB in the United States. […] Public health efforts have been successful in reducing TB morbidity and mortality through an approach largely focused on preventing TB transmission within the United States. […] Future U.S. TB prevention efforts should include a focus on testing for and treating latent tuberculosis infection in order to prevent progression to tuberculosis disease. […] Measures to prevent TB transmission in the United States must be maintained to avoid potential increases in recent transmission that could lead to large outbreaks.
#115 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#116 Acoustic Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) & Covid19 leveraging AI/ML | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.22269707v1
The study was primarily focused on the Frequency domain that paved way for feature extraction and explainable Machine Learning Models operating upon lossless WAV files hypothesizing acoustic theory and demographic inputs. […] The solution titled TimBre can now be added to the healthcare workers arsenal in situations where a RT-PCR or CXR is not available and seamlessly conduct bi-directional screening with a single recording of cough and also offer insights into Non-Communicable diseases as a part of differential diagnosis.
#117 Acoustic Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) & Covid19 leveraging AI/ML | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.22269707v1
The study was primarily focused on the Frequency domain that paved way for feature extraction and explainable Machine Learning Models operating upon lossless WAV files hypothesizing acoustic theory and demographic inputs. […] The solution titled TimBre can now be added to the healthcare workers arsenal in situations where a RT-PCR or CXR is not available and seamlessly conduct bi-directional screening with a single recording of cough and also offer insights into Non-Communicable diseases as a part of differential diagnosis.
#118 Acoustic Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) & Covid19 leveraging AI/ML | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.22269707v1
The study was primarily focused on the Frequency domain that paved way for feature extraction and explainable Machine Learning Models operating upon lossless WAV files hypothesizing acoustic theory and demographic inputs. […] The solution titled TimBre can now be added to the healthcare workers arsenal in situations where a RT-PCR or CXR is not available and seamlessly conduct bi-directional screening with a single recording of cough and also offer insights into Non-Communicable diseases as a part of differential diagnosis.
#119 New method explores dormancy in TB, other organisms | Cornell Chronicle
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2025/05/researchers-develop-new-method-studying-tb-other-organisms-go-dormant
Tuberculosis is the worlds deadliest infectious disease, in part due to its ability to hide out for years in the lungs before starting an infection. […] This deeper understanding of pathogen evolution may help inform surveillance efforts and preparedness for future strains. […] Ignoring dormancy could lead to incorrect conclusions about both its past evolution and its future evolutionary potential. […] SeedbankTree estimated that dormant Mtb mutate only about one-eighth as fast as bacteria during an active infection, and the average time before reactivating was 1.27 years. […] Our analysis is especially important for improving the identification of novel strains of pathogens that have an increased rate of transmission. Failing to account for dormancy can seriously mislead those efforts. […] This methodology is valuable for its ability to account for uncertainty. […] If scientists dont take dormancy into account, they are likely to conclude that an organism evolves very slowly, when in reality it spent long periods of time hiding out.
#120 New method explores dormancy in TB, other organisms | Cornell Chronicle
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2025/05/researchers-develop-new-method-studying-tb-other-organisms-go-dormant
Tuberculosis is the worlds deadliest infectious disease, in part due to its ability to hide out for years in the lungs before starting an infection. […] This deeper understanding of pathogen evolution may help inform surveillance efforts and preparedness for future strains. […] Ignoring dormancy could lead to incorrect conclusions about both its past evolution and its future evolutionary potential. […] SeedbankTree estimated that dormant Mtb mutate only about one-eighth as fast as bacteria during an active infection, and the average time before reactivating was 1.27 years. […] Our analysis is especially important for improving the identification of novel strains of pathogens that have an increased rate of transmission. Failing to account for dormancy can seriously mislead those efforts. […] This methodology is valuable for its ability to account for uncertainty. […] If scientists dont take dormancy into account, they are likely to conclude that an organism evolves very slowly, when in reality it spent long periods of time hiding out.
#121 New method explores dormancy in TB, other organisms | Cornell Chronicle
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2025/05/researchers-develop-new-method-studying-tb-other-organisms-go-dormant
Tuberculosis is the worlds deadliest infectious disease, in part due to its ability to hide out for years in the lungs before starting an infection. […] This deeper understanding of pathogen evolution may help inform surveillance efforts and preparedness for future strains. […] Ignoring dormancy could lead to incorrect conclusions about both its past evolution and its future evolutionary potential. […] SeedbankTree estimated that dormant Mtb mutate only about one-eighth as fast as bacteria during an active infection, and the average time before reactivating was 1.27 years. […] Our analysis is especially important for improving the identification of novel strains of pathogens that have an increased rate of transmission. Failing to account for dormancy can seriously mislead those efforts. […] This methodology is valuable for its ability to account for uncertainty. […] If scientists dont take dormancy into account, they are likely to conclude that an organism evolves very slowly, when in reality it spent long periods of time hiding out.
#122 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the post-2015 era aimed at ending the global TB epidemic by 2035. […] TB control cannot be carried out without setting up an effective surveillance system in order to define the course of the epidemic and assess the impact of control measures on the disease. […] The increasing number of detected multidrug-resistant forms is among the current most frightening issues, requiring a strong and comprehensive commitment in terms of funds allocation, research promotion and field implementation of new tools and protocols.
#123 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#124 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#125 14: Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis | Oncohema Key
https://oncohemakey.com/14-public-health-surveillance-for-tuberculosis/
Public Health Surveillance for Tuberculosis […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 8.7 million new cases of TB and 1.4 million deaths from TB occurred in 2011 worldwide. […] A core responsibility of public health agencies is to assess the extent and character of TB by collecting and analyzing epidemiologic data. TB surveillance data enable public health officials to describe morbidity and mortality, monitor trends in TB incidence, detect potential outbreaks, and define high-risk populations. […] Since 1953, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has maintained a standardized national TB surveillance system focused on identifying incident TB cases and reporting TB incidence counts, rates, and case follow-up information on an annual basis. […] The goal of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the epidemiology of TB and the national TB surveillance system used in the United States.
#126 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.
#127 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the post-2015 era aimed at ending the global TB epidemic by 2035. […] TB control cannot be carried out without setting up an effective surveillance system in order to define the course of the epidemic and assess the impact of control measures on the disease. […] The increasing number of detected multidrug-resistant forms is among the current most frightening issues, requiring a strong and comprehensive commitment in terms of funds allocation, research promotion and field implementation of new tools and protocols.
#128 Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4235436/
This implies that a significant proportion of TB patients remains either unrecognized and untreated or not notified. […] Further improvements in diagnostic capacity and surveillance system are needed in some Regions such as South-East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean. […] Approximately 22 million lives are estimated to have been saved since 1995, when the DOTS strategy was introduced. […] The most fragile populations should be identified in each country in order to develop and implement tailored interventions aimed at addressing the needs of hard-to-reach groups. […] The number of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients amounted to 0.3 million in 2012 with no relevant differences between men and women. […] The response to MDR-TB has been slow in most countries. […] The implementation of new rapid molecular diagnostic tests will, hopefully, allow to expand testing capacity in low-resource settings worldwide and to improve TB case management. […] The strategy stands on three pillars: (1) promote integrated patient-centred care and prevention; (2) foster bold policies and supportive systems; (3) encourage intensified research and innovation.