Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tuberculosis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs but may affect other organs. TB is an airborne disease spread through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. […] The treatment of TB heavily relies on adherence to a months-long treatment regimen. Nurses are key in making sure that the medications are administered as prescribed and that patients are educated on adherence, side effects, and follow-up appointments. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with tuberculosis. […] Patients must continue antibiotic treatment until they demonstrate three consecutive negative sputum smears.

• #2 Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11301-tuberculosis

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that usually affects your lungs. It can also spread to other organs. Its treatable with medications but can be fatal if not treated. […] Tuberculosis (TB) is an illness caused by a bacterial infection. It commonly affects your lungs, but it can also affect other areas of your body like your spine, brain or kidneys. […] Not everyone whos infected with TB gets sick. If youre infected but have no symptoms, its called inactive tuberculosis, or latent TB. TB is dormant (sleeping) inside your body. […] But TB can become active if your immune system becomes weakened. A weakened immune system may not be able to stop the bacteria from growing. […] Active TB symptoms include: Bad cough (lasting longer than two weeks), Chest pain, Coughing up blood or sputum (mucus), Fatigue or weakness, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Chills, Fever, Night sweats.

• #3 Caring for Tuberculosis Patients: Understanding the Plight of Nurses at a Regional Hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6949926/

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease which is caused by a relatively large, non-motile, rod-shaped pathogen called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Despite the fact that TB is a curable illness, the tragedy is that TB remains the biggest killer in the world as a single pathogen. The aim of this study was to determine the experiences of nurses caring for TB patients at a regional hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa. […] Nurses play a major role in caring for patients infected with different infectious diseases. Nurses in high TB burden settings are at higher risk of developing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) when compared to the general population, due to their exposure to the large number of smear-positive TB cases managed at hospitals or healthcare facilities.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis

  A total of 1.25 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2023 (including 161 000 people with HIV). […] In 2023, an estimated 10.8 million people fell ill with TB worldwide, including 6.0 million men, 3.6 million women and 1.3 million children. TB is present in all countries and age groups. TB is curable and preventable. […] Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public health crisis and a health security threat. […] Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that most often affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with TB cough, sneeze or spit. […] Tuberculosis is preventable and curable. […] TB disease is usually treated with antibiotics and can be fatal without treatment. […] TB preventive treatment (or TPT) prevents infection from becoming disease.

• #5 Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11301-tuberculosis

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that usually affects your lungs. It can also spread to other organs. Its treatable with medications but can be fatal if not treated. […] Tuberculosis (TB) is an illness caused by a bacterial infection. It commonly affects your lungs, but it can also affect other areas of your body like your spine, brain or kidneys. […] Not everyone whos infected with TB gets sick. If youre infected but have no symptoms, its called inactive tuberculosis, or latent TB. TB is dormant (sleeping) inside your body. […] But TB can become active if your immune system becomes weakened. A weakened immune system may not be able to stop the bacteria from growing. […] Active TB symptoms include: Bad cough (lasting longer than two weeks), Chest pain, Coughing up blood or sputum (mucus), Fatigue or weakness, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Chills, Fever, Night sweats.

• #6 Tuberculosis: General Information | Orange County California – Health Care Agency

  https://www.ochealthinfo.com/services-programs/hivstd-and-tb-clinics/pulmonary-disease-services/tuberculosis-faqs

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. A person with TB can die if they do not get treatment. […] The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected. […] TB germs are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can stay in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Persons who breathe in the air containing these TB germs can become infected; this is called latent TB infection.

• #7 Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11301-tuberculosis

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that usually affects your lungs. It can also spread to other organs. Its treatable with medications but can be fatal if not treated. […] Tuberculosis (TB) is an illness caused by a bacterial infection. It commonly affects your lungs, but it can also affect other areas of your body like your spine, brain or kidneys. […] Not everyone whos infected with TB gets sick. If youre infected but have no symptoms, its called inactive tuberculosis, or latent TB. TB is dormant (sleeping) inside your body. […] But TB can become active if your immune system becomes weakened. A weakened immune system may not be able to stop the bacteria from growing. […] Active TB symptoms include: Bad cough (lasting longer than two weeks), Chest pain, Coughing up blood or sputum (mucus), Fatigue or weakness, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Chills, Fever, Night sweats.

• #8

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/chest-lung-conditions/tuberculosis-tb

  Other common symptoms of pulmonary TB include: Chest pain, Chills, Cough lasting longer than three weeks, Coughing up blood or sputum, Fatigue (severe tiredness), Fever, Lack of appetite, Night sweats, Swollen glands, Weight loss. […] Potential complications from TB infection include: Infection or damage of your bones, spinal cord, brain, lymph nodes or skin, Inflammation of the tissues around your heart, Joint damage, Liver or kidney problems, Lung damage. […] Theres a higher risk of catching TB for people who have compromised immune systems. […] Diagnosing tuberculosis starts with either a skin test or a blood test. […] If your blood test or skin test is positive for tuberculosis, well order a CT scan or chest X-rays to see if you have signs of infection in your lungs. […] Based on your symptoms and the results of testing for TB infection, well recommend tuberculosis treatment options based on the most current guidelines.

• #9 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/

  Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a formidable global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. […] In the context of healthcare, nurses play a pivotal role in the early detection, management, and support of patients grappling with this infectious disease. […] This article aims to provide healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, with a comprehensive overview of pulmonary tuberculosis, equipping them with the knowledge and skills necessary to confront this complex condition with expertise and compassion. […] Nursing management includes the following: […] The major goals for the patient include: Promote airway clearance. […] Adhere to treatment regimen. […] Promote activity and adequate nutrition. […] Prevent spread of tuberculosis infection. […] Nursing interventions for the patient include: Promoting airway clearance.

• #10 Tuberculosis Treatment | The Role of the Nurse | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-treatment-of-patients-with-tb-and-the-role-of-the-nurse-07-09-2004/

  Patients with TB should be monitored regularly to ensure that: […] The nurses role is vital in the control of TB and for the successful completion of the patients therapy. […] TB is a curable disease. Treatment should be started as soon as possible, particularly in infectious cases to prevent further spread of the disease. […] The TB nurse specialist can help to manage side-effects or drug formulations, take routine blood samples or occasionally arrange admission to hospital. […] Supervised treatment or directly-observed therapy (DOT) must be given because of the risk to the wider population. […] The role of the TB nurse specialist in liaison with infection control nurses is vital to control and manage this disease effectively.

• #11 6 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals facing pulmonary tuberculosis. This guide equips you with the necessary information to provide effective and specialized care to patients dealing with pulmonary tuberculosis. […] The nursing care plan goals and management for patients with tuberculosis include promoting adherence to the prescribed medication regimen to ensure effective treatment and prevent the spread of the infection, providing education on infection control measures and supporting the patient emotionally, and addressing any psychosocial needs. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with tuberculosis include: 1. Adherence to the treatment medication regimen. 2. Decrease transmission of M. tuberculosis. 3. Provide disease information and patient education. 4. Provide emotional support and address psychosocial needs. 5. Ensure a multidisciplinary approach to care, including coordinating follow-up appointments, arranging for directly observed therapy if needed.

• #12 Tuberculosis Nursing Care Plans

  https://www.thenursingjournal.com/post/tuberculosis-nursing-care-plans

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection caused by a tiny pathogen called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. In most cases, the TB infection targets the lung parenchyma but the mycobacterium can sometimes travel to the meninges, kidneys, bones and lymph nodes. Tuberculosis nursing care focuses on improving the respiratory function and reducing the risk of transmission. […] The goal behind the nursing assessment for patients with TB is to confirm the diagnosis and understand how the infection is affecting the patient. Both at a physiological level as well as on a social and psychological level. […] From your assessment, you might find the following nursing diagnosis: Ineffective airway clearance, Ineffective respirations, Impaired gas exchange, Hyperthermia, Inadequate nutrition and hydration, Activity intolerance, Treatment Adherence Knowledge Deficiency, Anxiety.

• #13 Tuberculosis Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other organs. […] TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks. While treatable and preventable, TB continues to be a significant health concern, especially in developing countries and among immunocompromised individuals. […] The nursing process for tuberculosis patients focuses on the following: Preventing disease transmission, Ensuring adherence to long-term treatment regimens, Managing symptoms and complications, Providing patient and family education. Nurses play a crucial role in this process, from initial assessment to ongoing care and follow-up. […] Based on the assessment data, nurses can identify several potential nursing diagnoses for patients with tuberculosis.

• #14 Tuberculosis (TB) Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/tuberculosis-tb/

  Tuberculosis (TB) or known as the White Plague during the 19th century, has inflicted the human race ever since. It is described as a chronic infectious disease caused by an organism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis through droplet transmission, like coughing, sneezing, or if the person inhales the infected droplet. It can be considered as primary or secondary infection depending on recovery of the client from the communicable infection. It is a reportable communicable disease and a repeated exposure to it causes a person to acquire it. […] According to a study conducted by Knechel, the progression of tuberculosis has several stages. […] Clinical manifestations are evident and the client may reveal positive in sputum examination for presence of the organism. […] It is when tuberculosis extends its infection to other parts of the aside from the pulmonary cavity.

• #15 Tuberculosis Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inflammation and congestion of airways secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis, as evidenced by dyspnea, tachypnea, and use of accessory muscles. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection Transmission related to active pulmonary tuberculosis and lack of knowledge about disease transmission. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to increased metabolic demands and decreased appetite secondary to tuberculosis infection, as evidenced by unintentional weight loss and reduced muscle mass. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Activity Intolerance related to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis, as evidenced by excessive fatigue and dyspnea upon exertion. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Knowledge related to lack of exposure to information about tuberculosis management and prevention, as evidenced by verbalization of misconceptions and non-adherence to treatment plan.

• #16 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate drainage and to increase fluid intake to promote systemic hydration. […] Adherence to the treatment regimen. […] The nurse should teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease and taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. […] Promoting activity and adequate nutrition. […] The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength and a nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals. […] Preventing spreading of tuberculosis infection. […] The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygienic measures including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and handwashing.

• #17 Tuberculosis (TB) Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/tuberculosis-tb/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Infection, risk for [spread/reactivation]. […] Identify interventions to prevent/reduce risk of spread of infection. […] Stress importance of uninterrupted drug therapy. […] Review importance of follow-up and periodic reculturing of sputum for the duration of therapy. […] Administer anti-infective agents as indicated: […] Initial therapy of uncomplicated pulmonary disease usually includes four drugs, e.g., four primary drugs or combination of primary and secondary drugs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Airway Clearance, ineffective. […] Maintain patent airway. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Gas Exchange, risk for impaired. […] Report absence of/decreased dyspnea. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Nutrition: imbalanced, less than body requirements. […] Demonstrate progressive weight gain toward goal with normalization of laboratory values and be free of signs of malnutrition.

• #18 Tuberculosis (TB) Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/tuberculosis-tb/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding condition, treatment, prevention, self-care, and discharge needs. […] Verbalize understanding of disease process/prognosis and prevention. […] Review how TB is transmitted (primarily by inhalation of airborne organisms, but may also spread through stools or urine if infection is present in these systems) and hazards of reactivation.

• #19 Tuberculosis – Nursing Care for the Patient with TB – Student Nurse Life

  http://student-nurse-life.com/tuberculosis-nursing-care-for-the-patient-with-tb/

  identify possible complications and initiate appropriate actions […] assess respiratory function eg. breathing sounds (rhonchi and wheezing), respiratory rate, rhythm and depth, as well as for use of accessory muscles during breathing […] assess patients ability to expectorate mucus and cough effectively […] document amount of sputum, character and haemoptysis if present […] place patient in semi or high fowlers position […] teach coughing and deep breathing exercises […] clear secretions from mouth and trachea if required […] maintain fluid intake of 2500ml per day (unless contraindicated) […] administer mucolytic agents and bronchodilators when necessary […] absence or decreased dyspnoea […] improved ventilation and adequate oxygen saturation through acceptable ABG results

• #20 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate drainage and to increase fluid intake to promote systemic hydration. […] Adherence to the treatment regimen. […] The nurse should teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease and taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. […] Promoting activity and adequate nutrition. […] The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength and a nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals. […] Preventing spreading of tuberculosis infection. […] The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygienic measures including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and handwashing.

• #21 Tuberculosis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  These medications must be taken consistently for 4-6 months to work. It is risky to stop taking the drugs too soon or without consulting a doctor, as this may lead to drug-resistant TB. […] The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) TB vaccine is used in some nations (not the United States). […] Educate the patient about cough and sneeze etiquette. Teach the patient to cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. […] TB is transferred from one person to another through the air. […] Negative pressure rooms should be used to isolate people who may have TB. […] Reports of latent or active TB must be reported to local health departments. […] TB may cause a loss of appetite and weight loss. […] Strict compliance with a multidrug regimen is crucial to the treatment of TB. […] While inpatient, airborne precautions are required and the patient must be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room. Educate the patient on proper hygiene protocols, like wearing masks and regular handwashing to help avoid the spread of the bacteria to others.

• #22 Care of Patient with Tuberculosis | CNA Ceu | CEUfast

  https://ceufast.com/course/care-of-patient-with-tuberculosis

  Primary TB is always treated. In some situations, latent TB is treated. […] Compliance with drug therapy is critical. If the patient misses a dose, the nurse should be notified immediately. […] Patients who have or might have active TB should be placed in an airborne precautions isolation room. […] Tuberculosis and antitubercular drugs can cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weight loss. This can result in poor nutrition. […] Patients with uncomplicated TB can stay at home, depending on their living circumstances. […] Healthcare workers who visit TB patients at their homes should take these precautions to protect themselves from exposure to TB.

• #23 Patient education: Tuberculosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Treatment approach — Tuberculosis (TB) infection, formerly known as latent TB, is treated with one or more medications to kill the live bacteria that have been contained (controlled) by the immune system. Treating TB infection greatly reduces the risk of the infection progressing to TB disease (reactivation TB disease) later in life. […] While undergoing treatment, it is important to avoid drinking alcohol and taking acetaminophen (Tylenol). Both of these substances can make the liver work harder, potentially increasing the risk of liver injury from the medications. […] Directly observed therapy (DOT) is a program used by public health departments to ensure that a patient safely takes his or her medication exactly as prescribed. This requires daily interaction with a health care worker who makes sure medications are taken appropriately by watching the patient swallow the medications and assesses the patient for symptoms and signs of an adverse reaction to the medication or clinical worsening. This minimizes the risk of serious side effects. DOT may help to improve cure rates.

• #24 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Isolate patients with possible tuberculosis (TB) infection in a private room with negative pressure (air exhausted to outside or through a high-efficiency particulate air filter). Medical staff must wear high-efficiency disposable masks sufficient to filter the tubercle bacillus. Continue isolation until sputum smears are negative for 3 consecutive determinations (usually after approximately 2-4 wk of treatment). Unfortunately, these measures are neither possible nor practical in countries where TB is a public health problem. […] For initial empiric treatment of TB, start patients on a 4-drug regimen: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Once the TB isolate is known to be fully susceptible, ethambutol can be discontinued. […] Patients with TB receiving pyrazinamide should undergo baseline and periodic serum uric acid assessments, and patients with TB who are receiving long-term ethambutol therapy should undergo baseline and periodic visual acuity and red-green color perception testing. The latter can be performed with a standard test, such as the Ishihara test for color blindness.

• #25 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  After 2 months of therapy (for a fully susceptible isolate), pyrazinamide can be stopped. Isoniazid plus rifampin are continued as daily or intermittent therapy for 4 more months. If isolated isoniazid resistance is documented, discontinue isoniazid and continue treatment with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy must be extended if the patient has cavitary disease and remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment. […] Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all patients. With DOT, patients on the above regimens can be switched to 2- to 3-times per week dosing after an initial 2 weeks of daily dosing. Patients on twice-weekly dosing must not miss any doses. Prescribe daily therapy for patients on self-administered medication. […] Patients diagnosed with active TB should undergo sputum analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis weekly until sputum conversion is documented. Monitoring for toxicity includes baseline and periodic liver enzymes, complete blood cell (CBC) count, and serum creatinine.

• #26 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate drainage and to increase fluid intake to promote systemic hydration. […] Adherence to the treatment regimen. […] The nurse should teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease and taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. […] Promoting activity and adequate nutrition. […] The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength and a nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals. […] Preventing spreading of tuberculosis infection. […] The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygienic measures including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and handwashing.

• #27 Tuberculosis (TB) Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/tuberculosis-tb/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Infection, risk for [spread/reactivation]. […] Identify interventions to prevent/reduce risk of spread of infection. […] Stress importance of uninterrupted drug therapy. […] Review importance of follow-up and periodic reculturing of sputum for the duration of therapy. […] Administer anti-infective agents as indicated: […] Initial therapy of uncomplicated pulmonary disease usually includes four drugs, e.g., four primary drugs or combination of primary and secondary drugs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Airway Clearance, ineffective. […] Maintain patent airway. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Gas Exchange, risk for impaired. […] Report absence of/decreased dyspnea. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Nutrition: imbalanced, less than body requirements. […] Demonstrate progressive weight gain toward goal with normalization of laboratory values and be free of signs of malnutrition.

• #28 Tuberculosis – Nursing Care for the Patient with TB – Student Nurse Life

  http://student-nurse-life.com/tuberculosis-nursing-care-for-the-patient-with-tb/

  no symptoms of respiratory distress […] assess for dyspnoea, tachypnoea, abnormal/diminished breath sounds, increased respiratory effort and fatigue […] assess for cyanosis including in mucous membranes and nail beds […] teach pursed lip breathing […] promote bed rest / limit activity and assist with self care to decrease oxygen consumption […] check PEFR (would be low due to lack of gaseous exchange) […] monitor ABGs (for respiratory alkalosis) and pulse oximetry […] administer supplemental oxygen if necessary […] show an increase in weight […] show no signs of malnutrition […] show behavioural changes aiming to regain/maintain appropriate weight […] document patients nutritional status […] take note of the patients normal dietary pattern and include in food selection

• #29 Tuberculosis – Nursing Care for the Patient with TB – Student Nurse Life

  http://student-nurse-life.com/tuberculosis-nursing-care-for-the-patient-with-tb/

  monitor weight during hospital stay […] investigate anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and check for possible connection with medication intake […] ensure proper oral hygiene to improve taste sensation and thus, appetite, plus reducing the chance of developing oral thrush and infection (mucocytis) […] encourage small frequent high protein and high carbohydrate meals (helps reduce gastric irritation) […] encourage patients family members to bring in food from home to help increase patients appetite and nutritional intake […] refer patient to dietitian […] administer antiemetics if patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting […] provide patient with written instructions regarding scheduling of medications and follow-up sputum testing following therapy […] teach patient about symptoms which should be reported to healthcare if present eg. haemoptysis, chest pain, fever and dyspnoea […] emphasise importance of a high protein high carbohydrate diet and adequate fluid intake […] provide information about side effects of treatments being given on discharge […] encourage smoking cessation and alcohol cessation.

• #30 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate drainage and to increase fluid intake to promote systemic hydration. […] Adherence to the treatment regimen. […] The nurse should teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease and taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. […] Promoting activity and adequate nutrition. […] The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength and a nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals. […] Preventing spreading of tuberculosis infection. […] The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygienic measures including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and handwashing.

• #31 Tuberculosis – Med-Surg Nursing – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/respiratory-9-tuberculosis?srsltid=AfmBOoo1t-XyYJdKkwcfWy_aF01G-cXt9qBs6Y7BgleCRLKQ1xEzJ41x

  Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease of the lungs that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] In terms of nursing care for a patient with tuberculosis, place them in a negative airflow room, because they will be on airborne precautions. Anyone entering the room should wear an N-95 mask. And if the patient must leave their room, they should wear a surgical mask. This is to protect the patient or people entering the patients room. […] Teach the patient that throughout their therapy, they will have to provide a sputum sample every few weeks. Patients are no longer considered infectious after three negative sputum cultures.

• #32 Tuberculosis Infection Control | TB Prevention in Health Care Settings | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb-healthcare-settings/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  A tuberculosis (TB) infection control plan is part of a general infection control program designed to ensure prompt detection of patients with infectious TB disease, airborne precautions, and treatment of people who have presumed or confirmed TB disease. […] The TB infection control program should be based on a three-level hierarchy of control measures: […] In all health care settings, particularly those in which people are at high risk for exposure to TB, policies and procedures for TB control should be developed, reviewed periodically (annually, if possible), and evaluated for effectiveness to determine the actions necessary to minimize the risk for transmission of TB. […] Administrative controls are the first and most important level of the hierarchy. These are management measures that are intended to reduce the risk or exposure to persons with infectious TB.

• #33 Tuberculosis – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/tuberculosis/control-prevention

  Effective strategies for controlling and preventing worker exposure to TB bacteria depend on the risk of exposure and the work tasks performed. Appropriate precautions are critical to protect high-risk workers exposed to TB. Solutions that may be helpful in preventing TB are early identification, isolation, and treatment of people with TB. […] Conduct a job hazard analysis to identify workers at risk of exposure to TB prior to instituting control measures. […] Employers should develop specific work instructions to ensure procedures are consistently followed. […] Provide workers with appropriate PPE based on the results of the hazard analysis. […] Train workers who may have contact with potentially infected people, laboratory specimens, elephants, or contaminated materials to understand their risk of exposure to TB based on the jobs they perform.

• #34 6 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis-nursing-care-plans/

  Encourage the client and family members to be active in TB infection control at home. Clients with suspected or confirmed TB disease are more likely to have already transmitted TB infection to members of their household before their TB disease was diagnosed and treatment was started. […] The presence of anorexia or preexisting malnutrition lowers resistance to infectious processes and impairs healing. […] The focus of pharmacological management of tuberculosis (TB) is to effectively treat the infection, eradicate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, and prevent the development of drug resistance. This involves the use of a combination of antimycobacterial medications, often referred to as a multidrug regimen. […] Patient education and health teachings for tuberculosis (TB) aims to promote understanding of the disease, ensure adherence to treatment, and prevent the spread of infection. Key aspects include explaining the importance of completing the full course of medication, potential side effects, and the need for regular follow-up appointments.

• #35 Tuberculosis Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Preventing the spread of tuberculosis and ensuring patient compliance with treatment are crucial aspects of TB management. Nurses play a vital role in educating patients and their families about: The importance of completing the entire course of antibiotic treatment, Proper cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene, The need for regular follow-up appointments and sputum tests, Potential side effects of TB medications and when to seek medical attention, The importance of notifying close contacts for TB screening, Lifestyle modifications to support recovery (e.g., smoking cessation, nutrition). […] Tuberculosis nursing diagnosis requires a comprehensive approach that addresses not only the physical symptoms but also the psychosocial aspects of the disease. By implementing these nursing diagnoses and care plans, nurses can provide high-quality, patient-centered care that promotes recovery and prevents disease transmission.

• #36 Tuberculosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/tuberculosis/?srsltid=AfmBOorGwh2jD7az12hxgj0ZI2wenPrIPyts6yJB-sRaf5NKWHWquQih

  Potential for ineffective breathing pattern as related to (Phelps, 2021a): Pulmonary infection, Long-term scarring with decreased capacity. […] Monitor for results of liver function studies. Monitor and record lung sounds and respiratory rate and depth at least every 4 hours. Administer oxygen as ordered. […] Breathing pattern returns to normal for the individual. Expresses feeling comfortable when breathing. Maintains stable vital signs. Performs activities of daily living at previous level. Decrease in respiratory secretions. Maintains a stable weight. […] Condition, treatment, and expected outcome. Proper nutrition for body requirements. Report loose stools or diarrhea immediately. How to cough and deep breathe and to use the inspiratory spirometer. Importance of strict medication regime for prevention of reoccurrence of TB. Infection prevention and control interventions to prevent the spread of TB. Notify healthcare provider or seek immediate medical care for: Medication side effects that are intolerable. Increased cough or bloody sputum. Recommended follow-up with healthcare provider.

• #37 Home isolation for Tuberculosis (TB) | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/home-isolation-tuberculosis-tb

  You can protect your family and friends by following the home isolation instructions and by taking your TB medications. You can also help protect your family and friends by making sure they get tested for TB. […] It is very important that you tell the health care providers (paramedics, doctors, nurses) that you have contagious TB disease. This will help them to protect themselves and other people nearby.

• #38 Tuberculosis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  These medications must be taken consistently for 4-6 months to work. It is risky to stop taking the drugs too soon or without consulting a doctor, as this may lead to drug-resistant TB. […] The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) TB vaccine is used in some nations (not the United States). […] Educate the patient about cough and sneeze etiquette. Teach the patient to cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. […] TB is transferred from one person to another through the air. […] Negative pressure rooms should be used to isolate people who may have TB. […] Reports of latent or active TB must be reported to local health departments. […] TB may cause a loss of appetite and weight loss. […] Strict compliance with a multidrug regimen is crucial to the treatment of TB. […] While inpatient, airborne precautions are required and the patient must be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room. Educate the patient on proper hygiene protocols, like wearing masks and regular handwashing to help avoid the spread of the bacteria to others.

• #39

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf9053

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infection caused by bacteria. It usually occurs in the lungs, but it can spread to other parts of the body. TB spreads to other people through the air. When someone with TB breathes out or coughs, the bacteria can be breathed in by people who are nearby. You should not go to work or school while you can infect other people. […] Treatment involves taking antibiotic medicines. It’s very important to take your medicines as your doctor tells you to. It takes a long time to kill the TB bacteria. Treatment can last 4 to 9 months or longer. During your treatment you’ll see your doctor for tests to see how the medicines are working. Your doctor will help guide you through this long process. […] You may have directly observed therapy (DOT). DOT ensures that you’ll take the needed medicine on schedule. That’s the best way to ensure you will be cured of TB. A public health official may be involved with your care.

• #40 What Is Tuberculosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/tuberculosis/guide/

  While the disease is still a cause of death in many parts of the world, TB is almost always able to be treated and cured in the United States. But it requires careful adherence to the instructions on how to take medication, in order to eliminate all the bacteria and avoid developing drug resistance, according to the CDC. (12) […] Active TB is contagious, making it a public health concern. For that reason, directly observed therapy (DOT) is used to make sure a person is taking their medicine. DOT means a trained healthcare worker provides each dose of medication, watches the patient swallow it, and documents that the medication has been taken. […] A person can have latent TB for years, without having symptoms or becoming sick. But if the bacteria is detected, a course of treatment over three to four months is recommended by the CDC. (14)

• #41 Discharge Instructions for Tuberculosis (TB) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-tuberculosis-tb

  Take your medicine exactly as directed. Keep taking it even if you start to feel better. Not taking your medicine for the full course may lead you to get sick again. It also increases the chance of drug-resistant TB. Drug-resistant TB means that one or more of the typical medicines for TB don’t work. […] You may be asked or required to have a healthcare worker watch you taking the TB medicines. This is called directly observed therapy (DOT). This may happen anywhere from 1 time per week to up to 3 to 6 times per week. If you are receiving DOT, go to every session. Another choice may be to use a cellphone, tablet, or other device so the healthcare worker can watch you taking the medicines.

• #42 Care of Patient with Tuberculosis | CNA Ceu | CEUfast

  https://ceufast.com/course/care-of-patient-with-tuberculosis

  Primary TB is always treated. In some situations, latent TB is treated. […] Compliance with drug therapy is critical. If the patient misses a dose, the nurse should be notified immediately. […] Patients who have or might have active TB should be placed in an airborne precautions isolation room. […] Tuberculosis and antitubercular drugs can cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weight loss. This can result in poor nutrition. […] Patients with uncomplicated TB can stay at home, depending on their living circumstances. […] Healthcare workers who visit TB patients at their homes should take these precautions to protect themselves from exposure to TB.

• #43 Tuberculosis (TB) Nurse – Sirona care & health NHS services

  https://sirona-cic.org.uk/nhsservices/services/tuberculosis-tb-nurse/

  Tuberculosis (TB) Nurse […] This service is for people being investigated or treated for TB, and people seeking advice and guidance about the management and treatment of TB. […] We provide new-entrant latent tuberculosis screening for eligible people. […] There are four nurses in the team, providing outreach and support to people with active or latent tuberculosis (TB) in Bristol, South Gloucestershire and North Somerset. The team are responsible for identifying and arranging screening for people who’ve been exposed to TB. […] We provide information, advice and education about TB to health professionals and the community. We are also responsible for TB contact tracing which aims to detect people who are infected with TB, but show no clinical evidence of the disease. […] The nurses within the team work closely with TB specialist doctors at the Bristol Royal Infirmary (BRI) and Southmead Hospital to support people who are being investigated or treated for TB. They visit people at home, making sure they get the help they need to complete their courses of treatment and tailoring their support to individual needs. The nurses also arrange TB check-ups for people who have had contact with someone that has an infectious case of TB. […] We run clinics and invite some individuals who have recently arrived in the UK from countries with a very high incidence of TB infections to have latent TB screening test. […] Our nurses are more than happy to provide advice to anyone who has any questions about TB, including health professionals and members of the public. If you would like to get in touch with us please call, e-mail or write to us using the contact details on this page. […] People are referred to our service by the hospital doctor in charge of their investigations or treatment. […] We cannot accept self-referrals. However our nurses are happy to answer any queries that the public and health professionals may have about TB. […] Patients are very welcome, and encouraged, to make contact with us. This can be done either by phoning our office on the number above, or by phoning one of our nurses’ mobile numbers, which will have been given to existing patients. You can call us Monday – Friday between 8.30am and 5pm. Outside of these hours messages can be left on our office phone. We will aim to respond the next working day. […] Referral information and other clinical guidance can be found on the CCG’s Remedy site: Tuberculosis (adults) on Remedy, TB Screening and BCG (children and young people) on Remedy.

• #44 Nurses’ care: a vital part of TB treatment | United Nations Development Programme

  https://www.undp.org/kyrgyzstan/news/nurses-care-vital-part-tb-treatment

  Nurses play a key role in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB): for up to two years, they are the ones who administer the prescribed treatments to patients on a daily basis, watching them take all of the pills and keeping an eye out for side-effects. The time and care that nurses dedicate to each patient can literally save their life: by warning doctors if patients skip treatment or badly tolerate it, or by organizing financial, social and psychological assistance for those in need, they help each and every patient beat TB. […] Yryskul, a TB nurse in Novopvolovka, shows particular devotion to her work and patients. “You need to spend at least half-an-hour with each patient every day. You shouldn’t just give them their medications: you have to talk to them, to convince them and explain, so that they’ll continue taking their treatment for two years.” Treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis is particularly long and difficult, and, to be efficient, requires being taken every single day. This is where nurses come in, and help patients win their fight.

• #45 Nurses’ care: a vital part of TB treatment | United Nations Development Programme

  https://www.undp.org/kyrgyzstan/news/nurses-care-vital-part-tb-treatment

  “Patients really need support. You need to at least ask them how they are doing,” says Yryskul, who’s already received several gratitude letters and certificates for her excellent work. “If you’re in a bad mood and rudely give them their pills, they may not come back. But if you talk to them, they’ll understand how important treatment is, and even if they move, they’ll come every day to take it.” […] Begayim has been working in the Bishkek TB Center for the past 23 years. She looks with concern at the young woman who’s just left the room with a toddler in her arms. “We ask them how they take their treatment, how they feel. If they complain about anything, we send them to the doctor. It’s crucial to identify side-effects early on. Side-effects are one of the main reasons why patients stop treatment, risking their own lives and others’, too.”

• #46 Construction and application of tuberculosis medical and nursing integration cooperation model

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10092228/

  To explore the clinical effect of the tuberculosis (TB) doctornurse integration management model […] The implementation of an integrated medicalnursing cooperation model for TB will help increase the awareness of health knowledge in patients with TB, improve patient medication compliance and enhance patient satisfaction. […] The current nursing model for TB is based mainly on the traditional responsibility nursing model. […] The medical and nursing integration model is based on patients health needs and aims to improve the quality of medical care services and patient satisfaction. […] There has been a study on the doctornurse integration model in China. However, there has been no report on the construction and application of the TB doctornurse integration model. […] The research data showed that when comparing the appointment waiting time and hospitalization time of the two groups of patients, the two indicators of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group.

• #47 Nurse-led Tuberculosis Treatment Models for Drug-Resistant TB: Increasing Access to Care Takes Time and Critical Research Evidence – Johns Hopkins School of Nursing

  https://nursing.jhu.edu/magazine/articles/2025/03/nurse-led-tuberculosis-treatment-models-for-drug-resistant-tb-increasing-access-to-care-takes-time-and-critical-research-evidence/

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV and the leading cause of death globally from an infectious disease. […] TB is a curable infection, yet antibiotic resistance threatens treatment outcomes around the world, and I am particularly interested in persons who have antibiotic resistant forms of TB infection. […] In a cluster randomized trial evaluating nurse case management to improve the treatment experience for patients with drug resistant TB, we discovered that such an approach can reduce treatment failure by 45%. […] We also were the first to demonstrate that linkage to care for new diagnosis of antibiotic-resistant TB was possible in less than 4 days. […] We implemented a clinical training program in which nurses were trained to diagnose treat and manage patients with drug resistant tuberculosis.

• #48 Nurse-led Tuberculosis Treatment Models for Drug-Resistant TB: Increasing Access to Care Takes Time and Critical Research Evidence – Johns Hopkins School of Nursing

  https://nursing.jhu.edu/magazine/articles/2025/03/nurse-led-tuberculosis-treatment-models-for-drug-resistant-tb-increasing-access-to-care-takes-time-and-critical-research-evidence/

  We found that treatment outcomes in this observational study were equivalent in the nurse and the doctor arms. […] This finding changed national policy guidelines in South Africa in 2013. Nurses were recognized in those guidelines to be an acceptable alternative to physician-based treatment. […] Despite national guidelines allowing nurses to treat drug resistant TB patients, the uptake of this intervention has been slow and uneven throughout the country. […] Yet no clinical trial to date has evaluated nurses compared to physicians for the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. […] In 2023 our team was funded to conduct a cluster randomized non-inferiority trial evaluating nurse-led drug-resistant TB treatment in comparison to a physician-led standard of care model. […] Through this primary care model, we are bringing care within walking distance for many patients.

• #49 Construction and application of tuberculosis medical and nursing integration cooperation model

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10092228/

  The present study showed that in the statistics of patient satisfaction items, the total satisfaction of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group. […] We found that after the implementation of the integrated medicalnursing cooperation model in the TB department, doctors satisfaction with nursing work, professional evaluation, communication skills, work model and patient management scores were all better than before implementation. […] In conclusion, the implementation of a medical and nursing integration cooperation model in the TB department can increase patients awareness of TB prevention, improve patients medication compliance, reduce patients appointment waiting times and hospital stays, improve the satisfaction of inpatients and improve both the level of hospital care management and the comprehensive service capabilities of the hospital.

• #50 Tuberculosis Infection Control | TB Prevention in Health Care Settings | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb-healthcare-settings/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  A tuberculosis (TB) infection control plan is part of a general infection control program designed to ensure prompt detection of patients with infectious TB disease, airborne precautions, and treatment of people who have presumed or confirmed TB disease. […] The TB infection control program should be based on a three-level hierarchy of control measures: […] In all health care settings, particularly those in which people are at high risk for exposure to TB, policies and procedures for TB control should be developed, reviewed periodically (annually, if possible), and evaluated for effectiveness to determine the actions necessary to minimize the risk for transmission of TB. […] Administrative controls are the first and most important level of the hierarchy. These are management measures that are intended to reduce the risk or exposure to persons with infectious TB.

• #51 Tuberculosis Infection Control | TB Prevention in Health Care Settings | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb-healthcare-settings/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  The second level of the hierarchy is the use of environmental controls to prevent the spread of airborne TB bacteria by reducing the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei. […] The third level of the hierarchy is the use of respiratory-protection control. It consists of the use of personal protective equipment in situations that pose a high risk of exposure to TB disease. […] Use of respiratory protection equipment can further reduce risk the risk of infection of health care personnel with infectious droplet nuclei that have been expelled into the air from a patient with infectious TB disease. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires the development, implementation, administration, and periodic reevaluation of a respiratory protection program in health care settings.

• #52 Tuberculosis Infection Control | TB Prevention in Health Care Settings | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb-healthcare-settings/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Respiratory protection programs should include all health care personnel who use respirators for protection against M. tuberculosis infection. […] To be effective and reliable, respiratory protection programs must include at least the following elements: […] Evaluation of the respirator program periodically to ensure its continued effectiveness. […] Health care settings in the United States should have a TB infection control plan, including TB screening and testing of health care personnel.

• #53 Tuberculosis – Med-Surg Nursing – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/respiratory-9-tuberculosis?srsltid=AfmBOoo1t-XyYJdKkwcfWy_aF01G-cXt9qBs6Y7BgleCRLKQ1xEzJ41x

  Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease of the lungs that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] In terms of nursing care for a patient with tuberculosis, place them in a negative airflow room, because they will be on airborne precautions. Anyone entering the room should wear an N-95 mask. And if the patient must leave their room, they should wear a surgical mask. This is to protect the patient or people entering the patients room. […] Teach the patient that throughout their therapy, they will have to provide a sputum sample every few weeks. Patients are no longer considered infectious after three negative sputum cultures.

• #54 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Isolate patients with possible tuberculosis (TB) infection in a private room with negative pressure (air exhausted to outside or through a high-efficiency particulate air filter). Medical staff must wear high-efficiency disposable masks sufficient to filter the tubercle bacillus. Continue isolation until sputum smears are negative for 3 consecutive determinations (usually after approximately 2-4 wk of treatment). Unfortunately, these measures are neither possible nor practical in countries where TB is a public health problem. […] For initial empiric treatment of TB, start patients on a 4-drug regimen: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Once the TB isolate is known to be fully susceptible, ethambutol can be discontinued. […] Patients with TB receiving pyrazinamide should undergo baseline and periodic serum uric acid assessments, and patients with TB who are receiving long-term ethambutol therapy should undergo baseline and periodic visual acuity and red-green color perception testing. The latter can be performed with a standard test, such as the Ishihara test for color blindness.

• #55 Isolating Potentially Infectious Tuberculosis (TB) Patients – Recommendations from the Minnesota Department of Health – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/isolatingpat.html

  Recommendations for isolating potentially infectious TB patients differ depending on sputum smear results; level of clinical suspicion; drug sensitivity of the organism; type of setting; and the age, immune status and exposure status of household members. […] For patients with at least one positive AFB smear from sputum and high clinical suspicion of TB and a presumed pansensitive organism, regardless of chest x-ray findings, home isolation may be considered, when all of the following criteria are met for each category: […] Home isolation may be discontinued when the patient is deemed non-infectious and meets all the following criteria: Patient must be receiving and tolerating appropriate four-drug TB treatment for fourteen days or more via DOT; Patient must show clinical improvement or be asymptomatic; and Patient must demonstrate smear conversion (i.e., three consecutive AFB smear-negative results from sputum specimens collected more than eight hours apart).

• #56 Isolating Potentially Infectious Tuberculosis (TB) Patients – Recommendations from the Minnesota Department of Health – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/isolatingpat.html

  Congregate settings refer to hospitals, jails, nursing homes, rehab centers, shelters, halfway houses, elder day cares, dialysis units) require a patient to be non-infectious and meet all of the following criteria: Patient must be receiving and tolerating appropriate four-drug TB treatment for fourteen days or more via DOT; Patient must show clinical improvement or be asymptomatic; and Patient must demonstrate smear conversion (i.e., three consecutive AFB smear-negative results from sputum specimens collected more than eight hours apart). […] Patients with three consecutive negative AFB smears from sputum and high clinical suspicion of TB and a presumed pansensitive organism, regardless of chest x-ray finding, may return to their household/living situation when all of the following criteria are met: Patient must be receiving and tolerating appropriate four-drug TB treatment via DOT; Previously exposed children younger than five years of age are being evaluated for TB and will start window prophylaxis via DOT; and Previously exposed immunocompromised individuals are being evaluated for TB and will start window prophylaxis via DOT. […] Home isolation is recommended for the initial three to five days of appropriate four-drug TB treatment.

• #57 Home isolation for Tuberculosis (TB) | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/home-isolation-tuberculosis-tb

  If you have untreated TB disease that can spread from person to person (TB disease in the lungs or throat), your health care provider may ask you to stay in home isolation. Home isolation means you avoid contact with other people. Home isolation will help stop the spread to others. Young children and people with weak immune systems are at the highest risk of getting sick. […] Home isolation helps prevent the spread of TB because you stay home and away from other people. In B.C., there are laws to limit the activities of people with contagious TB disease. These laws are to protect other people from getting TB. […] Home isolation is when a person must stay at home because they have a contagious disease. If you are in home isolation it means you are not sick enough to need hospital care, but you are able to spread TB bacteria to other people.

• #58 Discharge Instructions for Tuberculosis (TB) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-tuberculosis-tb

  You have been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), a serious disease caused by a type of bacteria. It is spread from person to person through the air, mainly from people who have the infection in their lungs or throat. TB most often affects the lungs. But it can cause disease in any part of the body. This includes the lymph nodes, spine, kidneys, and brain. […] If you have TB disease, TB bacteria are multiplying in your body. Your immune system can’t stop the bacteria from growing. You can spread TB bacteria to others when you have TB disease in the lungs or throat. TB in other parts of the body, such as the kidneys or spine, aren’t usually contagious. […] If you have TB disease (infectious TB), follow these tips to prevent the spread of TB bacteria to others: Stay home. Don’t go to work or to school until your healthcare provider says you can go back. Don’t have close contact with anyone until your healthcare provider says it’s OK.

• #59 Home Respiratory Precautions for Patients with Potentially Infectious Tuberculosis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/homeresp.html

  Your tests show that you may have the kind of tuberculosis (TB) that can spread to other people. […] Health care workers may wear a mask to protect themselves when they are in your home. […] Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) is the best way to cure your TB. […] Your doctor and public health nurse will tell you about DOT. […] A health care worker will bring your TB medicine to you and will watch you take it. […] If you have questions about TB or your treatment talk to your doctor or public health nurse.

• #60 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Pregnant patients with active TB should be treated, even in the first stage of pregnancy. Isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol may be used. In the United States, pyrazinamide is reserved for women with suspected multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Elsewhere in the world, pyrazinamide is commonly used in pregnant individuals with TB. […] Most children with TB can be treated with isoniazid and rifampin for 6 months, along with pyrazinamide for the first 2 months if the culture from the source case is fully susceptible. […] Treatment regimens for active or latent TB in patients with HIV infection are similar to those used in HIV-negative patients, but dose adjustments may be necessary. […] The CDC reported that 9.4% of TB cases were resistant to isoniazid in 2018 (16% were MDR-TB). […] Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) refers to isolates that are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin (and possibly other drugs).

• #61 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  The diagnosis of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is established with an isolate that is resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, at least 1 of the quinolones, and at least 1 injectable drug. Treatment options for XDR-TB are very limited, and XDR-TB carries a very high mortality rate. […] Surgical resection of an infected lung may be considered to reduce the bacillary burden in patients with MDR-TB. Surgery is recommended for patients with MDR-TB whose prognosis with medical treatment is poor. […] The antimycobacterial rifapentine (Priftin), which was previously approved for use against active pulmonary TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use, in combination with isoniazid, in the treatment of latent TB infection. […] Recommended regimens for latent TB published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are as follows: Isoniazid 300 mg – Daily for 9 months; Isoniazid 900 mg – Twice weekly for 9 months (administered as DOT); Isoniazid 300 mg – Daily for 6 months (should not be used in patients with fibrotic lesions on chest radiography, patients with HIV infection, or children); Isoniazid 900 mg – Twice weekly for 6 months (administered as DOT; should not be used in patients with fibrotic lesions on chest radiography, patients with HIV infection, or children); Rifampin 600 mg – Daily for 4 months; Rifapentine 750-900 mg (based on weight) plus isoniazid 900 mg – Once weekly for 12 weeks (self-administered or as DOT).

• #62 Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-tuberculosis-basics

  If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines. You may have to take them for much longer, up to 30 months, and they can cause more side effects. […] Whatever kind of infection you have, it’s important to finish taking all of your medications, even when you start feeling better. If you quit too soon, the medication might not wipe out all the TB bacteria in your body. Finishing your treatment also helps prevent new strains of drug-resistant bacteria. […] Tuberculosis can be fatal if you don’t treat it. Over 1.5 million people worldwide died from tuberculosis in 2021. It’s the second most deadly infectious disease (after COVID-19) and the 13th leading cause of death in the world. […] But TB is treatable. The World Health Organization estimates that TB treatment saved 74 million lives between 2000 and 2021. […] Your outlook depends on several things, including your overall health, how serious the infection is, and how well you follow your doctor’s directions on treatment. In the United States, experts estimate that treatment works in more than 95% of cases.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis

  If you have TB, practice good hygiene when coughing, including avoiding contact with other people and wearing a mask, covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of sputum and used tissues properly. […] Tuberculosis disease is treated with special antibiotics. Treatment is recommended for both TB infection and disease. […] To be effective, medications need to be taken daily for 46 months. […] MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using other drugs, which tend to be more expensive and toxic. […] WHO recommends a 12-component approach of collaborative TB-HIV activities, including actions for prevention and treatment of infection and disease, to reduce deaths. […] US$ 22 billion are needed annually for TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care to achieve global targets by 2027 agreed on at the 2023 UN high level-TB meeting. […] WHO is working closely with countries, partners and civil society in scaling up the TB response.

• #64 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Pregnant patients with active TB should be treated, even in the first stage of pregnancy. Isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol may be used. In the United States, pyrazinamide is reserved for women with suspected multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Elsewhere in the world, pyrazinamide is commonly used in pregnant individuals with TB. […] Most children with TB can be treated with isoniazid and rifampin for 6 months, along with pyrazinamide for the first 2 months if the culture from the source case is fully susceptible. […] Treatment regimens for active or latent TB in patients with HIV infection are similar to those used in HIV-negative patients, but dose adjustments may be necessary. […] The CDC reported that 9.4% of TB cases were resistant to isoniazid in 2018 (16% were MDR-TB). […] Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) refers to isolates that are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin (and possibly other drugs).

• #65 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

  Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] A person with a latent TB infection cannot pass the disease to other people. A person taking medicine to treat active TB disease usually can’t pass the disease after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment. […] If you test positive for latent TB infection, you may need to take medicines to prevent active TB disease. […] If you have active TB disease, you’ll need to take steps to prevent other people from getting an infection. You will take medicines for four, six or nine months. Take all of the medicines as directed during the entire time.

• #66 Tuberculosis Nursing Symposium | Center for Tuberculosis

  https://centerfortuberculosis.mayo.edu/education-and-training/training-calendar-/tuberculosis-nursing-symposium/

  Recognize co-morbidities that impact tuberculosis management and patient outcomes. […] Examine proper techniques and best practices for sputum collection in TB diagnosis. […] Identify methods of improving HIV testing among TB patients. […] Explore strategies for providing effective TB care to refugee families. […] Identify the fundamental principles of TB contact investigations. […] Identify strategies for managing limited resources during contact investigations.

• #67 Nurses’ Experiences of Caring for Patients with Tuberculosis – An Interview Study in Indonesia

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ianhc/international-archives-of-nursing-and-health-care-ianhc-5-136.php?jid=ianhc

  The subcategory includes conceptions about the importance of precautions and protection. […] The participants worry toward the patient not being able to give care to patients when they need it, i.e. delay in nursing due to precautional procedures. […] The conceptions of the nurse’s roles are stressed as an educator and motivator for patients with TB. […] The statements indicate that the most important thing is to educate about precautions in order to avoid transmission of the disease. […] The participants highlight the significant of informing and educating patients about the fact that TB, in contradiction to many other diseases, is curable. […] The conceptions of the patient’s situation showing that social stigma is associated with TB. […] The subcategory social stigma related to wearing the mask reveal how the mask is considered as contributing cause of stigmatization which makes patient’s unwilling to wear it.

• #68 Caring for Tuberculosis Patients: Understanding the Plight of Nurses at a Regional Hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6949926/

  The findings of this study revealed that there is a shortage of equipment and working resources were impacting the quality of health in the TB wards. […] According to the findings of this study it was revealed that nurses feared contracting TB infection. […] The findings of this study show that nurses were scared to come into contact with TB patients. […] According to the findings of this study, TB patients spread TB in the wards and outside. […] The findings of this study agree with those of the study by Khalid et al. which showed that participants also experienced a variety of emotions when nursing patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and not knowing what they were facing. […] The findings of this study revealed that nurses do not receive personal psychological support.

• #69 Nurses’ Experiences of Caring for Patients with Tuberculosis – An Interview Study in Indonesia

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ianhc/international-archives-of-nursing-and-health-care-ianhc-5-136.php?jid=ianhc

  The category social consequences for the patient is describes that social stigma is a problematic aspect for patients with TB. […] The subcategory socioeconomic factors related to compliance reveal diversity in the conception of the patients’ socioeconomic status as a determinant of compliance and outcome of the treatment. […] The results show that TB is a complex disease due to contagiousness and social stigma as well as extensive medical treatment with severe side-effects for example increase of MDR-TB, therefore further research is needed.

• #70 Caring for Tuberculosis Patients: Understanding the Plight of Nurses at a Regional Hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6949926/

  According to the findings of the present study TB nurses feel unappreciated for what they are doing. […] According to the findings of this study nurses have various unmet needs when they are doing their job. […] The study highlighted the plight of nurses when caring for patients suffering from tuberculosis. Nurses indicated their emotional distress due to fear of contagion, lack of material resources, as well as poor infection control practices.

• #71 Tuberculosis Nursing Symposium | Center for Tuberculosis

  https://centerfortuberculosis.mayo.edu/education-and-training/training-calendar-/tuberculosis-nursing-symposium/

  This comprehensive two-day event was dedicated to advancing the knowledge and skills of nurses in the field of tuberculosis care. […] This symposium covered essential topics including TB fundamentals, nurse case management, and contact investigation, providing a robust foundation for effective TB control and patient care. […] This course is intended for Registered Nurses, Nurse Practitioners, Public Health Nurses, and healthcare professionals involved in TB care. […] Examine the basic principles and epidemiology of tuberculosis. […] Identify the key responsibilities of public health nurses in TB control and prevention. […] Describe the nurse case management process for TB patients. […] Examine medications, treatment regimens, and potential side effects for latent TB infection and TB disease.

• #72 Trainings | Curry International Tuberculosis Center

  https://www.currytbcenter.ucsf.edu/trainings

  This training is intended for nurses, communicable disease investigators, and other licensed medical care providers who work with patients with TB. […] This training is intended as an introductory training covering the basics of latent TB infection (LTBI) diagnosis and treatment for physicians, nurses, and other licensed medical care providers who manage patients at risk for TB. […] This training is intended as an advanced training for physicians and clinical care providers who diagnose and/or treat patients with active tuberculosis. The training provides an overview of laboratory diagnostics, medical management, care of the pediatric patients, radiology, and management of drug-resistance and other advanced topics for the care of patients with tuberculosis. […] This training is intended for California nurses and other public health professionals looking to learn about testing and treating for LTBI. […] This training is intended for primary care providers who diagnosis and treat persons with latent tuberculosis in Nevada. […] This event is intended for all members of the tuberculosis community including healthcare professionals, researchers and advocates.

• #73 TB Nursing Manual

  https://tbcontrollers.org/ntnc/ntnc-committees-workgroups/ntnc-education-committee/tb-nursing-manual/

  About the Committee and TB Nursing Manual: In 2011, the Nursing Manual Committee released the second edition of Tuberculosis Nursing: A Comprehensive Guide to Patient Care, originally published by NTCA in 1998.

• #74 Department of Health | Workplace Health and Safety | Preventing Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis

  https://www.nj.gov/health/workplacehealthandsafety/peosh/tb.shtml

  Preventing Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis […] PEOSH has issued enforceable requirements for preventing occupational exposure to TB. […] PEOSH recommends that public sector employers update their TB risk assessments and TB skin testing protocols based on the most recent CDC guidelines that apply to the particular work setting. […] The control of employee exposure to TB is to be accomplished through the early identification, isolation, and treatment of persons with TB, use of engineering and administrative controls to reduce the risk of exposure, and the use of respiratory protection. […] Each covered facility must have a written protocol for the prompt identification of individuals with suspected or confirmed infectious TB in order to be in compliance with the TB Requirements.

• #75 Department of Health | Workplace Health and Safety | Preventing Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis

  https://www.nj.gov/health/workplacehealthandsafety/peosh/tb.shtml

  The following actions are mandatory under the PEOSH TB Requirements: develop a written protocol for the early identification of individuals with suspected or confirmed infectious TB; provide medical surveillance for employees (following the latest CDC Guidelines); provide case management of infected employees (following the latest CDC Guidelines); report cases of TB; provide employee education and training; implement engineering controls (when required); provide employees with and ensure the use of respiratory protection (when required) in compliance with the PEOSH Respiratory Standard (29 CFR 1910.134).

• #76 Tuberculosis (TB): For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tuberculosis/health-professionals.html

  TB is a serious but preventable and treatable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is the leading cause of death for infectious diseases worldwide and is still present in Canada. While anyone can get TB, it disproportionately impacts people born outside of Canada and Inuit, First Nations and Mtis populations. […] Early testing, detection and treatment save lives and helps prevent the spread of TB. […] The most effective way to reduce transmission is to promptly diagnose, isolate and treat patients with TB disease. […] All health care settings should have a TB management or infection prevention and control program in place. […] In a health care setting, infectious individuals should be placed in private (isolation) rooms. […] Prior to starting treatment for TB infection, it is critical to rule out TB disease as this could result in undertreatment and possible drug resistance. […] The standard regimen for TB disease should include 2 effective drugs at all times, and at least 3 effective drugs in the intensive phase. […] Treatment for drug-resistant TB is longer and requires a different combination of antimicrobial agents.

• #77 Tuberculosis Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/tuberculosis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Preventing the spread of tuberculosis and ensuring patient compliance with treatment are crucial aspects of TB management. Nurses play a vital role in educating patients and their families about: The importance of completing the entire course of antibiotic treatment, Proper cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene, The need for regular follow-up appointments and sputum tests, Potential side effects of TB medications and when to seek medical attention, The importance of notifying close contacts for TB screening, Lifestyle modifications to support recovery (e.g., smoking cessation, nutrition). […] Tuberculosis nursing diagnosis requires a comprehensive approach that addresses not only the physical symptoms but also the psychosocial aspects of the disease. By implementing these nursing diagnoses and care plans, nurses can provide high-quality, patient-centered care that promotes recovery and prevents disease transmission.

• #78 6 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals facing pulmonary tuberculosis. This guide equips you with the necessary information to provide effective and specialized care to patients dealing with pulmonary tuberculosis. […] The nursing care plan goals and management for patients with tuberculosis include promoting adherence to the prescribed medication regimen to ensure effective treatment and prevent the spread of the infection, providing education on infection control measures and supporting the patient emotionally, and addressing any psychosocial needs. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with tuberculosis include: 1. Adherence to the treatment medication regimen. 2. Decrease transmission of M. tuberculosis. 3. Provide disease information and patient education. 4. Provide emotional support and address psychosocial needs. 5. Ensure a multidisciplinary approach to care, including coordinating follow-up appointments, arranging for directly observed therapy if needed.

• #79 Nursing Care Plan For Tuberculosis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-tuberculosis/

  These nursing interventions aim to address the specific needs of individuals with tuberculosis, focusing on medication management, respiratory support, infection control, and overall patient well-being. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for tuberculosis exemplifies a comprehensive and patient-centered approach aimed at effectively managing this contagious respiratory infection. […] The care plan seeks to address the complex challenges associated with tuberculosis. […] By emphasizing patient education on medication adherence, providing psychosocial support, and collaborating with the healthcare team, the plan endeavors to enhance overall patient well-being and promote successful treatment outcomes. […] In adhering to best practices and maintaining a patient-focused perspective, the nursing care plan serves as a vital tool in contributing to the global efforts to combat tuberculosis, reduce transmission, and optimize the health of affected individuals.

• #80 Understanding Tuberculosis: Pathology and Nursing Assessment

  https://simplenursing.com/tuberculosis-pathology-and-assessment/

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that resides inside the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] According to the CDC, tuberculosis is an airborne precaution that can spread by breathing in the same air that an infected person breathes in, especially when the person coughs, sneezes, laughs, sings, and even speaks. […] Airborne precautions are mandatory for nurses who are caring for tuberculosis clients. Instead of the usual surgical mask, healthcare providers in charge of clients with tuberculosis wear N95 masks. N95 masks help in preventing inhalation of outside air. […] When a client comes into the ER, they usually are not aware that they have TB. Therefore, there are a couple of ways to assess if this client has tuberculosis. […] A blood-tinged cough related to tuberculosis usually comes out in NCLEX. Hemoptysis is the medical term given to coughing up of blood.

• #81 Tuberculosis | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/tuberculosis/index.html

  Mission: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) in the state through administration of a statewide program that supports the Florida system of tuberculosis care. […] The Florida System of Tuberculosis Care is a partnership between the Florida Department of Health (DOH) and the statewide public health system. […] The Tuberculosis Control Section supports the partnership though leadership, policy development, surveillance, diagnostic and treatment services, expert consultation services, case management support, and provides education, training, and other technical assistance to local health departments and community healthcare providers statewide. […] This statewide system was established to control tuberculosis infection and mitigate its effects. The system consists of mandatory contact identification, treatment to cure, hospitalization, isolation for contagious cases, and voluntary, community-oriented care, and surveillance in all other cases. […] Tuberculosis control services shall be provided by the coordinated efforts of the respective county health departments and contracted or other private health care providers, per the Tuberculosis Control Act in section 392.51, Florida Statutes.

• #82 Nurses’ care: a vital part of TB treatment | United Nations Development Programme

  https://www.undp.org/kyrgyzstan/news/nurses-care-vital-part-tb-treatment

  Nurses, who are in daily contact with the patients, have to carefully monitor patients’ treatments, convince them and encourage them to go on. “I tell them to take treatment, that two years will go by quickly. Many stop treatment or categorically refuse to take the pills, and even young patients die. But tuberculosis is treatable. Every patient needs support, and this is part of our job. Good words also cure.”

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