Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Both inactive tuberculosis (TB) (also called latent TB infection) and active TB disease can be treated. […] It is important to take and finish all TB medicines exactly as your health care provider recommends. […] Completing treatment for inactive TB and active TB disease can protect yourself, your family and friends, and your community. […] Both inactive TB and active TB disease can be treated. […] If you have inactive TB, treating it is the best way to protect you from getting sick with active TB disease. If you have active TB disease, you can be treated with medicine. […] It is important to take and finish all TB medicines exactly as your health care provider recommends. […] A treatment plan (also called treatment regimen) for inactive TB or active TB disease is a schedule to take TB medicines to kill all the TB germs.

• #2 Treating and Managing Tuberculosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing

  Both inactive TB (latent TB) and active TB disease can be treated with medication. […] Medication should be taken as prescribed by a healthcare provider. […] Managing TB with the correct use of treatment will help protect yourself and others. […] A treatment plan for inactive TB or active TB disease is a schedule of TB medications taken to kill all TB germs. […] If you have inactive TB, taking treatment is the best way to protect you from getting active TB disease. […] If you have an active TB disease you can be treated with medication. […] Treating and curing drug-resistant TB disease is complicated, costly and should be treated by a TB medical expert. […] The best way to prevent drug-resistant TB disease is to take all TB medicine exactly as prescribed. […] Its important to talk to your health care provider about what side effects to expect and what to do if you experience something serious.

• #3 ATS/CDC/IDSA Guidelines for Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/treatment-of-drug-susceptible-tb/

  For HIV-infected patients receiving ART, we suggest using the standard 6-month daily regimen consisting of an intensive phase of 2 months of INH, RIF, PZA, and EMB followed by a continuation phase of 4 months of INH and RIF for the treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. […] In the uncommon situation in which an HIV-infected patient does NOT receive ART during tuberculosis treatment, we suggest extending the continuation phase with INH and RIF for an additional 3 months for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. […] The objectives of tuberculosis therapy are (1) to rapidly reduce the number of actively growing bacilli in the patient, thereby decreasing severity of the disease, preventing death and halting transmission of M. tuberculosis; (2) to eradicate populations of persisting bacilli in order to achieve durable cure (prevent relapse) after completion of therapy; and (3) to prevent acquisition of drug resistance during therapy. […] The success of drug treatment, however, depends upon many factors, and numerous studies have found an increased risk of relapse among patients with signs of more extensive disease (ie, cavitation or more extensive disease on chest radiograph) and/or slower response to treatment.

• #4 Tuberculosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256

  If you have a latent TB infection, your healthcare professional may begin treatments. This is especially true for people with HIV/AIDS or other factors that increase the risk of active TB disease. Most latent TB infections are treated for three or four months. […] Active TB disease may be treated for four, six or nine months. Specialists in TB treatment will determine which medicines are best for you. […] It is important to take every dose as instructed. And you must complete the full course of treatment. This is important for killing the bacteria in your body and preventing new drug-resistant bacteria. […] Common ones used to treat tuberculosis include: Isoniazid, Rifampin (Rimactane), Rifabutin (Mycobutin), Rifapentine (Priftin), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (Myambutol). […] You may be prescribed other medicines if you have drug-resistant tuberculosis or other complications from your illness. […] Most people can take TB medicines without serious side effects. If you have serious side effects, your healthcare professional may ask you to stop taking a medicine. You may have to change the dose of a medicine.

• #5 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Treatment for inactive TB can take three, four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treatment for active TB disease can take four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treating and curing drug-resistant TB disease is complicated. It should be treated by a TB medical expert. […] People with drug-resistant TB disease must be treated with special medicines. Treatment may take a long time, sometimes months or years and the medicines can cause side effects. […] Your health care provider can recommend a treatment plan. […] Drinking alcoholic beverages while taking medicines for inactive TB or active TB disease can be dangerous and may hurt your liver. […] Most people can take their TB medicines without any problems. However, like all medicines, the medicines you take for inactive TB or active TB disease can have side effects.

• #6 Tuberculosis (TB) Guidelines: Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Treatment Guidelines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-guidelines

  The recommended 2020 LTBI treatment guidelines include three preferred rifamycin-based regimens and two alternative daily-isoniazid monotherapy regimens. These recommendations are intended for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections with presumed susceptibility to isoniazid or rifampin. M tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin are exempt from these recommendations. […] Generally, rifamycin-based treatment regimens administered in short courses are preferred over isoniazid monotherapy administered in longer courses for treating LTBI. […] The rifamycin-based preferred regimens for LTBI are as follows: Once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine for 3 months (strongly recommended in adults and children 2 years, including those with HIV infection) OR Daily rifampin for 4 months (strongly recommended in HIV-negative adults and children of all ages) OR Daily isoniazid plus rifampin for 3 months (conditionally recommended in adults and children of all ages and HIV-positive persons).

• #7 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Recommended regimens for latent TB published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are as follows: Isoniazid 300 mg – Daily for 9 months; Isoniazid 900 mg – Twice weekly for 9 months (administered as DOT); Isoniazid 300 mg – Daily for 6 months (should not be used in patients with fibrotic lesions on chest radiography, patients with HIV infection, or children); Isoniazid 900 mg – Twice weekly for 6 months (administered as DOT; should not be used in patients with fibrotic lesions on chest radiography, patients with HIV infection, or children); Rifampin 600 mg – Daily for 4 months; Rifapentine 750-900 mg (based on weight) plus isoniazid 900 mg – Once weekly for 12 weeks (self-administered or as DOT).

• #8 Tuberculosis (TB) Guidelines: Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Treatment Guidelines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-guidelines

  The alternative treatment regimens are as follows: Daily isoniazid for 6 months (strongly recommended in HIV-negative adults and children of all ages and conditionally in HIV-positive adults and children of all ages) OR Daily isoniazid for 9 months (conditionally recommended in adults and children of all ages regardless of HIV infection status).

• #9 Treatment Regimens for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Massachusetts | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/treatment-regimens-for-latent-tuberculosis-infection-in-massachusetts

  There are three recommended regimens for the treatment of patients diagnosed with latent TB infection. Before starting any treatment for latent TB infection, active tuberculosis (TB) disease must be ruled out. […] Shorter course regimens are preferred because of the higher likelihood of completion of treatment. […] The Isoniazid + Rifapentine regimen should be considered in persons who are unlikely to complete longer courses of therapy. […] Recommended for: Healthy patients aged ≥2 years. […] The Isoniazid + Rifapentine regimen is NOT recommended for: Children < 2 years of age, Persons living with HIV infection who are on antiretroviral therapy, Persons who are presumed to be infected with isoniazid- or rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis, Women who are pregnant or expect to become pregnant during treatment.

• #10 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Treatment for inactive TB can take three, four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treatment for active TB disease can take four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treating and curing drug-resistant TB disease is complicated. It should be treated by a TB medical expert. […] People with drug-resistant TB disease must be treated with special medicines. Treatment may take a long time, sometimes months or years and the medicines can cause side effects. […] Your health care provider can recommend a treatment plan. […] Drinking alcoholic beverages while taking medicines for inactive TB or active TB disease can be dangerous and may hurt your liver. […] Most people can take their TB medicines without any problems. However, like all medicines, the medicines you take for inactive TB or active TB disease can have side effects.

• #11 Tuberculosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256

  If you have a latent TB infection, your healthcare professional may begin treatments. This is especially true for people with HIV/AIDS or other factors that increase the risk of active TB disease. Most latent TB infections are treated for three or four months. […] Active TB disease may be treated for four, six or nine months. Specialists in TB treatment will determine which medicines are best for you. […] It is important to take every dose as instructed. And you must complete the full course of treatment. This is important for killing the bacteria in your body and preventing new drug-resistant bacteria. […] Common ones used to treat tuberculosis include: Isoniazid, Rifampin (Rimactane), Rifabutin (Mycobutin), Rifapentine (Priftin), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (Myambutol). […] You may be prescribed other medicines if you have drug-resistant tuberculosis or other complications from your illness. […] Most people can take TB medicines without serious side effects. If you have serious side effects, your healthcare professional may ask you to stop taking a medicine. You may have to change the dose of a medicine.

• #12 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Isolate patients with possible tuberculosis (TB) infection in a private room with negative pressure (air exhausted to outside or through a high-efficiency particulate air filter). Medical staff must wear high-efficiency disposable masks sufficient to filter the tubercle bacillus. Continue isolation until sputum smears are negative for 3 consecutive determinations (usually after approximately 2-4 wk of treatment). Unfortunately, these measures are neither possible nor practical in countries where TB is a public health problem. […] For initial empiric treatment of TB, start patients on a 4-drug regimen: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Once the TB isolate is known to be fully susceptible, ethambutol can be discontinued. […] Patients with TB receiving pyrazinamide should undergo baseline and periodic serum uric acid assessments, and patients with TB who are receiving long-term ethambutol therapy should undergo baseline and periodic visual acuity and red-green color perception testing. The latter can be performed with a standard test, such as the Ishihara test for color blindness.

• #13 ATS/CDC/IDSA Guidelines for Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/treatment-of-drug-susceptible-tb/

  Specific recommendations on the use of case management strategies (including directly observed therapy), regimen and dosing selection in adults and children (daily vs intermittent), treatment of tuberculosis in the presence of HIV infection (duration of tuberculosis treatment and timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy), as well as treatment of extrapulmonary disease (central nervous system, pericardial among other sites) are provided. […] The preferred regimen for treating adults with tuberculosis caused by organisms that are not known or suspected to be drug resistant is a regimen consisting of an intensive phase of 2 months of isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) followed by a continuation phase of 4 months of INH and RIF. […] The intensive phase of treatment consists of 4 drugs (INH, RIF, PZA, EMB) because of the current proportion of new tuberculosis cases worldwide caused by organisms that are resistant to INH; however, if therapy is being initiated after drug susceptibility test results are known and the patient’s isolate is susceptible to both INH and RIF, EMB is not necessary, and the intensive phase can consist of INH, RIF, and PZA only.

• #14 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  After 2 months of therapy (for a fully susceptible isolate), pyrazinamide can be stopped. Isoniazid plus rifampin are continued as daily or intermittent therapy for 4 more months. If isolated isoniazid resistance is documented, discontinue isoniazid and continue treatment with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy must be extended if the patient has cavitary disease and remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment. […] Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all patients. With DOT, patients on the above regimens can be switched to 2- to 3-times per week dosing after an initial 2 weeks of daily dosing. Patients on twice-weekly dosing must not miss any doses. Prescribe daily therapy for patients on self-administered medication. […] Patients diagnosed with active TB should undergo sputum analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis weekly until sputum conversion is documented. Monitoring for toxicity includes baseline and periodic liver enzymes, complete blood cell (CBC) count, and serum creatinine.

• #15 Tuberculosis Treatment Guidelines Updated – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/features/tuberculosis-treatment-guidelines-updated/

  Updated clinical practice guidelines have been released for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infection in children and adults. […] For adolescents and adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the joint panel conditionally recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifapentine, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin for 2 months, followed by isoniazid, rifapentine, and moxifloxacin for 2 months. […] In children and adolescents aged 3 months to 16 years with nonsevere drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel strongly recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of a 2-month course of standard-dose isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 2 months of isoniazid and rifampin. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older infected with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB, the panel recommended the use of a 6-month treatment regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid instead of previously endorsed 15-month regimens. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older with rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel recommended a 6-month regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin instead of regimens lasting 15 months or longer.

• #16 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  After 2 months of therapy (for a fully susceptible isolate), pyrazinamide can be stopped. Isoniazid plus rifampin are continued as daily or intermittent therapy for 4 more months. If isolated isoniazid resistance is documented, discontinue isoniazid and continue treatment with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy must be extended if the patient has cavitary disease and remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment. […] Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all patients. With DOT, patients on the above regimens can be switched to 2- to 3-times per week dosing after an initial 2 weeks of daily dosing. Patients on twice-weekly dosing must not miss any doses. Prescribe daily therapy for patients on self-administered medication. […] Patients diagnosed with active TB should undergo sputum analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis weekly until sputum conversion is documented. Monitoring for toxicity includes baseline and periodic liver enzymes, complete blood cell (CBC) count, and serum creatinine.

• #17 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  After 2 months of therapy (for a fully susceptible isolate), pyrazinamide can be stopped. Isoniazid plus rifampin are continued as daily or intermittent therapy for 4 more months. If isolated isoniazid resistance is documented, discontinue isoniazid and continue treatment with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy must be extended if the patient has cavitary disease and remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment. […] Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all patients. With DOT, patients on the above regimens can be switched to 2- to 3-times per week dosing after an initial 2 weeks of daily dosing. Patients on twice-weekly dosing must not miss any doses. Prescribe daily therapy for patients on self-administered medication. […] Patients diagnosed with active TB should undergo sputum analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis weekly until sputum conversion is documented. Monitoring for toxicity includes baseline and periodic liver enzymes, complete blood cell (CBC) count, and serum creatinine.

• #18 Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Regimens

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4448591/

  The concomitant prescription of anti-HIV and antituberculosis drugs does not depend on the severity of the immunodeficiency and then on the CD4 cell counts. […] The efficacy of the combination regimens described above will determine, in addition to bacteriological conversion, a subjective improvement of the patients clinical conditions. […] Several approaches have been proposed to increase patients adherence. […] One of the most important is the so-called DOT (i.e., directly observed therapy). […] The direct observation avoids all the problems associated with self-administration, including compliance with the dosages and time of administration affecting the pharmacokinetic curve of the drugs. […] Another important tool to enhance adherence is represented by the fixed-dose combination of the antituberculosis drugs.

• #19 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment After Exposure: Medications Used

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-tuberculosis-treatment

  A rare and serious type of the disease is called „extensively drug-resistant TB.” This means that many of the common medications — including isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one of the antibiotics that are injected — don’t knock it out. Research shows that it can be cured around 30% to 50% of the time. […] Its important to take every dose of your antibiotics. Dont stop, even if you feel better. If you dont kill all of the bacteria in your body, the remaining germs can adapt and become drug-resistant. […] To help you remember, your doctor may need to watch you take your medication. This is called directly observed therapy. Its recommended for treatment programs where you take antibiotics a few times a week instead of every day.

• #20 Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Regimens

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4448591/

  The clinical and public health management of drug-resistant tuberculosis is complicated. […] The therapeutic approach, as well as the prognosis, is significantly associated with the resistance pattern. […] It has been clearly shown that the multidrug resistance (i.e., the resistance in vitro to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) could represent a relevant clinical issue because of the poorest therapeutic armamentarium. […] The so-called second- and third-line antituberculosis drugs are less efficacious, more toxic, and more expensive than the first-line drugs. […] Furthermore, another relevant feature of an adequate and early treatment is the low probability of transmission of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains in a specific setting, such as a hospital or a community. […] Nevertheless, to obtain a clinical and a microbiological cure, it is mandatory to treat individuals for a long period because of the lesser effectiveness of the second- and third-line drugs.

• #21 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Treatment for inactive TB can take three, four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treatment for active TB disease can take four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. […] Treating and curing drug-resistant TB disease is complicated. It should be treated by a TB medical expert. […] People with drug-resistant TB disease must be treated with special medicines. Treatment may take a long time, sometimes months or years and the medicines can cause side effects. […] Your health care provider can recommend a treatment plan. […] Drinking alcoholic beverages while taking medicines for inactive TB or active TB disease can be dangerous and may hurt your liver. […] Most people can take their TB medicines without any problems. However, like all medicines, the medicines you take for inactive TB or active TB disease can have side effects.

• #22 Updates on the Treatment of Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/treatment-of-drug-susceptible-tb/treatment-of-drug-resistant-and-drug-susceptible-tb-2025-update/

  For most patients with DR-TB, recommendation updates include use of novel regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid with or without moxifloxacin (BPaLM and BPaL). […] These DR-TB regimens reduce treatment duration from 1820 months to 6 months, significantly improving patient adherence and outcomes. […] All-oral, shorter treatment regimens for TB are now recommended for use in eligible individuals. […] New drug-susceptible TB recommendations include the use of a novel 4-month regimen for people with pulmonary TB and a shortened 4-month regimen for children with nonsevere TB. […] Drug-resistant TB recommendation updates include the use of novel regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid with or without moxifloxacin. […] In people aged 12 years or older with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis, we conditionally recommend the use of a 4-month regimen of isoniazid, rifapentine, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide.

• #23 Tuberculosis Treatment Guidelines Updated – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/features/tuberculosis-treatment-guidelines-updated/

  Updated clinical practice guidelines have been released for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infection in children and adults. […] For adolescents and adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the joint panel conditionally recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifapentine, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin for 2 months, followed by isoniazid, rifapentine, and moxifloxacin for 2 months. […] In children and adolescents aged 3 months to 16 years with nonsevere drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel strongly recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of a 2-month course of standard-dose isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 2 months of isoniazid and rifampin. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older infected with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB, the panel recommended the use of a 6-month treatment regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid instead of previously endorsed 15-month regimens. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older with rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel recommended a 6-month regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin instead of regimens lasting 15 months or longer.

• #24 Updates on the Treatment of Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/treatment-of-drug-susceptible-tb/treatment-of-drug-resistant-and-drug-susceptible-tb-2025-update/

  For most patients with DR-TB, recommendation updates include use of novel regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid with or without moxifloxacin (BPaLM and BPaL). […] These DR-TB regimens reduce treatment duration from 1820 months to 6 months, significantly improving patient adherence and outcomes. […] All-oral, shorter treatment regimens for TB are now recommended for use in eligible individuals. […] New drug-susceptible TB recommendations include the use of a novel 4-month regimen for people with pulmonary TB and a shortened 4-month regimen for children with nonsevere TB. […] Drug-resistant TB recommendation updates include the use of novel regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid with or without moxifloxacin. […] In people aged 12 years or older with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis, we conditionally recommend the use of a 4-month regimen of isoniazid, rifapentine, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide.

• #25 Treatment for drug-resistant TB – MedAccess

  https://medaccess.org/our-agreements/agreements/treatment-drug-resistant-tb/

  Pretomanid is used with other anti-TB drugs to form a highly effective treatment regimen for drug-resistant tuberculosis. […] In 2022, the WHO recommended a treatment regimen called BPaLM that is only six months and includes newer, more effective TB drugs. Trials found the regimen to be more than 89% effective in curing patients with multidrug-resistant TB. […] Pretomanid is used with other anti-TB drugs to form a highly effective treatment regimen. This all-oral, six-month regimen was recommended by the WHO in December 2022 as the preferred option for most people with DR-TB. […] Our guarantee has reduced the price of pretomanid by 34% when compared to previously offered prices, in more than 130 low- and middle-income countries. This price reduction brings the price of BPaLM much closer to the cost of previously recommended MDR-TB treatment regimens, allowing countries to more easily switch to this new, more effective regimen and accelerating access to innovative treatments. […] The partnership will support countries to switch to this new WHO-recommended regimen and facilitate widespread uptake of this highly effective treatment.

• #26 Tuberculosis Treatment Guidelines Updated – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/features/tuberculosis-treatment-guidelines-updated/

  Updated clinical practice guidelines have been released for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infection in children and adults. […] For adolescents and adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the joint panel conditionally recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifapentine, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin for 2 months, followed by isoniazid, rifapentine, and moxifloxacin for 2 months. […] In children and adolescents aged 3 months to 16 years with nonsevere drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel strongly recommended the use of a 4-month regimen consisting of a 2-month course of standard-dose isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 2 months of isoniazid and rifampin. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older infected with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB, the panel recommended the use of a 6-month treatment regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid instead of previously endorsed 15-month regimens. […] In adults and adolescents aged 14 years and older with rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible pulmonary TB, the panel recommended a 6-month regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin instead of regimens lasting 15 months or longer.

• #27 Updates on the Treatment of Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/treatment-of-drug-susceptible-tb/treatment-of-drug-resistant-and-drug-susceptible-tb-2025-update/

  In children and adolescents between 3 months and 16 years of age with nonsevere TB (without suspicion or evidence of MDR/RR-TB), we recommend the use of a 4-month treatment regimen of 2HRZ(E)/2HR rather than the 6-month DS-TB regimen of 2HRZ(E)/4HR. […] In adolescents aged 14 and older and adults with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB, we recommend the use of the 6-month treatment regimen, composed of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL), rather than more than 15-month regimens. […] In adolescents aged 14 and older and adults with rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible pulmonary TB, we recommend the use of a 6-month treatment regimen, composed of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin (BPaLM), rather than the 15-month or longer regimens in patients with MDR/RR-TB.

• #28 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Pregnant patients with active TB should be treated, even in the first stage of pregnancy. Isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol may be used. In the United States, pyrazinamide is reserved for women with suspected multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Elsewhere in the world, pyrazinamide is commonly used in pregnant individuals with TB. Streptomycin should not be used because it has been shown to have harmful effects on the fetus. […] Most children with TB can be treated with isoniazid and rifampin for 6 months, along with pyrazinamide for the first 2 months if the culture from the source case is fully susceptible. […] Treatment regimens for active or latent TB in patients with HIV infection are similar to those used in HIV-negative patients, but dose adjustments may be necessary. […] The CDC reported that 9.4% of TB cases were resistant to isoniazid in 2018 (16% were MDR-TB). TB resistant to isoniazid can be treated with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy should be extended to 9 months if the patient remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment.

• #29 Tuberculosis/HIV Coinfection | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv/tuberculosishiv-coinfection

  Treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in people with HIV should take into consideration the individuals antiretroviral (ARV) regimen as noted below. […] All people with HIV and active tuberculosis (TB) who are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) should be started on ART as described below. […] For people with active TB who are receiving ART, the ARV regimen should be assessed with particular attention to potential drug-drug interactions between ARVs and TB drugs.

• #30 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment During Pregnancy, Treatment in Children

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment

  Pregnant patients with active TB should be treated, even in the first stage of pregnancy. Isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol may be used. In the United States, pyrazinamide is reserved for women with suspected multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Elsewhere in the world, pyrazinamide is commonly used in pregnant individuals with TB. Streptomycin should not be used because it has been shown to have harmful effects on the fetus. […] Most children with TB can be treated with isoniazid and rifampin for 6 months, along with pyrazinamide for the first 2 months if the culture from the source case is fully susceptible. […] Treatment regimens for active or latent TB in patients with HIV infection are similar to those used in HIV-negative patients, but dose adjustments may be necessary. […] The CDC reported that 9.4% of TB cases were resistant to isoniazid in 2018 (16% were MDR-TB). TB resistant to isoniazid can be treated with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 6 months. Therapy should be extended to 9 months if the patient remains culture-positive after 2 months of treatment.

• #31 Management of Active Tuberculosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1201/p2225.html

  Children with tuberculosis have a high risk of disseminated disease, so treatment should be started promptly if the diagnosis is suspected. […] Pregnant women with a moderate to high probability of tuberculosis should be treated with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol because of the potential risk of disease transmission to the fetus and the apparent lack of teratogenic effects associated with these agents. […] Patients with unstable or advanced liver disease are at increased risk for drug-induced hepatitis, which in this population can be serious or possibly life threatening. […] In patients with radiographic and clinical evidence of tuberculosis but negative sputum cultures, active tuberculosis cannot be ruled out. […] Treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol should be initiated in patients thought to have pulmonary tuberculosis on the basis of careful clinical evaluation and radiographic findings, even if the initial sputum smears are negative.

• #32 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  If you have a serious side effect, call your health care provider immediately. […] There are several treatments available for children with inactive TB or active TB disease. […] There are several treatment options for people with HIV who have inactive TB or TB disease. […] If you are pregnant, your health care provider will choose TB medicines that are recommended for use during pregnancy. […] Treating inactive TB and active TB disease may take several months. Your health care provider will work with you to make sure you can complete your treatment. […] Do not miss any doses and do not stop treatment early. It can be very dangerous to stop taking your medicines or not to take all your medicines regularly. […] Your health care provider will monitor your treatment. […] Even after you finish taking all of your TB medicine, you may still have a positive test result on future TB blood tests or TB skin tests.

• #33 Treatments for Tuberculosis: Latent, Active, and Drug-Resistant

  https://www.healthline.com/health/treatments-for-tuberculosis

  Its still possible to treat drug-resistant TB, but picking an effective regimen can be very challenging. […] Whether you have latent, active, or drug-resistant TB, its crucial to complete your treatment course. […] Antibiotics that doctors use to treat TB can cause potentially serious side effects, including liver damage. […] If your treatment involves isoniazid, you may experience peripheral neuropathy, especially if youre an older adult. […] Although TB can be fatal, effective antibiotic treatment can cure this infection. Depending on the type of your infection and the recommended regimen, your treatment can take from 3 to 9 months. […] Whether you have latent or active TB, complete the treatment regimen your doctor prescribes. TB drugs can cause some potentially serious side effects. Be sure to report any unusual symptoms to your doctor right away. […] Although TB treatment is generally similar for everyone, pregnant people, children, and those with HIV may need certain modifications.

• #34 Tuberculosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256

  If you have a latent TB infection, your healthcare professional may begin treatments. This is especially true for people with HIV/AIDS or other factors that increase the risk of active TB disease. Most latent TB infections are treated for three or four months. […] Active TB disease may be treated for four, six or nine months. Specialists in TB treatment will determine which medicines are best for you. […] It is important to take every dose as instructed. And you must complete the full course of treatment. This is important for killing the bacteria in your body and preventing new drug-resistant bacteria. […] Common ones used to treat tuberculosis include: Isoniazid, Rifampin (Rimactane), Rifabutin (Mycobutin), Rifapentine (Priftin), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (Myambutol). […] You may be prescribed other medicines if you have drug-resistant tuberculosis or other complications from your illness. […] Most people can take TB medicines without serious side effects. If you have serious side effects, your healthcare professional may ask you to stop taking a medicine. You may have to change the dose of a medicine.

• #35 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Most healthy people will not need to be treated for inactive TB or active TB disease ever again. […] It is very important to take and finish all TB medicines exactly as prescribed by your health care provider. […] If you need support while completing treatment for inactive TB or active TB disease, ask your family or friends. […] Public and private health care plans may cover the costs of treatment for inactive TB or active TB disease.

• #36 Treating and Managing Tuberculosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing

  Its important to continue taking your medication as prescribed for the entire time recommended by your health care provider. […] If you stop taking the medication too soon, you can become sick again and potentially spread the disease to others. […] Take your medicine exactly as the healthcare provider directed.

• #37 Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Regimens

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4448591/

  The duration of the first phase of the treatment should depend on the culture conversion, but it should last at least 8 mo, whereas the duration of the second phase should be longer than 20 mo. […] New therapeutic options have been proposed in recent years for the management of the drug-resistant mycobacterial strains, including new molecules and drugs prescribed for other diseases. […] Several drugs, approved for infectious diseases other than tuberculosis, showed in vitro and in vivo antimycobacterial activity; among them, imipenem-cilastatin, linezolid, and meropenem-clavulanate have had a relevant role in individuals with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the last few years. […] Bedaquiline and delamanid have recently received a marketing approval. […] Bedaquiline-containing regimens increase by 12 times the probability of culture conversion in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases and prevent the emergence of further resistances to the drugs included in the backbone regimens.

• #38 New tuberculosis drug regimen slashes treatment time » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2021/02/01/new-tuberculosis-drug-regimen-slashes-treatment-time/

  Physicians and researchers with the Southeastern National Tuberculosis Center at the University of Florida, and the UF College of Pharmacy, used a novel treatment regimen to cure a patient of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in less than half the normal time. […] Some patients cant tolerate existing treatments, which can last up to two years, Haley notes. […] The team says that, to the best of their knowledge, they were the first providers to use this new treatment regimen in the US outside of a clinical trial. […] It took one-third of the normal time, with fewer side effects, and it saved her life, Dr. Haley says. […] A clinical trial completed in 2019 found that a six-month oral regimen of three drugs bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid, known as BPaL was effective in curing extensively drug-resistant TB in 90 percent of enrolled participants.

• #39 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Responds Rapidly to Bedaquiline-based Second-Line Therapy | Newsroom | Weill Cornell Medicine

  https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2024/02/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-responds-rapidly-to-bedaquiline-based-second-line-therapy

  Seeing them respond at the same rate as drug-sensitive patients to treatment is encouraging. […] The comparable response observed in the study may mean treatment can be shortened in drug-resistant patients. […] Overall research is moving in the direction of finding new drug regimens for TB and shorter and shorter treatments, Dr. Fitzgerald said.

• #40 Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment After Exposure: Medications Used

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-tuberculosis-treatment

  With the proper treatment, tuberculosis (TB, for short) is almost always curable. […] Doctors prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria that cause it. Youll need to take them for 6 to 9 months. What medications you take and how long youll have to take them depends on which works to eradicate your TB. Sometimes, antibiotics used to treat the disease dont work. Doctors call this „drug-resistant” TB. If you have this form of the disease, you may need to take stronger medications for longer. […] If you have this form of the disease, youll need to take a number of antibiotics for 6 to 9 months. These four medications are most commonly used to treat it: Ethambutol (Myambutol), Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin. […] If you have a TB strain that doesnt respond to the usual medications used to treat TB, you have a drug-resistant strain. This means that you will be treated with a combination of second-line drugs, which may be less effective. You will need to take these drugs for a longer period of time.

• #41 Treatment – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/treatment/

  TB treatment is effective. Worldwide, nearly 90% of cases of TB and 48% of cases of drug-resistant TB are cured. […] However, treatment is not quick or easy. The length of treatment and side effects from the drugs used pose huge problems for TB patients and for global efforts to tackle the disease. […] TB treatment lasts at least six months. Treatment for TB is usually a mixture of four antibiotics: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. […] After two months of being on this treatment, patients may then be moved on to a course of two antibiotics for four months: Rifampicin and Isoniazid. […] Patients may begin to feel better within two weeks of beginning treatment, and people with pulmonary TB normally become non-infectious during this time. However, its vital that patients complete their treatment, so that the TB bacteria are completely killed off in the body. This prevents symptoms from returning and the risk of bacteria becoming drug resistant.

• #42 Treating Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/treatment/index.html

  Both inactive tuberculosis (TB) (also called latent TB infection) and active TB disease can be treated. […] It is important to take and finish all TB medicines exactly as your health care provider recommends. […] Completing treatment for inactive TB and active TB disease can protect yourself, your family and friends, and your community. […] Both inactive TB and active TB disease can be treated. […] If you have inactive TB, treating it is the best way to protect you from getting sick with active TB disease. If you have active TB disease, you can be treated with medicine. […] It is important to take and finish all TB medicines exactly as your health care provider recommends. […] A treatment plan (also called treatment regimen) for inactive TB or active TB disease is a schedule to take TB medicines to kill all the TB germs.

• #43 Treating and Managing Tuberculosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing

  Its important to continue taking your medication as prescribed for the entire time recommended by your health care provider. […] If you stop taking the medication too soon, you can become sick again and potentially spread the disease to others. […] Take your medicine exactly as the healthcare provider directed.

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