Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of mammary duct ectasia and highlights the main role of the caring physician to exclude breast malignancy and the role of interprofessional teamwork to provide an individualized best treatment option for this condition. […] It describes the typical imaging findings associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] The clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia overlap with another benign inflammatory condition known as periductal mastitis, a condition that occurs at the nipple-areola complex […] The diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound study. […] A biopsy examination must be done to exclude carcinoma in these cases. […] Imaging assessments can include bilateral mammography, ultrasound examination, CT, MRI, and occasionally others such as galactograms or the recently introduced duct endoscopy.

• #2 Mammary duct ectasia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374801

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when one or more milk ducts beneath your nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken, and the duct may fill with fluid. The milk duct may become blocked or clogged with a thick, sticky substance. The condition often causes no symptoms, but some women may have nipple discharge, breast tenderness or inflammation of the clogged duct (periductal mastitis). […] If symptoms persist, you may need antibiotics or possibly surgery to remove the affected milk duct. […] Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice changes in your breasts such as a new breast lump, spontaneous nipple discharge, skin redness or inflammation, or an inverted nipple that are persistent or that worry you. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with:

• #3 Duct Ectasia of the Breast | Mammary Duct Ectasia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia.html

  Duct ectasia, also known as mammary duct ectasia, is a benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to become blocked and lead to fluid build-up. […] Often, this condition causes no symptoms and is found when a biopsy (removal of small pieces of breast tissue to be checked with a microscope) is done for another breast problem. […] Less often, duct ectasia may cause a nipple discharge, which is often sticky and thick. The nipple and nearby breast tissue may be tender and red, and the nipple may be pulled inward. Sometimes scar tissue around the abnormal duct causes a hard lump that may be confused with cancer. A mammogram and/or breast ultrasound may be done to learn more about the changed part of your breast. […] Duct ectasia does not increase your risk for breast cancer.

• #4 Duct ectasia | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia

  Duct ectasia is a benign (not cancer) breast condition, caused by normal breast changes that happen with age. […] Duct ectasia affects the breast ducts, the tubes that carry milk to the nipple. […] After examining your breasts, your GP is likely to refer you to a breast clinic, where you’ll be seen by specialist doctors or nurses. […] At the breast clinic most people will have a breast examination followed by one or more of the following tests: A mammogram (breast x-ray), An ultrasound scan (using sound waves to produce an image), A core biopsy of the breast (using a hollow needle to take a small sample of tissue to be looked at under a microscope several tissue samples may be taken at the same time), A fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the breast (using a fine needle and syringe to take a sample of cells to be looked at under a microscope).

• #5 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia, often referred to simply as duct ectasia, is a frequently misunderstood and usually overlooked condition that primarily afflicts mature women, typically around the time of menopause. […] Despite its prevalence, an alarming number of women aren’t aware of the condition, making it all the more important to shed light on this often-neglected healthcare topic. […] Understanding these risk factors could help shine a light on preventative approaches and possible treatment pathways for this condition. Additionally, complications such as mammary gland inflammation may arise, underscoring the importance of early detection and management of duct ectasia. […] When diagnosing duct ectasia, healthcare providers follow a thorough process: Clinical Breast Examination: Initially, healthcare providers conduct a clinical breast examination to check for abnormalities like lumps or nipple discharge.

• #6 Mammary duct ectasia: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325672

  Mammary duct ectasia, or breast duct ectasia, occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked. […] The American Cancer Society advise that mammary duct ectasia is a noncancerous, or benign, condition that does not increase the risk of breast cancer. […] To diagnose mammary duct ectasia, a doctor will ask questions about a persons symptoms and review their medical history. They will usually also perform a breast exam. […] The doctor may then recommend one or more of the following tests: a mammogram, which is an X-ray of the breast; an ultrasound scan of the breast tissue; a biopsy, in which the doctor takes a sample of breast tissue using a thin needle and sends it to a laboratory for examination under a microscope; analyzing a sample of nipple discharge, especially if it contains blood. […] The symptoms of mammary duct ectasia can be similar to some of those of breast cancer, so it is important for people to see a doctor for a breast examination.

• #7 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/breast/mammaryductectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign condition where there is dilation of the large ducts in the breasts. Ectasia means dilation. There is inflammation in the ducts, leading to intermittent discharge from the nipple. The discharge may be white, grey or green. […] Mammary duct ectasia may present with: Nipple discharge, Tenderness or pain, Nipple retraction or inversion, A breast lump (pressure on the lump may produce nipple discharge). […] It may be picked up incidentally on a mammogram, leading to further assessment and investigations. […] The initial priority is to exclude breast cancer, as they can present in similar ways. This involves triple assessment with: Clinical assessment (history and examination), Imaging (ultrasound, mammography and MRI), Histology (fine needle aspiration or core biopsy).

• #8 Mammary Duct Ectasia and Periductal Mastitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mammary-duct-ectasia-and-periductal-mastitis

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign breast disease that can mimic invasive carcinoma clinically. The process that causes the mammary duct ectasia is still being debated but histologically it is characterised by dilation of major ducts in the subareolar region. The breast ducts contain eosinophilic granular secretions and foamy histiocytes. The secretions may undergo calcification and this may be the presenting sign. […] Imaging will be required. There are no solid guidelines about which clinical or radiological features accurately distinguish malignancies from lesions with a benign aetiology. Non-invasive methods are preferable. – and breast ultrasound enables the visualisation of the ductal structure and intraductal causes of pathological nipple discharge, and facilitates a subsequent imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy. Higher resolutions and the introduction of Doppler facilitate the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Follow-up with regular mammography is recommended. […] A mammogram is a useful screening tool, particularly in older women. It is especially sensitive in picking up microcalcification and should be performed whenever complicated, malignant and uncommon forms of mastitis are suspected.

• #9 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia represents a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of the mammary ducts. The diagnosis can be clinically challenging due to its complex and diversified symptoms, but also because in some cases it can mimic breast cancer. […] Therefore, a proper approach is to employ imaging methods to establish a diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia primarily mammography, galactography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. […] On mammography (which provides X-ray images of the breast), mammary duct ectasia is seen as one or more tubular structures that are oriented to the nipple. […] Non-calcifying mammary duct ectasia in women with nipple discharge is better evaluated by galactography, which is a technique that uses a retrograde injection of water-soluble radiopaque contrast into the breast duct system.

• #10 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of mammary duct ectasia and highlights the main role of the caring physician to exclude breast malignancy and the role of interprofessional teamwork to provide an individualized best treatment option for this condition. […] It describes the typical imaging findings associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] The clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia overlap with another benign inflammatory condition known as periductal mastitis, a condition that occurs at the nipple-areola complex […] The diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound study. […] A biopsy examination must be done to exclude carcinoma in these cases. […] Imaging assessments can include bilateral mammography, ultrasound examination, CT, MRI, and occasionally others such as galactograms or the recently introduced duct endoscopy.

• #11 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammography may not be needed to make the diagnosis of MDE. […] Breast ultrasound is indicated in all cases of nipple discharge. […] MDE is diagnosed when the duct is more than 3 mm in diameter and smooth-walled without ductal filling defects. […] NDC smears are commonly obtained in cases of pathologic nipple discharge, and they may provide useful diagnostic information. […] For patients who present with pathologic nipple discharge, FDS is a more recent option to investigate the underlying cause of the discharge. […] The main role when dealing with patients with MDE for the general or breast surgeon is not to miss breast malignancy.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Ultrasound is quickly entering the clinical practice as the new reference method for evaluation of suspected mammary duct ectasia and other ductal diseases. […] Similarly, magnetic resonance technology has become entrenched as a diagnostic standard for mammary diseases. […] Cytology is a useful option when clinicians are confronted with a nipple discharge of unknown origin. If mammary duct ectasia is the underlying cause, cytological findings usually encompass isolated and scattered epithelial cells, amorphous material, scarce macrophages, and some red blood cells. […] The most important finding is that final diagnosis is negative for malignancy.

• #13 Atlas of breast cancer early detection

  https://screening.iarc.fr/atlasbreastdetail.php?Index=087&e=

  The ability of breast ultrasound to detect mammary duct changes has good specificity and sensitivity and can be used for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the causes of duct changes. […] It is important to detail duct changes when performing a targeted diagnostic or screening ultrasound to differentiate between benign and malignant causes of duct dilatation. […] Mammary duct ectasia is common in women aged 5060 years who are in the perimenopausal period. Normal breast ducts measure 2.53 mm in diameter with no solid intraductal lesion and no associated breast mass. The presenting symptoms are nipple discharge, nipple retraction, and breast pain or tenderness. […] Duct changes may be seen as an associated feature of breast malignancy. The common appearances on breast ultrasound are dilated ducts seen along a mass that has the morphological features of malignancy. A mass lesion and a dilated duct from the nipple to the mass indicates the site of origin of the duct carcinoma along the ductal epithelium. These are diagnostic features and confirm a radiopathological diagnosis.

• #14 Breast Ductal Anatomy and Function – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/breast-ductal-anatomy-and-function

  Breast duct ectasia, also sometimes known has plasma cell mastitis, is a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of multiple ducts. Although the exact etiology is unclear, it is likely secondary to chronic inflammation or fibrotic changes within the breast. It predominantly affects women older in age. […] Radiology plays a crucial role in the evaluation and diagnosis of ductal ectasia, allowing for differentiation from other breast pathologies. […] Mammographic features include: Sub-areolar linear or branching opacities which may be accompanied by rod-like calcifications. […] Ultrasound features include: Hypoechoic tubular structures measuring larger than 2 mm in diameter or 3 mm in diameter at the ampulla. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features include: Duct ectasia often presents as dilated tubular structures in a specific converging pattern towards the nipple, most often without contrast enhancement on MRI.

• #15 Mammary duct ectasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dilatation of the terminal (subareolar) lactiferous ducts, with a peak incidence in women between 4050 years of age. […] The diagnostic workup is based on the age-appropriate evaluation for pathological nipple discharge and/or a palpable breast mass. A biopsy may be required if imaging is inconclusive or depicts features concerning for malignancy. […] Pathological nipple discharge and/or palpable breast mass: Perform age-appropriate breast imaging. […] Imaging findings concerning for malignancy: biopsy. […] Breast ultrasound: dilated subareolar ducts. […] Mammography: dilated, tortuous subareolar ducts, branching calcifications. […] Periductal inflammation and/or fibrosis. […] The ductal lumens may be obliterated or filled with inspissated secretions and inflammatory cells. […] Foamy histiocytes are characteristically present within the inflammatory infiltrate.

• #16 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  This study was designed to investigate differences in ultrasonographic findings between malignant and benign mammary duct ectasia. […] The US findings were correlated with the pathological features. […] On US images, the peripheral ductal location, an ill-defined margin, ductal wall thickening and a hypoechoic change of the surrounding parenchyma were features significantly associated with malignant duct ectasia. […] For ill-defined peripheral duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and surrounding hypoechogenicity as depicted on US, the possibility of malignancy should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy. […] Based on our results, in contrast to benign lesions, most malignant duct ectasia lesions involved the peripheral ducts and the margin of duct ectasia lesions was ill-defined.

• #17 Mammary duct ectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mammary-duct-ectasia?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes. […] Ductal ectasia is often asymptomatic, especially when benign. However, patients with ductal ectasia may present with nonspecific breast symptoms: nipple discharge, nipple retraction, pain/tenderness, palpable mass. […] Benign duct ectasia is characterized by chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes. […] Intraductal malignancy can also cause duct ectasia. […] Most treatments are aimed at symptom relief and excluding more malicious pathologies. If there is a mastitis element, antibiotics may be considered. […] A unilateral (asymmetric) mammographic finding of duct ectasia without demonstrated stability on prior studies warrants further evaluation with ultrasound. Features that on ultrasound should raise suspicion for malignancy include nonsubareolar location, hypoechoic intraluminal contents, ductal wall irregularity or indistinctness, or solid parenchymal mass. […] A solitary dilated duct, a rare type of asymmetric duct ectasia, is suspicious for malignancy and biopsy should be considered.

• #18 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  From our results, the most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions. […] In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogenicity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #19 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1036201

  This study was designed to investigate differences in ultrasonographic findings between malignant and benign mammary duct ectasia. […] On US images, the peripheral ductal location, an ill-defined margin, ductal wall thickening and a hypoechoic change of the surrounding parenchyma were features significantly associated with malignant duct ectasia. […] For ill-defined peripheral duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and surrounding hypoechogenicity as depicted on US, the possibility of malignancy should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy. […] Based on our results, in contrast to benign lesions, most malignant duct ectasia lesions involved the peripheral ducts and the margin of duct ectasia lesions was ill-defined. […] From our results, the most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions.

• #20 Mammary duct ectasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374806

  Based on information you provide to your doctor and the results of a physical exam, you might need additional tests, including: […] Diagnostic ultrasound of the nipple and areola. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of breast tissue. It allows your doctor to evaluate the milk ducts beneath your nipple. A diagnostic ultrasound lets your doctor focus on an area of suspicion. […] Diagnostic mammography. Mammography provides X-ray images of your breast and can help your doctor evaluate your breast tissue. A diagnostic mammogram provides more-detailed views of a specific area of your breast than a screening mammogram does.

• #21 Breast Cancer Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://drandyhiggins.com/breast-cancer-types-symptoms-treatments/

  Mammary duct ectasia is also known as duct ectasia or periductal mastitis. […] Diagnosis: Depending on the symptoms you present, testing by ultrasound or mammography may be indicated.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia represents a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of the mammary ducts. The diagnosis can be clinically challenging due to its complex and diversified symptoms, but also because in some cases it can mimic breast cancer. […] Therefore, a proper approach is to employ imaging methods to establish a diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia primarily mammography, galactography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. […] On mammography (which provides X-ray images of the breast), mammary duct ectasia is seen as one or more tubular structures that are oriented to the nipple. […] Non-calcifying mammary duct ectasia in women with nipple discharge is better evaluated by galactography, which is a technique that uses a retrograde injection of water-soluble radiopaque contrast into the breast duct system.

• #23 Mammary duct ectasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dilatation of the terminal (subareolar) lactiferous ducts, with a peak incidence in women between 4050 years of age. […] The diagnostic workup is based on the age-appropriate evaluation for pathological nipple discharge and/or a palpable breast mass. A biopsy may be required if imaging is inconclusive or depicts features concerning for malignancy. […] Pathological nipple discharge and/or palpable breast mass: Perform age-appropriate breast imaging. […] Imaging findings concerning for malignancy: biopsy. […] Breast ultrasound: dilated subareolar ducts. […] Mammography: dilated, tortuous subareolar ducts, branching calcifications. […] Periductal inflammation and/or fibrosis. […] The ductal lumens may be obliterated or filled with inspissated secretions and inflammatory cells. […] Foamy histiocytes are characteristically present within the inflammatory infiltrate.

• #24 Breast Ductal Anatomy and Function – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/breast-ductal-anatomy-and-function

  Breast duct ectasia, also sometimes known has plasma cell mastitis, is a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of multiple ducts. Although the exact etiology is unclear, it is likely secondary to chronic inflammation or fibrotic changes within the breast. It predominantly affects women older in age. […] Radiology plays a crucial role in the evaluation and diagnosis of ductal ectasia, allowing for differentiation from other breast pathologies. […] Mammographic features include: Sub-areolar linear or branching opacities which may be accompanied by rod-like calcifications. […] Ultrasound features include: Hypoechoic tubular structures measuring larger than 2 mm in diameter or 3 mm in diameter at the ampulla. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features include: Duct ectasia often presents as dilated tubular structures in a specific converging pattern towards the nipple, most often without contrast enhancement on MRI.

• #25 Duct ectasia in bilateral accessory and unilateral normally located breast: a case report – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.24911/ejmcr/2/9

  Duct ectasia is, however, a rare occurrence in accessory breast and only a few cases have been previously reported. […] A 38-year-old female, presented with marked and extensive duct ectasia involving almost whole of the right breast parenchyma and bilateral accessory axillary breasts with infrequently observed findings on mammography and ultrasonography. […] This case report highlights the imaging features of duct ectasia involving the accessory axillary breasts which is a rare occurrence. Awareness of imaging features of this entity may help in early diagnosis to allow adequate management, and also, to prevent its complications like the formation of abscesses and fistulae. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical; however, imaging is required for proper evaluation of the disease process. Mammographic appearance of duct ectasia depends upon the overall density of breast parenchyma and the degree of dilatation of ducts. On mammography, the ectatic ducts appear as dense serpentine tubular structures converging towards the nipple.

• #26 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammography may not be needed to make the diagnosis of MDE. […] Breast ultrasound is indicated in all cases of nipple discharge. […] MDE is diagnosed when the duct is more than 3 mm in diameter and smooth-walled without ductal filling defects. […] NDC smears are commonly obtained in cases of pathologic nipple discharge, and they may provide useful diagnostic information. […] For patients who present with pathologic nipple discharge, FDS is a more recent option to investigate the underlying cause of the discharge. […] The main role when dealing with patients with MDE for the general or breast surgeon is not to miss breast malignancy.

• #27 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of mammary duct ectasia and highlights the main role of the caring physician to exclude breast malignancy and the role of interprofessional teamwork to provide an individualized best treatment option for this condition. […] It describes the typical imaging findings associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] The clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia overlap with another benign inflammatory condition known as periductal mastitis, a condition that occurs at the nipple-areola complex […] The diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound study. […] A biopsy examination must be done to exclude carcinoma in these cases. […] Imaging assessments can include bilateral mammography, ultrasound examination, CT, MRI, and occasionally others such as galactograms or the recently introduced duct endoscopy.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Ultrasound is quickly entering the clinical practice as the new reference method for evaluation of suspected mammary duct ectasia and other ductal diseases. […] Similarly, magnetic resonance technology has become entrenched as a diagnostic standard for mammary diseases. […] Cytology is a useful option when clinicians are confronted with a nipple discharge of unknown origin. If mammary duct ectasia is the underlying cause, cytological findings usually encompass isolated and scattered epithelial cells, amorphous material, scarce macrophages, and some red blood cells. […] The most important finding is that final diagnosis is negative for malignancy.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia represents a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of the mammary ducts. The diagnosis can be clinically challenging due to its complex and diversified symptoms, but also because in some cases it can mimic breast cancer. […] Therefore, a proper approach is to employ imaging methods to establish a diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia primarily mammography, galactography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. […] On mammography (which provides X-ray images of the breast), mammary duct ectasia is seen as one or more tubular structures that are oriented to the nipple. […] Non-calcifying mammary duct ectasia in women with nipple discharge is better evaluated by galactography, which is a technique that uses a retrograde injection of water-soluble radiopaque contrast into the breast duct system.

• #30 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/breast/mammaryductectasia/

  Microcalcifications are a key finding to remember on a mammogram, although they are not specific to mammary duct ectasia. […] Other investigations that may be performed: Ductography – contrast is injected into an abnormal duct, and mammograms are performed to visualise the duct, Nipple discharge cytology – examining the cells in a sample of the nipple discharge, Ductoscopy – inserting a tiny endoscope (camera) into the duct.

• #31 Breast Ductal Anatomy and Function – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/breast-ductal-anatomy-and-function

  Breast duct ectasia, also sometimes known has plasma cell mastitis, is a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of multiple ducts. Although the exact etiology is unclear, it is likely secondary to chronic inflammation or fibrotic changes within the breast. It predominantly affects women older in age. […] Radiology plays a crucial role in the evaluation and diagnosis of ductal ectasia, allowing for differentiation from other breast pathologies. […] Mammographic features include: Sub-areolar linear or branching opacities which may be accompanied by rod-like calcifications. […] Ultrasound features include: Hypoechoic tubular structures measuring larger than 2 mm in diameter or 3 mm in diameter at the ampulla. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features include: Duct ectasia often presents as dilated tubular structures in a specific converging pattern towards the nipple, most often without contrast enhancement on MRI.

• #32 Diagnostic evaluations of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in mammary duct ectasia and breast cancer

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2017.7514

  In addition, there were significant diagnostic differences in US and MRI between breast cancer and MDE, including resistance index, US elastography, time-signal intensity curve, apparent diffusion coefficient, early-stage enhancement ratio, peak-of-enhancement ratio and T peak. […] The difference in morphological features on US between MDE and breast cancer was significant. […] The RI and elastography score are useful in the differential diagnosis between breast cancer and MDE. […] The present study revealed that the morphology features, including aspect ratio, border, shape and microcalcification were significantly increased in breast cancer compared with MDE. […] The present study did not identify any significant differences in the diagnostic efficiency of MDE and breast cancer with US, MRI and US with MRI, which suggested that these three methods were equally efficient.

• #33 Mammary Duct Ectasia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Fiberoductoscopy is a newer method that allows doctors to directly look into the ducts using a tiny scope. […] The types of tests that are needed for Mammary Duct Ectasia include: – Physical check-up – Medical imaging tests such as mammogram, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, galactogram, and duct endoscopy – Needle biopsy to take a small tissue sample from the breast – Nipple Discharge Cytology (NDC) to examine the cells in the nipple discharge – Fiberoductoscopy to directly look into the ducts using a tiny scope. […] Mammary Duct Ectasia (MDE) is treated by relieving symptoms and ruling out more severe diseases. […] Routine biopsy may not be required, but it can be considered based on the patient’s individual risk factors.

• #34 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/breast/mammaryductectasia/

  Microcalcifications are a key finding to remember on a mammogram, although they are not specific to mammary duct ectasia. […] Other investigations that may be performed: Ductography – contrast is injected into an abnormal duct, and mammograms are performed to visualise the duct, Nipple discharge cytology – examining the cells in a sample of the nipple discharge, Ductoscopy – inserting a tiny endoscope (camera) into the duct.

• #35 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of mammary duct ectasia and highlights the main role of the caring physician to exclude breast malignancy and the role of interprofessional teamwork to provide an individualized best treatment option for this condition. […] It describes the typical imaging findings associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] The clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia overlap with another benign inflammatory condition known as periductal mastitis, a condition that occurs at the nipple-areola complex […] The diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound study. […] A biopsy examination must be done to exclude carcinoma in these cases. […] Imaging assessments can include bilateral mammography, ultrasound examination, CT, MRI, and occasionally others such as galactograms or the recently introduced duct endoscopy.

• #36 Mammary duct ectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mammary-duct-ectasia?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes. […] Ductal ectasia is often asymptomatic, especially when benign. However, patients with ductal ectasia may present with nonspecific breast symptoms: nipple discharge, nipple retraction, pain/tenderness, palpable mass. […] Benign duct ectasia is characterized by chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes. […] Intraductal malignancy can also cause duct ectasia. […] Most treatments are aimed at symptom relief and excluding more malicious pathologies. If there is a mastitis element, antibiotics may be considered. […] A unilateral (asymmetric) mammographic finding of duct ectasia without demonstrated stability on prior studies warrants further evaluation with ultrasound. Features that on ultrasound should raise suspicion for malignancy include nonsubareolar location, hypoechoic intraluminal contents, ductal wall irregularity or indistinctness, or solid parenchymal mass. […] A solitary dilated duct, a rare type of asymmetric duct ectasia, is suspicious for malignancy and biopsy should be considered.

• #37 Duct ectasia | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia

  Duct ectasia is a benign (not cancer) breast condition, caused by normal breast changes that happen with age. […] Duct ectasia affects the breast ducts, the tubes that carry milk to the nipple. […] After examining your breasts, your GP is likely to refer you to a breast clinic, where you’ll be seen by specialist doctors or nurses. […] At the breast clinic most people will have a breast examination followed by one or more of the following tests: A mammogram (breast x-ray), An ultrasound scan (using sound waves to produce an image), A core biopsy of the breast (using a hollow needle to take a small sample of tissue to be looked at under a microscope several tissue samples may be taken at the same time), A fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the breast (using a fine needle and syringe to take a sample of cells to be looked at under a microscope).

• #38 Duct Ectasia Treatment Dublin, IE | Abnormal Nipple Discharge Dublin | Breast Pain Ireland

  https://www.breastsurgeryireland.com/duct-ectasia-general-reconstructive-aesthetic-breast-surgery-dublin.html

  Duct ectasia, or mammary duct ectasia, is a benign or noncancerous breast condition in which one or more milk ducts (tubes that transfer milk to the nipple) become swollen and blocked. […] In order to diagnose duct ectasia, your doctor may perform the following: A review of your medical history to check for any previous history of breast conditions, A clinical breast examination to check for any lumps and other problems, such as nipple discharge or changes in the appearance of the breasts, Mammogram an X-ray examination of the breast to check for subtle changes not detected during a physical exam, Ultrasound scan use of high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of breast tissue for detailed examination, Fine-needle aspiration use of fine needle and syringe to aspirate cell samples from the infected area for microscopic analysis, Core biopsy use of a needle to extract a sample of breast tissue from a suspicious area for microscopic analysis.

• #39 Mammary duct ectasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dilatation of the terminal (subareolar) lactiferous ducts, with a peak incidence in women between 4050 years of age. […] The diagnostic workup is based on the age-appropriate evaluation for pathological nipple discharge and/or a palpable breast mass. A biopsy may be required if imaging is inconclusive or depicts features concerning for malignancy. […] Pathological nipple discharge and/or palpable breast mass: Perform age-appropriate breast imaging. […] Imaging findings concerning for malignancy: biopsy. […] Breast ultrasound: dilated subareolar ducts. […] Mammography: dilated, tortuous subareolar ducts, branching calcifications. […] Periductal inflammation and/or fibrosis. […] The ductal lumens may be obliterated or filled with inspissated secretions and inflammatory cells. […] Foamy histiocytes are characteristically present within the inflammatory infiltrate.

• #40 What Is Mammary Duct Ectasia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  3. Histopathology The breast tissue sample from the lesion via duct biopsy or excision is used to confirm the MDE diagnosis. It is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. The changes observed are: Duct dilation. Foamy histiocytes (Cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, seen in infections often). Granulation tissue (it is the new tissue formed during wound healing). Inflammation. Fibrosis (it is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue due to injury or chronic inflammation). […] Patients may report asymptomatically with MDE that was detected accidentally while evaluating another breast symptom or screening examinations. This emphasizes the need for duct ectasia detection even in patients with no obvious symptoms. No single finding is adequate to make a diagnosis of MDE. The clinical presentation can be variable and imaging alone cannot distinguish it reliably from benign conditions like papillomas or even malignancy in some cases. […] Hence it is necessary to take an interdisciplinary approach correlating the clinical exam and appropriate imaging to identify a suspected case of MDE.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia represents a benign condition characterized by the dilatation of the mammary ducts. The diagnosis can be clinically challenging due to its complex and diversified symptoms, but also because in some cases it can mimic breast cancer. […] Therefore, a proper approach is to employ imaging methods to establish a diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia primarily mammography, galactography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. […] On mammography (which provides X-ray images of the breast), mammary duct ectasia is seen as one or more tubular structures that are oriented to the nipple. […] Non-calcifying mammary duct ectasia in women with nipple discharge is better evaluated by galactography, which is a technique that uses a retrograde injection of water-soluble radiopaque contrast into the breast duct system.

• #42 Mammary duct ectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mammary-duct-ectasia?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes. […] Ductal ectasia is often asymptomatic, especially when benign. However, patients with ductal ectasia may present with nonspecific breast symptoms: nipple discharge, nipple retraction, pain/tenderness, palpable mass. […] Benign duct ectasia is characterized by chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes. […] Intraductal malignancy can also cause duct ectasia. […] Most treatments are aimed at symptom relief and excluding more malicious pathologies. If there is a mastitis element, antibiotics may be considered. […] A unilateral (asymmetric) mammographic finding of duct ectasia without demonstrated stability on prior studies warrants further evaluation with ultrasound. Features that on ultrasound should raise suspicion for malignancy include nonsubareolar location, hypoechoic intraluminal contents, ductal wall irregularity or indistinctness, or solid parenchymal mass. […] A solitary dilated duct, a rare type of asymmetric duct ectasia, is suspicious for malignancy and biopsy should be considered.

• #43 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of mammary duct ectasia and highlights the main role of the caring physician to exclude breast malignancy and the role of interprofessional teamwork to provide an individualized best treatment option for this condition. […] It describes the typical imaging findings associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] The clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia overlap with another benign inflammatory condition known as periductal mastitis, a condition that occurs at the nipple-areola complex […] The diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound study. […] A biopsy examination must be done to exclude carcinoma in these cases. […] Imaging assessments can include bilateral mammography, ultrasound examination, CT, MRI, and occasionally others such as galactograms or the recently introduced duct endoscopy.

• #44 Mammary duct ectasia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374801

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when one or more milk ducts beneath your nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken, and the duct may fill with fluid. The milk duct may become blocked or clogged with a thick, sticky substance. The condition often causes no symptoms, but some women may have nipple discharge, breast tenderness or inflammation of the clogged duct (periductal mastitis). […] If symptoms persist, you may need antibiotics or possibly surgery to remove the affected milk duct. […] Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice changes in your breasts such as a new breast lump, spontaneous nipple discharge, skin redness or inflammation, or an inverted nipple that are persistent or that worry you. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with:

• #45 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammography may not be needed to make the diagnosis of MDE. […] Breast ultrasound is indicated in all cases of nipple discharge. […] MDE is diagnosed when the duct is more than 3 mm in diameter and smooth-walled without ductal filling defects. […] NDC smears are commonly obtained in cases of pathologic nipple discharge, and they may provide useful diagnostic information. […] For patients who present with pathologic nipple discharge, FDS is a more recent option to investigate the underlying cause of the discharge. […] The main role when dealing with patients with MDE for the general or breast surgeon is not to miss breast malignancy.

• #46 Mammary duct ectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mammary-duct-ectasia?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes. […] Ductal ectasia is often asymptomatic, especially when benign. However, patients with ductal ectasia may present with nonspecific breast symptoms: nipple discharge, nipple retraction, pain/tenderness, palpable mass. […] Benign duct ectasia is characterized by chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes. […] Intraductal malignancy can also cause duct ectasia. […] Most treatments are aimed at symptom relief and excluding more malicious pathologies. If there is a mastitis element, antibiotics may be considered. […] A unilateral (asymmetric) mammographic finding of duct ectasia without demonstrated stability on prior studies warrants further evaluation with ultrasound. Features that on ultrasound should raise suspicion for malignancy include nonsubareolar location, hypoechoic intraluminal contents, ductal wall irregularity or indistinctness, or solid parenchymal mass. […] A solitary dilated duct, a rare type of asymmetric duct ectasia, is suspicious for malignancy and biopsy should be considered.

• #47 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1036201

  In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogencity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #48 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  From our results, the most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions. […] In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogenicity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #49 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1036201

  In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogencity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #50 What Is Mammary Duct Ectasia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  3. Histopathology The breast tissue sample from the lesion via duct biopsy or excision is used to confirm the MDE diagnosis. It is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. The changes observed are: Duct dilation. Foamy histiocytes (Cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, seen in infections often). Granulation tissue (it is the new tissue formed during wound healing). Inflammation. Fibrosis (it is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue due to injury or chronic inflammation). […] Patients may report asymptomatically with MDE that was detected accidentally while evaluating another breast symptom or screening examinations. This emphasizes the need for duct ectasia detection even in patients with no obvious symptoms. No single finding is adequate to make a diagnosis of MDE. The clinical presentation can be variable and imaging alone cannot distinguish it reliably from benign conditions like papillomas or even malignancy in some cases. […] Hence it is necessary to take an interdisciplinary approach correlating the clinical exam and appropriate imaging to identify a suspected case of MDE.

• #51

  http://www.journalononcology.org/articles/joo-v3-1112.html

  Thus clinical imaging assessment or even biopsy and histopathologic examination of the excised tissue are required to decide the differential diagnosis. […] Initial clinical evaluation of a thorough history inquiry and proper physical examination is required in all female patients who have suffered from non-lactational nipple discharge. […] The history inquiry has contained several factors related to prior medical conditions of patients with PND to define if there is a history or not that could have an impact on current clinical manifestations. […] The routine sonographic examination is a widespread technique in clinical imaging practice in the field of breast imaging, which is supplementary primarily to mammography. […] Mammography, as the front-line clinical diagnostic imaging modality for breast disorders usually followed by sonography/ ultrasound, is still practically recommended as a crucial instrument of starting-point investigation and diagnosis for patients with PND to rule out the malignant possibility of breast lesions.

• #52 Breast Pain, Palpable Mass, and a Perplexing Diagnosis | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v3n7/suhani-breast-pain-perplexing/

  A mammogram revealed asymmetry in the UOQ of the right breast. […] Ultrasound showed dilated ducts having echogenic circumscribed echogenic masses with no internal vascularity. […] A diagnosis of duct ectasia with periductal mastitis was made. […] A bilateral mammogram with sonographic assessment was used to complete the triple assessment. […] Ultrasound depicted normal fibro-glandular tissue with duct ectasia in the axillary tail region. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical in classical DE. […] Histopathology confirms the diagnosis and depicts an absence of epithelial proliferation with atrophy of involved ducts and surrounding chronic inflammatory infiltrate, which demarcates the duct from surrounding fatty stroma. […] In case of discordance between clinical, radiological, and pathological findings, an appropriately planned surgical excision helps in proper diagnosis and management. […] It emphasizes the importance of triple assessment of breast lesions and the relevance of an appropriately planned surgical excision in case of an inability to make a satisfactory diagnosis after relevant investigation.

• #53

  https://www.skh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/duct-ectasia

  Diagnosis of duct ectasia is based on clinical breast examination with ultrasound of the nipple and areola, and mammograms. […] The treatment of duct ectasia is largely symptomatic but antibiotics and analgesics may be needed.

• #54 Mammary ducts ectasia | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/mammary-ducts-ectasia/

  It is a breast condition caused by the thickening or widening of the walls of one or more breast ducts below the nipple, which can fill with fluid and cause sensitivity, inflammation of the breasts, and discharge from the nipple. […] The doctor will analyze your symptoms and medical history, perform a physical examination, and request various tests, including: Ultrasound of the nipple and areola. Mammogram. […] Usually, mammary duct ectasia does not require any treatment or, it can be established based on your symptoms, so you may require: Painkillers. Antibiotics. Hot packs. Surgery.

• #55 Duct ectasia | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia

  If you have nipple discharge that’s bloodstained, this may also be tested. […] Having duct ectasia does not increase your risk of developing breast cancer in the future. […] It’s important to go back to your GP if you notice any changes in your breasts, no matter how soon after your diagnosis of duct ectasia.

• #56

  https://www.ndcs.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/duct-ectasia

  Diagnosis of duct ectasia is based on clinical breast examination with ultrasound of the nipple and areola, and mammograms. […] Duct ectasia does not increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #57 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  To rule out conditions like breast cancer, further tests may be recommended: Mammography, Ultrasounds, Biopsy for closer examination of breast tissue. […] Upon diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia, the focus shifts to managing symptoms and ensuring patient comfort. […] Here’s an overview of treatment options: Lifestyle Adjustments: Lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, adopting healthier dietary habits, and regular exercise can aid in managing symptoms. […] Regardless of the chosen approach, the goal of duct ectasia treatment is to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure the patient’s overall health and well-being. […] Early detection plays a vital role in minimizing complications and ensuring the most effective management of this condition. Knowing the signs, such as unusual nipple discharge, breast discomfort, or visible nipple changes, is the first step towards proactive healthcare. […] Indeed, the significance of mammary duct ectasia lies in the valuable lesson it provides us – that being proactive about our breast health and ensuring timely medical consultation can effectively manage potential health concerns.

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