Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557665/

  The exact incidence of this abnormality is unknown. It is mainly seen in perimenopausal women 45 to 55, but it has rarely been reported in infants, teenagers, and the male breast. It is more common in smokers and those with congenital nipple inversions or malformations as well. […] Mammary duct ectasia is like many other benign diseases that have low morbidity and without mortality. It is not adequately researched. The medical literature solely relies on sporadic case reports and case series studies regarding investigations and management. […] The main role when dealing with patients with MDE for the general or breast surgeon is not to miss breast malignancy.

• #2 Mammary Duct Ectasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24701

  The exact incidence of this abnormality is unknown. It is mainly seen in perimenopausal women 45 to 55, but it has rarely been reported in infants, teenagers, and the male breast. It is more common in smokers and those with congenital nipple inversions or malformations as well.[2][3] […] Mammary duct ectasia is like many other benign diseases that have low morbidity and without mortality. It is not adequately researched. The medical literature solely relies on sporadic case reports and case series studies regarding investigations and management. […] The treatment outcome is mainly related to the chronicity and severity of the disease. Generally, the prognosis remains good by the fact that MDE is a benign disease with no increased risk of malignancy.

• #3 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  Mammary ductal ectasia (MDE) is an inflammatory breast disease with the pathological characteristics of dilation of the major ducts associated with intraluminal plugs of histiocytes and periductal inflammation. The frequency of MDE may range from 1.1% to 75%, according to the diagnostic method used, which might be clinical, histopathological or necropsy-based. MDE typically occurs in females undergoing menopause, but can also occur in younger females, males and infants. The disease usually affects mammary ducts that are large or medium in size, and is one of the most prevalent causes of bloody nipple discharge and sub-areolar masses, radiologically and clinically mimicking invasive carcinoma. The treatment of MDE is usually conservative. Biopsy is often required if the signs and symptoms of ectasia do not disappear or indicate a tumor. When severe, duct ectasia may require repeated surgical treatments and occasionally, mastectomy. The etiology and pathogenesis of MDE have not been defined. One previous study described an association between the abnormal secretion of prolactin and MDE.

• #4 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in the Setting of Mammary Duct Ectasia

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/invasive-ductal-carcinoma-in-the-setting-of-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is a condition occurring in 2.9-8% of the population. […] A study by Frantz in 1951, looked at autopsies of subjects with normal breasts, and found mammary duct ectasia to be prevalent in approximately 25% of cases. […] Further studies based on mammographic imaging and subsequent biopsies of suspicious lesions have suggested a prevalence of 2.9-8%. […] Although duct ectasia is rarely malignant, if a patient present with bloody nipple discharge, further investigation, including surgical intervention, is warranted. In 2011 a British study evaluating the incidence of breast cancer in women with spontaneous blood stained nipple discharge revealed that 10.2% of women were found to have malignant lesions on surgical excision. […] According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, patients who present with nipple discharge should undergo mammography, with subsequent workup or intervention based on the findings.

• #5 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in the Setting of Mammary Duct Ectasia

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/invasive-ductal-carcinoma-in-the-setting-of-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is a condition occurring in 2.9-8% of the population. […] A study by Frantz in 1951, looked at autopsies of subjects with normal breasts, and found mammary duct ectasia to be prevalent in approximately 25% of cases. […] Further studies based on mammographic imaging and subsequent biopsies of suspicious lesions have suggested a prevalence of 2.9-8%. […] Although duct ectasia is rarely malignant, if a patient present with bloody nipple discharge, further investigation, including surgical intervention, is warranted. In 2011 a British study evaluating the incidence of breast cancer in women with spontaneous blood stained nipple discharge revealed that 10.2% of women were found to have malignant lesions on surgical excision. […] According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, patients who present with nipple discharge should undergo mammography, with subsequent workup or intervention based on the findings.

• #6 Mammary duct ectasia in dogs: 51 cases (1992–1999) in: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Volume 218 Issue 8 ()

  https://avmajournals.avma.org/abstract/journals/javma/218/8/javma.2001.218.1303.xml

  Duct ectasia was the primary diagnosis in 51 of 1,825 (2.8%) mammary biopsy specimens and comprised 48% of nonneoplastic mammary diseases. […] Duct ectasia affected mature, sexually intact and spayed female dogs over a wide age range. […] Increased risk for mammary neoplasia was not evident. […] Duct ectasia should be considered as a cause for mammary enlargement, especially in young dogs or when its cystic nature is evident.

• #7 Mammary duct ectasia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374801

  Mammary duct ectasia most often occurs in women during perimenopause around age 45 to 55 years but it can happen after menopause, too. […] Though it’s normal to worry about any changes in your breasts, mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis aren’t risk factors for breast cancer. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. […] Having a history of mammary duct ectasia doesn’t increase your risk of breast cancer.

• #8 Mammary duct ectasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dilatation of the terminal (subareolar) lactiferous ducts, with a peak incidence in women between 4050 years of age. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Most common in perimenopausal women. […] Peak incidence: 4050 years.

• #9 Mammary duct ectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mammary-duct-ectasia?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  It is more common in females in an age group of 50-60 years (i.e. postmenopausal). It is very rarely seen in males. It can occasionally be seen in children. […] Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes.

• #10 Mammary Duct Ectasia and Periductal Mastitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mammary-duct-ectasia-and-periductal-mastitis

  Mammary duct ectasia is said to affect primarily perimenopausal parous women but can occasionally occur in children and (rarely) men. […] However, a 2021 UK study found mammary duct ectasia to be a common complaint in younger females (mean age 35 years), and those who were overweight/obese, married, had a history of lactation and heavy coffee consumption. […] Follow-up with regular mammography is recommended.

• #11 :: astr.or.kr :: Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research

  https://astr.or.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4174/astr.2014.86.3.165

  Mammary duct ectasia is a rare disease in children and often presents as a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge. […] Mammary duct ectasia is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in children; however, its etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear. […] According to a recent review of 23 cases of mammary duct ectasia in children, there is a 10:4 ratio of males to females, and the average age is 38 months. […] Mammary duct ectasia with bloody nipple discharge has been reported to resolve spontaneously within 3-9 months. […] Therefore, invasive therapy for a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge in a child should be considered carefully because it might damage the normal, developing bud tissue. Although the optimal duration of follow-up and timing of surgical excision have not yet been established, conservative therapy coupled with relief for parental anxiety should be considered first when a child presents with a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge.

• #12 :: astr.or.kr :: Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research

  https://www.astr.or.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4174/astr.2014.86.3.165

  Mammary duct ectasia is a rare disease in children and often presents as a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge. […] Mammary duct ectasia is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in children; however, its etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear. […] The pathogenesis and etiology of mammary duct ectasia with bloody nipple discharge are unclear. […] According to a recent review of 23 cases of mammary duct ectasia in children, there is a 10:4 ratio of males to females, and the average age is 38 months. […] Mammary duct ectasia with bloody nipple discharge has been reported to resolve spontaneously within 3-9 months. […] Therefore, invasive therapy for a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge in a child should be considered carefully because it might damage the normal, developing bud tissue. […] Although the optimal duration of follow-up and timing of surgical excision have not yet been established, conservative therapy coupled with relief for parental anxiety should be considered first when a child presents with a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge.

• #13 Mammary duct ectasia: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325672

  Mammary duct ectasia is most common in people who are close to or have already gone through menopause. This condition typically affects females, but there are very rare cases of it developing in males. […] The American Cancer Society advise that mammary duct ectasia is a noncancerous, or benign, condition that does not increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Although mammary duct ectasia is a benign condition, and its symptoms often resolve without treatment, it is better to be cautious when new breast symptoms appear. […] People who are overweight or have obesity may be more at risk of mammary duct ectasia than those who are at a more healthful weight, according to a 2017 review. […] Smoking is a known risk factor for mammary duct ectasia. The results of a study from 2005 suggest that people who smoke are three times more likely to develop this condition than those who have quit smoking or never smoked. […] Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked and clogs up with fluid. It is not a serious condition and does not increase a persons risk of breast cancer.

• #14 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/breast/mammaryductectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs most frequently in perimenopausal women. Smoking is a significant risk factor. […] Mammary duct ectasia may resolve without any treatment. It is not associated with an increased risk of cancer.

• #15 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Age, specifically the phase of menopause, has emerged to be a crucial factor in the development of mammary duct ectasia. Menopause triggers hormonal changes in women, leading to the thinning of the mammary duct lining and the subsequent dilation or widening of the ducts. […] Studies increasingly find correlations between lifestyle, overall health, and the occurrence of breast duct ectasia. In this context, smoking has been found to be one of the most significant lifestyle factors. […] Upon diagnosis of mammary duct ectasia, the focus shifts to managing symptoms and ensuring patient comfort. […] Regardless of the chosen approach, the goal of duct ectasia treatment is to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure the patient’s overall health and well-being. […] Early detection plays a vital role in minimizing complications and ensuring the most effective management of this condition. Knowing the signs, such as unusual nipple discharge, breast discomfort, or visible nipple changes, is the first step towards proactive healthcare. […] Particularly for those identified with risk factors such as being of postmenopausal age or smokers, regular checks can serve as a preventive step.

• #16 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  One previous study described an association between abnormal prolactin secretion and MDE. Shousha et al also concluded that an association existed between certain hypothalamic/pituitary disorders, possibly associated with prolactin secretion and mammary duct ectasia development in postmenopausal patients.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2023/03000/duct_ectasia_of_bilateral_accessory_breast.8.aspx

  Monitoring and decreasing serum PRL levels may reduce the severity of the disease, shorten the course of treatment, reduce recurrence, and prevent and treat endocrine disorders associated with hyperprolactinemia. […] Ultrasonography is recommended as the optimal imaging modality for patients with suspected duct ectasia in the accessory breast. Diagnosis should be confirmed by pathological examination. […] Mammary duct ectasia rarely heals spontaneously and tends to recur. Currently, surgical resection is the most effective treatment for duct ectasia. […] This article reports the diagnosis and treatment of duct ectasia in the accessory breast and emphasizes the importance of evaluating patients to rule out hyperprolactinemia as it may be an important cause and association.

• #18 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  MDE is an inflammatory breast disease associated with inflammation and periductal fibrosis of varying degrees. The disease has also been known as comedomastitis, plasma cell mastitis and cholesterol granuloma. Duct dilatation is usually asymptomatic in the initial phases. When symptomatic, the most common clinical presentation is mammary secretion. In the majority of cases, no palpable abnormalities are present, however, in later stages, painful sub-areolar masses with associated skin retraction occur, which can be misdiagnosed as infiltrative carcinoma. The diagnosis of MDE is usually clinical. Mammography usually identifies irregular thickening of the sub-areolar breast tissue and microcalcifications, which can mimic a carcinoma. Ultrasonography allows the diagnosis and measurement of duct diameters of 5 mm. Ductography usually identifies ductal dilatation with multifocal luminal obstruction in a beaded pattern, but is limited as a diagnostic method for MDE. Histopathologically, the diagnosis requires the identification of peri-ductal inflammation. Circumferential deposits of lymphocytes, plasma cells or foamy histiocytes are usually found. The initial phase of MDE is characterized by the presence of dilatation of the duct terminals. Following this, the inflammatory process is replaced by fibrosis. The approach towards MDE is usually conservative. Duct ectasia occasionally improves without treatment or with the use of warm compresses and antibiotics. Biopsy is usually required if the signs and symptoms of ectasia do not disappear, and the abnormal duct can be removed surgically. Surgery is also reserved for cases associated with suspected malignant abnormalities. Duct excision usually provides good results for symptomatic duct ectasia. In its most severe form, duct ectasia may require repeated surgical treatments and occasionally, mastectomy.

• #19 Duct ectasia in an accessory breast successfully treated with a flap technique: a case report – Zhang – Journal of Thoracic DiseaseDuct ectasia in an accessory breast successfully treated with a flap technique: a case report

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/11157/html

  Duct ectasia is an unusual breast disorder that was described by Zuska in 1951. The condition is also called periductal mastitis, and the pathogenesis is still not clear. The commonest clinical presentation is nipple discharge and skin retraction with a palpable mass. As the disease progresses with more ducts and peripheral tissues, inflammatory changes such as mammary duct fistula and sub-areolar abscess may occur in some severe cases. […] MDE is usually managed conservatively, and surgical treatment can be a choice in some severe cases with duct fistula and extend inflammation. The diagnosis of MDE is usually clinical. MDE can manifest in various ways, such as nipple discharge, a deep breast mass, a sub-areolar abscess or a mammary duct fistula, that often respond to conservative therapy but recur later. The appearance of MDE during ultrasound depends on the stage of disease.

• #20

  http://www.journalononcology.org/articles/joo-v3-1112.html

  Duct ectasia is another of the most common benign causes of PND, representing approximately 14%- 33% of the cases […] Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is the second most common benign etiology causing PND, which can be present in 15% to 20% of the patients who have suffered from nipple discharge. […] Women over 50 could be most affected during the perimenopausal phase or postmenopausal period with indications of white, green, black, or grey-colored nipple discharge unilaterally or bilaterally, and even breast pain or tenderness. […] Given the cost efficiency and state-of-art techniques availability of Sono Vue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)-guided VABB, this project review has summarized the illustrative terminologies and diagnostic imaging techniques used in these methods. […] Nowadays, the techniques for diagnosing the incurrence of PND focus on mammography, routine sonographic examination and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS), mammary fiberoptic ductoscopy, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to find the most efficient and accurate diagnostic strategy for a better decision. […] MRI has been mostly recommended in recent studies as an emerging and preferred diagnosis instrument for screening high-risk patients with PND or detecting the primary origin of carcinoma.

• #21 Duct Ectasia of the Breast | Mammary Duct Ectasia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia.html

  Duct ectasia, also known as mammary duct ectasia, is a benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to become blocked and lead to fluid build-up. Its more common in women who are getting close to menopause. But it can happen at other ages, too. […] Duct ectasia does not increase your risk for breast cancer.

• #22

  https://www.kkh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/duct-ectasia

  Duct ectasia occurs mainly in perimenopausal women aged 40 to 50 years. […] Duct ectasia does not increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #23 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  Mammary duct ectasia is defined as a dilated duct larger than 2 mm in diameter or a dilated ampullary portion larger than 3 mm in diameter. […] Based on our results, in contrast to benign lesions, most malignant duct ectasia lesions involved the peripheral ducts and the margin of duct ectasia lesions was ill-defined. […] In our study, 15% of mammary duct ectasia lesions were malignant and three-quarters of the lesions were low grade DCIS. […] The most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions. […] In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogenicity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #24 Mammary Duct Ectasia Market – Global Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-mammary-duct-ectasia-market?srsltid=AfmBOop9ZZvf8ORD54TOuCVBTV2N2K_JDxSspFq5AJi-lplMpK9lSSO7

  Mammary duct ectasia refers to a benign non-proliferative breast disease and it affects the large duct system. The cause is considered to be a developmental ageing process that is generally characterized by convoluted weakened and elongated duct wall that presents with nipple discharge or palpable mass. […] The increase in the number of people suffering from mammary duct ectasia market across the globe acts as one of the major factors driving the growth of mammary duct ectasia market. […] Data Bridge Market Research analyses that the mammary duct ectasia market which was USD 2,876.63 million in 2022, is expected to reach upto USD 4,482.12 million by 2030, and is expected to undergo a CAGR of 5.70% during the forecast period. […] Hospitals dominates the end-user segment of the global mammary duct ectasia market due to presence of highly qualified physicians who can accurately diagnose and treat the condition.

• #25 Mammary Duct Ectasia Market – Global Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-mammary-duct-ectasia-market?srsltid=AfmBOop9ZZvf8ORD54TOuCVBTV2N2K_JDxSspFq5AJi-lplMpK9lSSO7

  Growing awareness among both healthcare professionals and the general public may lead to more cases being accurately diagnosed. […] As awareness increases, patients are likely to seek medical attention for symptoms related to mammary duct ectasia, contributing to the overall market growth. […] The mammary duct ectasia market is segmented on the basis of drug class, diagnosis, mode of administration, distribution channel and end-user. […] North America dominates the mammary duct ectasia market due to the quick adoption of advanced medicine within the region. […] Asia-Pacific is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period because of the developing health care infrastructure in the region.

• #26 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Garden Mammography Center in Lake Success / New Hyde Park

  https://www.gardenmammo.com/conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a condition characterized by the dilation and thickening of the ducts in the breast, often leading to a blockage. This can result in the accumulation of fluid and the potential for inflammation. While it is most commonly seen in women nearing menopause, it can occur at any age. […] Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing mammary duct ectasia. […] Regular follow-ups are essential for effective management and monitoring of the condition.

• #27 Bloody nipple discharge in an infant

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2010531009

  Therefore, unilateral and bilateral discharge managements differ. […] Finally, in light of the literature case reports of a benign and self-limited process, close clinical monitoring of neonates and infants with bilateral bloody nipple discharge is advisable to avoid unnecessary, invasive investigations, such as biopsy or surgery. […] However, because most reported cases of mammary duct ectasia resolved within 9 months, if the discharge does not resolve in 6 to 9 months, the physician should consider a pediatric surgical consultation, regardless of other findings.

• #28 Mammary Duct Ectasia: How Does it Impact Your Health?

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is most common in the perimenopause period between ages 45 and 55 years. It can also happen after menopause. […] Rest assured that mammary duct ectasia doesnt increase your risk for breast cancer or lead to breast cancer. […] Because mammary duct ectasia may not present with symptoms, it may be diagnosed during a breast exam for other concerns. […] Because mammary duct ectasia is benign, biopsy results may not reveal a problem.

• #29 Mammary Duct Ectasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17949-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is a breast condition that affects people approaching menopause. […] The condition is more common among women who are approaching menopause (around age 50 or older). It can also occur after menopause. […] Mammary duct ectasia results from inflammation (swelling). This inflammation causes a milk duct within your breast to widen and thicken. […] While the exact cause of this inflammation is unknown, researchers think that bacterial infection of the milk ducts make it more likely for a person to develop mammary duct ectasia. […] Mammary duct ectasia often resolves on its own with no treatment. […] If a bacterial infection causes your condition, your provider will prescribe antibiotic medications. […] If left untreated, a bacterial infection in your milk duct may cause more widespread infection and tissue damage.

• #30 Duct Ectasia of the Breast: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is the inflammation and thickening of milk ducts in the breasts. The condition is noncancerous and often resolves on its own. […] Though mammary duct ectasia (MDE) can occur at any age, it’s most common in females nearing menopause. […] MDE is most common in females 45 to 55 years old and nearing menopause or after it. On rare occasions, MDE happens at other ages and in males. […] MDE is not severe and usually resolves on its own. Also, the condition does not increase your risk of breast cancer. […] Complications are rare, but if you experience recurrent MDE, your doctor may discuss the possible removal of your affected mammary duct to prevent further issues.

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