Materiały źródłowe

• #1 mammary duct ectasia | pacs

  https://pacs.de/term/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes. […] Some publications use this term synonymously with periductal mastitis or plasma cell mastitis, while others suggest that they are distinct entities with a different pathogenesis. […] Benign duct ectasia is characterized by chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Inspissation of debris and secretions within the dilated ducts and later calcification of these ductal contents occurs. There is a known association between ductal ectasia and smoking. […] Intraductal malignancy can also cause duct ectasia.

• #2 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  Mammary duct ectasia is defined as a dilated duct larger than 2 mm in diameter or a dilated ampullary portion larger than 3 mm in diameter. Duct ectasia affects the major ducts in the subareolar region, but sometimes the smaller segmental ducts can be involved. Thick, unresorbed secretions and cellular debris may fill the distended ducts. Periductal fibrosis is found in association with an inflammatory infiltrates. Based on our results, in contrast to benign lesions, most malignant duct ectasia lesions involved the peripheral ducts and the margin of duct ectasia lesions was ill-defined. […] The cause of duct ectasia is not clear. Duct dilatation may be secondary to periductal inflammation where the ducts become patulous and the ducts are filled with unresorbed material and cellular debris.

• #3 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. The exact cause is still unknown, but it may be considered a developmental aging process characterized by elongated, convoluted, weakened duct wall that presents with nipple discharge or palpable mass. […] The exact cause of the disease process is still unclear, and some authors consider it a part of the aging process due to involutional changes of the fatty peri-ductal tissue, but this hypothesis cannot fully explain cases reported in children and young adults. […] The presumed pathogenesis is that the affected duct becomes dilated and tortuous due to breast involution or other factors accumulating granular debris with numerous lipid-laden macrophages. […] More studies on etiology and ultrastructural changes are required to give more information on changes leading to duct ectasia.

• #4 (PDF) Mammary Duct Ectasia: An Overview

  https://www.academia.edu/72439248/Mammary_Duct_Ectasia_An_Overview

  Mammary duct ectasia is considered as a benign condition of the mammary gland. Many theories analyses and summarized the disease regarding the pathogenesis. Firstly, the primary pathological process is due to be involutional and atrophy of the ducts. Other cause of dilation of the ducts, leading to the decrease or absent of secretion, inflammation and duct rupture. Secondly, the causative factor is inflammatory process with periductal inflammation followed by obliteration of ducts, sclerosis of duct and surrounding tissue and duct ectasia. […] The pathophysiology of mammary duct ectasia is unclear, and the differential diagnosis of other cystic masses with hemorrhage, such as complicated lymphangioma, is necessary. […] Mammary duct ectasia is described by persistent inflammation and changes of fibrosis which directs to blockage of debris within the mammary duct. Its characteristics imitate to that of invasive carcinoma.

• #5 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Mammary duct ectasia | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/fr/healtcare-library/con-20374787

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken and fill with fluid, becoming blocked or clogged with a sticky substance. Inflammation may result. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: […] Breast tissue changes due to aging. As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to a blocked milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. […] A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection.

• #6 Mammary duct ectasia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374801

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when one or more milk ducts beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken and fill with fluid, becoming blocked or clogged with a sticky substance. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: […] Breast tissue changes due to aging. As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to a blocked milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. […] Nipple inversion. A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that’s newly inverted could also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer.

• #7 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  It is uncertain if mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis (PDM) are to be considered as a single disease on a spectrum or as separate, distinct disease processes. […] A significant histological difference hinting these may be separate processes is that in MDE, there will be no epithelial proliferation near the opening of the duct, as opposed to PDM, where this is a cardinal feature. […] Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies of samples from patients with MDE have revealed some specific ultra-structural changes, such as denudation of the epithelial cells with focal loss of microvilli, which impairs duct clearance of the secretions.

• #8 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. The exact cause is still unknown, but it may be considered a developmental aging process characterized by elongated, convoluted, weakened duct wall that presents with nipple discharge or palpable mass. […] The presumed pathogenesis is that the affected duct becomes dilated and tortuous due to breast involution or other factors accumulating granular debris with numerous lipid-laden macrophages. A significant histological difference hinting these may be separate processes is that in MDE, there will be no epithelial proliferation near the opening of the duct, as opposed to PDM, where this is a cardinal feature. […] More studies on etiology and ultrastructural changes are required to give more information on changes leading to duct ectasia.

• #9 Atlas of breast cancer early detection

  https://screening.iarc.fr/atlasbreastdetail.php?Index=087&e=

  Mammary duct ectasia is common in women aged 5060 years who are in the perimenopausal period. […] The age-specific changes of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the involuting breasts lead to debris clogging the ducts, and this results in duct dilatation. […] Duct dilatation is not symmetrical in the two breasts of the same woman and is an evolving change seen in different ducts in both breasts through the transitional changes of involution.

• #10 Mammary Duct Ectasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24701

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is a non-proliferative inflammatory disorder of the large duct (milk duct) of the breast; as such, it affects the nipple and areola complex. […] The exact cause of the disease process is still unclear, and some authors consider it a part of the aging process due to involutional changes of the fatty peri-ductal tissue, but this hypothesis cannot fully explain cases reported in children and young adults. […] The presumed pathogenesis is that the affected duct becomes dilated and tortuous due to breast involution or other factors accumulating granular debris with numerous lipid-laden macrophages. […] A significant histological difference hinting these may be separate processes is that in MDE, there will be no epithelial proliferation near the opening of the duct, as opposed to PDM, where this is a cardinal feature.

• #11 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  Mammary ductal ectasia (MDE) is an inflammatory breast disease with the pathological characteristics of dilation of the major ducts associated with intraluminal plugs of histiocytes and periductal inflammation. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of MDE have not been defined. One previous study described an association between the abnormal secretion of prolactin and MDE. […] Two theories exist with regard to the pathogenesis of MDE. First, the primary pathological process is believed to be involutional, with atrophy of the ducts and glands, followed by dilation of the ducts, leading to the inactivity of secretion, duct rupture and inflammation. Second, the causative event is proposed to be an inflammatory process; periductal inflammation being the underlying abnormality, followed by duct sclerosis, obliteration and ectasia. However, the etiology of duct ectasia is unknown.

• #12 Mammary duct ectasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dilatation of the terminal (subareolar) lactiferous ducts, with a peak incidence in women between 4050 years of age. […] The typical histopathological features of duct ectasia include periductal inflammation, luminal secretions with/without inflammatory infiltrate, and foamy histiocytes. […] Inspissated luminal secretion stasis periductal inflammation fibrous obliteration. […] Periductal inflammation and/or fibrosis. […] The ductal lumens may be obliterated or filled with inspissated secretions and inflammatory cells. […] Foamy histiocytes are characteristically present within the inflammatory infiltrate.

• #13 Mammary Duct Ectasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17949-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia results from inflammation (swelling). This inflammation causes a milk duct within your breast to widen and thicken. As inflammation worsens, milk ducts become blocked, and fluid builds up behind the blockage. […] While the exact cause of this inflammation is unknown, researchers think that bacterial infection of the milk ducts make it more likely for a person to develop mammary duct ectasia. Smoking cigarettes may be associated with duct ectasia. […] If a bacterial infection causes your condition, your provider will prescribe antibiotic medications. Some people find relief from inflammation and discomfort with over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers like ibuprofen. […] If a milk duct remains blocked or leaks discharge despite treatment, your provider can remove the inflamed duct (or ducts) surgically.

• #14 Duct ectasia of breast – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_ectasia_of_breast

  The duct widening is commonly believed to be a result of secretory stasis, including stagnant colostrum, which also causes periductal inflammation and fibrosis. However, because nonspecific duct widening is common it might be also coincidental finding in many processes. […] Smokers seem more often affected by duct ectasia syndrome although the reported results are not entirely consistent. The correlation with smoking status appears weaker than for subareolar abscess. Correlation with the actual duct widening is not known. […] Both duct widening and duct ectasia syndrome are frequently bilateral, hence systemic causes are likely involved.

• #15 Mammary Duct Ectasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24701

  More studies on etiology and ultrastructural changes are required to give more information on changes leading to duct ectasia. […] Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies of samples from patients with MDE have revealed some specific ultra-structural changes, such as denudation of the epithelial cells with focal loss of microvilli, which impairs duct clearance of the secretions. […] It is uncertain if mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis (PDM) are to be considered as a single disease on a spectrum or as separate, distinct disease processes.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Periductal-Mastitits-and-Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Similarities-and-Differences.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia is an involutional, regressive process that is a result of a normal breast change. […] The pathogenesis of mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis can be viewed as a sequence where different processes coexist and interact, resulting in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. […] First, we have mammary duct ectasia with ducts that are full of stagnant secretions, leading to small amount of nipple discharge. […] The ulceration of the epithelial lining may ensue, resulting in blood-stained nipple discharge and leakage of secretions into the periductal tissue. […] This kicks off an inflammatory response to secretions that contain fatty acids that act as chemical irritants. […] Later, the inflammation can become bacterial, especially if the dilatation extends into the subsegmental ducts that are located more peripherally in the breast.

• #17 Are the lesions of duct ectasia sterile?

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid4041720

  A prospective study was established to determine whether, using suitable transport media, bacteria could be isolated from the lesions of mammary duct ectasia. The results indicate that both aerobic and anaerobic organisms are present in a high proportion of patients with nipple discharge associated with this condition and in all patients who develop peri-areolar sepsis (abscess and mammillary fistulae) as part of the syndrome. The lesions of duct ectasia are therefore not sterile and the possibility exists that bacteria have a role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of this condition.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/dmms/fulltext/2018/13040/bilateral_axillary_accessory_breast_with_ductal.10.aspx

  Ectasia of the breast is a condition where the lactiferous ducts are dilated and blocked by secretions. […] Duct ectasia is dilatation in one or more of the larger lactiferous duct filled with a stagnant brown or green secretion, which may or may not discharge through the nipple. This material acts as an irritant and leads to periductal mastitis. […] Mammary duct ectasia is a benign condition characterized by dilatation of the mammary ducts. It is an inflammatory condition of unknown genesis. […] The mechanism of duct ectasia begins with dilatation of the terminal collecting ducts beneath the nipple and areola. They become distended with cellular debris and lipoid-containing material. […] The initial phase of duct ectasia is usually asymptomatic. The material distending the ducts irritates and causes thickening of the duct walls by fibrosis and by an inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes. […] This absence of epithelial proliferation is one of the basic features of mammary duct ectasia. […] In due course, fibrosis produces skin and nipple retraction.

• #19 Duct ectasia in an accessory breast successfully treated with a flap technique: a case report – Zhang – Journal of Thoracic DiseaseDuct ectasia in an accessory breast successfully treated with a flap technique: a case report

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/11157/html

  Duct ectasia is an unusual breast disorder that was described by Zuska in 1951. The condition is also called periductal mastitis, and the pathogenesis is still not clear. One possible mechanism is that cellular debris and lipoid material make the terminal ducts beneath the nipple and areola dilated and then extends peripherally. […] The exact pathogenesis of mammary duct ectasia (MDE) remains unclear. Ductal obstruction, hyperprolactinemia, smoking, autoimmune disease, infection and trauma have been implicated by certain authors. Periductal mastitis, comedo mastitis, secretory disease of the breast and plasma cell mastitis are other conditions that have been associated with MDE. Several authors have suggested that MDE and periductal mastitis are different stages of one disease process in which periductal mastitis precedes MDE. However, certain authors have noted that these conditions are two separate entities affecting different age groups and with different etiologies. MDE is usually managed conservatively, and surgical treatment can be a choice in some severe cases with duct fistula and extend inflammation.

• #20 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Age, specifically the phase of menopause, has emerged to be a crucial factor in the development of mammary duct ectasia. Menopause triggers hormonal changes in women, leading to the thinning of the mammary duct lining and the subsequent dilation or widening of the ducts. This process can ultimately result in clogged milk ducts, ushering in symptomatic manifestations of duct ectasia. […] Hormonal changes extend beyond just menopause. Endocrine disorders or imbalances may also render certain women more susceptible to developing this breast condition. For instance, estrogen dominance, a condition where a woman has low progesterone compared to estrogen, can predispose breasts to dilated ducts, potentially leading to mammary duct ectasia. […] Studies increasingly find correlations between lifestyle, overall health, and the occurrence of breast duct ectasia. In this context, smoking has been found to be one of the most significant lifestyle factors. Nicotine impacts the normal functioning of the delicate blood vessels that maintain the health of the breast ducts, potentially facilitating duct ectasia’s onset. […] Furthermore, individuals with obesity are seen to have a heightened risk of developing duct inflammation, possibly propelling the onset of duct ectasia.

• #21

  https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2023/03000/duct_ectasia_of_bilateral_accessory_breast.8.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia is an acute or chronic inflammatory breast disease that occurs mainly in nonlactating women. The etiology of this condition remains unclear. […] The pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear and may be related to the following factors: nipple dysplasia, ductal obstruction, bacterial infection, trauma, smoking history (including secondhand smoke), hyperprolactinemia, and autoimmune disease. […] It has been suggested that hyperprolactinemia renders mammary secretions rich in lipid and protein materials and promotes ductal and periductal aseptic inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that hyperprolactinemia caused by pituitary microadenoma may promote excessive mammary secretion, ductal obstruction, and inflammatory reactions. […] Mammary duct ectasia rarely heals spontaneously and tends to recur. Currently, surgical resection is the most effective treatment for duct ectasia. […] In such circumstances, bromocriptine and simple mastectomy of the bilateral accessory breasts are indicated and can achieve a good outcome.

• #22 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  A study by Dixon et al indicated that smoking is a significant risk factor for periductal mastitis, but not for duct ectasia. […] One previous study described an association between abnormal prolactin secretion and MDE. […] In the present case, we hypothesize that there was an association between sulpiride-induced prolactin secretion and the development of mammary duct ectasia. […] The possible mechanism behind this is through the inspissated secretion leading to chronic inflammation, fibrosis and the persistence of ductal dilatation.

• #23 Mammary duct ectasia due to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma | ECE2017 | 19th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0049/ea0049ep1053

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is an inflammatory breast disease characterised by dilation of major ducts and periductal inflammation. […] The etiology has not been well defined but previous studies described an association between high prolactin and MDE. […] In the present case, we hypothesize that there was an association between abnormal prolactin secretion and development of MDE. […] Peters et al. concluded that MDE is due in part to increased prolactin secretion. […] We conclude that increased prolactin secretion leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis may cause to persistence of ductal dilatation.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01658420

  Periductal mastitis/duct ectasia affects major breast ducts and is poorly understood. A variety of different terms have been used for this condition and these probably reflect different stages in one disease process. […] Periductal mastitis appears to be the primary condition with duct ectasia being the outcome. The cause of this periductal mastitis is uncertain, although bacteria, particularly anaerobic organisms, appear to play some role. […] La mastitis pricanalaire apparat comme le primans movens; l’ectasie en est le rsultat. La cause de la mastite pricanalaire n’est pas connue avec certitude mais il semble que les bactries, et notamment des anarobies, jouent un rle. […] La mastitis periductal parece ser la condicin primaria y la ectasia ductal el resultado final. La causa de esta mastitis periductal no aparece clara, aunque las bacterias, especialmente los organismos anaerbicos, parecen jugar algun papel.

• #25 Duct Ectasia of the Breast: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is the inflammation and thickening of milk ducts in the breasts. The cause of the inflammation may be unknown or due to a bacterial infection. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of MDE. Some believe it may be due to aging. However, this hypothesis does not explain why it sometimes occurs in children. […] A 2021 study reveals MDE is more common in females with overweight or obesity. Smoking has previously been said to be a risk factor. However, the study reports smoking was not in its finding. Caffeine consumption may be a risk factor, although it’s not clear. […] People with more severe cases of MDE may experience recurring incidents of the condition. This may lead to scar tissue around the areola. Sometimes, people with recurring attacks require the removal of the affected mammary duct to prevent future recurrences.

• #26 Ultra structural changes occurring in duct ectasia and periductal mastitis and their significance in etiopathogenesis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0173216

  Duct ectasia (DE) and periductal mastitis (PDM) are the most common benign breast conditions seen in women. The etiopathogenesis of these entities is still not clear and most of the theories regarding the causation are based on the histological features as seen on light microscopy. The ultramicroscopic features associated with these conditions that may give more insight to the etiopathogenesis are unknown. […] Based on the TEM findings, we suggest that DE and PDM are two different entities. EMT a novel finding observed in DE in this study. […] The changes observed suggested EMT. EMT is an interesting biological phenomenon, by which epithelial cells get transformed into mesenchymal cells and acquire new characteristics such as motility and collagen synthesis. The EMT in duct ectasia has been substantiated by demonstration of vimentin positive cells among the normal epithelial cells in patients with DE and presence of epithelial cells with elongated nuclei and cytoplasmic processes containing fibril like material. Thus EMT seems to may play a key role in the pathogenesis of DE. […] Thus, it is evident that DE and PDM may be considered as two different entities with two different pathogenetic mechanisms. […] The association of EMT in DE is a novel finding of the present study.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Periductal-Mastitits-and-Mammary-Duct-Ectasia-Similarities-and-Differences.aspx

  In conclusion, despite conflicting literature reports on the pathogenesis of mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis (and the debate whether they are one disease process or two different entities), both of them can be seen in the same breast biopsy or histological evaluation, pointing towards a continuum of the same disease process.

• #28 Ultrasound appearance of chronic mammary duct ectasia

  https://inis.iaea.org/records/xxpxm-1at02

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE), also called periductal mastitis, mammary dysplasia, or plasma cell mastitis, is a benign condition of the mammary gland first described by Haagensen in 1951. The etiology of MDE is unknown and its pathogenesis still controversial; the periductal inflammation could be either the cause or the result of dilated damaged ducts. […] In chronic MDE, episodes of inflammation are longer. This tends to result in secretions that have a more solid, cheesy texture, partly due to cholesterol crystals, foam cells, and inflammatory cells.

• #29 :: JBC :: Journal of Breast Cancer

  https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2010.13.1.19

  From our results, the most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions. Histological examinations revealed accumulation of tumor cells within ducts without evidence of invasion through the basement membrane for malignant lesions. […] In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogenicity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #30 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1036201

  Mammary duct ectasia is defined as a dilated duct larger than 2 mm in diameter or a dilated ampullary portion larger than 3 mm in diameter. […] The cause of duct ectasia is not clear. Duct dilatation may be secondary to periductal inflammation where the ducts become patulous and the ducts are filled with unresorbed material and cellular debris. […] Based on our results, in contrast to benign lesions, most malignant duct ectasia lesions involved the peripheral ducts and the margin of duct ectasia lesions was ill-defined. […] From our results, the most striking feature of malignant duct ectasia was an ill-defined margin with ductal wall thickening. An ill-defined margin was seen for 88% of malignant lesions and 15% of benign lesions. Ductal wall thickening was seen only in 13% of benign lesions but in 75% of malignant lesions.

• #31 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1036201

  In conclusion, mammary duct ectasia without a solid mass frequently depicted on breast US is a commonly benign condition, especially a fibrocystic change. In contrast, if there is peripheral, ill-defined duct ectasia with ductal wall thickening and associated hypoechogenicity of the surrounding breast tissue, the possibility of a malignancy such as carcinoma in situ should be considered and radiologists should not hesitate to recommend a prompt biopsy.

• #32 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in the Setting of Mammary Duct Ectasia

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/invasive-ductal-carcinoma-in-the-setting-of-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is a disease process characterized by dilation of the duct with surrounding fibrosis and inflammation. […] The pathophysiology of the disease includes a duct initially filled with cellular debris that becomes distended overtime, forming a palpable mass in its late stage. […] Although it may mimic signs and symptoms of breast cancer upon presentation, it is a benign pathology, not frequently linked to breast cancer. […] A solitary dilated duct is a rare finding on mammography, recorded by Chang et al in 9 of 235,209 consecutive screening and for 12 of 29,267 consecutive diagnostic mammograms, of which 1 in each group was found to represent DCIS. […] Although duct ectasia is rarely malignant, if a patient presents with bloody nipple discharge, further investigation, including surgical intervention, is warranted. […] Malignancy is rare in duct ectasia, with very few cases reported. […] Although mammary duct ectasia is commonly a benign disease, cases that manifest a solitary dilated duct on mammography, suspicious ultrasound findings, and bloody nipple discharge, must be viewed with suspicion and excised.

• #33 (PDF) Mammary Duct Ectasia: An Overview

  https://www.academia.edu/72439248/Mammary_Duct_Ectasia_An_Overview

  The etiopathogenesis of these entities is still not clear and most of the theories regarding the causation are based on the histological features as seen on light microscopy. […] Based on the TEM findings, we suggest that DE and PDM are two different entities. EMT a novel finding observed in DE in this study.

Zobacz więcej