Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mammary Duct Ectasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17949-mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia results from inflammation (swelling). This inflammation causes a milk duct within your breast to widen and thicken. As inflammation worsens, milk ducts become blocked, and fluid builds up behind the blockage. […] While the exact cause of this inflammation is unknown, researchers think that bacterial infection of the milk ducts make it more likely for a person to develop mammary duct ectasia. Smoking cigarettes may be associated with duct ectasia.

• #2 Mammary Duct Ectasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557665/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign, non-proliferative breast disease. The exact cause is still unknown, but it may be considered a developmental aging process characterized by elongated, convoluted, weakened duct wall that presents with nipple discharge or palpable mass. […] The exact cause of the disease process is still unclear, and some authors consider it a part of the aging process due to involutional changes of the fatty peri-ductal tissue, but this hypothesis cannot fully explain cases reported in children and young adults. Pregnancy, lactation, and abortion history are all inconsistently related to the development of MDE. Histopathologic findings demonstrate plugging of the lactiferous duct system with thick secretions and cellular debris, with subsequent duct dilatation. It is not yet known what underlying factors initiate the disease.

• #3 Mammary duct ectasia – Medicine.com

  https://www.medicine.com/topic/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken and fill with fluid, becoming blocked or clogged with a sticky substance. Inflammation may result. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: […] Breast tissue changes due to aging. As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to a blocked milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. […] Nipple inversion. A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that’s newly inverted could also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer.

• #4 Duct ectasia | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia

  Duct ectasia is a benign (not cancer) breast condition, caused by normal breast changes that happen with age. […] Its caused by normal breast changes that happen with age. […] Duct ectasia affects the breast ducts, the tubes that carry milk to the nipple. […] As a woman gets nearer to the menopause and the breasts age (from 35 years onwards) the ducts behind the nipple shorten and widen. This is called duct ectasia. […] Although its more common in women approaching the menopause, duct ectasia can affect women of any age. […] Men can also get duct ectasia, but this is very rare. […] Having duct ectasia does not increase your risk of developing breast cancer in the future.

• #5 Mammary duct ectasia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374801?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken and fill with fluid, becoming blocked or clogged with a sticky substance. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: […] Breast tissue changes due to aging. As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to a blocked milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. […] Nipple inversion. A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that’s newly inverted could also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer.

• #6 Mammary duct ectasia

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/m/mammary-duct-ectasia2/?section=Symptoms

  Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken and fill with fluid, becoming blocked or clogged with a sticky substance. Inflammation may result. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: […] Breast tissue changes due to aging. As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to a blocked milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. […] Nipple inversion. A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that’s newly inverted could also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer.

• #7 Atlas of breast cancer early detection

  https://screening.iarc.fr/atlasbreastdetail.php?Index=087&e=

  Mammary duct ectasia is common in women aged 5060 years who are in the perimenopausal period. […] The age-specific changes of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the involuting breasts lead to debris clogging the ducts, and this results in duct dilatation. […] Duct dilatation is not symmetrical in the two breasts of the same woman and is an evolving change seen in different ducts in both breasts through the transitional changes of involution.

• #8 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Age, specifically the phase of menopause, has emerged to be a crucial factor in the development of mammary duct ectasia. Menopause triggers hormonal changes in women, leading to the thinning of the mammary duct lining and the subsequent dilation or widening of the ducts. […] Endocrine disorders or imbalances may also render certain women more susceptible to developing this breast condition. For instance, estrogen dominance, a condition where a woman has low progesterone compared to estrogen, can predispose breasts to dilated ducts, potentially leading to mammary duct ectasia. […] Studies increasingly find correlations between lifestyle, overall health, and the occurrence of breast duct ectasia. In this context, smoking has been found to be one of the most significant lifestyle factors. […] Furthermore, individuals with obesity are seen to have a heightened risk of developing duct inflammation, possibly propelling the onset of duct ectasia.

• #9 Duct ectasia of breast – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_ectasia_of_breast

  Mammary duct ectasia can mimic breast cancer. […] Causes include aging, smoking, and inverted nipples. […] The duct widening is commonly believed to be a result of secretory stasis, including stagnant colostrum, which also causes periductal inflammation and fibrosis. […] Smokers seem more often affected by duct ectasia syndrome although the reported results are not entirely consistent. […] Both duct widening and duct ectasia syndrome are frequently bilateral, hence systemic causes are likely involved.

• #10 Mammary duct ectasia: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325672

  Mammary duct ectasia, or breast duct ectasia, occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes mammary duct ectasia. However, potential causes and risk factors include: […] Aging. Natural changes to breast tissue occur as people get older. Sometimes, these changes can increase the risk of a duct becoming clogged and inflamed. […] Nipple inversion. When a nipple turns inward, it may change the structure of a milk duct and increase the risk of a blockage. […] Obesity. People who are overweight or have obesity may be more at risk of mammary duct ectasia than those who are at a more healthful weight, according to a 2017 review. […] Smoking. Smoking is a known risk factor for mammary duct ectasia. The results of a study from 2005 suggest that people who smoke are three times more likely to develop this condition than those who have quit smoking or never smoked.

• #11 Mammary Duct Ectasia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is caused by the dilation and inflammation of the subareolar ducts in the breast. This can be due to a blockage or obstruction that causes the ducts to become swollen and filled with fluids, leading to inflammation and possible infection. Risk factors for developing mammary duct ectasia include aging, smoking, previous breast surgery or injury, and hormonal changes. […] Smoking can increase the risk of developing mammary duct ectasia by causing damage to the small blood vessels in the breast tissue, which can lead to inflammation and blockages in the ducts. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes can also increase the production of a certain protein that is associated with inflammation in the breast tissue. Additionally, smoking can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections that can lead to mammary duct ectasia.

• #12 What is Mammary Duct Ectasia? | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Mammary duct ectasia, often referred to simply as duct ectasia, is a frequently misunderstood and usually overlooked condition that primarily afflicts mature women, typically around the time of menopause. […] While the causes of mammary duct ectasia remain largely non-conclusive, certain risk factors have been identified. Age is a predominant risk factor, as the condition frequently coincides with menopause. However, it has also been linked to other factors, such as smoking. […] Researchers theorize that the wall-thickening is due to hormonal changes leading the ducts’ muscles to contract, causing the ducts to expand and block. […] Moreover, smoking has also been identified as a contributing factor to mammary duct ectasia, accelerating the development of the condition due to its effect on blood vessels supplying the ducts.

• #13 What Is Mammary Duct Ectasia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia is characterized by widening and thickening of one or more of these milk ducts. […] There is no precise underlying cause and pathophysiology behind the development of MDE. Some of the factors that might be involved are: […] Involutional Changes: In older women, aging and menopausal changes may lead to the transition of glandular breast tissue to adipose composition. This may pave the way to pugging in the ducts and inappropriate widening of the milk duct. […] Endocrine Milieu: MDE is believed to have been formed due to shifts in the female sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin, especially around menopause. […] Anatomic Factors: Congenital or acquired conditions that cause mechanical nipple inversion or obstruction of lactiferous ducts could initiate back pressure changes and stasis of secretions, but rupture and inflammation lead to MDS. […] Other proposed factors like smoking and reassociation with pregnancy/lactation events have also demonstrated inconsistent and unclear connections to the risk of developing mammary duct ectasia when analyzed across populations. No predominant patterns emerge.

• #14 Breast Duct Ectasia

  https://www.pawanlal.org/home/index.php/diseases-and-surgery/surgical-diseases-i/breast-diseases/27-breast-duct-ectasia

  Nipple inversion. A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that’s newly inverted could also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer. […] In approximately 10% (4%-20%) of cases, DCIS or invasive disease may be found upon histological analysis of the specimen.

• #15 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  One previous study described an association between abnormal prolactin secretion and MDE. Shousha et al also concluded that an association existed between certain hypothalamic/pituitary disorders, possibly associated with prolactin secretion and mammary duct ectasia development in postmenopausal patients. […] In the present case, we hypothesize that there was an association between sulpiride-induced prolactin secretion and the development of mammary duct ectasia.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2023/03000/duct_ectasia_of_bilateral_accessory_breast.8.aspx

  Mammary duct ectasia is an acute or chronic inflammatory breast disease that occurs mainly in nonlactating women. The etiology of this condition remains unclear. […] The pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear and may be related to the following factors: nipple dysplasia, ductal obstruction, bacterial infection, trauma, smoking history (including secondhand smoke), hyperprolactinemia, and autoimmune disease. […] Previous case reports did not discuss the etiology of duct ectasia in accessory breasts. In this case, the patient had a history of galactostasis and axillary massage before the onset of the disease but no history of smoking. The negative bacterial culture results revealed aseptic inflammation, which conformed to the general pattern of inflammation in duct ectasia. Her serum PRL level was elevated, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed pituitary microadenoma. It has been suggested that hyperprolactinemia renders mammary secretions rich in lipid and protein materials and promotes ductal and periductal aseptic inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that hyperprolactinemia caused by pituitary microadenoma may promote excessive mammary secretion, ductal obstruction, and inflammatory reactions. […] Mammary duct ectasia rarely heals spontaneously and tends to recur. Currently, surgical resection is the most effective treatment for duct ectasia. However, the timing and method of the surgery are important.

• #17 Mammary duct ectasia due to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma | ECE2017 | 19th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0049/ea0049ep1053

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is an inflammatory breast disease characterised by dilation of major ducts and periductal inflammation. […] The etiology has not been well defined but previous studies described an association between high prolactin and MDE. […] In the present case, we hypothesize that there was an association between abnormal prolactin secretion and development of MDE. […] Peters et al. concluded that MDE is due in part to increased prolactin secretion. […] We conclude that increased prolactin secretion leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis may cause to persistence of ductal dilatation.

• #18 Mammary duct ectasia in adult females; risk factors for the disease, a case control study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7820305/

  Mammary duct ectasia is a common clinical condition characterized by abnormal dilatation of the central milk ducts with chronic inflammation and fibrosis, it may affect one or both breasts. […] The condition was first described in 1951, the etiology is still not very clear, the debate is still present regarding whether periductal mastitis is the cause or the result of mammary ductal dilatation. […] Coffee consumption may be a cause. […] Marital status is shown to have strong association in our study (P value 0.026), similarly lactation had a strong association (P value 0.016), and age of the first birth have no relation to the development of duct ectasia in our study (P value 0.695). […] The intake of oral contraceptive pills doesn’t increase the risk for the development of duct ectasia among our patients (P value 0.446). […] Duct ectasia is a very common complaint in females, it is commoner in overweight and obese females, married females and those with history of lactation.

• #19 Duct Ectasia of the Breast: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia (MDE) is the inflammation and thickening of milk ducts in the breasts. The cause of the inflammation may be unknown or due to a bacterial infection. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of MDE. Some believe it may be due to aging. However, this hypothesis does not explain why it sometimes occurs in children. […] A 2021 study reveals MDE is more common in females with overweight or obesity. Smoking has previously been said to be a risk factor. However, the study reports smoking was not in its finding. Caffeine consumption may be a risk factor, although it’s not clear.

• #20 Mammary Duct Ectasia and Periductal Mastitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mammary-duct-ectasia-and-periductal-mastitis

  Mammary duct ectasia is a benign breast disease that can mimic invasive carcinoma clinically. The process that causes the mammary duct ectasia is still being debated but histologically it is characterised by dilation of major ducts in the subareolar region. […] However, a 2021 UK study found mammary duct ectasia to be a common complaint in younger females (mean age 35 years), and those who were overweight/obese, married, had a history of lactation and heavy coffee consumption. […] Although the aetiological process is still unknown, bacterial infection is involved and broad-spectrum antibiotics usually promote a rapid improvement.

• #21 Breast Duct Ectasia – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/breast-duct-ectasia/

  Description: Duct ectasia is the dilation of the ducts of the breast with the inspissation of normal secretions, arising from chronic intraductal and periductal inflammation. […] Causes: Chronic intraductal and periductal inflammation. […] Risk Factors: Mastitis, breast abscess, chronic irritation.

• #22 Breast: Duct Ectasia | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/breast-duct-ectasia/

  Duct ectasia is dilation of the ducts of the breast with inspissation of normal secretions, arising from chronic intraductal and periductal inflammation. […] Causes: Chronic intraductal and periductal inflammation. […] Risk Factors: Mastitis, breast abscess.

• #23 Duct ectasia | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/duct-ectasia

  Duct ectasia is a benign breast condition characterized by the blockage and inflammation of the mammary milk ducts, which can lead to fluid accumulation. […] Risk factors include a history of periductal mastitis, cigarette smoking, inverted nipples, and having multiple pregnancies, with hormonal changes and vitamin A deficiency also playing a role in its development. […] Duct ectasia appears to start with an inflammatory process (the body’s response to irritation or injury), similar to an infection. A duct fills with fluid from the blood plasma, lymph, and circulatory systems. Lipids (fatty substances) and dead cells block the fluid from draining and lead to fluid buildup in the duct. This causes the duct to dilate and become hardened. […] The hormonal changes that occur with aging increase a woman’s risk of developing duct ectasia, as does a lack of vitamin A. […] There is no method for preventing duct ectasia. Because duct ectasia is a benign problem, recovery is generally complete. Some women do have multiple incidences of duct ectasia. This condition does not increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer.

• #24 Bilateral mammary duct ectasia induced by sulpiride-associated hyperprolactinemia: A case report

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3034

  Mammary ductal ectasia (MDE) is an inflammatory breast disease with the pathological characteristics of dilation of the major ducts associated with intraluminal plugs of histiocytes and periductal inflammation. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of MDE have not been defined. One previous study described an association between the abnormal secretion of prolactin and MDE. […] Two theories exist with regard to the pathogenesis of MDE. First, the primary pathological process is believed to be involutional, with atrophy of the ducts and glands, followed by dilation of the ducts, leading to the inactivity of secretion, duct rupture and inflammation. Second, the causative event is proposed to be an inflammatory process; periductal inflammation being the underlying abnormality, followed by duct sclerosis, obliteration and ectasia. However, the etiology of duct ectasia is unknown. Predisposing factors include squamous metaplasia of the terminal duct epithelium, phenothiazine treatment, cigarette smoking, bacterial growth and hyperprolactinemia.

• #25 Breast Pain, Palpable Mass, and a Perplexing Diagnosis | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v3n7/suhani-breast-pain-perplexing/

  Duct ectasia (DE) is classically described as the dilatation of the terminal milk ducts beneath the nipple-areola. […] Its etiology is not well understood. While some believe that the filling of ducts with debris and lipoid material leads to ductal dilation and leaking intra-luminal material results in peri-ductal inflammation, others believe that periductal inflammation is the primary inciting phenomenon. This peri-ductal inflammation leads to the destruction of the ducts elastic lamina and, hence, dilatation. […] Some authors prefer to use the term duct ectasia/periductal mastitis (DE/PDM) to describe this entity.

• #26 Mammary Duct Ectasia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mammary-duct-ectasia/

  Scientists are still unsure about the exact cause of this disease. Some think it might simply be a part of getting older, related to gradual changes in the fatty tissue near the duct system, but this doesn’t explain why the illness sometimes appears in children and young adults. […] What we do know from studying the tissue under a microscope is that the disease often involves clogs in the lactiferous duct system, which transport milk in the breasts. These clogs, caused by thick secretions and cell debris, cause the ducts to widen. But scientists are still figuring out what triggers the disease in the first place.

• #27 Mammary Duct Ectasia – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/mammary-duct-ectasia

  Mammary duct ectasia can be influenced by various infectious agents and environmental factors. Bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the breast tissue, can lead to inflammation and blockage of the ducts. Additionally, exposure to certain environmental toxins or irritants may contribute to the development of this condition. […] There is some evidence to suggest that genetic predisposition may play a role in the development of mammary duct ectasia. Women with a family history of breast conditions may be at a higher risk. Autoimmune disorders, which can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, may also contribute to the development of this condition. […] Lifestyle choices and dietary habits can influence the risk of developing mammary duct ectasia. A diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables may contribute to breast health issues. Additionally, smoking has been linked to various breast conditions, including duct ectasia. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, may help reduce the risk.

• #28 :: astr.or.kr :: Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research

  https://astr.or.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4174/astr.2014.86.3.165

  Mammary duct ectasia is a rare disease in children and often presents as a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge. […] The pathophysiology of mammary duct ectasia is unclear, and the differential diagnosis of other cystic masses with hemorrhage, such as complicated lymphangioma, is necessary. […] Mammary duct ectasia is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in children; however, its etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear. […] The pathogenesis and etiology of mammary duct ectasia with bloody nipple discharge are unclear. […] The extremely early onset of the disease in a 2-month-old child suggests the importance of an association between the pathophysiology of mammary duct ectasia and developmental abnormalities or a maternal history of abnormal hormones or medication, especially when a breast-feeding child is affected. […] Although the optimal duration of follow-up and timing of surgical excision have not yet been established, conservative therapy coupled with relief for parental anxiety should be considered first when a child presents with a cystic mass with bloody nipple discharge.

• #29 Duct Ectasia of the Breast | Mammary Duct Ectasia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/duct-ectasia.html

  Duct ectasia, also known as mammary duct ectasia, is a benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to become blocked and lead to fluid build-up. Its more common in women who are getting close to menopause. But it can happen at other ages, too. […] Duct ectasia does not increase your risk for breast cancer. […] Duct ectasia that is causing symptoms sometimes gets better without treatment. Warm compresses and antibiotics may be used in some cases. If the symptoms don’t go away, the abnormal duct might need to be surgically removed.

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