Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Muscular dystrophy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388

  Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. […] Symptoms of the most common variety begin in childhood, mostly in boys. Other types don’t surface until adulthood. […] The main sign of muscular dystrophy is progressive muscle weakness. Specific signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, depending on the type of muscular dystrophy. […] Signs and symptoms, which typically appear in early childhood, might include: Frequent falls, Difficulty rising from a lying or sitting position, Trouble running and jumping, Waddling gait, Walking on the toes, Large calf muscles, Muscle pain and stiffness, Learning disabilities, Delayed growth.

• #1 Muscular dystrophy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388

  Signs and symptoms are similar to those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but tend to be milder and progress more slowly. Symptoms generally begin in the teens but might not occur until the mid-20s or later. […] Muscle weakness typically begins in the face, hip and shoulders. The shoulder blades might stick out like wings when arms are raised. Onset usually occurs in the teenage years but can begin in childhood or as late as age 50. […] This type affects boys and girls and is apparent at birth or before age 2. Some forms progress slowly and cause only mild disability, while others progress rapidly and cause severe impairment. […] Hip and shoulder muscles are usually affected first. People with this type of muscular dystrophy might have difficulty lifting the front part of the foot and so might trip frequently. Onset usually begins in childhood or the teenage years.

• #1 Muscular dystrophy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388

  The complications of progressive muscle weakness include: Trouble walking. Some people with muscular dystrophy eventually need to use a wheelchair. Trouble using arms. Daily activities can become more difficult if the muscles of the arms and shoulders are affected. Shortening of muscles or tendons around joints (contractures). Contractures can further limit mobility. Breathing problems. Progressive weakness can affect the muscles associated with breathing. People with muscular dystrophy might eventually need to use a breathing assistance device (ventilator), initially at night but possibly also during the day. Curved spine (scoliosis). Weakened muscles might be unable to hold the spine straight. Heart problems. Muscular dystrophy can reduce the efficiency of the heart muscle. Swallowing problems. If the muscles involved with swallowing are affected, nutritional problems and aspiration pneumonia can develop. Feeding tubes might be an option.

• #2 Muscular Dystrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560582/

  Muscular dystrophy comprises a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, with a global incidence of approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals. […] Muscular dystrophy constitutes a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. Muscular Dystrophy affects approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide and can manifest at any age, although it is most frequently diagnosed during childhood. The cause of muscular dystrophy is mutations affecting genes responsible for muscle structure and function, resulting in progressive degeneration and loss of muscle fibers. […] Muscular dystrophy affects skeletal and cardiac muscles. The progression of the condition varies depending on the type and severity of the disease but generally follows a pattern of progressive muscle weakness, reduced mobility, and the potential development of respiratory and cardiac complications.

• #3 Muscular dystrophy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophies (MD) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases that cause progressive weakness and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time. […] The disorders differ as to which muscles are primarily affected, the degree of weakness, how fast they worsen, and when symptoms begin. […] The signs and symptoms consistent with muscular dystrophy are: Progressive muscular wasting, Poor balance, Scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine or the back), Muscle contracture leads to limited range of movement of joints, Muscle spasms, Progressive inability to walk, Waddling gait, Gowers’ sign as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Calf deformation as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Respiratory difficulty, Cardiomyopathy. […] Outcomes depend on the specific type of disorder. […] Many affected people will eventually become unable to walk and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in particular is associated with shortened life expectancy.

• #4 What is muscular dystrophy? – Muscular Dystrophy UK

  https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/conditions/what-is-muscular-dystrophy/

  Muscular dystrophies are progressive conditions. This means they will worsen over time. […] The symptoms of muscular dystrophy, and the age at which symptoms occur will be different in each person. Common symptoms could include: Muscle weakness, Muscle stiffness or pain, Changes in mobility, such as difficulty walking, Difficulty in lifting things, Increased occurrence of falls. […] Some types of muscular dystrophy can affect the heart or the muscles used for breathing. In some severe cases, muscular dystrophy may have life-threatening complications. […] Muscular dystrophy conditions are often difficult to diagnose from symptoms alone and a referral will be needed to a specialist for further testing.

• #5 Muscular Dystrophy: What It Is, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14128-muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of more than 30 genetic conditions that cause muscle weakness and other muscle-related symptoms. The symptoms of muscular dystrophy get worse over time. […] The symptoms of muscular dystrophy can vary significantly depending on the type. But the main symptom is muscle weakness and other muscle-related issues. Each type can affect different muscles and parts of your body. Symptoms of muscular dystrophy generally get worse over time. […] The symptoms of some types of muscular dystrophy are mild and progress slowly as you age. Other types cause more rapid muscle weakness and physical disability. […] The life expectancy for muscular dystrophy varies significantly depending on the type. For example, people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) often die from the condition by the age of 25. But other forms of muscular dystrophy, such as oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, don’t typically affect life expectancy.

• #6

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/

  The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of inherited genetic conditions that gradually cause the muscles to weaken, leading to an increasing level of disability. […] MD is a progressive condition, which means it gets worse over time. It often begins by affecting a particular group of muscles, before affecting the muscles more widely. […] Some types of MD eventually affect the heart or the muscles used for breathing, at which point the condition becomes life-threatening. […] The mutations cause changes in the muscle fibres that interfere with the muscles’ ability to function. Over time, this causes increasing disability. […] There are many different types of MD, each with somewhat different symptoms. Not all types cause severe disability and many don’t affect life expectancy. […] Duchenne MD is the most common type of MD. In the UK, about 100 boys are born with Duchenne MD each year, and there are about 2,500 people living with the condition in the UK at any one time.

• #6

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/

  Myotonic MD is the second most common type of MD, affecting around 1 person in every 8,000. […] Facioscapulohumeral MD is thought to affect around 1 in every 20,000 people in the UK, making it the third most common MD. […] There’s no cure for MD, but a range of treatments can help with the physical disabilities and problems that may develop. These can include mobility assistance including exercise, physiotherapy and physical aids.

• #7 About Muscular Dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/muscular-dystrophy/about/index.html

  Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases in which muscles become weak. Over time, muscle weakness decreases mobility, making everyday tasks difficult. […] Each kind affects specific muscle groups, with signs and symptoms appearing at different ages, and varying in severity. Muscular dystrophies are caused by changes in over 40 genes. […] People with the same kind of muscular dystrophy may experience different symptoms even within the same family. […] Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders that result in muscle weakness over time. Each type of muscular dystrophy is different from the others.

• #8 Muscular dystrophy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388

  Signs and symptoms are similar to those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but tend to be milder and progress more slowly. Symptoms generally begin in the teens but might not occur until the mid-20s or later. […] Muscle weakness typically begins in the face, hip and shoulders. The shoulder blades might stick out like wings when arms are raised. Onset usually occurs in the teenage years but can begin in childhood or as late as age 50. […] This type affects boys and girls and is apparent at birth or before age 2. Some forms progress slowly and cause only mild disability, while others progress rapidly and cause severe impairment. […] Hip and shoulder muscles are usually affected first. People with this type of muscular dystrophy might have difficulty lifting the front part of the foot and so might trip frequently. Onset usually begins in childhood or the teenage years.

• #9 Muscular Dystrophy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles. All forms of MD grow worse over time as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Many people with MD eventually lose the ability to walk. […] Some types of MD also affect the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain, or other organs. […] People with MD progressively lose muscle function, which can affect breathing. In many forms of MD, the heart muscle also is affected, which can lead to cardiac failure. […] Although some forms become apparent in infancy or childhood, others may not appear until middle age or later. Overall, incidence rates and severity vary, but each form causes progressive skeletal muscle deterioration.

• #10 Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/neuro/neuromuscular-disorders/muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy is a condition that causes progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. […] The main symptom of muscular dystrophy is muscle weakness, which can occur in various parts of the body depending on the form of the disease. Other symptoms may be present, including: […] Difficulty walking or running […] Unusual gait […] Enlarged calf muscles […] Difficulty swallowing […] Heart problems […] Muscle tissue pain […] Frequent falls […] Toe walking […] Learning disabilities. […] Muscular dystrophy causes muscle weakness and atrophy, which can in turn cause additional complications, including: […] Trouble walking and using the arms: Movement can become difficult due to weak muscles in the arms and legs. […] Breathing problems: The muscles that help with breathing become weaker and may atrophy to the point that a ventilator is needed. […] Heart problems: Muscular dystrophy can reduce the hearts ability to pump blood. […] Trouble swallowing: The muscles in the throat and neck may become too weak to allow swallowing, and a feeding tube may be needed in severe cases.

• #11 Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms

  The first sign of muscular dystrophy is usually some sort of weakness, though this can manifest in many ways trouble performing daily activities, tripping, or failure to meet childhood milestones. […] Muscular dystrophy is most often diagnosed in children between ages 3 and 6. The most common signs of muscular dystrophy include: Clumsiness, Walking on tip toes, Leg pain, Tripping and falling frequently, Trouble climbing stairs, Facial weakness, Arm and shoulder weakness, Difficulty closing the eyes, Large calf muscles from fatty deposits, Trouble getting up from a sitting or lying down position (a common sign of Duchenne muscular dystrophy). […] Muscular dystrophy cause symptoms in other body systems as well, including the: Brain, Endocrine system, Eyes, Gastrointestinal system, Heart, Nervous system.

• #12 Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/muscular-dystrophies

  Muscular dystrophy is an inherited (genetic) disorder causing muscle weakness. […] The main symptom of MD is muscle weakness. This varies greatly between the different types of MD. Symptoms may start anywhere between birth and middle age, depending on which type of MD is involved. […] The muscle weakness itself may be mild, moderate or severe. The different types of MD vary as to how quickly or slowly the weakness progresses. […] Sometimes there may be symptoms other than muscle weakness. These are: Muscle wasting – in which the muscles become thin. Muscle hypertrophy – in which the muscles are bulkier than normal, even though they work less well. Aches or pains in the muscles. Contractures – in which joints are tight, due to tightness of the muscles or reduced movement of the joints. Developmental delay in a child (this means that the child’s 'milestones’ of development are later than usual). Some types of MD can affect the heart. In some cases, there may be symptoms of heart disease without much in the way of muscle weakness.

• #13 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23538-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-dmd

  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a condition that causes skeletal and heart muscle weakness that quickly gets worse with time. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 6 years, and the condition mainly affects boys. […] Symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) most often appear between the ages of 2 and 4 years, though they can begin as early as infancy or be noticed later in childhood. […] DMD causes muscle weakness that worsens over time, so common symptoms include: Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy (loss of muscle bulk) that begins in your child’s legs and pelvis. It occurs less severely in their arms, neck and other areas of their body. […] Other common symptoms of DMD include: Cardiomyopathy. Breathing difficulties and shortness of breath. Cognitive impairment and learning differences. Delayed speech and language development. Developmental delay. Scoliosis (spine curvature). Short stature (height).

• #14 Muscular Dystrophy (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/muscular-dystrophy.html

  Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that weakens muscles over time. There are many different types of muscular dystrophies. Each type begins at a different age and may cause mild or severe muscle weakness. […] Duchenne muscular dystrophy: This is the most common and most severe form of muscular dystrophy. It affects boys more often than girls. Girls can carry the gene that causes Duchenne, but usually have only mild symptoms. Boys usually begin to have problems by age 35, when muscle weakness affects walking, climbing steps, and other activities. Most boys will need to use a wheelchair by age 12. The breathing muscles and heart muscle may weaken in the teen years. […] Becker muscular dystrophy: While similar to Duchenne, this type progresses more slowly. Symptoms usually begin during the teen years. […] Symptoms of Duchenne (dew-SHEN) and Becker muscular dystrophy are progressive. This means that they get worse over time. Kids with muscular dystrophy may also develop scoliosis (curved spine), heart problems, breathing problems, and trouble walking.

• #15 Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy/signs-and-symptoms

  Boys with DMD often have enlarged calf muscles. Weakness related to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) selectively affects the limb muscles close to the trunk before the ones far from it; the legs are affected before the arms. Growth velocity with DMD is typically slower than normal in the first years of life, leading to short stature. […] A preschooler with DMD may seem clumsy and fall often. Parents also may note that children have trouble climbing stairs, getting up from the floor, or running. When arising from the floor, affected boys may use hand support to push themselves to an upright position. […] By school age, children may walk on their toes or the balls of their feet with a slightly waddling gait and fall frequently. To try to keep their balance, they may stick out their bellies and pull back their shoulders. Children also have difficulty raising their arms.

• #15 Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy/signs-and-symptoms

  Over time, sometimes as early as the teen years, the damage done by DMD to the heart can become life-threatening. […] Serial monitoring of breathing capacity should start at the age of 5 or 6. The diaphragm and other muscles that operate the lungs may weaken, making the lungs less effective at moving air in and out. […] Weakened respiratory muscles make coughing difficult, leading to increased risk of serious respiratory infection. […] About a third of boys with DMD have some degree of learning disability, although few have serious cognitive disability.

• #16 Signs & Symptoms – Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy

  https://www.parentprojectmd.org/about-duchenne/is-it-duchenne/signs-and-symptoms/

  The average age of a Duchenne diagnosis is around 4 years old. Many times there will be delays in early developmental milestones such as sitting, walking, and/or talking. Speech delay and/or the inability to keep up with peers will often be the first signs of the disorder. The symptoms of Becker can begin in childhood, the teenage years, or even later. […] Symptoms to look for when Duchenne is suspected include: Gowers Maneuver: needs help getting up from the floor or walks his hands up his legs in order to stand, Has a hard time lifting their head or has a weak neck, Is not walking by 15 months, Has a hard time walking, running, or climbing stairs, Is not speaking as well as other children their age, Has calves that look bigger than normal (pseudohypertrophy), Walks with legs apart, Walks on toes and/or waddles, Walks with chest pointed out (or has a swayback, saddle back, or arched back). […] Again, these may be very subtle signs. Having one or several of these symptoms is an indication that further investigation is needed, but does not confirm a diagnosis of Duchenne.

• #17 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/muscular-dystrophy/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-dmd/

  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle wasting condition that causes progressive muscle weakness. […] It usually only affects boys and those assigned male at birth. […] Its caused by a lack of a protein called dystrophin. This causes muscle fibres to break down. […] DMD is a severe type of MD and often shortens life expectancy. […] Its unusual for symptoms to be present from birth. Often signs will appear between 1 and 2 years of age. […] Someone with DMD might experience difficulties running, jumping and climbing stairs, difficulty getting up from the floor, a waddling gait (walking on their toes with an arched lower back), difficulty walking as fast or as far as other children, a tendency to fall more than other children, learning and behavioural difficulties, learning to speak later than usual.

• #18 Duchenne muscular dystrophy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy

  Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare progressive disease that eventually affects all voluntary muscles and involves the heart and breathing muscles in later stages. Life expectancy is estimated to be around 2526, but this varies. People born with Duchenne muscular dystrophy after 1990 have a median life expectancy of approximately 2830. With excellent medical care, affected men often live into their 30s. The oldest surviving person in the world with the disease is 60 years old. […] The most common direct cause of death in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is respiratory failure. Complications from treatment, such as mechanical ventilation and tracheotomy procedures, are also a concern. The next leading cause of death is cardiac-related conditions such as heart failure brought on by dilated cardiomyopathy. With respiratory assistance, the median survival age can reach up to 40. In rare cases, people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been seen to survive into their forties or early fifties, with proper positioning in wheelchairs and beds, and the use of ventilator support (via tracheostomy or mouthpiece), airway clearance, and heart medications. Early planning of the required supports for later-life care has shown greater longevity for people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

• #19 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23538-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-dmd

  The prognosis is often poor for people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). It leads to progressively worsening disability, and most children with DMD need to use a wheelchair by the age of 12. DMD ultimately results in death at an early age. […] People with Duchene muscular dystrophy often die from the condition by the age of 25 years. However, advances in supportive care have resulted in many people living longer.

• #20 Muscular dystrophy: Symptoms, treatment, types, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187618

  The life expectancy of people with MD depends on the type and symptom severity. […] In the past, people with DMD typically did not live beyond their 20s. However, new treatment options are increasing the average lifespan. […] Currently, the average life expectancy for people with DMD is 31 years, but this depends on if the individual has mechanical ventilatory support as the disease progresses. Life expectancy has improved with medical advances, and many people with DMD can expect to age 40 and beyond. […] The most common type is DMD, which causes rapid muscle wasting and progressive weakness from early childhood. Although there is currently no cure for MD, medications and various therapies can slow the disease and improve a persons quality of life.

• #20 Muscular dystrophy: Symptoms, treatment, types, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187618

  Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of over 30 inherited conditions that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. While there is no cure for MD, treatments can help manage symptoms and slow progression. […] MD is a group of over 30 conditions that lead to muscle weakness and degeneration. As the condition progresses, it becomes harder to move. It can affect breathing and heart function, which can be life threatening. […] Depending on the type and severity of a persons MD, the effects can be mild, progressing slowly over an average life span. In other cases, it can be aggressive, progressing quickly and shortening a persons life. […] There is currently no way to prevent or reverse MD. However, different kinds of therapy and drug treatment can improve a persons quality of life and delay the progression of symptoms.

• #21 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) – Muscular Dystrophy UK

  https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/conditions/a-z/becker-muscular-dystrophy/

  Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a genetic condition that causes slowly progressive muscle weakness, especially around the pelvis and legs. As it advances, it can also affect the heart and lungs. […] Symptoms of BMD can vary a lot. While some people may only have mild symptoms, others may have more significant challenges. Diagnosis of BMD is possible from early childhood through to adulthood. […] Weakness typically begins in the pelvis and legs. This makes it hard to run and play sports. Muscle cramps during exercise can be an early sign of BMD. In rare cases, children may pass dark red or brown coloured urine after exercise. This could be a sign of muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) and needs urgent hospital admission and investigation. […] Muscle weakness tends to progress in teenage years and early adulthood. A person may struggle to walk longer distances, climb stairs, or get up from the floor. As the condition progresses, muscle weakness may extend to the shoulders and arms. Lifting heavy objects above waist level and raising the arms above the shoulders can become difficult. By their 40s, 50s, or later, people with BMD may find walking increasingly difficult and they may fall more often. In some cases, they may need to use a wheelchair. In rapidly progressing cases of BMD, needing a wheelchair could happen sooner.

• #22 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) – Muscular Dystrophy UK

  https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/conditions/a-z/becker-muscular-dystrophy/

  People with BMD can develop heart problems called cardiomyopathy, which makes it harder for the heart to pump blood properly. Cardiomyopathy can happen at any age and symptoms might not show at first. But sometimes it can be the first sign of BMD. Signs to watch out for include feeling out of breath, palpitations, dizziness, and chest pain or tightness. Any of these should be reported to healthcare professionals. […] People with BMD can have breathing problems if their breathing muscles are weak. This usually happens at a later stage of the condition or when the person is a wheelchair user. Lung function may be reduced. They might have a weak cough, which can make it harder to clear mucus and other secretions from the airways. This means they are more prone to chest infections and may need treatment for this. Some people may also have breathing problems while sleeping, such as sleep apnoea and nocturnal hypoventilation (shallow breathing at night), which can affect quality of sleep.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/types/

  About 1 in 3 people with facioscapulohumeral MD are unaware of any symptoms until well into adulthood. Others develop problems in early childhood. The condition tends to progress slowly. […] As the condition progresses, it usually affects the muscles in the face, shoulders, upper arms, upper back, and calves. […] Around half of all people with facioscapulohumeral MD develop weakness in their leg muscles, and 1 or 2 in every 10 people with the condition will eventually need a wheelchair. […] Like Duchenne MD, Becker MD mostly affects boys. […] Symptoms of Becker MD usually begin in childhood, but they’re often relatively mild at this point. […] Most people with Becker MD will be able to walk when they’re in their 40s and 50s, but often find they need to use a wheelchair as their condition progresses.

• #24 Muscular Dystrophy (MD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/muscular-dystrophy

  Becker muscular dystrophy is similar to DMD, but symptoms usually appear during adolescence and progress more slowly. It almost always affects boys. Symptoms include: Walking on tiptoes, Frequent falls, Muscle cramping. […] Most common in boys, this type of muscular dystrophy causes weakness and progressive wasting of the lower leg and upper arm muscles. Symptoms include: Muscle weakness that begins in the upper arms and lower legs, Decreased movement in the spine, knees, elbows, ankles, and back of neck, Elbows locked in a flexed position, Rigid spine. […] Affects both boys and girls. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15 and include: Weakness around the hips that spreads to the legs, shoulders, and neck, Frequent falls, Waddling when walking, Rigid spine. […] This type affects muscles in the face, upper arms, and shoulders. Symptoms usually appear in adolescence and may include: Weakness in the facial muscles and shoulders, Trouble drinking from a straw or smiling, Dry eyes, Slanted shoulders or a winged appearance of the shoulder blades.

• #25 Types of Muscular Dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/muscular-dystrophy/types/index.html

  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are caused by changes in the same gene. They have similar symptoms, but DMD is more severe and progresses more quickly than BMD. […] DMD symptoms usually begin before 5 years of age. BMD symptoms usually appear later, even into adulthood. Upper legs and upper arms show weakness first. […] DM symptoms usually begin between 10 and 30 years of age; however, symptoms can range from birth to age 70. The face, neck, arms, hands, hips, and lower legs show weakness first. […] LGMD symptoms can begin in childhood or adulthood. The age muscle weakness begins depends on the type. The upper arms and upper legs show weakness first. […] FSHD symptoms usually begin in young adulthood. The face, shoulders, and upper arms show weakness first.

• #26 Muscular Dystrophy > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/muscular-dystrophy

  Duchenne: The most common form of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne accounts for about 50 percent of all cases. It mostly affects boys, and symptoms start appearing in early childhood. Usually, muscle weakness first appears in the hips, shoulders, upper arms, and legs. […] Emery-Dreifuss: Primarily affecting boys, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy usually appears before the patient turns 10, but it has been diagnosed in older children too. Most patients will experience contractures, or muscle shortening, in the spine, neck, and limb joints. They might also experience muscle weakness and facial drooping. […] Facioscapulohumeral: For most affected patients, muscle weakness appears in the face, shoulders, and upper arms. Usually this weakness affects one side of the body more than the other. […] Limb-girdle: This group of conditions is characterized by weakness in the muscles surrounding the shoulders and hips. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy often progresses slowly, and sometimes the process of muscle degeneration stops temporarily.

• #27 Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/muscular-dystrophy

  Symptoms most often appear first in the face and neck. They include: drooping muscles in the face, producing a thin, drawn look, difficulty lifting the neck due to weak neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, droopy eyelids, or ptosis, early baldness in the front area of the scalp, poor vision, including cataracts, weight loss, increased sweating. […] The severity of symptoms can vary greatly. Some people experience mild symptoms, while others have potentially life threatening symptoms involving the heart and lungs. Many people with the condition live a long life. […] FSHD tends to progress slowly. Symptoms usually appear during teenage years, but they sometimes dont appear until a person is in their 40s. Most people with this condition live a full life span. […] Many people with this form of muscular dystrophy experience severe disability within 20 years of diagnosis.

• #28 Types of Muscular Dystrophy: Their Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-muscular-dystrophy

  Severity can range from fatal in infancy to mild with no symptoms until late adulthood. It usually causes muscle weakness and an inability to relax the smaller muscles in your hands, face, and neck. […] Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy can start in childhood and cause symptoms that resemble those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. But symptoms may not develop until adulthood and may progress slowly. […] The outlook is highly variable between people. Some people maintain the ability to walk and may need to use a wheelchair only later in life. […] Symptoms usually start before age 20 but can begin later. FMD generally does not shorten life expectancy. Roughly 20% of people with FMD eventually use a wheelchair. […] The outlook varies, but many people live until at least middle age. […] Distal muscular dystrophy is a group of conditions that cause progressive weakness in your hands, forearms, lower legs, and feet.

• #29 Muscular Dystrophy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/muscular-dystrophy

  Nearly all people with Emery-Dreifuss MD have some form of heart problem by age 30. […] Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy initially affects muscles of the face, shoulders, and upper arms with progressive weakness. […] Muscle weakness can also spread to the diaphragm, causing respiratory problems. […] Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy refers to more than 20 inherited conditions marked by progressive loss of muscle and the symmetrical weakening of voluntary muscles, primarily those in the shoulders and around the hips. […] The pattern of muscle weakness is similar to that of DMD and Becker MD. […] Myotonic dystrophy is another common form of MD. Myotonia, or the inability to relax muscles following a sudden contraction, is found only in this form of MD. […] Individuals may feel drowsy and have an excessive need for sleep. […] Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy generally begins in a person’s 40s or 50s and affects both women and men. […] Muscle weakness and wasting in the neck and shoulders is common. […] People who are severely affected by OPMD will eventually lose the ability to walk.

• #30

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/types/

  The first symptoms are often mobility problems affecting the hip girdle. It then progresses to the shoulder girdle. […] Symptoms of limb-girdle MD usually begin in late childhood or early adulthood, although the condition can affect people younger or older than this, depending on the specific type. […] If you have limb-girdle MD, you may experience muscle weakness in your hips, thighs and arms, loss of muscle mass in the affected areas, back pain, and heart palpitations or irregular heartbeats. […] How quickly limb-girdle MD progresses depends on the specific type. Many types get worse slowly, whereas others can develop more rapidly. […] In oculopharyngeal MD, symptoms aren’t usually apparent until a person is around 50 years old. […] Symptoms of oculopharyngeal MD can include droopy eyelids, dysphagia (swallowing problems), progressive restriction of eye movement as the eye muscles become affected, and limb weakness around the shoulders and hips.

• #31 Adult and Adolescent Onset Muscular Dystrophies Part 1: Evaluation and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/adult-and-adolescent-onset-muscular-dystrophies-evaluation-and-diagnosis/

  Although symptoms tend to be primarily neuromuscular in nature, manifestations in additional organ systems can be prominent especially for DM1 and DM2 as described above as well as gastrointestinal and pulmonary complications. Many but not all LGMD subtypes are associated with cardiomyopathy and respiratory involvement.

• #32 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/genetic-diseases/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-muscular-dystrophy/

  Babies with congenital muscular dystrophy may require support to sit or stand and may never learn to walk. […] Myotonic dystrophy is the most common adult form of muscular dystrophy, notes the MDA. It causes an inability to relax muscles following a sudden contraction, as well as: Swallowing difficulties, Drooping eyelids, Cataracts and other vision problems, Baldness at the front of the scalp, Weight loss, Increased sweating, Fatigue, Infertility or impotence. […] Another type of muscular dystrophy that may strike adults is facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). It typically affects teens, although it may occur in adults up to 40 years old.

• #33 What Is Muscular Dystrophy? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/genetic-diseases/muscular-dystrophy/

  Symptoms of DMD typically appear between ages 3 and 5 and progress rapidly. Most children with DMD are unable to walk by age 12 and may eventually need a medical device to help breathe. […] Becker muscular dystrophy has symptoms similar to those of DMD, but they tend to be milder and appear later in life usually between ages 11 and 25, although they can also appear much later. […] Myotonic dystrophy is the most common adult form of the condition. In general, it causes an inability to relax the muscles following a contraction and can also cause swallowing difficulties, drooping eyelids, cataracts and other vision problems, baldness at the front of the scalp in men, weakness of the facial muscles, weight loss, increased sweating, fatigue, infertility, and impotence. […] Congenital muscular dystrophy is a rare form of the condition that typically begins to appear in children age 2 and younger. It affects both boys and girls, and those children who have it often require support to sit or stand and may never learn to walk.

• #34 Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/myotonic-muscular-dystrophy/

  Over time, your child will start having muscle problems and other symptoms of adult-onset MMD. […] If symptoms begin during adolescence or young adulthood, the first thing you may notice is weakness in skeletal muscle that slowly gets worse. […] In MMD1, weakness usually starts in the face and neck, which can cause a weak smile, drooping eyelids and trouble swallowing, the fingers, hands and forearms, which can cause weak grip, and the feet and lower legs, which can cause foot drop. […] Over time, weakness can spread to other muscle groups, like the upper legs and breathing muscles. […] Other symptoms or health effects of adult-onset MMD1 may include myotonia, shrinking muscles (wasting), problems with muscles in the digestive system, which can lead to choking, getting food or liquid in the airways (aspirating), gallstones, constipation, diarrhea or pain, not breathing well enough, especially during sleep, arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy, cataracts, cognitive impairment or learning disabilities, avoidant personality or apathetic personality, being unusually sleepy during the day, and hormone problems, like hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, diabetes or, in males, hypogonadism that leads to infertility. […] Some of these effects, like cardiomyopathy and cataracts, are not likely to affect your child for many years, if at all.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/types/

  Once the heart and respiratory muscles are damaged, Duchenne MD becomes life-threatening. With medical care, most people with Duchenne MD die from heart or respiratory failure before or during their 30s. […] As with other types of muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy involves progressive muscle weakness and muscle wasting. […] Myotonic dystrophy can appear at any time between birth and old age. […] Myotonic dystrophy is highly variable and often gets worse very slowly, with little change over long periods of time. […] Life expectancy for people with myotonic dystrophy can vary considerably. Many people have a normal life expectancy, but people with the more severe congenital form (present from birth) may die while still a newborn baby, or only survive for a few years. […] Some people who first develop symptoms as a child or teenager may also have a shortened life expectancy.

• #36 Muscular dystrophy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscular-dystrophy

  The course of myotonic dystrophy varies widely, even in the same family. There are people with the condition whose symptoms are so mild they hardly know the condition is present. Whatever muscle weakness they experience is something they assume to be normal and adapt to. In some cases, the only symptom may be a cataract. Nevertheless, these people do have myotonic dystrophy and can transmit a more severe version of the condition to their children. In most cases, weakness and muscle wasting starts with certain muscles and slowly progresses to the point of some physical inability. As it progresses it moves beyond the muscles originally involved to those of the shoulders, hips, and thighs. This muscle weakness rarely becomes severe until fifteen to twenty years after the onset of symptoms. […] The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a group of conditions that vary in severity and rates of progression. Congenital means 'from birth’. In most cases of congenital muscular dystrophy, the initial symptoms are present at birth or in the first few months. […] Many people think that muscular dystrophy is exclusively a childhood condition. However, it can occur at any point in life.

• #37 Types of Muscular Dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/muscular-dystrophy/types/index.html

  CMD symptoms begin at birth or early infancy. The neck, upper arms, upper legs, and lungs show weakness first. […] DD symptoms begin in adulthood. The feet, hands, lower legs, and lower arms show weakness first. […] OPMD symptoms usually begin after age 40. The eyes and throat show weakness first. […] EDMD symptoms begin in childhood. The upper arms, lower legs, and heart show weakness first. There is also difficulty in moving elbow, ankle, and neck joints.

• #38 Muscular Dystrophy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/muscular-dystrophy

  Congenital muscular dystrophy refers to a group of muscular dystrophies that are either present at birth or become evident before age 2. The degree and progression of muscle weakness and degeneration vary with the type of disorder. […] Weakness may be first noted when children do not meet developmental milestones related to motor function and muscle control. […] Distal muscular dystrophy describes a group of muscle diseases that primarily affect the distal muscles in the forearms, hands, lower legs, and feet. Distal MDs are typically less severe, progress more slowly, and involve fewer muscles than other forms of MD, although they can spread to other muscles. […] Symptoms are similar to those of DMD but with a different pattern of muscle damage. […] Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy causes slow yet progressive wasting of the upper arm and lower leg muscles and symmetric weakness.

• #39 Distal Muscular Dystrophy | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/d/distal-muscular-dystrophy.html

  Distal muscular dystrophy (DD) is a group of rare diseases that affect your muscles (genetic myopathies). DD causes weakness that starts in the lower arms and legs (the distal muscles). It then may gradually spread to affect other parts of your body. The muscles shrink (atrophy). The main symptom is muscle weakness. DD affects mainly the muscles of the lower legs and arms. These muscles lose mass and strength. This may affect how well you can grip things, use a pen, or type. It may also cause problems walking. Some forms of DD cause foot drop. This means difficulty lifting the foot. With foot drop, you may drag your feet or lift your knees to walk with high steps. […] In some cases, DD may affect other muscles. Depending on the form of DD you have, the weakness may also affect the muscles in the neck, hands, hips, trunk, or even the heart. Sometimes DD affects the thighs. But in other cases, the upper legs remain strong. Certain types of DD cause trouble with speaking or swallowing. […] The different forms of DD may cause slightly different symptoms and progression.

• #40 Types of Muscular Dystrophy | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/types

  This type of muscular dystrophy progresses slowly, and muscle weakness may not become apparent until later in life. […] Distal muscular dystrophy affects the muscles of the hands, feet, lower arms, and lower legs, and first appears in men and women between the ages of 40 and 60. […] Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy usually appears in men and women ages 40 to 50. […] People with collagen type VI-related disorders have low muscle tone, meaning the muscles are loose or floppy, with overly flexible joints, contractures of the arms or legs, and decreased flexibility of the spine.

• #41 Progression – Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy

  https://www.parentprojectmd.org/about-duchenne/what-is-duchenne/progression/

  Muscle loss in Duchenne first starts to be noticed in childhood, with loss of strength, function, and flexibility in the hips, thighs, shoulders, and pelvis. In the teens, these losses begin progressing to the arms, lower legs, and trunk. Because there is also an absence of dystrophin in the muscles of the heart and lungs, heart function and breathing are also affected. In addition, some people can have issues with learning and behavior, resulting from a lack of dystrophin in the brain. […] Duchenne progresses differently for every person, thus every person living with Duchenne will display their own symptoms despite their genetic mutation. Even siblings with the same mutation may have a very different progression of symptoms. The progression of symptoms through this disease are on a spectrum, from late onset/very mild symptoms to early onset/severe symptoms. […] Regular visits with your neuromuscular team will help you to monitor the progression of this disease, and how it can best be treated along the way. If possible, you should be seen at least annually at a Certified Duchenne Care Center.

• #42 Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy progresses a bit differently for every person. […] Progressive muscle weakness can eventually limit mobility. Many people with muscular dystrophy will eventually use assistive technology and devices, such as a wheelchair. […] Muscular dystrophy can cause breathing problems, as muscle weakness makes breathing harder. […] People with muscular dystrophy often have cardiomyopathy or heart muscle disease. […] Muscular dystrophy can also affect the skeletal muscles, which allow for flexibility in the tendons and joints. […] The life expectancy of a person living with muscular dystrophy depends on the type. For example, people with BMD tend to live for about 40-50 years, while most individuals with EDMD may live through middle age.

• #43 What Are the Stages of Muscular Dystrophy? DMD

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_stages_of_muscular_dystrophy/article.htm

  Muscular dystrophy causes progressive muscle weakness, and each stage presents with different symptoms. […] Symptoms of DMD usually appear between 2-5 years of age. The child lags in achieving their developmental milestones, which include walking, crawling, and talking, although they eventually catch up. In some cases, there may be a delay in reaching other developmental milestones such as speaking. […] Signs of the late ambulatory stage appear during the late childhood or adolescence. As the disease progresses, muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) start to affect the lower legs, forearms, neck, and trunk. Difficulty walking becomes more pronounced at this stage and is often accompanied by fatigue when walking long distances. […] The nonambulatory stage is often seen during the teenage years, which worsens as the teen transitions to adulthood. In this stage, most affected teens experience difficulty using their hands and legs. They become dependent on power wheelchairs at all times.

• #44 All You Need to Know About the Stages of Muscular Dystrophy – Plexus

  https://plexusnc.com/what-are-the-stages-of-muscular-dystrophy/

  Muscular Dystrophy involves the progressive loss of muscle and starts affecting children from an early age. Patients with Muscular Dystrophy will eventually require significant support to perform daily activities, which is why early diagnosis is so important. […] Each patient will experience the symptoms in their own way, with the first signs arising in infancy or early childhood. […] Stage 1 of Muscular Dystrophy generally occurs when the child is between 2 and 5 years of age. The child may reach developmental milestones like walking or crawling later than other children, complain frequently of aching muscles, and may take a long time to get up from a seated position. […] Stage 2 of Muscular Dystrophy occurs during late childhood or early adolescence. By this stage, muscle weakness will start to affect the lower limbs and trunk, making movement difficult for the child.

• #45 All You Need to Know About the Stages of Muscular Dystrophy – Plexus

  https://plexusnc.com/what-are-the-stages-of-muscular-dystrophy/

  Stage 3 occurs during the late teens and early adulthood, which is when patients gradually lose control of their arms and legs and require motorized wheelchairs to move around. […] The symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy appear in early childhood, typically between the ages of 2 and 6 years. The symptoms include: Enlarged calf muscles, Joint stiffness (contractures), Spinal curvature (scoliosis), Frequent falls, Difficulty in standing up (especially after sitting for long periods), Progressive muscle weakness (starting in the pelvis and legs). […] Late-stage muscular dystrophy is characterised by significant muscle weakness, loss of mobility, respiratory cardiac and issues, as well as overall decline in function and quality of life. […] The progression of MD varies widely depending on the specific type of muscular dystrophy, its severity, and individual factors. Some forms of muscular dystrophy progress rapidly, leading to significant disability within a few years, while others progress more slowly over several decades. […] Progressive muscle weakness, difficulty walking or standing, frequent falls, muscle stiffness or rigidity, contractures (joint stiffness), respiratory and cardiac difficulties, delayed motor milestones, and fatigue are common symptoms of MD.

• #46 Stages of DMD: 10 Signs of Progression To Watch For | myMDteam

  https://www.mymdteam.com/resources/dmd-progression-signs-to-watch-for

  Muscle pain is more likely to be a problem as DMD progresses. As a child moves into the late nonambulatory stage, they tend to have pain more often in additional parts of their body. […] Fatigue is different from tiredness. It refers to an overwhelming sense of exhaustion and lack of energy that persists even after rest. […] Researchers estimate that 4 out of 10 people with DMD experience fatigue. […] Young children with DMD start walking with their chests pushed forward. Later on, as DMD worsens, back issues may grow more severe. […] DMD can weaken the bones. Over time, children with the condition are more likely to experience broken bones. […] DMD commonly affects the heart. Many people with the condition start experiencing cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) during their late teens.

• #47 Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy/signs-and-symptoms

  Many children with DMD begin using a wheelchair sometime by the age of 12. Transition to a wheelchair usually is a gradual process; at first, the chair may be required only to conserve the child’s energy when covering long distances. […] In the teen years, activities involving the arms, legs, or trunk may require assistance or mechanical support. […] Patients with DMD often die in their late teens or 20s from respiratory insufficiency or cardiomyopathy; only a few DMD patients survive beyond the third decade. […] The muscle deterioration in DMD is not usually painful in itself. Some people report muscle cramps at times; these usually can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers. […] Lack of dystrophin can weaken the muscle layer in the heart (myocardium), resulting in a condition called cardiomyopathy, characterized by extensive scarring of the tissue. DMD also can cause conduction abnormalities in the heart.

• #48 Muscular Dystrophy: Signs, Types, Testing, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/muscular-dystrophy-7481851

  While progression of the condition is often inevitable, specialized equipment like assistive devices for walking, wheelchairs, and adaptive equipment for hand and arm use can be used to help maintain independence with daily activities. […] Progressive muscle weakness and wasting that occurs with muscular dystrophy can lead to several complications. These include mobility problems, resulting in difficulty walking and the need for an assistive walking device or wheelchair. […] The life expectancy for people with muscular dystrophy varies depending on what type of muscular dystrophy they are diagnosed with. Some people can live a full and fulfilling life and live as long as people who do not have muscular dystrophy, while others can have a reduced life span, especially if the heart and diaphragm are affected. Early diagnosis and treatment are key for extending life expectancy for those diagnosed with muscular dystrophy.

• #49

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/muscular-dystrophy-in-children-information-for-families.aspx

  Muscles of the chest wall and the diaphragm are important breathing muscles and can become weak. […] Cardiomyopathy, or abnormal pumping and function of the heart muscle, occurs in certain types of muscular dystrophy and can lead to heart failure. […] Individuals with muscular dystrophy can develop joint deformities called contractures, in which the joint becomes stiff or fixed. […] Some children may need a feeding tube or adaptive communication devices. […] All children with muscular dystrophy should have a multi-disciplinary care team. […] The first gene therapy treatment for DMD has been approved by the U.S. Food Drug Administration. […] For DMD, there are additional treatments that slow progression of the disease. […] There is lots of active research into therapies for muscular dystrophies, and there may be additional muscular dystrophy treatments available in the future.

• #50 Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy NewsBooks iconSpeech bubble iconEnvelope icon

  https://musculardystrophynews.com/symptoms-of-muscular-dystrophy/

  Different types of muscular dystrophy (MD) may affect different muscle groups. Patients often have difficulty walking and may have problems with muscle control in other tasks, such as dressing or brushing their teeth. As muscles weaken, many patients experience muscle spasms, which are twitches or cramps that may be painful and also make fine muscle control more difficult. […] Scoliosis, an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, affects many patients with MD. It is caused by weakness in the muscles supporting the spinal column. In most cases, scoliosis develops after patients lose the ability to stand and walk. The occurrence of scoliosis varies widely in different types of MD. […] Some types of MD can cause weakness in the muscles of the chest and diaphragm that are involved in breathing and coughing. This can make breathing difficult, especially at night when breathing is suppressed. Patients with respiratory weakness may feel short of breath, more fatigued, or have difficulty concentrating.

• #51 Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy NewsBooks iconSpeech bubble iconEnvelope icon

  https://musculardystrophynews.com/symptoms-of-muscular-dystrophy/

  Heart dysfunction and heart disease are commonly encountered in several types of muscular dystrophy. The most common problems are cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms as a result of electrical conduction issues in the heart), and heart failure (the inability of the heart to pump blood adequately). […] Several MD types can affect the muscles that control focusing vision, controlling how much light reaches the back of the eye, and eye movement, all of which can make it difficult for patients to see. Some types of muscular dystrophy also can make patients more likely to develop cataracts.

• #52 Muscular Dystrophy SymptomsEnvelope icon

  https://musculardystrophynews.com/symptoms/

  This can cause heart problems such as cardiomopathy (disease of the heart muscle), abnormal heart rhythms, and ultimately the heart’s inability to adequately supply blood to the body (heart failure). […] Breathing problems such as shortness of breath or an abnormally weak cough also can occur. These symptoms can contribute to difficulty sleeping and fatigue. […] Muscle weakness in the muscles of the torso can make it difficult for patients to hold their spine in alignment. This can lead to scoliosis, which is an abnormal sideways bend or curvature of the spine. Scoliosis can reduce the amount of space within the chest, which may contribute to breathing problems. […] Muscular dystrophy patients often experience fatigue as a result of muscle weakness. Heart problems, difficulty getting enough oxygen, mood issues, and sleep problems also can contribute to fatigue in people with muscular dystrophy.

• #53 Muscular Dystrophy SymptomsEnvelope icon

  https://musculardystrophynews.com/symptoms/

  Fatigue can be acute — feeling tired while doing an activity that takes energy — or chronic, when a person feels tired all the time regardless of how active they are. […] Some types of muscular dystrophy can affect the muscles involved in vision, controlling how much light reaches the back of the eye and eye movement, all of which can make it difficult for patients to see. […] Some types of muscular dystrophy also can make patients more likely to develop cataracts — cloudy occlusions in the lens of the eye that block vision. […] Some types of muscular dystrophy are associated with learning disabilities or cognitive problems. […] Patients may experience dyslexia (reading disorder), dyscalculia (mathematics disorder), and/or dysgraphia (disorder of written communication). […] People with muscular dystrophy may have memory problems, particularly with short-term or working memory.

• #54 What Is Muscular Dystrophy? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/genetic-diseases/muscular-dystrophy/

  While each person with muscular dystrophy is unique, some forms of muscular dystrophy, such as congenital muscular dystrophy, are also associated with learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, and cognitive impairments. […] The life expectancy, or life span, for people with muscular dystrophy depends on the type involved, and when it’s diagnosed. […] Children, for example, who develop DMD usually die in their late teens or early twenties from heart trouble, respiratory complications, or infections, although new ventilator technologies and improved drug treatments for these ailments have extended the lives of many people with this form of muscular dystrophy. […] Life expectancy for people with myotonic dystrophy varies considerably. Many people have a normal life expectancy, but those with more severe congenital forms from birth may die while still a newborn or only survive for a few years. […] Finally, individuals with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, limb-girdle, Emery-Dreifuss, distal, and oculopharyngeal dystrophies may have a normal life span. But symptoms can vary from mild to severely disabling, affecting mobility and other necessary functions like eyesight and hearing later in life.

• #55 Becker muscular dystrophy Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/becker-muscular-dystrophy

  Becker muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that involves slowly worsening muscle weakness of the legs and pelvis. […] Symptoms most often appear in boys between ages 5 and 15, but may begin later. Muscle weakness of the lower body, including the legs and pelvis area, slowly gets worse, causing: Difficulty walking that gets worse over time; by age 25 to 30, the person is usually unable to walk. […] Becker muscular dystrophy leads to slowly worsening disability. However, the amount of disability varies. Some people may need a wheelchair. Others may only need to use walking aids such as canes or braces. […] Lifespan is most often shortened if there are heart and breathing problems.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/types/

  Dysphagia can eventually make it difficult to swallow solid foods, liquids and even small amounts of saliva. […] People with Emery-Dreifuss MD often begin to develop symptoms during childhood or adolescence. […] In the early stages, people with the condition usually develop muscle contractures (where the muscles and tendons become shortened and tightened, limiting the range of movement at nearby joints). […] Like all types of MD, Emery-Dreifuss MD also causes progressive muscle weakness, usually beginning in the shoulders, upper arms and lower legs. […] Later on, the hip and thigh muscles become weaker, making activities such as walking up stairs difficult. […] Due to the risk of serious heart and respiratory problems, someone with Emery-Dreifuss MD will often have a shortened life expectancy.

• #57 Understanding Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) | Duchenne.com

  https://www.duchenne.com/understanding-duchenne/about-duchenne

  Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare, genetic condition that is characterized by progressive muscle damage and weakness. […] Over time, children with Duchenne will develop problems walking and breathing, and eventually, the heart and the muscles that help them breathe will stop working. Duchenne is an irreversible, progressive disease. […] Duchenne muscular dystrophy weakens the body’s muscles over time. […] And once muscle tissue is lost, it cannot be „fixed,” which is why Duchenne is considered irreversible. However, some treatment options for Duchenne can help to slow disease progression. […] In the early stages of Duchenne, the disease primarily affects the muscles of the hips and thighs. This can lead to difficulty standing, climbing stairs, and maintaining balance. […] As the disease progresses, it affects the muscles in the shoulders and arms, leading to difficulties such as raising the arms. Additional muscles in the legs and trunk are also affected, as are the muscles that make it possible for you to breathe and for your heart to function. The rate of progression varies from child to child and is based on a variety of factors.

• #58 Muscular Dystrophy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560582/

  Insufficient levels of dystrophin result in damaged and ultimately dying muscle fibers, causing progressive muscle weakness, wasting, and fibrosis. This degenerative process can occur throughout the body, affecting various muscle groups and giving rise to different symptoms and complications. […] While the genetic mutations causing muscular dystrophy may differ, the underlying mechanism of muscle degeneration and loss remains similar across all types of the disease. Early diagnosis, genetic testing, and appropriate management can help to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for individuals and families affected by muscular dystrophy. […] The progression of the condition varies depending on the type and severity of the disease but generally follows a pattern of progressive muscle weakness, reduced mobility, and the potential development of respiratory and cardiac complications.

• #59 Muscular dystrophy | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy is the name of a group of genetic (inherited) diseases that weaken your muscles over time. […] Symptoms often start in childhood and may include muscle weakness and difficulty walking. […] The symptoms of muscular dystrophy can vary depending on the type. Because the condition affects muscle strength and movement, symptoms include weak muscles that gradually gets worse over time. […] Common symptoms include: muscle weakness, including in the legs and arms; falling and difficulty getting up; difficulty walking, running or climbing stairs; delays in learning to walk in early childhood; muscle pain or stiffness; trouble swallowing or speaking; breathing and heart problems (in later stages). […] Muscular dystrophy can lead to complications that affect your heart, lungs and muscles. Common complications include: gradual muscle weakness often leads to difficulty walking or loss of mobility; weakness in the breathing muscles may lead to difficulty breathing; difficulty swallowing may lead to malnutrition or pneumonia; the heart muscle can weaken, leading to heart failure or arrhythmias; a curved spine (scoliosis) may be caused by weak muscles.

• #60 Muscular Dystrophy in Children | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/neuroscience/conditions/muscular-dystrophy

  In addition, children with BMD and DMD often have very large calf muscles due to the large amounts of fatty deposits that are replacing muscle. […] To date, there is no known cure for Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. However, there are medications and treatments which can help slow the progression of heart, lung and muscle symptoms. […] Since muscular dystrophy is a life-long condition that is not correctable, management includes focusing on preventing or minimizing deformities and maximizing the child’s functional ability at home and in the community. […] Muscular dystrophy is a progressive condition that needs life-long management to prevent deformity and complications. Walking and sitting often becomes more difficult as the child grows. Usually by the age of 12, the child needs a wheelchair because the leg muscles are too weak to work. Heart or lung problems often occur by the late teenage years or into the early 20s.

• #61 Muscular dystrophy – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375394

  Your doctor might recommend: […] Although there’s no cure for any form of muscular dystrophy, treatment for some forms of the disease can help extend the time a person with the disease can remain mobile and help with heart and lung muscle strength. […] Ongoing assessments of walking, swallowing, breathing and hand function enable the treatment team to adjust treatments as the disease progresses. […] Corticosteroids, such as prednisone and deflazacort (Emflaza), which can help muscle strength and delay the progression of certain types of muscular dystrophy. […] Braces can help keep muscles and tendons stretched and flexible, slowing the progression of contractures. […] Surgery might be needed to correct contractures or a spinal curvature that could eventually make breathing more difficult.

• #62 Muscular dystrophy prevention, outlook, and slowing progression

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prevention-of-muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of genetic conditions that cause progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. […] According to the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, there is no cure for MD, but treatments can help slow disease progression. […] Corticosteroid therapy is the standard of care for people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) the most common form of MD diagnosed in children. […] Corticosteroids have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects that help to slow the progression of muscle weakness and delay disease complications. […] A 2023 analysis investigated the safety and efficacy of ataluren in treating nmDMD. The authors concluded that ataluren, alongside the usual standard of care for MD, delays several disease progression milestones. […] Physical therapy starting in the earliest stages of MD can help to maintain muscle strength and flexibility and prevent joint stiffness. This may help to delay the onset of mobility complications.

• #63 Muscular Dystrophy | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/muscular-dystrophy

  The main symptom is muscle weakness. Other symptoms include: […] Frequent falls or trouble running and jumping […] Waddling or walking on the toes […] Large calf muscles […] Learning disabilities […] Weakness in the face, neck, arms, hands, hips and lower legs. […] The goal of treatment is to slow the progress of muscular dystrophy and relieve symptoms. […] The goal of physical therapy is to keep your joints flexible so you can move more easily and remain independent. […] Your care team may recommend medication to relieve symptoms or slow the progress of the disease. […] People with muscular dystrophy are at higher risk for complications from the flu and other respiratory illnesses. […] Depending on your symptoms, we may recommend surgery to improve your quality of life.

• #64 Muscular dystrophy: Symptoms, treatment, types, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187618

  Early symptoms can include: a waddling gait, pain and stiffness in the muscles, difficulty running and jumping, walking on the toes, difficulty sitting up or standing, learning disabilities, such as developing speech later than usual, frequent falls. […] As the disease progresses, the following symptoms become more likely: inability to walk, a shortening of muscles and tendons, further limiting movement, breathing problems that may require assisted breathing, curvature of the spine if the muscles are not strong enough to support its structure, weakening of the heart muscles, leading to cardiac problems, difficulty swallowing, with a risk of aspiration pneumonia. […] Currently, there is no cure for MD. Medications and various therapies can slow the progression of the condition and improve a persons mobility.

• #65 Muscular Dystrophy > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/muscular-dystrophy

  Muscular dystrophy is also an area of active pharmaceutical research, with several drugs nearing approval. […] Each patient will have an individual experience, with different levels of functional decline. […] When patients receive treatment at a specialized muscular dystrophy clinic, higher patient satisfaction and better overall quality of life is reported.

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