Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #2 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. […] The disease is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. […] There are four distinct dengue viruses without cross immunity. As such, people can have up to four dengue infections in their lifetime. […] The causes of the severe dengue (DHF/DSS) condition have been debated for decades, but remain unresolved. A hotly contested hypothesis is that after a primary infection with one serotype, secondary infections by one or more of the other serotypes can precipitate antibody-dependant enhancement (ADE). […] Dengue is essentially a rural and urban disease because its principal vector, Aedes aegypti, is abundant in the peri-domestic environment.

• #3 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. […] The disease is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. […] There are four distinct dengue viruses without cross immunity. As such, people can have up to four dengue infections in their lifetime. […] The causes of the severe dengue (DHF/DSS) condition have been debated for decades, but remain unresolved. A hotly contested hypothesis is that after a primary infection with one serotype, secondary infections by one or more of the other serotypes can precipitate antibody-dependant enhancement (ADE). […] Dengue is essentially a rural and urban disease because its principal vector, Aedes aegypti, is abundant in the peri-domestic environment.

• #4 Dengue Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/

  Dengue fever is caused by any of the 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus. Infection by one serotype confers lifelong immunity to that serotype but not to others. […] Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted virus and is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, posing a significant global health concern. […] The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and the infection is now endemic in some parts of the world, possibly due to increased global travel. […] The dengue virus is maintained by the following 2 transmission cycles: Mosquitoes carry the virus from a nonhuman primate to another nonhuman primate; Mosquitoes transmit the virus from human to human. […] The primary vectors of the disease are female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

• #5 About Dengue | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/about/index.html

  Dengue is a viral disease caused by any of the four related viruses: dengue virus 1, 2, 3, and 4. […] There are four different but closely-related dengue virus types: dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, and dengue-4. […] Dengue viruses are mainly spread to people by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito.

• #6 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #7 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Vaccine | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dengue-fever/

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection, common in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific islands. […] Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito (typically of the species Aedes aegypti) and usually causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, pain in the muscles, and general weakness. […] Dengue fever is spread by mosquitoes, not from person to person. […] The female Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main carrier of the virus that causes dengue fever. […] Aedes aegypti are the mosquito variety most closely associated with dengue fever. However, other mosquito types have also had dengue fever outbreaks attributed to them. […] Dengue fever is caused by four closely related viruses, known as serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. DEN-5 may also be responsible for a few dengue infections.

• #8 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dengue_fever/article_em.htm

  There are five dengue virus types (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, and recently, DENV-5; they are also termed DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4, and DEN-5 in some publications). All five dengue serotypes are closely related. However, there are enough antigenic differences (antibody-dependent) between them that if a person becomes immune to one serotype, the person can still be infected by the other four serotypes.

• #9 Dengue virus infection: Prevention and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-prevention-and-treatment/print

  Dengue is a febrile illness caused by an orthoflavivirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes while taking a blood meal. […] There are four dengue virus (DENV) types (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), all of which are capable of inducing severe disease (dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF]/dengue shock syndrome [DSS]). […] The likelihood for development of severe dengue is highest among individuals who are infected a second time by a different DENV type from the first infection (known as secondary or heterotypic infection). […] Infection with DENV provides long-term protection against disease caused by reinfection with that particular type. However, infection provides only short-lived cross-protection to the other three DENV types. […] DENV transmission occurs when susceptible hosts, DENVs, and mosquitoes capable of transmission are co-located in space and time.

• #10 Dengue fever – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078

  Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. […] Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. […] When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person’s bloodstream and causes an infection. […] After you’ve recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. […] Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that causes a severe flu-like illness and sometimes a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. […] There are 4 serotypes of the virus that cause dengue. These are known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. […] Severe dengue is a potentially lethal complication which can develop from dengue infections. […] Infection with one strain will provide life-time protection only against that particular strain. However, it is still possible to become infected by other strains and develop into severe dengue. […] Dengue is spread through the bite of the female mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The mosquito becomes infected when it takes the blood of a person infected with the virus. […] Aedes aegypti has evolved into an intermittent biter and prefers to bite more than one person during the feeding period. This mechanism has made Aedes aegypti a very highly efficient epidemic vector mosquito.

• #12 Dengue Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/

  Dengue fever is caused by any of the 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus. Infection by one serotype confers lifelong immunity to that serotype but not to others. […] Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted virus and is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, posing a significant global health concern. […] The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and the infection is now endemic in some parts of the world, possibly due to increased global travel. […] The dengue virus is maintained by the following 2 transmission cycles: Mosquitoes carry the virus from a nonhuman primate to another nonhuman primate; Mosquitoes transmit the virus from human to human. […] The primary vectors of the disease are female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] Dengue (break-bone fever) is a viral infection that spreads from mosquitoes to people. […] The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. […] Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue. […] The primary mode of transmission of the dengue virus between humans involves mosquito vectors. […] There is evidence however, of the possibility of maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby). […] Rare cases of transmission via blood products, organ donation and transfusions have been recorded. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505 430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019.

• #14 What Is Dengue Fever? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dengue-fever/guide/

  Dengue fever is a viral infection that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including life-threatening illness, milder flu-like illness, or sometimes no symptoms at all. About one in four people infected will get sick. […] In recent decades, the number of new cases of dengue has increased dramatically. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that changing land use patterns, increased international travel and trade, and the climate crisis have contributed to the spread of dengue. […] Dengue virus (DENV) is spread by bites from Aedes mosquitoes, the same genus of mosquito that spreads the Zika virus and the virus that causes yellow fever. […] The virus subtypes that cause dengue fever are spread by female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, and less commonly by Aedes albopictus. […] Aedes mosquitoes are usually found in urban and suburban areas, as they like to breed in man-made containers such as tires, flowerpots, and household water containers. […] Some research has shown that people of European or Asian ancestry may be more prone to developing severe dengue infection than other racial groups.

• #15 Dengue fever – Causes, Symptoms, treatments, how long does it last? | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever a disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Four dengue virus strains (DENV-1 to DENV-4) can cause dengue fever. […] Dengue fever is due to infection with the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to one of four strains: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4. The virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as the yellow fever mosquito. […] The dengue virus can enter the cells of the mosquito’s stomach and salivary glands. […] When the infected mosquito bites another person, it can transmit the virus into the bloodstream of the bitten person, causing dengue fever symptoms to develop within 3 – 15 days.

• #16 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dengue_fever/article_em.htm

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes high fevers with headaches and severe muscle and joint pains; a rash may develop. […] Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease; high fevers, severe muscle, and joint pains, and a rash are the major symptoms and signs. […] The disease has probably been known since the Chinese described it in 420 AD. Outbreaks are increasing although there is no human-to-human transfer, only mosquito-to-human viral transfer (therefore it is not contagious). […] Four closely related viruses cause dengue fever. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes spread the viruses to humans in a viral life cycle that requires both humans and these mosquitoes. There is no human-to-human dengue fever transmission. […] Once a mosquito is infected, it remains infected for its lifespan. A human can infect mosquitoes when the human has a high number of viruses in the blood (right before symptoms develop). The viruses belong to the Flaviviridae family and have an RNA strand as their genetic makeup.

• #17 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #18 Dengue fever – Causes, Symptoms, treatments, how long does it last? | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever a disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Four dengue virus strains (DENV-1 to DENV-4) can cause dengue fever. […] Dengue fever is due to infection with the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to one of four strains: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4. The virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as the yellow fever mosquito. […] The dengue virus can enter the cells of the mosquito’s stomach and salivary glands. […] When the infected mosquito bites another person, it can transmit the virus into the bloodstream of the bitten person, causing dengue fever symptoms to develop within 3 – 15 days.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that causes a severe flu-like illness and sometimes a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. […] There are 4 serotypes of the virus that cause dengue. These are known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. […] Severe dengue is a potentially lethal complication which can develop from dengue infections. […] Infection with one strain will provide life-time protection only against that particular strain. However, it is still possible to become infected by other strains and develop into severe dengue. […] Dengue is spread through the bite of the female mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The mosquito becomes infected when it takes the blood of a person infected with the virus. […] Aedes aegypti has evolved into an intermittent biter and prefers to bite more than one person during the feeding period. This mechanism has made Aedes aegypti a very highly efficient epidemic vector mosquito.

• #20 Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Dengue is a febrile illness caused by infection with one of four dengue viruses (DENV) transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes during the taking of a blood meal. […] Numerous viral, host, and vector factors are thought to impact risk of infection, disease, and disease severity. […] There are four closely related but serologically distinct DENV types of the genus Orthoflavivirus, called DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. […] A primary DENV infection is the first wild-type infection an individual sustains; a secondary infection is the second wild-type infection caused by a different DENV type. […] The incubation period of DENV infection ranges from 3 to 14 days; symptoms typically develop between 4 and 7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The vast majority of infections that progress to a critical phase result from second DENV infections that occur more than 18 months after a resolved first infection. […] Dengue vaccines may not provide complete protection from dengue disease; immunized individuals may present with attenuated disease.

• #21 Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Dengue is a febrile illness caused by infection with one of four dengue viruses (DENV) transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes during the taking of a blood meal. […] Numerous viral, host, and vector factors are thought to impact risk of infection, disease, and disease severity. […] There are four closely related but serologically distinct DENV types of the genus Orthoflavivirus, called DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. […] A primary DENV infection is the first wild-type infection an individual sustains; a secondary infection is the second wild-type infection caused by a different DENV type. […] The incubation period of DENV infection ranges from 3 to 14 days; symptoms typically develop between 4 and 7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The vast majority of infections that progress to a critical phase result from second DENV infections that occur more than 18 months after a resolved first infection. […] Dengue vaccines may not provide complete protection from dengue disease; immunized individuals may present with attenuated disease.

• #22 Dengue fever – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078

  Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. […] Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. […] When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person’s bloodstream and causes an infection. […] After you’ve recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. […] Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.

• #23 Dengue fever

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/d/dengue-fever2/?section=Causes

  Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. […] Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. […] The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. […] After you’ve recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. […] Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.

• #24

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/dengue/

  Dengue or break bone fever is an acute infection caused by the virus that spreads from infected mosquitoes to humans. […] It is an acute viral infection caused by RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family which spreads by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. […] Dengue virus (DENV) is made of 3 structural and 7 non-structural proteins. […] There are four serotypes of DENV namely DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4 depending upon the presence of viral structural and non-structural proteins. […] The risk of severe disease from a secondary infection increases if an individual is previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts DENV-2 and DENV-3 or if someone is previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2. […] Previous infection with dengue virus serotype DENV-1 contracts DENV-2 and DENV-3 increases the risk of developing severe form of dengue fever.

• #25 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Subsequent re-infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe complications due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). […] In antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibodies bind to both viral particles and Fc gamma receptors expressed on immune cells, increasing the likelihood that the viruses will infect those cells. […] The exact mechanism of ADE is not fully understood.

• #26 Dengue – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/dengue

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a flavivirus. […] The causative agents, enveloped single-strand RNA viruses from the genus Flavivirus with 4 serotypes, are transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. […] A pregnant woman can pass the dengue virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth, although the rate of vertical transmission appears low. […] More severe disease may result from antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, in which patients have a non-neutralizing antibody from a previous infection with one dengue serotype and then have another infection with a different dengue serotype. […] Dengue fever can cause a potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever with a bleeding tendency and shock (dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome). […] Suspect dengue fever if patients who live in or have traveled to endemic areas if they have typical symptoms; diagnose using serologic tests, antigen tests, or PCR of blood.

• #27 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), where four serotypes can infect humans. Most DENV infections are self-resolving, but in some individuals, severe dengue characterised by a sudden increase in haematocrit, rapid decrease in platelet counts, and vascular leakage is a complication. […] In severe dengue, a major pathogenic mechanism is a transient increase in vascular permeability resulting in severe plasma leakage (herein referred to vascular hyperpermeability) leading to hypotension, circulatory collapse, and organ dysfunction. […] The precise mechanism in DENV-associated vascular hyperpermeability is unclear, and several hypotheses including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and cytokine storm have been proposed. […] In ADE, suboptimal DENV neutralising antibodies against a heterologous serotype (in secondary infection) promotes DENV uptake into immunological cells, increasing infection and viral replication that can exacerbate the immune response.

• #28 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  Similarly, infected monocytes release excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and, if dysregulated, can lead to cytokine storm. […] In this article, we present current understandings on the potential causes of dengue-associated vascular hyperpermeability, which is a consequence of complex interactions between the virus and the host endothelium immune response. […] The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) is a glycosaminoglycan-rich barrier, 0.5 to 5.0 m thick, which coats the luminal surface of the endothelium, forming a mesh that acts as a macromolecular sieve across cell-cell junctions. […] Recent studies suggest that EGL is compromised during dengue. […] Importantly, EGL degradation has also been linked to coagulation disorders, increased leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and fluid extravasation, which are associated with increased plasma leakage.

• #29 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  DENV nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is a highly conserved 48-kDa membrane-associated glycoprotein. […] Interestingly, NS1 is the only nonstructural viral protein secreted by infected host cells, and circulating levels of NS1 correlated positively with vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo. […] However, other clinical studies have not shown a correlation between NS-1-induced vascular permeability. […] Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that NS1 protein (expressed by all four DENV serotypes) can directly promote the expression and activation of sialidase, cathepsin L, and heparanase, with the latter enzyme subsequently inducing syndecan-1 shedding to cause vascular hyperpermeability. […] Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the peripheral circulation. […] In vitro exposure of neutrophils to DENV resulted in the secretion of leukotriene B4, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, suggesting neutrophil recruitment during DENV infection.

• #30 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  DENV nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is a highly conserved 48-kDa membrane-associated glycoprotein. […] Interestingly, NS1 is the only nonstructural viral protein secreted by infected host cells, and circulating levels of NS1 correlated positively with vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo. […] However, other clinical studies have not shown a correlation between NS-1-induced vascular permeability. […] Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that NS1 protein (expressed by all four DENV serotypes) can directly promote the expression and activation of sialidase, cathepsin L, and heparanase, with the latter enzyme subsequently inducing syndecan-1 shedding to cause vascular hyperpermeability. […] Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the peripheral circulation. […] In vitro exposure of neutrophils to DENV resulted in the secretion of leukotriene B4, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, suggesting neutrophil recruitment during DENV infection.

• #31 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  DENV nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is a highly conserved 48-kDa membrane-associated glycoprotein. […] Interestingly, NS1 is the only nonstructural viral protein secreted by infected host cells, and circulating levels of NS1 correlated positively with vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo. […] However, other clinical studies have not shown a correlation between NS-1-induced vascular permeability. […] Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that NS1 protein (expressed by all four DENV serotypes) can directly promote the expression and activation of sialidase, cathepsin L, and heparanase, with the latter enzyme subsequently inducing syndecan-1 shedding to cause vascular hyperpermeability. […] Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the peripheral circulation. […] In vitro exposure of neutrophils to DENV resulted in the secretion of leukotriene B4, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, suggesting neutrophil recruitment during DENV infection.

• #32 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  The dengue NS1 protein is thought to play a critical role in severe dengue disease by triggering immune reactions associated with vascular leak and shock, which are the major causes of death in persons suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever. […] When a mosquito infects a person with dengue virus, it enters the bloodstream and then infects white blood cells. This then leads to production of more viruses. But only one viral protein is released from infected cells and this is called NS1. What we have now found is that this NS1 protein by itself can cause vascular leak, which means fluids escaping from your bloodstream that leads to then shock and potentially death. The disease causes vascular leak. Thus, we think this is too much of a coincidence. And we feel that NS1 now should be considered as part of the causal factors in dengue severe disease.

• #33 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  The dengue NS1 protein is thought to play a critical role in severe dengue disease by triggering immune reactions associated with vascular leak and shock, which are the major causes of death in persons suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever. […] When a mosquito infects a person with dengue virus, it enters the bloodstream and then infects white blood cells. This then leads to production of more viruses. But only one viral protein is released from infected cells and this is called NS1. What we have now found is that this NS1 protein by itself can cause vascular leak, which means fluids escaping from your bloodstream that leads to then shock and potentially death. The disease causes vascular leak. Thus, we think this is too much of a coincidence. And we feel that NS1 now should be considered as part of the causal factors in dengue severe disease.

• #34 Thrombocytopenia in dengue infection: mechanisms and a potential application | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/expert-reviews-in-molecular-medicine/article/thrombocytopenia-in-dengue-infection-mechanisms-and-a-potential-application/E7CF2A05E263413F71587B8BCA881844

  Thrombocytopenia is a common symptom and one of the warning signs of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Platelet depletion is critical as it may lead to other severe dengue symptoms. Understanding the molecular events of this condition during dengue infection is challenging because of the multifaceted factors involved in DENV infection and the dynamics of the disease progression. Platelet levels depend on the balance between platelet production and platelet consumption or clearance. Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, two interdependent processes in platelet production, are hampered during dengue infection. Conversely, platelet elimination via platelet activation, apoptosis and clearance processes are elevated. Together, these anomalies contribute to thrombocytopenia in dengue patients. […] Increased haematocrit concurrent with a rapid decline in platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, is one of the warning signs in dengue infection. The level of thrombocytopenia may correlate with the severity of the disease, and severe thrombocytopenia usually precedes the onset of the critical phase of the disease. Additionally, severe thrombocytopenia in dengue patients could be the precursor to other severe dengue complications, such as plasma leakage and bleeding. Dengue virus (DENV) has also been shown to activate platelets and other cells, causing the release of inflammatory cytokines that increase endothelium permeability. Furthermore, DENV impairs platelet function, leading to endothelial dysfunction.

• #35 Thrombocytopenia in dengue infection: mechanisms and a potential application | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/expert-reviews-in-molecular-medicine/article/thrombocytopenia-in-dengue-infection-mechanisms-and-a-potential-application/E7CF2A05E263413F71587B8BCA881844

  Thrombocytopenia is a common symptom and one of the warning signs of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Platelet depletion is critical as it may lead to other severe dengue symptoms. Understanding the molecular events of this condition during dengue infection is challenging because of the multifaceted factors involved in DENV infection and the dynamics of the disease progression. Platelet levels depend on the balance between platelet production and platelet consumption or clearance. Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, two interdependent processes in platelet production, are hampered during dengue infection. Conversely, platelet elimination via platelet activation, apoptosis and clearance processes are elevated. Together, these anomalies contribute to thrombocytopenia in dengue patients. […] Increased haematocrit concurrent with a rapid decline in platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, is one of the warning signs in dengue infection. The level of thrombocytopenia may correlate with the severity of the disease, and severe thrombocytopenia usually precedes the onset of the critical phase of the disease. Additionally, severe thrombocytopenia in dengue patients could be the precursor to other severe dengue complications, such as plasma leakage and bleeding. Dengue virus (DENV) has also been shown to activate platelets and other cells, causing the release of inflammatory cytokines that increase endothelium permeability. Furthermore, DENV impairs platelet function, leading to endothelial dysfunction.

• #36 Thrombocytopenia in dengue infection: mechanisms and a potential application | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/expert-reviews-in-molecular-medicine/article/thrombocytopenia-in-dengue-infection-mechanisms-and-a-potential-application/E7CF2A05E263413F71587B8BCA881844

  In short, dengue infection may disrupt platelet production in the bone marrow and/or expedite platelet clearance, causing thrombocytopenia. […] DENV causes platelet reduction in patients, beginning typically on day 2 before the onset of the critical phase and persisting until days 6-7. One mechanism of thrombocytopenia is megakaryocyte infection and death. DENV has been shown to efficiently infect human megakaryocyte cell lines, primary human megakaryocytes or progenitors and megakaryocytes in humanized mice. […] In short, DENV can infect megakaryocytes at different stages of cell maturation and impair platelet production, leading to reduced platelet formation.

• #37 Thrombocytopenia in dengue infection: mechanisms and a potential application | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/expert-reviews-in-molecular-medicine/article/thrombocytopenia-in-dengue-infection-mechanisms-and-a-potential-application/E7CF2A05E263413F71587B8BCA881844

  In short, dengue infection may disrupt platelet production in the bone marrow and/or expedite platelet clearance, causing thrombocytopenia. […] DENV causes platelet reduction in patients, beginning typically on day 2 before the onset of the critical phase and persisting until days 6-7. One mechanism of thrombocytopenia is megakaryocyte infection and death. DENV has been shown to efficiently infect human megakaryocyte cell lines, primary human megakaryocytes or progenitors and megakaryocytes in humanized mice. […] In short, DENV can infect megakaryocytes at different stages of cell maturation and impair platelet production, leading to reduced platelet formation.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] Dengue (break-bone fever) is a viral infection that spreads from mosquitoes to people. […] The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. […] Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue. […] The primary mode of transmission of the dengue virus between humans involves mosquito vectors. […] There is evidence however, of the possibility of maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby). […] Rare cases of transmission via blood products, organ donation and transfusions have been recorded. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505 430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019.

• #39 Symptoms, Causes and risk factors of Dengue

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/symptoms-causes-and-risk-factors-of-dengue

  Dengue fever is a result of 1 or more kinds of dengue viruses that are spread by mosquitoes thriving in near human lodgings. The virus enters into a mosquito when it bites someone infected with the virus. Then when the mosquito bites some other individual, the virus also penetrates the bloodstream of this person. […] Once an individual recovers from a dengue fever, he gains immunity to the virus type that infected him, however, not the other 3 dengue virus types. The risk of developing a severe dengue rather increases if he is infected twice, thrice or for a 4th time. […] Prior infection with dengue virus raises our risk of having the severe symptoms if we are infected again.

• #40 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. […] Dengue virus has four confirmed serotypes; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. […] Dengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, principally Aedes aegypti. […] Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. […] Dengue virus is most frequently transmitted by the bite of mosquitos in the Aedes genus, particularly A. aegypti. […] Chronic diseases such as asthma, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of developing a severe form of the disease. […] Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term protection against the other three.

• #41 What Is Dengue Fever? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dengue-fever/guide/

  Dengue fever is a viral infection that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including life-threatening illness, milder flu-like illness, or sometimes no symptoms at all. About one in four people infected will get sick. […] In recent decades, the number of new cases of dengue has increased dramatically. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that changing land use patterns, increased international travel and trade, and the climate crisis have contributed to the spread of dengue. […] Dengue virus (DENV) is spread by bites from Aedes mosquitoes, the same genus of mosquito that spreads the Zika virus and the virus that causes yellow fever. […] The virus subtypes that cause dengue fever are spread by female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, and less commonly by Aedes albopictus. […] Aedes mosquitoes are usually found in urban and suburban areas, as they like to breed in man-made containers such as tires, flowerpots, and household water containers. […] Some research has shown that people of European or Asian ancestry may be more prone to developing severe dengue infection than other racial groups.

• #42 Dengue Fever – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/dengue-fever-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Abnormal haemostasis and plasma leakage are the pathological cause of the occurrence of haemorrhagic dengue fever. The plasma leakage is due to the cytokine-mediated increased vascular permeability. […] Dengue haemorrhagic fever is mainly observed in children and infants. Epidemiological studies reported, dengue haemorrhagic fever occurs, especially in children with a secondary infection with a dengue virus or infected with different serotypes from their primary (initial) dengue infection. […] Dengue shock syndrome is a serious complication of dengue infection that has a high death rate. Secondary infection with a different viral serotype causes severe dengue. […] The exact cause of the dengue shock syndrome is still under research; however, scientists proposed the following theory: Dengue shock syndrome is caused by abnormal and increased host immune responses, specifically the development of cross-reactive antibodies of the dengue virus, which further exacerbates the infection.

• #43 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #44 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/aptm/fulltext/2018/11010/scenario_of_dengue_infection___its_control_in.3.aspx

  A study conducted in Pakistan showed that the causative agent of dengue epidemic in 2011 was DEN-2 while in 2013 another study performed in Pakistan identified DEN-2 and DEN-3 in dengue patients from Swat. […] The presence of all four dengue serotypes is common in dengue epidemic region and co-circulation of multiple dengue serotypes has been identified in Pakistan in last few years. […] Co-infection in human and mosquito provides a chance of viral genome recombination and new strain production which could make the disease more severe and it is the primary element in development of severe forms of dengue as DHF/DSS. […] The most important factor is the favorable climate, as the climate of Pakistan is most favorable to the mosquito especially in the post monsoon period in which hot and humid both conditions available.

• #46

  https://tephi.texas.gov/training/selected-outbreaks/dengue

  Dengue (aka breakbone fever) is a viral infection spread to people by Aedes species mosquitoes infected with the dengue virus. […] Dengue is common in tropical and subtropical areas, with the areas affected increasing due to a warming climate. […] The Aedes species mosquitoes that transmit dengue also transmit other viruses, such as Zika and Chikungunya.

• #47 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023. […] The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] Dengue (break-bone fever) is a viral infection that spreads from mosquitoes to people. […] The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. […] Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue. […] The primary mode of transmission of the dengue virus between humans involves mosquito vectors. […] There is evidence however, of the possibility of maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby). […] Rare cases of transmission via blood products, organ donation and transfusions have been recorded. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505 430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  One modelling estimate indicates 390 million dengue virus infections per year of which 96 million manifest clinically. […] Another study on the prevalence of dengue estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of infection with dengue viruses. […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  One modelling estimate indicates 390 million dengue virus infections per year of which 96 million manifest clinically. […] Another study on the prevalence of dengue estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of infection with dengue viruses. […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  One modelling estimate indicates 390 million dengue virus infections per year of which 96 million manifest clinically. […] Another study on the prevalence of dengue estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of infection with dengue viruses. […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  One modelling estimate indicates 390 million dengue virus infections per year of which 96 million manifest clinically. […] Another study on the prevalence of dengue estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of infection with dengue viruses. […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America.

• #53 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023. […] The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #54 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023. […] The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #55 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #56 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #57 Dengue – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/dengue

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a flavivirus. […] The causative agents, enveloped single-strand RNA viruses from the genus Flavivirus with 4 serotypes, are transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. […] A pregnant woman can pass the dengue virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth, although the rate of vertical transmission appears low. […] More severe disease may result from antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, in which patients have a non-neutralizing antibody from a previous infection with one dengue serotype and then have another infection with a different dengue serotype. […] Dengue fever can cause a potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever with a bleeding tendency and shock (dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome). […] Suspect dengue fever if patients who live in or have traveled to endemic areas if they have typical symptoms; diagnose using serologic tests, antigen tests, or PCR of blood.

• #58 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #59 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #60 How Dengue Spreads | Dengue | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html

  Dengue viruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. […] A woman infected with dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus. […] Rarely, dengue can be spread through other routes. […] Mosquitoes become infected with dengue virus when they bite a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites. […] A woman who is infected with dengue virus during pregnancy can pass the virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Dengue can have harmful effects, including death of the fetus, low birth weight, and premature birth. […] Rarely, dengue is spread in laboratory or healthcare setting exposures through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or needlestick injuries. […] Some evidence suggests that dengue can be spread through sexual contact.

• #61 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Apart from mosquito bites, there are additional factors that contribute to the spread of dengue fever. Understanding these causes can help individuals take necessary precautions: […] Lack of effective mosquito control: Stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems contribute to water accumulation, creating an ideal environment for dengue mosquitoes to breed. […] Urbanisation and globalisation: Rapid urbanisation and increased international travel have led to the expansion of urban areas and facilitated the movement of infected mosquitoes from one region to another. […] Climate change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence mosquito breeding habits and distribution, potentially increasing their population in certain areas.

• #62 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Apart from mosquito bites, there are additional factors that contribute to the spread of dengue fever. Understanding these causes can help individuals take necessary precautions: […] Lack of effective mosquito control: Stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems contribute to water accumulation, creating an ideal environment for dengue mosquitoes to breed. […] Urbanisation and globalisation: Rapid urbanisation and increased international travel have led to the expansion of urban areas and facilitated the movement of infected mosquitoes from one region to another. […] Climate change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence mosquito breeding habits and distribution, potentially increasing their population in certain areas.

• #63 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023. […] The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #64 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Apart from mosquito bites, there are additional factors that contribute to the spread of dengue fever. Understanding these causes can help individuals take necessary precautions: […] Lack of effective mosquito control: Stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems contribute to water accumulation, creating an ideal environment for dengue mosquitoes to breed. […] Urbanisation and globalisation: Rapid urbanisation and increased international travel have led to the expansion of urban areas and facilitated the movement of infected mosquitoes from one region to another. […] Climate change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence mosquito breeding habits and distribution, potentially increasing their population in certain areas.

• #65 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Lack of community awareness: Insufficient knowledge about dengue prevention measures and the importance of eliminating mosquito breeding sites may contribute to the spread of the disease. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Late diagnosis and delayed medical intervention can increase the risk of complications and severe dengue.

• #66 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Lack of community awareness: Insufficient knowledge about dengue prevention measures and the importance of eliminating mosquito breeding sites may contribute to the spread of the disease. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Late diagnosis and delayed medical intervention can increase the risk of complications and severe dengue.

• #67 Dengue (Human) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0059

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family and transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, A. albopictus (WHO, 2020). […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family and there are four distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that causes dengue (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). […] Subsequent infections (secondary infection) by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue (WHO, 2020). […] Dengue has distinct epidemiological patterns, associated with the four serotypes of the virus. […] Dengue virus is frequently transported from one place to another by infected travellers; when susceptible vectors are present in these new areas, there is the potential for local transmission to be established (WHO, 2020).

• #68 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #69 Dengue fever: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001374.htm

  Dengue fever is a virus-caused disease that is spread by mosquitoes. […] Dengue fever is caused by 1 of 4 different but related viruses. It is spread by the bite of mosquitoes, most commonly the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which is found in tropic and subtropic regions. […] Many cases in the United States occur when someone travels to an area where dengue is present and returns home with the illness. Dengue cannot spread from human to human.

• #70 Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever And Zika – Sutter Yuba Mosquito & Vector Control District

  https://sutter-yubamvcd.org/public-information/mosquito-borne-diseases/chikungunya-dengue-fever-yellow-fever-and-zika/

  Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever and Zika are mosquito-borne diseases transmitted to humans by day-biting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. […] There are two types of illnesses that can result from infection with dengue virus: dengue and severe dengue. Dengue causes high fever, severe headaches and joint pain. This illness can progress to a hemorrhagic fever during which patients experience more bleeding and persistent vomiting. If not treated, it can progress to shock and death. […] If those returning to the U.S. with the disease live in areas where the mosquito vectors are found, these mosquitoes can pick it up by feeding on infected persons then spread it to others through their blood-feeding activities.

• #71 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dengue-fever-reference

  The best way to prevent the disease is to avoid bites from infected mosquitoes, especially if you are living in or traveling to a tropical area. […] A vaccine called Dengvaxia can help prevent dengue in children aged 6 to 16 who have tested positive for the virus before and who live in areas where dengue spreads. […] After an infection with one serotype of dengue fever, youll have lifelong immunity to the virus. That means you can never get sick from that type of dengue again. Youll also be immune against the other three serotypes, but only temporarily. After a few months, you can get an infection with any of the other three types.

• #72 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dengue-fever-reference

  The best way to prevent the disease is to avoid bites from infected mosquitoes, especially if you are living in or traveling to a tropical area. […] A vaccine called Dengvaxia can help prevent dengue in children aged 6 to 16 who have tested positive for the virus before and who live in areas where dengue spreads. […] After an infection with one serotype of dengue fever, youll have lifelong immunity to the virus. That means you can never get sick from that type of dengue again. Youll also be immune against the other three serotypes, but only temporarily. After a few months, you can get an infection with any of the other three types.

• #73 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023. […] The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #74 Dengue (dengue fever)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/dengue-fever/

  Dengue fever is a viral infection. It’s caused by the dengue virus and is spread by mosquitoes. […] Dengue virus is found in parts of Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, the Indian subcontinent, South and Central America, Africa, the Pacific Islands, Australia, and some southern areas of North America. […] There are 4 types of the dengue virus. This means you can get it again if you’ve had it before. You may only be immune to 1 type of the virus. […] A vaccine can help prevent against dengue disease. The vaccine available in Ireland is called Qdenga. […] The vaccine contains attenuated (weakened) versions of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4.

• #75 Dengue Fever > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/dengue-fever

  Dengue infections have also occurred in the continental U.S., including in Florida, Hawaii, Texas, Arizona, and California. […] Dengue is endemic in over 100 countries in the following regions: Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, Americas, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean. […] Dengue can develop into severe dengue over the course of only a few hours. […] Severe dengue is a life-threatening condition and a medical emergency. […] Dengue can develop into severe dengue over the course of only a few hours. […] The vaccine works against all four dengue viruses and has an efficacy of around 80% against hospitalization and severe dengue.

• #76

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Currently one vaccine is available for dengue prevention. […] Vaccination against dengue should be viewed as part of an integrated strategy to control the disease, including vector control, proper case management, community education and community engagement. Comprehensive vector control must remain a critical component of dengue control programmes.

• #77 Dengue Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/

  Dengue fever is caused by any of the 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus. Infection by one serotype confers lifelong immunity to that serotype but not to others. […] Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted virus and is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, posing a significant global health concern. […] The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and the infection is now endemic in some parts of the world, possibly due to increased global travel. […] The dengue virus is maintained by the following 2 transmission cycles: Mosquitoes carry the virus from a nonhuman primate to another nonhuman primate; Mosquitoes transmit the virus from human to human. […] The primary vectors of the disease are female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

• #78 Dengue (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/dengue-2

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family. The virus responsible for causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV). There are four distinct serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4). […] Infection by any of the four serotypes may range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. The pathological effects are immune-mediated. The development of severe disease seems to involve a complex interplay of host immunity and genetic predisposition combined with certain viral virulence factors. […] Recovery from infection provides lifelong immunity against that serotype. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes after recovery is only partial, and temporary. Subsequent infections (secondary infection) by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue. […] The global impact of dengue has markedly increased over the last few decades and about half the world’s population is now at risk. Dengue is considered a major and emergent concern.

• #79 Dengue (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/dengue-2

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family. The virus responsible for causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV). There are four distinct serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4). […] Infection by any of the four serotypes may range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. The pathological effects are immune-mediated. The development of severe disease seems to involve a complex interplay of host immunity and genetic predisposition combined with certain viral virulence factors. […] Recovery from infection provides lifelong immunity against that serotype. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes after recovery is only partial, and temporary. Subsequent infections (secondary infection) by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue. […] The global impact of dengue has markedly increased over the last few decades and about half the world’s population is now at risk. Dengue is considered a major and emergent concern.

• #80 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Subsequent re-infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe complications due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). […] In antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibodies bind to both viral particles and Fc gamma receptors expressed on immune cells, increasing the likelihood that the viruses will infect those cells. […] The exact mechanism of ADE is not fully understood.

• #81 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  The dengue NS1 protein is thought to play a critical role in severe dengue disease by triggering immune reactions associated with vascular leak and shock, which are the major causes of death in persons suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever. […] When a mosquito infects a person with dengue virus, it enters the bloodstream and then infects white blood cells. This then leads to production of more viruses. But only one viral protein is released from infected cells and this is called NS1. What we have now found is that this NS1 protein by itself can cause vascular leak, which means fluids escaping from your bloodstream that leads to then shock and potentially death. The disease causes vascular leak. Thus, we think this is too much of a coincidence. And we feel that NS1 now should be considered as part of the causal factors in dengue severe disease.

• #82 Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/Suppl_1/e000530

  The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors Zika, chikungunya, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever and others is a cause for international concern. […] Zika virus (ZIKV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) have similar epidemiology, transmission cycles in urban environments and clinical symptoms at onset (although complications vary markedly). […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases transmitted by vectors, given the capacity of vectors to transmit a number of viral infectious agents, raises global concerns about the causes of the emergence, threats to health, burden and the feasibility of prevention and control. […] There are many vector-borne viral diseases: West Nile fever, dengue, tick-borne, yellow fever, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Zika and Japanese encephalitis, among others.

Zobacz więcej