Denga – Epidemiologia

Denga
Epidemiologia

Denga stanowi obecnie jedno z najważniejszych globalnych zagrożeń wirusowych przenoszonych przez komary, z roczną liczbą zakażeń szacowaną na 100-400 milionów przypadków i populacją 2,5-3,6 miliarda ludzi narażonych na transmisję. Choroba jest endemiczna w ponad 100 krajach, a w ostatnich latach obserwuje się dramatyczny wzrost liczby przypadków – z 505 430 w 2000 roku do ponad 6,5 miliona w 2023 roku, z ponad 7300 zgonami. Ekspansja geograficzna obejmuje nowe obszary w Europie, Ameryce Południowej i regionie wschodniego Morza Śródziemnego, co jest związane ze zmianami w zasięgu wektorów (Aedes aegypti i Aedes albopictus). Nadzór epidemiologiczny, entomologiczny i wirusowy, wspierany przez nowoczesne technologie cyfrowe i sztuczną inteligencję, jest kluczowy dla wczesnego wykrywania epidemii, planowania interwencji oraz oceny skuteczności działań kontrolnych. W regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, gdzie mieszka około 75% populacji narażonej na dengę, choroba ma charakter hiperendemiczny, a sezonowe epidemie korelują z populacjami komarów i warunkami środowiskowymi sprzyjającymi ich rozmnażaniu.

Epidemiologia dengi

Denga jest obecnie uważana za najważniejszą chorobę wirusową przenoszoną przez komary na świecie. Szacuje się, że rocznie występuje od 100 do 400 milionów zakażeń, a około 2,5-3,6 miliarda ludzi (blisko 40-50% światowej populacji) żyje na obszarach zagrożonych transmisją wirusa dengi¹²³. Choroba jest endemiczna w ponad 100 krajach w regionach Afryki, obu Ameryk, wschodniego Morza Śródziemnego, Azji Południowo-Wschodniej i Zachodniego Pacyfiku⁴⁵.

W ostatnich dekadach zaobserwowano dramatyczny wzrost liczby przypadków dengi na całym świecie. Liczba przypadków zgłaszanych do WHO wzrosła z 505 430 w 2000 roku do 5,2 miliona w 2019 roku⁶. Na początku 2023 roku trwająca transmisja w połączeniu z niespodziewanym wzrostem liczby przypadków dengi spowodowała historycznie wysoki poziom ponad 6,5 miliona przypadków i ponad 7300 zgonów związanych z dengą⁷. Najwyższą liczbę przypadków dengi odnotowano w 2023 roku, a epidemie dotknęły ponad 80 krajów we wszystkich regionach WHO⁸⁹.

Globalne rozprzestrzenianie się dengi

Geograficzna ekspansja dengi w ostatnich latach jest znacząca. Choroba obecnie rozprzestrzenia się na nowe obszary w Europie, wschodnim Morzu Śródziemnym i Ameryce Południowej¹⁰. Wzrostowi zagrożenia epidemicznego sprzyjają czynniki takie jak zmieniający się zasięg występowania wektorów (głównie komarów Aedes aegypti i Aedes albopictus), szczególnie w krajach, które wcześniej nie miały problemu z dengą¹¹.

Pomimo braku występowania dengi w połowie XX wieku, obecnie prawie wszystkie kraje obu Ameryk mają hiperendemiczność z rodzimą transmisją dengi¹². W regionie Zachodniego Pacyfiku liczba zgłaszanych przypadków dengi wzrosła w ciągu ostatniej dekady¹³. Mało wiadomo o sytuacji w Afryce, mimo globalnego rozprzestrzeniania się dengi¹⁴. Ostatnia zgłoszona epidemia dengi w Europie miała miejsce w Grecji w latach 1926-1928¹⁵. W regionie wschodniego Morza Śródziemnego denga jest klasyfikowana jako choroba wyłaniająca się¹⁶.

Regionalne różnice w występowaniu dengi

Chociaż denga jest obecnie problemem ogólnoświatowym, prawie 75% globalnej populacji narażonej na dengę mieszka w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, co czyni ten region epicentrum aktywności dengi¹⁷¹⁸. W wielu częściach tropików i subtropików denga występuje endemicznie, czyli pojawia się co roku, zwykle w sezonie, gdy populacje komarów Aedes są wysokie, często gdy opady są optymalne do rozmnażania¹⁹.

Obserwuje się znaczne różnice w występowaniu epidemii dengi na różnych wyspach Karaibów, nawet gdy te epidemie są zsynchronizowane w całym regionie. Transmisja na różnych wyspach może być spowodowana różnymi serotypami wirusa dengi niezależnie od relacji czasowych²⁰.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych większość przypadków dengi zgłaszanych w 48 stanach kontynentalnych dotyczy podróżnych lub imigrantów²¹. Lokalna transmisja dengi wystąpiła na Florydzie, w Teksasie, na Hawajach, w Arizonie i Kalifornii²². W Stanach Zjednoczonych władze zdrowia publicznego w Portoryko ogłosiły epidemię w marcu 2024 r., a lokalna transmisja dengi była zgłaszana na Wyspach Dziewiczych Stanów Zjednoczonych i Florydzie²³.

Nadzór nad dengą

Skuteczny nadzór nad dengą jest kluczowym elementem zapobiegania i kontroli tej choroby. WHO wspiera kraje w doskonaleniu systemów raportowania i uchwyceniu prawdziwego obciążenia chorobą²⁴. Idealnie, działania nadzoru powinny obejmować szybkie wykrywanie zakażeń u ludzi wsparte przez ważną diagnozę kliniczną i laboratoryjną, nadzór nad wektorami oraz monitorowanie środowiskowych i społecznych czynników ryzyka wystąpienia epidemii dengi, aby zapewnić wczesne wykrycie zwiększonej transmisji dengi i szybką oraz odpowiednią reakcję²⁵.

Filary skutecznego nadzoru

Do walki z tak złożoną chorobą jak denga potrzebne są cztery filary wspierające solidny system nadzoru: nadzór nad przypadkami u ludzi, wirusem, nadzór entomologiczny i ekologiczny²⁶. Złożoność choroby wymaga również skoordynowanych wysiłków personelu laboratoryjnego różnych dyscyplin, pracowników terenowych, decydentów i społeczności²⁷.

Globalny system nadzoru nad dengą jest nadal w fazie rozwoju, a czułość znacznie różni się między krajami i regionami, dlatego dane należy interpretować odpowiednio²⁸. Niedawno zaktualizowana strategia Azji i Pacyfiku dotycząca chorób nowo pojawiających się, znana jako APSED (2010), zapewnia wspólne ramy strategiczne dla krajów i partnerów, aby wspólnie pracować nad wzmocnieniem krajowych i regionalnych systemów nadzoru chorób i odpowiedzi, w tym nadzoru nad dengą, reagowania na epidemie, zarządzania klinicznego i komunikacji o ryzyku²⁹.

Typy nadzoru nad dengą

Istnieją różne rodzaje nadzoru nad dengą:³⁰

Nadzór pasywny: Karta zgłoszenia H-544 powinna być wypełniona z adresem zamieszkania pacjenta i wysłana do lekarza zdrowia publicznego (MOH), gdzie mieszka pacjent.
Nadzór aktywny: Obejmuje aktywne poszukiwanie przypadków i wczesne wykrywanie ognisk choroby.
Nadzór wektorowy: Monitorowanie populacji komarów i miejsc ich rozmnażania.

³¹

Współcześnie w nadzorze nad dengą wykorzystuje się również rozwiązania cyfrowe. Interwencje w zakresie zdrowia cyfrowego (DHI) są szeroko stosowane w nadzorze nad dengą³²³³. Wiele badań zastosowało cyfrowy nadzór do wykrywania i prognozowania epidemii dengi, takich jak Google Trends, wyszukiwarki internetowe, platformy mediów społecznościowych, wiadomości online, systemy informacji geograficznej i inne³⁴³⁵.

Wyzwania w nadzorze nad dengą

Pomimo osiągniętych postępów, nadal istnieje wiele wyzwań, w tym: standaryzacja klasyfikacji dengi, poprawa nadzoru nad przypadkami, wektorami i wirusami, ograniczone zasoby i infrastruktura do nadzoru i kontroli, jakość diagnostyki, ograniczony dostęp do dobrej opieki klinicznej, potrzeba bardziej zaawansowanych narzędzi entomologicznych oraz ograniczone badania, które ostatecznie przekładają się na zapobieganie chorobom i zarządzanie nimi³⁶.

Istnieje również znaczna zmienność w zakresie nadzoru nad wirusami i raportowania między wyspami, co utrudnia uzyskanie dokładnego zrozumienia wzorców epidemiologicznych na Karaibach³⁷. Lokalne nadzory nad chorobami zakaźnymi i raportowanie są niezbędne dla wysiłków zdrowia publicznego dotyczących reagowania na epidemie i łagodzenia chorób; jednak kontrola epidemii jest trudna w krajach o niskich i średnich dochodach, gdzie zasoby są ograniczone³⁸.

Systemy nadzoru w różnych regionach

System nadzoru w Ameryce

Od 2003 roku, w odpowiedzi na sytuację dengi w Amerykach, Regionalny Program Dengi PAHO/WHO wraz z krajami w Amerykach wdrożył Zintegrowaną Strategię Zarządzania zapobieganiem i kontrolą dengi w Amerykach (IMS-Denga). Strategia ta integruje sześć komponentów: opiekę nad pacjentem, komunikację społeczną, środowisko, zintegrowane zarządzanie wektorami, laboratorium i epidemiologię³⁹⁴⁰.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny jest częścią tego ostatniego komponentu i stanowi jedno z głównych wyzwań na poziomie regionalnym, jednak dokonuje się znaczących osiągnięć w zakresie standaryzacji wskaźników, co pozwoli na terminowe interwencje⁴¹⁴².

Od 1980 roku PAHO/WHO gromadzi dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące występowania dengi, które kraje i terytoria w Amerykach raportują bezpośrednio lub publikują w biuletynach krajowych. Obecnie 46 krajów i terytoriów zgłasza tygodniowo i systematycznie liczbę przypadków dengi, wskaźnik zapadalności, liczbę ciężkich przypadków, liczbę zgonów i współczynnik śmiertelności, a także dane z nadzoru entomologicznego⁴³⁴⁴.

Ponadto laboratoria integrujące Sieć Laboratoriów Dengi Ameryk („RELDA”; 22 krajowe laboratoria referencyjne i 4 ośrodki współpracujące PAHO/WHO) dostarczają okresowych informacji dotyczących krążących serotypów w regionie. Obecnie nadzór epidemiologiczny nad dengą w Amerykach opiera się na systemie obowiązkowej notyfikacji, który obejmuje całe terytorium krajowe⁴⁵⁴⁶.

Systemy nadzoru w innych regionach

W Tajlandii istnieje obowiązkowe zgłaszanie przypadków klinicznych lub potwierdzonych za pomocą szybkich testów diagnostycznych do regionalnych władz nadzoru przez placówki opieki zdrowotnej⁴⁷. W Singapurze klaster dengi jest tworzony, gdy dwa lub więcej przypadków dengi ma początek w ciągu 14 dni i znajduje się w odległości 150 m od siebie (na podstawie adresów zamieszkania i miejsca pracy)⁴⁸.

Na Sri Lance nadzór nad chorobami jest główną strategią zapobiegania i kontroli chorób. Jednostka Epidemiologiczna Ministerstwa Zdrowia jest wiodącą instytucją, która prowadzi nadzór epidemiologiczny i koordynuje działania związane z dengą z Krajową Jednostką Kontroli Dengi⁴⁹. Wszystkie osoby praktykujące medycynę (w rządowych i prywatnych instytucjach medycznych), które zajmują się pacjentami z tymczasową diagnozą choroby dengi, powinny zgłosić chorobę odpowiednim władzom. Choroba powinna być zgłoszona natychmiast w momencie pierwszego podejrzenia, bez oczekiwania na potwierdzenie laboratoryjne⁵⁰.

Innowacyjne metody nadzoru

Modelowanie i analiza danych

Zaawansowane metody nadzoru nad dengą obejmują modelowanie i analizę danych. Podejście modelowania drzewa scenariuszy zostało wykorzystane do oszacowania wrażliwości systemu nadzoru nad dengą (w tym rutynowego raportowania szpitalnego i nadzoru wzmocnionego w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej) i czasu potrzebnego do wykazania eliminacji lokalnie nabytej dengi w mieście Yogyakarta w Indonezji, przy założeniu, że wykryta zachorowalność na dengę zmniejszy się do zera w przyszłości⁵¹⁵².

Badanie sugeruje, że przy połączeniu nadzoru szpitalnego i wzmocnionego nadzoru klinicznego nad dengą, akceptowalny poziom pewności (80% prawdopodobieństwo) eliminacji lokalnie nabytej dengi można osiągnąć w ciągu 2 lat⁵³⁵⁴. Ramy modelowania drzewa scenariuszy oferują powtarzalną, solidną metodę planowania i oceny postępów w kierunku eliminacji dengi jako problemu zdrowia publicznego po pełnym wdrożeniu interwencji Wolbachia i wzmocnionego nadzoru klinicznego nad dengą w mieście Yogyakarta w Indonezji⁵⁵.

W Tajlandii przeprowadzono kompleksowe badanie porównawcze różnych metod wykrywania skupisk dengi, aby pomóc w wyborze odpowiednich narzędzi do nadzoru nad dengą⁵⁶. Wybrano i oceniono powszechnie stosowane metody: Getis Ord Gi*, Local Moran, SaTScan i modelowanie bayesowskie⁵⁷. W świetle zarówno badania symulacyjnego, jak i empirycznego studium przypadku, bayesowskie mapowanie chorób, szczególnie poprzez model BYM, wydawało się optymalnym podejściem⁵⁸.

Zastosowanie sztucznej inteligencji

Sztuczna inteligencja (AI) jest coraz częściej wykorzystywana w nadzorze nad dengą. W Malezji opracowano system mediowany przez sztuczną inteligencję, który może poprawić jakość malezyjskiego systemu nadzoru nad dengą⁵⁹. System sieci bayesowskiej ma potencjał do raportowania w czasie rzeczywistym i przewidywania kolejnych epidemii dengi. System ten integruje przyjazne dla użytkownika funkcje do wprowadzania lub wpisywania danych, przechowywania danych, zapytań o dane, mapowania przypadków i epidemii chorób, raportowania, zaawansowanych prognoz epidemii, a nawet sugerowanych metod kontroli wektorów⁶⁰.

System AIME ma potencjał do tworzenia przestrzennych i czasowych wzorców epidemii chorób dengi, a także stosowania analizy w czasie rzeczywistym do badania tych wzorców chorób, czy to pod względem pojedynczego przypadku, klastra czy epidemii. System AIME jest również w stanie zasugerować najlepszą formę środków kontroli wektorów w celu powstrzymania rozprzestrzeniania się choroby dengi w danej miejscowości⁶¹.

Znaczenie danych z nadzoru

Zastosowanie danych z nadzoru

Dane z nadzoru nad dengą mają kluczowe znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego z kilku powodów:

Pomagają w identyfikacji obszarów podwyższonego ryzyka i mogą ułatwić podejmowanie decyzji politycznych i alokację budżetu ograniczonych zasobów zdrowia publicznego⁶².
Służą do tworzenia map ryzyka, które mogą pomóc w ukierunkowaniu wysiłków na zapobieganie i kontrolę dengi⁶³.
Wspierają wczesne ostrzeganie przed epidemiami i ocenę ryzyka epidemii w czasie rzeczywistym⁶⁴.
Pomagają w poprawie zrozumienia prawdziwego obciążenia chorobą dengi, co jest obecnie niedostatecznie reprezentowane⁶⁵.
Umożliwiają bardziej dokładną kwantyfikację wpływu dengi globalnie, co pozwoli na lepsze ustalenie priorytetów politycznych, finansowych i badawczych, a także podejmowanie bardziej świadomych decyzji i ulepszone modelowanie⁶⁶.

Progi alertów epidemicznych dengi służą jako krytyczne narzędzia do podejmowania decyzji w zakresie zdrowia publicznego w celu przygotowania się i reagowania na epidemie dengi. Dobrze zdefiniowany i zwalidowany próg zapewnia wczesne, ale wiarygodne wskazanie nadchodzącej epidemii, umożliwiając terminowe komunikaty publiczne, planowanie alokacji zasobów, szybsze wdrażanie interwencji, takich jak kontrola wektorów, i strategie komunikacji ryzyka⁶⁷.

Wyzwania w interpretacji danych

Interpretacja danych z nadzoru nad dengą napotyka na szereg wyzwań. Dokładność definicji klinicznych jest słaba, co ma znaczące implikacje dla nadzoru i reakcji zdrowia publicznego na kontrolę dengi. Jako podstawa dla większości raportowanych danych, ma to znaczenie dla decydentów planujących alokację zasobów i badaczy modelujących transmisję, szczególnie podczas COVID-19⁶⁸.

Chociaż niedostateczne zgłaszanie pozostaje głównym problemem dla dengi, biorąc pod uwagę niską specyficzność definicji klinicznych, bardzo prawdopodobne jest, że nieróżnicowane choroby wirusowe są również błędnie raportowane jako denga. Utrudnia to ocenę obciążenia i rozprzestrzeniania się dengi w różnych regionach, szczególnie podczas epidemii⁶⁹.

Stanowi to problem dla polityki zdrowia publicznego, nadzoru i środków reagowania. Duża liczba (fałszywie pozytywnych) skierowań z powodu dengi do opieki specjalistycznej może przytłoczyć systemy opieki zdrowotnej, szczególnie podczas epidemii⁷⁰.

Globalne inicjatywy i strategie

Strategia Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia

Globalna Strategia WHO dla Zapobiegania i Kontroli Dengi na lata 2012-2020 podkreśla potrzebę ulepszonych szacunków prawdziwego obciążenia chorobą dengi na świecie z powodu obecnie zakładanej niedostatecznej reprezentacji⁷¹. Nadzór i raportowanie są najważniejsze dla skutecznej kontroli dengi, a dokładniejsza kwantyfikacja wpływu dengi globalnie pozwoli na lepsze ustalenie priorytetów politycznych, finansowych i badawczych, a także podejmowanie bardziej świadomych decyzji i ulepszone modelowanie⁷².

WHO odpowiada na dengę w następujący sposób⁷³:

Wspiera kraje w potwierdzaniu epidemii poprzez swoją sieć współpracy laboratoriów.
Zapewnia wsparcie techniczne i wytyczne dla krajów w celu skutecznego zarządzania epidemiami dengi.
Wspiera kraje w doskonaleniu systemów raportowania i uchwyceniu prawdziwego obciążenia chorobą.
Zapewnia szkolenia w zakresie zarządzania klinicznego, diagnostyki i kontroli wektorów na poziomie kraju i regionu z niektórymi ze swoich ośrodków współpracujących.
Formułuje strategie i polityki oparte na dowodach.
Wspiera kraje w opracowywaniu strategii zapobiegania i kontroli dengi oraz przyjmowaniu Globalnej Odpowiedzi Kontroli Wektorów (2017-2030).
Przegląda rozwój nowych narzędzi, w tym produktów owadobójczych i technologii aplikacji.
Gromadzi oficjalne rejestry dengi i ciężkiej dengi z ponad 100 państw członkowskich.
Publikuje wytyczne i podręczniki dotyczące nadzoru, zarządzania przypadkami, diagnostyki, zapobiegania dengi i kontroli dla państw członkowskich.

⁷⁴

Regionalne i krajowe inicjatywy

Regionalne i krajowe inicjatywy odgrywają kluczową rolę w walce z dengą. W Brazylii Ministerstwo Zdrowia promuje polityki zarządzania epidemiami dengi, w tym wprowadzenie szybkiego testu NS1, ustanowienie Centrum Operacji Kryzysowych (CEO), transfery finansowe w celu wspierania stanów i gmin w nadzorze nad arbovirusami i działaniach zapobiegawczych oraz inwestycje w innowacje dla kontroli dengi⁷⁵.

WHO zachęca do integracji nowych technologii z usługami zdrowotnymi, w tym metody stratyfikacji, metody rozmieszczania zakażonych Wolbachia komarów, strategii insektycydów rozprzestrzenianych przez komary, wewnątrzdomicyliowego opryskiwania resztkowego i technik sterylizacji owadów, które są zalecane przez dowody naukowe i brazylijskie Ministerstwo Zdrowia⁷⁶.

Strategia insektycydów rozprzestrzenianych przez komary jest technologią o niskim koszcie do kontroli miejsc rozmnażania Aedes aegypti. Brazylijskie Ministerstwo Zdrowia zaleca jej stosowanie przed rozpoczęciem okresu epidemii, szczególnie w budynkach z dużą liczbą osób (szkoły, jednostki zdrowia i centra społeczne)⁷⁷.

Przyszłość nadzoru nad dengą

Rola nowych technologii

Przyszłość nadzoru nad dengą leży w integracji nowych technologii i metod. Uczestnicy badania jakościowego w Tajlandii wyrazili potrzebę szybkich, dokładnych, specyficznych dla serotypów testów, które mogą być łatwo obsługiwane przez nieekspertów bez sprzętu laboratoryjnego⁷⁸. Poparli oni integrację diagnostyki z systemami nadzoru i uważali, że zwiększyłoby to ilość i szybkość raportowania przypadków, a także zapewniłoby pracownikom służby zdrowia aktualne informacje o liczbie przypadków lokalnie, tym samym pomagając w interpretacji wyników testów⁷⁹.

Dokładne, specyficzne dla serotypów, zdalnie połączone urządzenia diagnostyczne, które mogą być używane w różnorodnych warunkach, wzmocniłyby nadzór i mogłyby wspierać ocenę ryzyka epidemii i ostrzeganie w czasie rzeczywistym⁸⁰.

Aplikacje mobilne do nadzoru nad dengą mają duży potencjał do wykrywania, raportowania i mapowania przypadków gorączki denga⁸¹⁸². Mozzify to niekomeryczna aplikacja, która oferuje raportowanie i mapowanie przypadków dengi w czasie rzeczywistym, kompleksową komunikację zdrowotną i system modyfikacji zachowań oparty na dowodach, dostosowany dla członków ogółu społeczeństwa i pracowników służby zdrowia⁸³.

Przyszłe kierunki badań i innowacji

Wielu ekspertów przewiduje, że denga będzie się nasilać w przyszłości, w tym jej ekspansja geograficzna, zachorowalność i raportowanie do WHO⁸⁴. Ramy globalnych zmian dążą do uwzględnienia wielu czynników współczesnego świata przyczyniających się do chorób zakaźnych przenoszonych przez wektory⁸⁵.

Biorąc pod uwagę krytykę dotyczącą klimatu jako niezależnego czynnika w obserwowanej ekspansji transmisji dengi, najnowsze podejścia dążą do połączenia danych klimatycznych z prognozowanymi zmianami społecznymi, w tym zwiększoną populacją i rozwojem gospodarczym w obszarach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych⁸⁶.

Przyszłe cyfrowe zdrowie w zakresie nadzoru nad dengą powinno badać synergie między różnymi kombinacjami ze względu na znaczący nacisk na zintegrowane systemy zdrowotne i interoperacyjność, aby zdecydować, które pakiety cyfrowego zdrowia są najbardziej skuteczne i wydajne⁸⁷⁸⁸.

WHO zaleca trzy metody nadzoru nad dengą: nadzór epidemiologiczny, nadzór wektorowy i monitorowanie wpływu behawioralnego⁸⁹. Te metody, w połączeniu z nowymi technologiami i podejściami, będą kształtować przyszłość nadzoru nad dengą.

Wnioski i rekomendacje

Denga stanowi rosnące globalne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego, z dramatycznym wzrostem liczby przypadków w ostatnich dekadach. Skuteczny nadzór nad dengą jest kluczowy dla wczesnego wykrywania epidemii, planowania interwencji i oceny skuteczności strategii kontroli. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury, można sformułować następujące rekomendacje dla wzmocnienia nadzoru nad dengą:

Rekomendacje dla wzmocnienia nadzoru nad dengą:

Denga powinna być chorobą podlegającą obowiązkowi zgłaszania w krajach endemicznych.
Regionalne definicje przypadków WHO powinny być konsekwentnie stosowane.
Elektroniczne systemy raportowania powinny być opracowane i szeroko stosowane, aby przyspieszyć dostarczanie danych zainteresowanym stronom.
Minimalne raportowanie powinno obejmować wskaźniki zachorowalności na gorączkę denga, dengę krwotoczną, zespół wstrząsu dengi i zgony z powodu dengi, a wskaźniki hospitalizacji i śmiertelności powinny być raportowane według grup wiekowych.
Okresowe dodatkowe badania (np. capture/recapture) powinny być przeprowadzane w celu oceny niewykrycia, niedostatecznego zgłaszania i jakości nadzoru.
Metody i protokoły laboratoryjne powinny być standaryzowane.
Władze krajowe powinny zachęcać laboratoria do tworzenia sieci w celu wymiany wiedzy specjalistycznej i danych.
RT-PCR i izolacja wirusa (i ewentualnie wykrywanie białka NS1) są zalecanymi metodami potwierdzania ostrego zakażenia dengą, ale są zalecane tylko przez cztery dni po wystąpieniu gorączki – po dniu 4 zalecany jest test immunoenzymatyczny wychwytujący IgM.

⁹⁰

Wdrożenie tych rekomendacji pomoże krajom w lepszym przygotowaniu się i reagowaniu na epidemie dengi, a ostatecznie w zmniejszeniu obciążenia tą chorobą na całym świecie.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] About half of the world’s population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring each year. […] Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. […] Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. […] There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505,430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019. […] The highest number of dengue cases was recorded in 2023, affecting over 80 countries in all regions of WHO.
#2 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
Globally, the challenge posed by dengue has escalated at an astonishing rate in the last three decades, with no sign of abating. It is estimated that dengue affects at least 50 million 100 million people every year. With more than 120 dengue-endemic countries, 3.6 billion people are at risk of infection. More than 70% of those at risk reside in the Asia Pacific region, making this region an epicentre of dengue activity. […] Dengue vaccine is not available, and its development is hindered by the lack of suitable animal models and the requirement for a robust tetravalent vaccine that covers all four serotypes of dengue. […] To battle with a complex disease like dengue, four cornerstones are required to support a robust surveillance system: human cases, virus, entomological and ecological surveillance.
#3 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview
Dengue is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly between latitudes 35 north and 35 south. Outbreaks are most prevalent in Southeast Asia, but the disease also affects the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent. […] The incidence of dengue has dramatically increased, with estimates suggesting that 40-50% of the worlds population is at risk for the disease, including in more temperate areas. […] The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically since the late 1900s, with an estimated 40-50% of the worlds population in 128 countries at risk. […] The overall incidence of dengue, as well as the number of explosive outbreaks of dengue, has increased dramatically over the last few decades. […] An estimated 2.5-3 billion people (approximately 40-50% of the worlds population) are estimated to be at risk for dengue infection. Some 128 countries worldwide are at risk for dengue infection, which includes 36 that once had been classified as dengue-free.
#4
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#5 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Global dengue incidence has increased precipitously over the last five decades and severe dengue cases have also expanded. […] Up to 3.6 billion people are estimated to now live in tropical and subtropical areas where the dengue viruses have the potential to be transmitted. […] In 2012, dengue was once again classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world due to significant geographic spread of the virus and its vector into previously unaffected areas and the subsequent costly burden of disease it brings. […] Despite the level of uncertainty on total numbers, we have evidence today that every WHO region now has dengue transmission and that there are more than 125 dengue endemic countries globally. […] It is evident that dengue is now a worldwide concern; however, almost 75% of the global population exposed to dengue live in Asia-Pacific.
#6
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] About half of the world’s population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring each year. […] Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. […] Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. […] There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505,430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019. […] The highest number of dengue cases was recorded in 2023, affecting over 80 countries in all regions of WHO.
#7
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#8
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] About half of the world’s population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring each year. […] Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. […] Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. […] There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue. […] The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades, with cases reported to WHO increasing from 505,430 cases in 2000 to 5.2 million in 2019. […] The highest number of dengue cases was recorded in 2023, affecting over 80 countries in all regions of WHO.
#9
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#10
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#11
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#12 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#13 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#14 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#15 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#16 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#17 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Global dengue incidence has increased precipitously over the last five decades and severe dengue cases have also expanded. […] Up to 3.6 billion people are estimated to now live in tropical and subtropical areas where the dengue viruses have the potential to be transmitted. […] In 2012, dengue was once again classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world due to significant geographic spread of the virus and its vector into previously unaffected areas and the subsequent costly burden of disease it brings. […] Despite the level of uncertainty on total numbers, we have evidence today that every WHO region now has dengue transmission and that there are more than 125 dengue endemic countries globally. […] It is evident that dengue is now a worldwide concern; however, almost 75% of the global population exposed to dengue live in Asia-Pacific.
#18 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
Globally, the challenge posed by dengue has escalated at an astonishing rate in the last three decades, with no sign of abating. It is estimated that dengue affects at least 50 million 100 million people every year. With more than 120 dengue-endemic countries, 3.6 billion people are at risk of infection. More than 70% of those at risk reside in the Asia Pacific region, making this region an epicentre of dengue activity. […] Dengue vaccine is not available, and its development is hindered by the lack of suitable animal models and the requirement for a robust tetravalent vaccine that covers all four serotypes of dengue. […] To battle with a complex disease like dengue, four cornerstones are required to support a robust surveillance system: human cases, virus, entomological and ecological surveillance.
#19 Epidemiology | Dengue | CDC
http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology/index.html
Dengue fever (DF) is caused by any of four closely related viruses, or serotypes: dengue 1-4. […] Dengue is transmitted between people by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are found throughout the world. […] In many parts of the tropics and subtropics, dengue is endemic, that is, it occurs every year, usually during a season when Aedes mosquito populations are high, often when rainfall is optimal for breeding. […] Dengue epidemics require a coincidence of large numbers of vector mosquitoes, large numbers of people with no immunity to one of the four virus types (DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, DENV 4), and the opportunity for contact between the two. […] Today about 2.5 billion people, or 40% of the worlds population, live in areas where there is a risk of dengue transmission. Dengue is endemic in at least 100 countries in Asia, the Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean.
#20 Travel surveillance uncovers dengue virus dynamics and introductions in the Caribbean | Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47774-8
Infectious disease surveillance of travelers has been shown to supplement local surveillance in low-resource areas. […] Our study highlights the importance of dengue surveillance among travelers and genomic epidemiology in supplementing local infectious disease surveillance in resource-limited locations by elucidating DENV transmission and spread within the Caribbean. […] There is significant variability in local dengue surveillance and reporting among Caribbean countries and territories, which can impact local outbreak responses and travel advisories. […] We estimate that the 2022 dengue outbreak in Cuba is larger than any detected on the island since at least 2010 and similar in size to other large outbreaks found throughout the Americas. […] We discovered that outbreaks on different islands were often caused by different serotypes, even when those outbreaks occurred during the same years. […] Overall, we demonstrate that dengue outbreaks in the Caribbean cannot be treated as a single entity, even when they are synchronized throughout the region, as transmission in different islands can be due to different DENV serotypes regardless of temporal relationships.
#21 Epidemiology | Dengue | CDC
http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology/index.html
Nearly all dengue cases reported in the 48 continental states were acquired elsewhere by travelers or immigrants. […] Because contact between Aedes and people is infrequent in the continental U.S., these imported cases rarely result in secondary transmission. […] DF and DHF cases have long been reportable by law to public health authorities in 26 states. […] Beginning in 2009, all nationally diagnosed dengue infections will be reportable to the CDC. […] PDSS was instrumental in confirming the endemic presence of dengue transmission in Puerto Rico, identifying the first case of DHF in the Americas, and detecting the first cluster of cases of DHF and the first laboratory-confirmed, dengue-related death in Puerto Rico.
#22 Public Health Considerations for Dengue | Dengue | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/php/public-health-considerations/index.html
Health departments should investigate and report all dengue infections. […] Health departments should strongly consider implementing vector control when there is an increased risk of dengue transmission. […] CDC has compiled considerations for responding to travel-associated or locally acquired dengue cases in areas where the disease does not occur frequently. […] Most dengue cases reported in the continental United States occur in travelers who are infected elsewhere. […] Local transmission of dengue has occurred in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, Arizona, and California. […] In the United States, public health authorities in Puerto Rico declared an outbreak in March 2024, and local transmission of dengue has been reported in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Florida. […] Health departments should investigate and report all DENV infections.
#23 Public Health Considerations for Dengue | Dengue | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/php/public-health-considerations/index.html
Health departments should investigate and report all dengue infections. […] Health departments should strongly consider implementing vector control when there is an increased risk of dengue transmission. […] CDC has compiled considerations for responding to travel-associated or locally acquired dengue cases in areas where the disease does not occur frequently. […] Most dengue cases reported in the continental United States occur in travelers who are infected elsewhere. […] Local transmission of dengue has occurred in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, Arizona, and California. […] In the United States, public health authorities in Puerto Rico declared an outbreak in March 2024, and local transmission of dengue has been reported in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Florida. […] Health departments should investigate and report all DENV infections.
#24
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Since the beginning of 2023 ongoing transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue cases, resulted in a historic high of over 6.5 million cases and more than 7,300 dengue-related deaths reported. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; […] The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO Regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. […] Dengue is spreading to new areas in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and South America. […] The largest number of dengue cases reported was in 2023. […] WHO supports countries in improving their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; […] WHO publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.
#25
https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-dengue-vector-surveillance-and-control
Although both entomological and epidemiological surveillance data have often been collected in countries, there are few instances in which health services integrate and fully utilize such information to control an outbreak and prevent its expansion. […] Ideally, surveillance activities should include the rapid detection of human infection supported by valid clinical and laboratory diagnosis, vector surveillance and monitoring of environmental and social risk factors for dengue outbreaks to ensure that increased dengue transmission is detected early and that the response is rapid and appropriate. […] Dengue has emerged as the most widespread and rapidly increasing vector-borne disease (VBD) in the world.
#26 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
Globally, the challenge posed by dengue has escalated at an astonishing rate in the last three decades, with no sign of abating. It is estimated that dengue affects at least 50 million 100 million people every year. With more than 120 dengue-endemic countries, 3.6 billion people are at risk of infection. More than 70% of those at risk reside in the Asia Pacific region, making this region an epicentre of dengue activity. […] Dengue vaccine is not available, and its development is hindered by the lack of suitable animal models and the requirement for a robust tetravalent vaccine that covers all four serotypes of dengue. […] To battle with a complex disease like dengue, four cornerstones are required to support a robust surveillance system: human cases, virus, entomological and ecological surveillance.
#27 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
The complexity of the disease also requires concerted effort among laboratory personnel of multidisciplines, field officers, policy-makers and the community. […] The recently updated Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases, known as APSED (2010), provides a common strategic framework for countries and partners to work collectively to strengthen the national and regional disease surveillance and response systems and capacities, including dengue surveillance, outbreak response, clinical management and risk communications. […] Despite progress made, many challenges remain, including: standardization of classification of dengue, enhancement of cases, vector and virus surveillance, limited resources and infrastructure for surveillance and control, quality of diagnostics, limited access to good clinical care, need for more advance entomological tools and the limited research that are eventually translated to disease prevention and management.
#28 Global dengue surveillance
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/dengue_global/
Global dengue surveillance […] The global dengue surveillance system is still under development and the sensitivity varies substantially between countries and regions, and data should be interpreted accordingly. […] This resource presents global burden at the national level however incidence is heterogeneous within countries as shown in the 'Global Disease Risk’ tab.
#29 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
The complexity of the disease also requires concerted effort among laboratory personnel of multidisciplines, field officers, policy-makers and the community. […] The recently updated Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases, known as APSED (2010), provides a common strategic framework for countries and partners to work collectively to strengthen the national and regional disease surveillance and response systems and capacities, including dengue surveillance, outbreak response, clinical management and risk communications. […] Despite progress made, many challenges remain, including: standardization of classification of dengue, enhancement of cases, vector and virus surveillance, limited resources and infrastructure for surveillance and control, quality of diagnostics, limited access to good clinical care, need for more advance entomological tools and the limited research that are eventually translated to disease prevention and management.
#30 NDCU – Disease Surveillance
https://www.dengue.health.gov.lk/web/index.php/en/activities-and-services/disease-surveillance
Disease surveillance is a main strategy in disease prevention and control. The Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health is the leading institution which carries out epidemiological surveillance and coordinates dengue related disease activities with the National Dengue Control Unit. […] Surveillance and Notification goes together. All Medical Practitioners (in Government and private medical institutions) who attend to patients with a tentative diagnosis of the dengue illness should notify the disease to the proper authority. The disease should be notified immediately at the time of first suspicion without waiting for laboratory Confirmation. […] There are three types of surveillance when dengue is concern; Passive Surveillance: The notification card H-544 should be filled with patients residential address and sent to Medical Officer of Health (MOH) where the patient is residing. […] Main tasks of NDCU is to monitor the disease trends in all MOH areas and advise on relevant control activities. The NDCU in cooperation with the Epidemiology unit, Regional Epidemiologists and Medical Officers of Health (MOOH) is carrying out dengue fever surveillance activities in the country.
#31 NDCU – Disease Surveillance
https://www.dengue.health.gov.lk/web/index.php/en/activities-and-services/disease-surveillance
Disease surveillance is a main strategy in disease prevention and control. The Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health is the leading institution which carries out epidemiological surveillance and coordinates dengue related disease activities with the National Dengue Control Unit. […] Surveillance and Notification goes together. All Medical Practitioners (in Government and private medical institutions) who attend to patients with a tentative diagnosis of the dengue illness should notify the disease to the proper authority. The disease should be notified immediately at the time of first suspicion without waiting for laboratory Confirmation. […] There are three types of surveillance when dengue is concern; Passive Surveillance: The notification card H-544 should be filled with patients residential address and sent to Medical Officer of Health (MOH) where the patient is residing. […] Main tasks of NDCU is to monitor the disease trends in all MOH areas and advise on relevant control activities. The NDCU in cooperation with the Epidemiology unit, Regional Epidemiologists and Medical Officers of Health (MOOH) is carrying out dengue fever surveillance activities in the country.
#32 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Dengue fever is a global concern, with half of the population at risk. Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) have been widely used in Dengue surveillance. […] The study analyzed 13 main categories of DHIs in Dengue surveillance, with Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, China, and Indonesia being the top five countries. […] DHIs were integrated, as evidenced by the deployment of many DHIs simultaneously in a single Dengue surveillance program. […] Surveillance is an essential component of any Dengue prevention and control program because it provides the data required for risk assessment, epidemic response, and program evaluation. […] The main goal of Dengue disease surveillance is to detect and predict epidemic activity. […] In disease surveillance, digital health interventions (DHIs) have been widely implemented.
#33 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://www.openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Dengue fever is a global concern, with half of the population at risk. Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) have been widely used in Dengue surveillance. […] The study analyzed 13 main categories of DHIs in Dengue surveillance, with Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, China, and Indonesia being the top five countries. […] Surveillance is an essential component of any Dengue prevention and control program because it provides the data required for risk assessment, epidemic response, and program evaluation. […] The main goal of Dengue disease surveillance is to detect and predict epidemic activity. […] In disease surveillance, digital health interventions (DHIs) have been widely implemented. […] Many studies have applied digital surveillance to detect and predict Dengue outbreaks such as Google Trends, internet search engines, social media platforms, online news, geographic information systems, and others.
#34 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Many studies have applied digital surveillance to detect and predict Dengue outbreaks such as Google Trends, internet search engines, social media platforms, online news, geographic information systems, and others. […] This study aims to fill that gap. Therefore, the first aim of this review is to identify digital health interventions that have been applied in Dengue surveillance to detect and predict outbreaks. […] The most discussed DHIs in Dengue Surveillance were Dengue, disease, data, health, system, cases, surveillance, information, application, and outbreak. […] The three fundamental components of high-quality data in public health surveillance are completeness, accuracy, and timeliness. […] GIS allows researchers to relate health, environmental, and population data, thereby being able to evaluate and quantify the relationship between health-related variables and environmental risk factors.
#35 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://www.openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Dengue fever is a global concern, with half of the population at risk. Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) have been widely used in Dengue surveillance. […] The study analyzed 13 main categories of DHIs in Dengue surveillance, with Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, China, and Indonesia being the top five countries. […] Surveillance is an essential component of any Dengue prevention and control program because it provides the data required for risk assessment, epidemic response, and program evaluation. […] The main goal of Dengue disease surveillance is to detect and predict epidemic activity. […] In disease surveillance, digital health interventions (DHIs) have been widely implemented. […] Many studies have applied digital surveillance to detect and predict Dengue outbreaks such as Google Trends, internet search engines, social media platforms, online news, geographic information systems, and others.
#36 Challenges in dengue surveillance and control
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3730958/
The complexity of the disease also requires concerted effort among laboratory personnel of multidisciplines, field officers, policy-makers and the community. […] The recently updated Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases, known as APSED (2010), provides a common strategic framework for countries and partners to work collectively to strengthen the national and regional disease surveillance and response systems and capacities, including dengue surveillance, outbreak response, clinical management and risk communications. […] Despite progress made, many challenges remain, including: standardization of classification of dengue, enhancement of cases, vector and virus surveillance, limited resources and infrastructure for surveillance and control, quality of diagnostics, limited access to good clinical care, need for more advance entomological tools and the limited research that are eventually translated to disease prevention and management.
#37 Travel surveillance uncovers dengue virus dynamics and introductions in the Caribbean | Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47774-8
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans, and cases are continuing to rise globally. […] However, there is significant variability regarding virus surveillance and reporting between islands, making it difficult to obtain an accurate understanding of the epidemiological patterns in the Caribbean. […] Our study highlights the importance of surveillance of infected travelers to provide a snapshot of local introductions and transmission in areas with limited local surveillance and suggests that the recent DENV-3 introductions may pose a major public health threat in the region. […] Local infectious disease surveillance and reporting is essential for public health efforts regarding outbreak response and disease mitigation; however, the control of outbreaks is challenging in low- and middle-income countries where resources are limited.
#38 Travel surveillance uncovers dengue virus dynamics and introductions in the Caribbean | Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47774-8
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans, and cases are continuing to rise globally. […] However, there is significant variability regarding virus surveillance and reporting between islands, making it difficult to obtain an accurate understanding of the epidemiological patterns in the Caribbean. […] Our study highlights the importance of surveillance of infected travelers to provide a snapshot of local introductions and transmission in areas with limited local surveillance and suggests that the recent DENV-3 introductions may pose a major public health threat in the region. […] Local infectious disease surveillance and reporting is essential for public health efforts regarding outbreak response and disease mitigation; however, the control of outbreaks is challenging in low- and middle-income countries where resources are limited.
#39 PAHO/WHO Data – Dengue
https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en.html
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). This strategy integrates six components; patient care, social communication, environment, integrated vector management, laboratory and epidemiology. The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. Additionally, the laboratories that integrate the Dengue Laboratory Network of the Americas (âRELDAâ; 22 national laboratories of reference and 4 collaborating centers of PAHO/WHO) provide periodic information regarding the circulating serotypes in the Region. Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#40 Dengue indicators | PAHO/EIH Open Data
https://opendata.paho.org/en/node/81
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). […] The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. […] Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. […] Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#41 PAHO/WHO Data – Dengue
https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en.html
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). This strategy integrates six components; patient care, social communication, environment, integrated vector management, laboratory and epidemiology. The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. Additionally, the laboratories that integrate the Dengue Laboratory Network of the Americas (âRELDAâ; 22 national laboratories of reference and 4 collaborating centers of PAHO/WHO) provide periodic information regarding the circulating serotypes in the Region. Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#42 Dengue indicators | PAHO/EIH Open Data
https://opendata.paho.org/en/node/81
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). […] The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. […] Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. […] Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#43 PAHO/WHO Data – Dengue
https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en.html
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). This strategy integrates six components; patient care, social communication, environment, integrated vector management, laboratory and epidemiology. The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. Additionally, the laboratories that integrate the Dengue Laboratory Network of the Americas (âRELDAâ; 22 national laboratories of reference and 4 collaborating centers of PAHO/WHO) provide periodic information regarding the circulating serotypes in the Region. Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#44 Dengue indicators | PAHO/EIH Open Data
https://opendata.paho.org/en/node/81
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). […] The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. […] Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. […] Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#45 PAHO/WHO Data – Dengue
https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en.html
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). This strategy integrates six components; patient care, social communication, environment, integrated vector management, laboratory and epidemiology. The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. Additionally, the laboratories that integrate the Dengue Laboratory Network of the Americas (âRELDAâ; 22 national laboratories of reference and 4 collaborating centers of PAHO/WHO) provide periodic information regarding the circulating serotypes in the Region. Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#46 Dengue indicators | PAHO/EIH Open Data
https://opendata.paho.org/en/node/81
Since 2003, and in response to the dengue situation in the Americas, the PAHO/WHO Regional Dengue Program, along with the countries in the Americas, implemented the Integrated Management Strategy for dengue prevention and control in the Americas (IMS-Dengue). […] The epidemiological surveillance is part of this last component and represents one of the main challenges at Regional level, however, significant achievements are being made in terms of standardization of indicators, which will allow for timely interventions. […] Since 1980, PAHO/WHO has collected epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of dengue that the countries and territories in the Americas have reported directly or have published in national bulletins. […] Currently, there are 46 countries and territories reporting, weekly and systematically, the number of dengue cases, incidence rate, number of severe cases, number of deaths and case fatality rate, as well as entomological surveillance data. […] Nowadays, the epidemiologic surveillance of dengue in the Americas is based on a system of mandatory notification that covers all of the national territory.
#47 Diagnostics for optimised dengue surveillance: a qualitative focus group study to investigate user experience and requirements in Thailand | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e085946
In passive surveillance, cases are identified via the routine assessment of unwell patients at healthcare facilities and are notified to a central surveillance authority. […] Effective implementation of such systems with real-time data transfer may provide early outbreak warning. […] However, common weaknesses include poor access to diagnostic testing and delayed or incomplete reporting. […] In Thailand, there is mandatory reporting of clinical or RDT-confirmed cases to regional surveillance authorities by healthcare facilities. […] Several advances in diagnostic technology represent opportunity to enhanced dengue surveillance. […] This study engaged users of diagnostic technology working across the Thai dengue surveillance system. It explored their contextual knowledge, experience and needs, with the aim of determining requirements for new devices and their implementation in systems of dengue surveillance.
#48 Dengue Clusters
https://www.nea.gov.sg/dengue-zika/dengue/dengue-clusters
Operationally, a dengue cluster indicates a locality with active transmission where intervention is targeted. It is formed when two or more cases have onset within 14 days and are located within 150m of each other (based on residential and workplace addresses). […] The clusters are categorised according to their current status. There are 3 alert levels: […] Each cluster map illustrates the extent of NEA’s current vector control intervention. […] The information provided in this listing is accurate as at 07 May 2025. […] List of Dengue Clusters Under Surveillance.
#49 NDCU – Disease Surveillance
https://www.dengue.health.gov.lk/web/index.php/en/activities-and-services/disease-surveillance
Disease surveillance is a main strategy in disease prevention and control. The Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health is the leading institution which carries out epidemiological surveillance and coordinates dengue related disease activities with the National Dengue Control Unit. […] Surveillance and Notification goes together. All Medical Practitioners (in Government and private medical institutions) who attend to patients with a tentative diagnosis of the dengue illness should notify the disease to the proper authority. The disease should be notified immediately at the time of first suspicion without waiting for laboratory Confirmation. […] There are three types of surveillance when dengue is concern; Passive Surveillance: The notification card H-544 should be filled with patients residential address and sent to Medical Officer of Health (MOH) where the patient is residing. […] Main tasks of NDCU is to monitor the disease trends in all MOH areas and advise on relevant control activities. The NDCU in cooperation with the Epidemiology unit, Regional Epidemiologists and Medical Officers of Health (MOOH) is carrying out dengue fever surveillance activities in the country.
#50 NDCU – Disease Surveillance
https://www.dengue.health.gov.lk/web/index.php/en/activities-and-services/disease-surveillance
Disease surveillance is a main strategy in disease prevention and control. The Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health is the leading institution which carries out epidemiological surveillance and coordinates dengue related disease activities with the National Dengue Control Unit. […] Surveillance and Notification goes together. All Medical Practitioners (in Government and private medical institutions) who attend to patients with a tentative diagnosis of the dengue illness should notify the disease to the proper authority. The disease should be notified immediately at the time of first suspicion without waiting for laboratory Confirmation. […] There are three types of surveillance when dengue is concern; Passive Surveillance: The notification card H-544 should be filled with patients residential address and sent to Medical Officer of Health (MOH) where the patient is residing. […] Main tasks of NDCU is to monitor the disease trends in all MOH areas and advise on relevant control activities. The NDCU in cooperation with the Epidemiology unit, Regional Epidemiologists and Medical Officers of Health (MOOH) is carrying out dengue fever surveillance activities in the country.
#51 Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach | BMJ Global Health
https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/11/e013313
Field trials and modelling studies suggest that elimination of dengue transmission may be possible through widespread release of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the insect bacterium Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain), in conjunction with routine dengue control activities. […] This study aimed to develop a modelling framework to guide planning for the potential elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta, a city of almost 400000 people in Java, Indonesia. […] A scenario-tree modelling approach was used to estimate the sensitivity of the dengue surveillance system (including routine hospital-based reporting and primary-care-based enhanced surveillance), and time required to demonstrate elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta city, assuming the detected incidence of dengue decreases to zero in the future.
#52 Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach – Departemen Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health (BEPH)
https://beph.fkkmk.ugm.ac.id/publikasi/utility-of-surveillance-data-for-planning-for-dengue-elimination-in-yogyakarta-indonesia-a-scenario-tree-modelling-approach/
Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach […] Introduction: Field trials and modelling studies suggest that elimination of dengue transmission may be possible through widespread release of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the insect bacterium Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain), in conjunction with routine dengue control activities. This study aimed to develop a modelling framework to guide planning for the potential elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta, a city of almost 400 000 people in Java, Indonesia. […] Methods: A scenario-tree modelling approach was used to estimate the sensitivity of the dengue surveillance system (including routine hospital-based reporting and primarycare-based enhanced surveillance), and time required to demonstrate elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta city, assuming the detected incidence of dengue decreases to zero in the future. Age and gender were included as risk factors for dengue, and detection nodes included the probability of seeking care, probability of sample collection and testing, diagnostic test sensitivity and probability of case notification. Parameter distributions were derived from health system data or estimated by expert opinion. Alternative simulations were defined based on changes to key parameter values, separately and in combination.
#53 Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach | BMJ Global Health
https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/11/e013313
This study suggests that with a combination of hospital-based surveillance and enhanced clinic-based surveillance for dengue, an acceptable level of confidence (80% probability) in the elimination of locally acquired dengue can be reached within 2 years. […] The aim of this study was to develop a scenario-tree modelling framework to guide planning for the potential elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia. […] The findings suggest that pragmatic demonstration of the elimination of locally acquired dengue can be reached in a shorter timeframe than the alternative approach of convening an independent expert review panel, as commonly used for other infectious disease elimination programmes. […] The scenario-tree modelling framework offers a replicable, robust method for planning and assessing progress towards elimination of dengue as a public health problem following full implementation of the Wolbachia intervention and enhanced clinic-based dengue surveillance in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia.
#54 Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach – Departemen Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health (BEPH)
https://beph.fkkmk.ugm.ac.id/publikasi/utility-of-surveillance-data-for-planning-for-dengue-elimination-in-yogyakarta-indonesia-a-scenario-tree-modelling-approach/
Results: For the default simulation, median surveillance system sensitivity was 0.131 (95% PI 0.111 to 0.152) per month. Median confidence in dengue elimination reached 80% after a minimum of 13 months of zero detected dengue cases and 90% confidence after 25 months, across different scenarios. The alternative simulations investigated produced relatively small changes in median system sensitivity and time to elimination. […] Conclusion: This study suggests that with a combination of hospital-based surveillance and enhanced clinic-based surveillance for dengue, an acceptable level of confidence (80% probability) in the elimination of locally acquired dengue can be reached within 2 years. Increasing the surveillance system sensitivity could shorten the time to first ascertainment of elimination of dengue and increase the level of confidence in elimination.
#55 Utility of surveillance data for planning for dengue elimination in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a scenario-tree modelling approach | BMJ Global Health
https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/11/e013313
This study suggests that with a combination of hospital-based surveillance and enhanced clinic-based surveillance for dengue, an acceptable level of confidence (80% probability) in the elimination of locally acquired dengue can be reached within 2 years. […] The aim of this study was to develop a scenario-tree modelling framework to guide planning for the potential elimination of locally acquired dengue in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia. […] The findings suggest that pragmatic demonstration of the elimination of locally acquired dengue can be reached in a shorter timeframe than the alternative approach of convening an independent expert review panel, as commonly used for other infectious disease elimination programmes. […] The scenario-tree modelling framework offers a replicable, robust method for planning and assessing progress towards elimination of dengue as a public health problem following full implementation of the Wolbachia intervention and enhanced clinic-based dengue surveillance in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia.
#56 Evaluation and comparison of spatial cluster detection methods for improved decision making of disease surveillance: a case study of national dengue surveillance in Thailand | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-02135-9
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that causes over 300 million infections worldwide each year with no specific treatment available. Effective surveillance systems are needed for outbreak detection and resource allocation. Spatial cluster detection methods are commonly used, but no general guidance exists on the most appropriate method for dengue surveillance. Therefore, a comprehensive study is needed to assess different methods and provide guidance for dengue surveillance programs. […] To evaluate the effectiveness of different cluster detection methods for dengue surveillance, we selected and assessed commonly used methods: Getis Ord Gi*, Local Moran, SaTScan, and Bayesian modeling. […] This study provides empirical evidence for the selection of appropriate tools for dengue surveillance in Thailand, with potential applicability to other disease control programs in similar settings.
#57 Evaluation and comparison of spatial cluster detection methods for improved decision making of disease surveillance: a case study of national dengue surveillance in Thailand | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-02135-9
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that causes over 300 million infections worldwide each year with no specific treatment available. Effective surveillance systems are needed for outbreak detection and resource allocation. Spatial cluster detection methods are commonly used, but no general guidance exists on the most appropriate method for dengue surveillance. Therefore, a comprehensive study is needed to assess different methods and provide guidance for dengue surveillance programs. […] To evaluate the effectiveness of different cluster detection methods for dengue surveillance, we selected and assessed commonly used methods: Getis Ord Gi*, Local Moran, SaTScan, and Bayesian modeling. […] This study provides empirical evidence for the selection of appropriate tools for dengue surveillance in Thailand, with potential applicability to other disease control programs in similar settings.
#58 Evaluation and comparison of spatial cluster detection methods for improved decision making of disease surveillance: a case study of national dengue surveillance in Thailand | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-02135-9
The cluster detection of SaTScan was computed using command-line interface version 10.0.2 combined with rsatscan library version 0.3.9200. […] The statistical inference in Bayesian settings is traditionally based on sampling procedures, for example, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). […] The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) which requires less computing resources can be an alternative. […] The validation of these methods using real data from the Thai national dengue control program in 2019 confirmed distinct hotspot identifications. […] In light of both our simulation study and empirical case study, Bayesian disease mapping, particularly through the BYM model, appeared as the optimal approach. […] This method demonstrated an adaptive capacity for detecting irregular disease anomalies and effectively addressed issues related to variance adjustments near boundaries. […] Our study offers valuable insights into the performance of cluster detection methods and highlights their potential for enhancing dengue surveillance. […] Ultimately, this can empower authorities to make more informed public health decisions.
#59 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence as a Dengue Surveillance and Prediction Tool
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/utilizing-artificial-intelligence-as-a-dengue-surveillance-and-prediction-tool-P0vC.php?article_id=9445
Objectives: A major challenge in passive surveillance is that an outbreak has often occurred before it is recognized. The main purpose of this study is to determine how well an artificial intelligence mediated system can improve the quality of Malaysias dengue surveillance system. In particular, the focus of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a real-time surveillance system in dengue case detection and prediction of future outbreaks. […] An efficient dengue surveillance system should be capable to identify and forecast dengue outbreaks with a good accuracy. In Malaysia and other dengue endemic countries, passive disease surveillance is the backbone of dengue routine reporting. However the challenge in passive surveillance is that an outbreak has often reached or passed its peak before it is recognized. The opportunities for control are missed if the health officials are not vigilant and the present dengue surveillance comes with time delays and lack of sensitivity with no real-time notifications or outbreak predictions. Therefore, an early warning system by incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) is timely to make a shift from prescribed to adaptive strategies for dengue surveillance.
#60 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence as a Dengue Surveillance and Prediction Tool
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/utilizing-artificial-intelligence-as-a-dengue-surveillance-and-prediction-tool-P0vC.php?article_id=9445
The Bayesian network system has the potential to report predict the next dengue outbreaks in real-time. It incorporates user-friendly functionalities for data entry or input, data storage, data query, case and disease outbreak mapping, reporting, advance outbreak predictions and even suggested vector control management. This network system is anticipated to improve the current dengue surveillance, intervention monitoring and evaluation of the overall dengue vector control program performance. […] The AIME system has the potential of producing spatial and temporal patterns of dengue disease outbreaks as well as applying real-time analysis to explore these disease patterns, whether in terms of a single case, cluster or outbreaks. The AIME system is also able to suggest the best form of vector control measures to contain the spread of dengue disease in a locality.
#61 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence as a Dengue Surveillance and Prediction Tool
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/utilizing-artificial-intelligence-as-a-dengue-surveillance-and-prediction-tool-P0vC.php?article_id=9445
The Bayesian network system has the potential to report predict the next dengue outbreaks in real-time. It incorporates user-friendly functionalities for data entry or input, data storage, data query, case and disease outbreak mapping, reporting, advance outbreak predictions and even suggested vector control management. This network system is anticipated to improve the current dengue surveillance, intervention monitoring and evaluation of the overall dengue vector control program performance. […] The AIME system has the potential of producing spatial and temporal patterns of dengue disease outbreaks as well as applying real-time analysis to explore these disease patterns, whether in terms of a single case, cluster or outbreaks. The AIME system is also able to suggest the best form of vector control measures to contain the spread of dengue disease in a locality.
#62 Evaluation and comparison of spatial cluster detection methods for improved decision making of disease surveillance: a case study of national dengue surveillance in Thailand | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-02135-9
Efficient and reliable surveillance systems are then crucial especially for endemic countries. Spatial cluster detection can identify areas of elevated risk and can facilitate policy decision making and budget allocation of limited public health resources in Thailand. […] Despite the wide range of applications, there is no general guidance as to which is the most appropriate cluster detection method for dengue spatial surveillance. […] Hence, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of widely used methods for dengue cluster detection. […] Thus, our comprehensive comparison study can be a useful guide for choosing appropriate spatial anomaly detection methods to identify and target clusters and increase efficiency of dengue control programs. […] The four spatial cluster detection methods used in the comparison were Getis Ord Gi*, Morans I, SaTScan and Bayesian disease mapping via exceedance probability.
#63 The Potential of Surveillance Data for Dengue Risk Mapping: An Evaluation of Different Approaches in Cuba
https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/4/230
The Potential of Surveillance Data for Dengue Risk Mapping: An Evaluation of Different Approaches in Cuba […] To better guide dengue prevention and control efforts, the use of routinely collected data to develop risk maps is proposed. For this purpose, dengue experts identified indicators representative of entomological, epidemiological and demographic risks, hereafter called components, by using surveillance data aggregated at the level of Consejos Populares (CPs) in two municipalities of Cuba (Santiago de Cuba and Cienfuegos) in the period of 2010â2015. […] As transmission of infectious diseases, specifically vector-borne ones, is highly heterogeneous in space and time, several researchers as well as the World Health Organization proposed a better use of routinely collected surveillance data, for instance through a risk mapping tool, to guide timely and effective management of outbreaks. […] Spatial and temporal risk mapping based on surveillance data is not only important for arboviral disease prevention but also for other infectious diseases, such as malaria and COVID-19, where control measures are intensified in a geographical area when an epidemic occurs, measured through test-positivity rate, case counts or hospitalization rates exceeding a threshold. […] An enhanced approach, supported by theoretical evidence, focuses on the identification of areas that concentrate a large fraction of Aedes-borne disease cases or elevated transmission risk for reframing vector control actions. […] Risk mapping for arboviruses exists in the shape of single-component temporal or spatial models using clinical case reports. […] Clinical dengue case incidence is a proxy for transmission risk; however, there are many asymptomatic cases, which are responsible for silent and cryptic transmission of arboviruses. […] Such multicomponent approaches for dengue risk mapping can be based on indices or on models. […] The knowledge-based multicomponent index that we present here, different from the above approaches as it only using routine data at the local level, takes into account several indicators describing the multiple dimensions of the complex web of factors influencing the transmission of dengue and affecting the susceptibility of the population and the exposure to the vector transmitting the virus (the agent). […] In this study, we aim to describe methods to identify areas of higher vulnerability for dengue transmission. This can be used by control programs to guide prevention and control strategies targeting high-risk areas. Therefore, we present different approaches, incidence- and vulnerability-based, of single- and multicomponent risk mapping based on surveillance data that are available at a decentralized level (the level of decision making for control actions) in Cuba.
#64 Dengue epidemic alert thresholds, a tool for surveillance and epidemic detection | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.24315684v1.full-text
Epidemic alert thresholds serve as critical tools for public health decision-making for preparedness and response to combat dengue epidemics. A well-defined and validated threshold provides an early yet reliable indication of an impending epidemic, allowing for timely public messaging, resource allocation planning, faster implementation of interventions like vector control, and risk communication strategies. […] The utility of this tool lies in its real-time capability to identify and classify an epidemic alert. In Puerto Rico, the weekly historical median and epidemic alert thresholds are established annually in January for the upcoming year. Each week, as reported cases become available, the number of cases is compared to the weekly historical median and epidemic threshold to assess the current status of DENV transmission. If case counts exceed the threshold for two consecutive weeks, an epidemic alert is declared. This evidence-based, timely, and straightforward comparison and classification provides an ideal tool for guiding responses to emerging epidemics before high levels of DENV transmission are apparent.
#65 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Given the critique regarding climate as an independent factor in the observed expansion of dengue transmission, recent approaches seek to combine climate data with projected societal changes, including increased population and economic development in tropical and subtropical areas. […] In light of the potential for continued expansion of dengue globally, it is essential to reflect on policy and strategic direction that attempts to reduce the impact of this disease. […] The WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012-2020, highlights the need for improved estimates of the true burden of dengue disease globally due to the currently presumed under-representation. […] Surveillance and reporting is paramount for effective dengue control, and more accurate quantification of the impact of dengue globally will allow improved political, financial, and research prioritization as well as informed decision making and enhanced modeling.
#66 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Given the critique regarding climate as an independent factor in the observed expansion of dengue transmission, recent approaches seek to combine climate data with projected societal changes, including increased population and economic development in tropical and subtropical areas. […] In light of the potential for continued expansion of dengue globally, it is essential to reflect on policy and strategic direction that attempts to reduce the impact of this disease. […] The WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012-2020, highlights the need for improved estimates of the true burden of dengue disease globally due to the currently presumed under-representation. […] Surveillance and reporting is paramount for effective dengue control, and more accurate quantification of the impact of dengue globally will allow improved political, financial, and research prioritization as well as informed decision making and enhanced modeling.
#67 Dengue epidemic alert thresholds, a tool for surveillance and epidemic detection | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.24315684v1.full-text
Epidemic alert thresholds serve as critical tools for public health decision-making for preparedness and response to combat dengue epidemics. A well-defined and validated threshold provides an early yet reliable indication of an impending epidemic, allowing for timely public messaging, resource allocation planning, faster implementation of interventions like vector control, and risk communication strategies. […] The utility of this tool lies in its real-time capability to identify and classify an epidemic alert. In Puerto Rico, the weekly historical median and epidemic alert thresholds are established annually in January for the upcoming year. Each week, as reported cases become available, the number of cases is compared to the weekly historical median and epidemic threshold to assess the current status of DENV transmission. If case counts exceed the threshold for two consecutive weeks, an epidemic alert is declared. This evidence-based, timely, and straightforward comparison and classification provides an ideal tool for guiding responses to emerging epidemics before high levels of DENV transmission are apparent.
#68 Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical definitions for dengue and implications for surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009359
Dengue is the worlds most common mosquito-borne virus but remains diagnostically challenging due to its nonspecific presentation. Access to laboratory confirmation is limited and thus most reported figures are based on clinical diagnosis alone, the accuracy of which is uncertain. This systematic review assesses the diagnostic accuracy of the traditional (1997) and revised (2009) WHO clinical case definitions for dengue fever, the basis for most national guidelines. […] Diagnostic accuracy of clinical criteria is poor, with significant implications for surveillance and public health responses for dengue control. As the basis for most reported figures, this has relevance to policymakers planning resource allocation and researchers modelling transmission, particularly during COVID-19. […] While underreporting remains a major issue for dengue, given the low specificity of the clinical definitions it is highly likely that non-dengue viral illness is also being misreported as dengue. This makes it difficult to assess the burden and spread of dengue across regions, particularly during outbreaks.
#69 Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical definitions for dengue and implications for surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009359
Dengue is the worlds most common mosquito-borne virus but remains diagnostically challenging due to its nonspecific presentation. Access to laboratory confirmation is limited and thus most reported figures are based on clinical diagnosis alone, the accuracy of which is uncertain. This systematic review assesses the diagnostic accuracy of the traditional (1997) and revised (2009) WHO clinical case definitions for dengue fever, the basis for most national guidelines. […] Diagnostic accuracy of clinical criteria is poor, with significant implications for surveillance and public health responses for dengue control. As the basis for most reported figures, this has relevance to policymakers planning resource allocation and researchers modelling transmission, particularly during COVID-19. […] While underreporting remains a major issue for dengue, given the low specificity of the clinical definitions it is highly likely that non-dengue viral illness is also being misreported as dengue. This makes it difficult to assess the burden and spread of dengue across regions, particularly during outbreaks.
#70 Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical definitions for dengue and implications for surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009359
This poses an issue to public health policy, surveillance, and response measures. A large number of (false-positive) dengue referrals to tertiary care may overwhelm healthcare systems, particularly during outbreaks. […] With the licensing of the new dengue vaccine, governments need to prioritise areas where vaccine introduction will have the most impact and thereafter measure its efficacy. This is made exceedingly difficult if they cannot ascertain which pathogen is primarily responsible for a regions disease burden. […] These issues have only increased in importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are case reports of COVID-19 being misdiagnosed as dengue, including due to an atypical presentation with a rash (a relatively specific feature of dengue). […] Misclassification of COVID-19 as dengue and vice versa has a profound impact on public health responses due to the very different control measures. Control of dengue relies on control of mosquito vectors or reducing human-vector contact. […] This review has demonstrated the poor diagnostic accuracy of the clinical definitions for dengue in the absence of confirmatory testing. This has real-world costs both for treating clinicians and for surveillance systems, magnified by COVID-19.
#71 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Given the critique regarding climate as an independent factor in the observed expansion of dengue transmission, recent approaches seek to combine climate data with projected societal changes, including increased population and economic development in tropical and subtropical areas. […] In light of the potential for continued expansion of dengue globally, it is essential to reflect on policy and strategic direction that attempts to reduce the impact of this disease. […] The WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012-2020, highlights the need for improved estimates of the true burden of dengue disease globally due to the currently presumed under-representation. […] Surveillance and reporting is paramount for effective dengue control, and more accurate quantification of the impact of dengue globally will allow improved political, financial, and research prioritization as well as informed decision making and enhanced modeling.
#72 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Given the critique regarding climate as an independent factor in the observed expansion of dengue transmission, recent approaches seek to combine climate data with projected societal changes, including increased population and economic development in tropical and subtropical areas. […] In light of the potential for continued expansion of dengue globally, it is essential to reflect on policy and strategic direction that attempts to reduce the impact of this disease. […] The WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012-2020, highlights the need for improved estimates of the true burden of dengue disease globally due to the currently presumed under-representation. […] Surveillance and reporting is paramount for effective dengue control, and more accurate quantification of the impact of dengue globally will allow improved political, financial, and research prioritization as well as informed decision making and enhanced modeling.
#73 Dengue (Human) | UNDRR
https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0059
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. […] This alarming increase in case numbers is partly explained by a change in national practices to record and report dengue to the Ministries of Health, and to the WHO. […] The WHO recommends three methods of dengue surveillance: epidemiological surveillance, vector surveillance and monitoring behavioural impact (WHO, no date). […] The WHO responds to dengue in the following ways: supports countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories; provides technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of dengue outbreaks; supports countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; provides training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the country and regional level with some of its collaborating centres; formulates evidence-based strategies and policies; supports countries in the development of dengue prevention and control strategies and adopting the Global Vector Control Response (20172030); reviews the development of new tools, including insecticide products and application technologies; gathers official records of dengue and severe dengue from over 100 Member States; and publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States (WHO, 2020).
#74 Dengue (Human) | UNDRR
https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0059
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. […] This alarming increase in case numbers is partly explained by a change in national practices to record and report dengue to the Ministries of Health, and to the WHO. […] The WHO recommends three methods of dengue surveillance: epidemiological surveillance, vector surveillance and monitoring behavioural impact (WHO, no date). […] The WHO responds to dengue in the following ways: supports countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories; provides technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of dengue outbreaks; supports countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; provides training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the country and regional level with some of its collaborating centres; formulates evidence-based strategies and policies; supports countries in the development of dengue prevention and control strategies and adopting the Global Vector Control Response (20172030); reviews the development of new tools, including insecticide products and application technologies; gathers official records of dengue and severe dengue from over 100 Member States; and publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States (WHO, 2020).
#75 SciELO Brazil – The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/gTT8ZZVR8g4Xx9xQPyp4GBz/
The Ministry of Health has promoted policies to manage dengue epidemics, including the introduction of the NS1 rapid test, establishment of a Center of Emergency Operations (CEO), financial transfers to support states and municipalities in arbovirus surveillance and prevention activities, and investments in innovation for dengue control. […] The impact of climate change on the global spread of dengue fever, particularly in Brazil, is a critical issue requiring comprehensive understanding and action. Climate change and its associated phenomena, such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, have profound implications for the life cycle and distribution of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vectors of the dengue virus. […] In Brazil, studies have utilized data mining techniques to investigate the recent expansion and exacerbation of the dengue incidence, revealing that prolonged temperature anomalies, urbanization, and previous circulation of the virus were significant contributors to the increased incidence in the central region of the country.
#76 SciELO Brazil – The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/gTT8ZZVR8g4Xx9xQPyp4GBz/
The World Health Organization (WHO) is urging the integration of new technologies into health services, including the stratification method, Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployment method, mosquito-disseminated insecticide strategy, intradomiciliary residual spraying, and sterile insect techniques, which are recommended by scientific evidence and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. […] The mosquito-disseminated insecticide strategy is a low-cost technology for controlling Aedes aegypti breeding sites. […] The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends its use before the start of the epidemic period, especially in buildings with many people (schools, health units, and community centers). […] Development of a dengue vaccine has been a noteworthy endeavor in the field of infectious diseases. […] The Takeda vaccine candidate, TAK-003, demonstrated its potential through its tetravalent formulation.
#77 SciELO Brazil – The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/gTT8ZZVR8g4Xx9xQPyp4GBz/
The World Health Organization (WHO) is urging the integration of new technologies into health services, including the stratification method, Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployment method, mosquito-disseminated insecticide strategy, intradomiciliary residual spraying, and sterile insect techniques, which are recommended by scientific evidence and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. […] The mosquito-disseminated insecticide strategy is a low-cost technology for controlling Aedes aegypti breeding sites. […] The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends its use before the start of the epidemic period, especially in buildings with many people (schools, health units, and community centers). […] Development of a dengue vaccine has been a noteworthy endeavor in the field of infectious diseases. […] The Takeda vaccine candidate, TAK-003, demonstrated its potential through its tetravalent formulation.
#78 Diagnostics for optimised dengue surveillance: a qualitative focus group study to investigate user experience and requirements in Thailand | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e085946
Objectives Effective, real-time surveillance of dengue may provide early warning of outbreaks and support targeted disease-control intervention but requires widespread accurate diagnosis and timely case reporting. […] This study aimed to describe experience and requirements of relevant prospective users. […] Participants expressed a need for rapid, accurate, serotype-specific tests which can be operated easily by non-expert users without laboratory equipment. […] They supported integration of diagnostics with surveillance systems and felt this would increase the quantity and speed of case reporting as well as provide healthcare professionals with up-to-date information about the number of cases locally, thereby aiding interpretation of test results. […] The present study highlights specific needs for accurate, serotype-specific, remote-connected diagnostics which are integrated with surveillance systems and support dengue case reporting at the point-of-care.
#79 Diagnostics for optimised dengue surveillance: a qualitative focus group study to investigate user experience and requirements in Thailand | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e085946
Objectives Effective, real-time surveillance of dengue may provide early warning of outbreaks and support targeted disease-control intervention but requires widespread accurate diagnosis and timely case reporting. […] This study aimed to describe experience and requirements of relevant prospective users. […] Participants expressed a need for rapid, accurate, serotype-specific tests which can be operated easily by non-expert users without laboratory equipment. […] They supported integration of diagnostics with surveillance systems and felt this would increase the quantity and speed of case reporting as well as provide healthcare professionals with up-to-date information about the number of cases locally, thereby aiding interpretation of test results. […] The present study highlights specific needs for accurate, serotype-specific, remote-connected diagnostics which are integrated with surveillance systems and support dengue case reporting at the point-of-care.
#80 Diagnostics for optimised dengue surveillance: a qualitative focus group study to investigate user experience and requirements in Thailand | BMJ Open
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e085946
Participants stated that new devices for the diagnosis of dengue should be usable in a wide range of settings, including at the point-of-care (inpatient and outpatient) and in laboratories and mini laboratories. […] Participants recommended that diagnostic devices should have a simple way of displaying results to users with low chance of misinterpretation. […] They also stated that results should be recorded permanently on a patients record. […] Participants emphasised the importance of cost when considering the potential introduction of new diagnostic devices in Thailand. […] These requirements align with the WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases ASSURED criteria for diagnostics and subsequent publications supporting real-time connectivity. […] Accurate, serotype-specific, remote-connected diagnostic devices which can be used in a diverse range of settings would enhance surveillance and could support real-time outbreak risk assessment and warning.
#81 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Many studies have applied digital surveillance to detect and predict Dengue outbreaks such as Google Trends, internet search engines, social media platforms, online news, geographic information systems, and others. […] This study aims to fill that gap. Therefore, the first aim of this review is to identify digital health interventions that have been applied in Dengue surveillance to detect and predict outbreaks. […] The most discussed DHIs in Dengue Surveillance were Dengue, disease, data, health, system, cases, surveillance, information, application, and outbreak. […] The three fundamental components of high-quality data in public health surveillance are completeness, accuracy, and timeliness. […] GIS allows researchers to relate health, environmental, and population data, thereby being able to evaluate and quantify the relationship between health-related variables and environmental risk factors.
#82 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://www.openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
This study aims to fill that gap. Therefore, the first aim of this review is to identify digital health interventions that have been applied in Dengue surveillance to detect and predict outbreaks. […] The most discussed DHIs in Dengue Surveillance were Dengue, disease, data, health, system, cases, surveillance, information, application, and outbreak. […] The three fundamental components of high-quality data in public health surveillance are completeness, accuracy, and timeliness. […] GIS allows researchers to relate health, environmental, and population data, thereby being able to evaluate and quantify the relationship between health-related variables and environmental risk factors. […] Google Trends and internet search engines provide search query data related to dengue. […] Mobile applications for Dengue surveillance have great promise for detection, reporting, and mapping Dengue fever cases.
#83 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Early Detection of Dengue Fever Outbreaks Using a Surveillance App (Mozzify): Cross-sectional Mixed Methods Usability Study
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e19034/
Background: While early detection and effective control of epidemics depend on appropriate surveillance methods, the Philippines bases its dengue fever surveillance system on a passive surveillance method (notifications from barangay/village health centers, municipal or city health offices, hospitals, and clinics). […] Public health surveillance aims to monitor dengue transmission accurately, triggering the necessary effective preventive measures and programs to prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases. […] Recently, the use of mHealth (mobile health) technology, specifically mobile apps, has been gaining prominence as a potential surveillance system that would meet the need for real-time disease surveillance and timely identification of epidemics. […] Mozzify is a noncommercial app that features real-time reporting and mapping of dengue cases, comprehensive health communication, and an evidence-based behavior modification system tailored for members of the general public and health care professionals.
#84 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#85 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
The number of reported cases of dengue has increased continuously over the past decade in the Western Pacific. […] Despite the absence of dengue transmission in the middle of the 20th century, almost all countries in the Americas now have hyperendemicity with indigenous dengue transmission. […] Little has been known or reported about the situation in Africa amidst the geographic spread of dengue worldwide. […] The last reported epidemic of dengue in Europe was between 1926 and 1928 in Greece. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean region, dengue is classified as an emerging disease. […] Many experts hypothesize that dengue will increase in the future, including geographic expansion, incidence and reporting to WHO. […] The global change framework seeks to account for multiple factors of the modern world contributing to vector-borne communicable disease.
#86 Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3753061/
Given the critique regarding climate as an independent factor in the observed expansion of dengue transmission, recent approaches seek to combine climate data with projected societal changes, including increased population and economic development in tropical and subtropical areas. […] In light of the potential for continued expansion of dengue globally, it is essential to reflect on policy and strategic direction that attempts to reduce the impact of this disease. […] The WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012-2020, highlights the need for improved estimates of the true burden of dengue disease globally due to the currently presumed under-representation. […] Surveillance and reporting is paramount for effective dengue control, and more accurate quantification of the impact of dengue globally will allow improved political, financial, and research prioritization as well as informed decision making and enhanced modeling.
#87 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
Google Trends and internet search engines provide search query data related to dengue. […] Mobile applications for Dengue surveillance have great promise for detection, reporting, and mapping Dengue fever cases. […] The purpose of the DHIs in these articles varies greatly depending on the type of DHIs, such as to identify risk areas, predict Dengue cases, develop an early warning model, assist in disease monitoring and surveillance, track Dengue case numbers, and others. […] This review found various research designs mentioned in these review articles such as spatial analysis, cross-sectional studies, mixed method studies, design and development studies, big data analytics, data analytics, and ecological studies. […] This study found 13 different DHIs categories in Dengue surveillance with annual trends. […] Future digital health on Dengue surveillance should explore the synergies across various combinations due to the significant emphasis on integrated health systems and interoperability to decide which packages of digital health are the most effective and efficient.
#88 Digital Health Interventions in Dengue Surveillance to Detect and Predict Outbreak: A Scoping Review
https://www.openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e18749445283264/FULLTEXT/
The purpose of the DHIs in these articles varies greatly depending on the type of DHIs, such as to identify risk areas, predict Dengue cases, develop an early warning model, assist in disease monitoring and surveillance, track Dengue case numbers, and others. […] This review found various research designs mentioned in these review articles such as spatial analysis, cross-sectional studies, mixed method studies, design and development studies, big data analytics, data analytics, and ecological studies. […] This study found 13 different DHIs categories in Dengue surveillance with annual trends. […] Future digital health on Dengue surveillance should explore the synergies across various combinations due to the significant emphasis on integrated health systems and interoperability to decide which packages of digital health are the most effective and efficient.
#89 Dengue (Human) | UNDRR
https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0059
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. […] This alarming increase in case numbers is partly explained by a change in national practices to record and report dengue to the Ministries of Health, and to the WHO. […] The WHO recommends three methods of dengue surveillance: epidemiological surveillance, vector surveillance and monitoring behavioural impact (WHO, no date). […] The WHO responds to dengue in the following ways: supports countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories; provides technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of dengue outbreaks; supports countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease; provides training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the country and regional level with some of its collaborating centres; formulates evidence-based strategies and policies; supports countries in the development of dengue prevention and control strategies and adopting the Global Vector Control Response (20172030); reviews the development of new tools, including insecticide products and application technologies; gathers official records of dengue and severe dengue from over 100 Member States; and publishes guidelines and handbooks for surveillance, case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States (WHO, 2020).
#90 Best Practices in Dengue Surveillance: A Report from the Asia-Pacific and Americas Dengue Prevention Boards | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000890
Best Practices in Dengue Surveillance: A Report from the Asia-Pacific and Americas Dengue Prevention Boards […] Dengue fever is a virus infection that is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and can cause severe disease especially in children. Dengue fever is a major problem in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. […] We invited dengue experts from around the world to attend meetings to discuss dengue surveillance. We reviewed literature, heard detailed reports on surveillance programs, and shared expert opinions. […] Presentations by 22 countries were heard during the 2.5 day meetings. We describe the best methods of surveillance in general, the stakeholders in dengue surveillance, and the steps from mosquito bite to reporting of a dengue case to explore how best to carry out dengue surveillance. We also provide details and a comparison of the dengue surveillance programs by the presenting countries. […] The experts provided recommendations for achieving the best possible data from dengue surveillance accepting the realities of the real world (e.g., limited funding and staff). Their recommendations included: (1) Every dengue endemic country should make reporting of dengue cases to the government mandatory; (2) electronic reporting systems should be developed and used; (3) at minimum dengue surveillance data should include incidence, hospitalization rates, deaths by age group; (4) additional studies should be completed to check the sensitivity of the system; (5) laboratories should share expertise and data; (6) tests that identify dengue virus should be used in patients with fever for four days or less and antibody tests should be used after day 4 to diagnose dengue; and (7) early detection and prediction of dengue outbreaks should be goals for national surveillance systems. […] The Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative organized Dengue Prevention Boards in the Asia-Pacific and the Americas regions consisting of dengue experts from endemic countries. Both Boards convened meetings to review issues in surveillance. Through presentations, facilitated discussions, and surveys, the Boards identified best practices in dengue surveillance including: (1) Dengue should be a notifiable disease in endemic countries; (2) World Health Organization regional case definitions should be consistently applied; (3) electronic reporting systems should be developed and used broadly to speed delivery of data to stakeholders; (4) minimum reporting should include incidence rates of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome, and dengue deaths, and hospitalization and mortality rates should be reported by age group; (5) periodic additional studies (e.g., capture/recapture) should be conducted to assess under-detection, under-reporting, and the quality of surveillance; (6) laboratory methods and protocols should be standardized; (7) national authorities should encourage laboratories to develop networks to share expertise and data; and (8) RT-PCR and virus isolation (and possibly detection of the NS1 protein) are the recommended methods for confirmation of an acute dengue infection, but are recommended only for the four days after onset of feverafter day 4, IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is recommended. […] Accurate burden of disease data will be needed for informed decision making regarding vaccine introduction; however, often the only data available are from national surveillance. […] The core functions of a comprehensive surveillance system are detection, reporting, investigation, confirmation, analysis, interpretation, and response. […] The attendees concluded that simplified case reporting, rapid turnaround of results, and training healthcare providers in reporting can be important ways to encourage continued reporting of cases. […] A common perception among meeting attendees was that disease control is politically more important than prevention. […] As an outcome of the meeting, attendees agreed on best practices on laboratory practices, data gathering, analyses, reporting, and feedback for dengue surveillance. […] Every dengue endemic country should systematically gather data in an established dengue surveillance system, and each system should have a quality assurance mechanism. Legislation should make dengue a notifiable disease in every affected country to improve the capture of cases by surveillance.