Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dementia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013

  Dementia is caused by damage to or loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain that’s damaged. Dementia can affect people differently. […] Dementias are often grouped by what they have in common. They may be grouped by the protein or proteins deposited in the brain or by the part of the brain that’s affected. Also, some diseases have symptoms like those of dementia. And some medicines can cause a reaction that includes dementia symptoms. Not getting enough of certain vitamins or minerals also can cause dementia symptoms. When this occurs, dementia symptoms may improve with treatment. […] Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in older adults, but there are other causes of dementia. Depending on the cause, some dementia symptoms might be reversible.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

  Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] Dementia is caused by many different diseases or injuries that directly and indirectly damage the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form and may contribute to 6070% of cases. Other forms include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (abnormal deposits of protein inside nerve cells), and a group of diseases that contribute to frontotemporal dementia (degeneration of the frontal lobe of the brain). Dementia may also develop after a stroke or in the context of certain infections such as HIV, as a result of harmful use of alcohol, repetitive physical injuries to the brain (known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy) or nutritional deficiencies. The boundaries between different forms of dementia are indistinct and mixed forms often co-exist.

• #1 Alzheimer’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447

  Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is the biological process that begins with the appearance of a buildup of proteins in the form of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. This causes brain cells to die over time and the brain to shrink. […] The exact causes of Alzheimer’s disease aren’t fully understood. But at a basic level, brain proteins don’t function as usual. This disrupts the work of brain cells, also known as neurons, and triggers a series of events. The neurons become damaged and lose connections to each other. They eventually die. […] Scientists believe that for most people, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. In less than 1% of people, Alzheimer’s is caused by specific genetic changes that almost guarantee a person will develop the disease. For people in this group, the disease usually begins in middle age.

• #1 Causes of dementia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/about-dementia/causes/

  Dementia is not a single disease. There are different diseases that can cause dementia. Many of these diseases are associated with an abnormal build-up of proteins in the brain. […] Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of 2 proteins called amyloid and tau. […] Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. […] Dementia with Lewy bodies is closely related to Parkinson’s disease and often has some of the same symptoms, including difficulty with movement and a higher risk of falls. […] It’s caused by an abnormal clumping of proteins, including tau, in the frontal and temporal lobes at the front and sides of the brain. […] Mixed dementia is a combination of more than 1 type of dementia. […] There are many rarer diseases and conditions that can lead to dementia, or dementia-like symptoms. […] But in some cases, people with MCI are at increased risk of going on to develop dementia, which is usually caused by Alzheimer’s disease.

• #1 Dementia Causes: Genetics and Other Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dementia-causes

  Lewy body dementia is a type of progressive dementia that affects around 5 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by abnormal structures in the brain called Lewy bodies, which are small masses of a protein called alpha-synuclein. […] Vascular dementia affects approximately 15 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by a reduction in blood flow to the brain, which prevents enough oxygen from getting to your brain cells. […] Reduced blood flow may be caused by stroke or experiencing several ministrokes (transient ischemic attacks). […] Underlying health conditions like obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure may also increase the risk of blood vessels in the brain narrowing or becoming blocked, which could lead to vascular dementia. […] Frontotemporal dementia is a group of diseases that cause significant changes in behavior or language capability.

• #1 Dementia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/causes.html

  Dementia is caused by damage to or changes in the brain. […] Common causes of dementia are: Alzheimer’s disease. This is the most common cause of dementia. […] Vascular dementia. This may occur in people who have long-term high blood pressure, severe hardening of the arteries, or several small strokes. Strokes are the second most common cause of dementia. […] Parkinson’s disease. Dementia is common in people with this condition. […] Dementia with Lewy bodies. It can cause short-term memory loss. […] Frontotemporal dementia. This is a group of diseases that includes Pick’s disease. […] Severe head injury. […] Less common causes of dementia include: Huntington’s disease. […] Leukoencephalopathies. These are diseases that affect the deeper, white-matter brain tissue. […] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This is a rare and fatal condition that destroys brain tissue.

• #1 Dementia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/causes.html

  Some cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). […] Multiple-system atrophy. This is a group of degenerative brain diseases that affect speech, movement, and autonomic function. […] Infections such as late-stage syphilis. Antibiotics work well to treat syphilis at any stage, but they can’t reverse the brain damage already done. […] Some disorders that cause dementia can run in families. Doctors often suspect an inherited cause if someone younger than 50 has symptoms of dementia.

• #1 Dementia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

  The prodromal symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) include mild cognitive impairment, and delirium onset. The symptoms of DLB are more frequent, more severe, and earlier presenting than in the other dementia subtypes. […] Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) are characterized by drastic personality changes and language difficulties. In all FTDs, the person has a relatively early social withdrawal and early lack of insight. Memory problems are not a main feature. […] Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in a single gene HTT, that encodes for huntingtin protein. Symptoms include cognitive impairment and this usually declines further into dementia. […] HIV-associated dementia results as a late stage from HIV infection, and mostly affects younger people. The essential features of HIV-associated dementia are disabling cognitive impairment accompanied by motor dysfunction, speech problems and behavioral change.

• #1 Dementia: Stages, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/types-dementia

  Dementia is caused by damage to your brain cells, which can stop them from sending messages to one another. When your brain cells can’t communicate, it can make it hard for you to think and feel, and it may change your behavior. […] The most common causes of dementia include: Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Frontotemporal dementia, Severe head injury. […] Other less common causes include: Huntington’s disease, Leukoencephalopathies, diseases that affect the deeper, white-matter brain tissue, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a rare and fatal condition that destroys brain tissue, Some cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Multiple-system atrophy, a group of degenerative brain diseases that affect speech, movement, and autonomic function, Infections such as late-stage syphilis.

• #1 Dementia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013

  Dementia-like symptoms can result from a fever or other side effects of the body’s attempt to fight off an infection. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions caused by the body’s immune system attacking nerve cells also can cause dementia. […] Not getting enough of certain vitamins or minerals in your diet can cause dementia symptoms. This includes not getting enough thiamin, also known as vitamin B-1, which is common in people with alcohol use disorder. It also includes not getting enough vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, copper or vitamin E. Not drinking enough liquids, leading to dehydration, also can cause dementia symptoms. […] Some causes of dementia-like symptoms can be reversed with treatment.

• #1 Dementia due to metabolic causes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000683.htm

  Dementia due to metabolic causes is a loss of brain function that can occur with abnormal chemical processes in the body. […] Possible metabolic causes of dementia include: Hormonal disorders, such as Addison disease, Cushing disease; Heavy metal exposure, such as to lead, arsenic, mercury, or manganese; Repeat episodes of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), most often seen in people with diabetes who use insulin; High level of calcium in the blood, such as due to hyperparathyroidism; Low level of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) or high level of thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis) in the body; Liver cirrhosis; Kidney failure; Nutritional disorders, such as vitamin B1 deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, pellagra, or protein-calorie malnutrition; Porphyria; Poisons, such as methanol; Severe alcohol use; Wilson disease; Disorders of the mitochondria (energy-producing parts of cells); Rapid changes in blood sodium level. […] Treating the underlying cause may reduce the risk for metabolic dementia.

• #1 Dementia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive prion disease that typically causes dementia that worsens over weeks to months. […] Alcohol-related dementia, also called alcohol-related brain damage, occurs as a result of excessive use of alcohol particularly as a substance abuse disorder. Different factors can be involved in this development including thiamine deficiency and age vulnerability. […] More than one type of dementia, known as mixed dementia, may exist together in about 10% of dementia cases. The most common type of mixed dementia is Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. This particular type of mixed dementia’s main onsets are a mixture of old age, high blood pressure, and damage to blood vessels in the brain. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions that may affect the brain and cognition include Behçet’s disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, lupus, celiac disease, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. These types of dementias can rapidly progress, but usually have a good response to early treatment.

• #1 What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis | National Institute on Aging

  https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-dementia/what-dementia-symptoms-types-and-diagnosis

  In addition, medical conditions such as tumors, vitamin deficiencies, medication side effects, or problems with the thyroid, kidney, or liver can also cause serious memory problems that resemble dementia. Some causes of dementia symptoms can be halted or even reversed with treatment. For example, normal pressure hydrocephalus often resolves with treatment.

• #1 What is Dementia? Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia

  Dementia is caused by a variety of diseases that cause damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected. […] Different types of dementia are associated with particular types of brain cell damage in particular regions of the brain. For example, in Alzheimer’s disease, high levels of certain proteins inside and outside brain cells make it hard for brain cells to stay healthy and to communicate with each other. […] While most changes in the brain that cause dementia are permanent and worsen over time, thinking and memory problems caused by the following conditions may improve when the condition is treated or addressed: Depression, Medication side effects, Excess use of alcohol, Thyroid problems, Vitamin deficiencies.

• #1 Reversible causes of dementia – identifying seven possibilities

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/seven-reversible-causes-of-dementia-in-older-adults/

  Memory loss may result from vitamin B12 deficiency, mimicking dementia symptoms. […] Approximately 375,000 Americans have been misdiagnosed with dementia or Parkinson’s disease when the underlying condition was normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). […] Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and sleep apnea, are common as people age and may lead to reduced cognitive performance, mimicking signs of dementia. […] Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) accounts for approximately 10% of early-onset dementia cases. […] Cognitive impairment resulting from prescribed medications is more likely to occur in older than younger adults because they’re already vulnerable to dementia caused by neurodegeneration. […] Other causes of reversible dementia include infections such as HIV and urinary tract infections, which should be ruled out when performing a dementia assessment. Treating the infection may eliminate the dementia symptoms. […] Benign brain tumors that place pressure on the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, or other brain regions involved in short-term memory. In some cases, the benign tumor can be treated and the cognitive impairment reversed.

• #1 Pathophysiology of dementia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/august/pathophysiology-of-dementia

  The coexistence of multiple neuropathologies, sometimes termed cerebral multimorbidity or mixed neuropathologies, is frequently detected and may even be the norm in the brains of older people with dementia. […] A better understanding of cerebral multimorbidity in people with dementia is essential because the synergistic interactions between these different neuropathological changes may potentially contribute to lowering the clinical threshold for the diagnosis of dementia, affect the clinical picture and influence disease trajectories.

• #1 Risk factors for dementia | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/managing-the-risk-of-dementia/risk-factors-for-dementia

  There are different types of risk factors for dementia, including medical, lifestyle and environmental factors. […] A risk factor is something that is known to increase a persons chances of developing a condition. For example, ageing is a risk factor for dementia. […] Some risk factors for dementia cannot be reduced or avoided but many others can especially with the right support. […] There are several known risk factors for dementia: older age, genes (inherited risk), other long-term health conditions, lifestyle for example, smoking and excessive alcohol use, sex and gender, cognitive reserve the brains ability to keep working despite having disease. […] Ageing is a risk factor for dementia because dementia can take a long time to develop. This is because dementia is caused by diseases that damage the brain, such as Alzheimers disease or vascular disease.

• #1 Risk factors for dementia | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/managing-the-risk-of-dementia/risk-factors-for-dementia

  The biggest risk factor for dementia is ageing. This means as a person gets older, their risk of developing dementia increases a lot. […] There are certain genes that can affect a persons chances of getting dementia. These may be passed down (inherited) from a parent. […] Familial genes will definitely cause dementia if they are passed down from a parent to a child. […] Risk genes increase a persons chances of developing dementia. […] More than 20 risk genes have been found so far and most of them only slightly increase a persons risk of dementia. […] Some long-term medical conditions may cause problems with a persons thinking and memory that can develop into dementia in severe cases, such as multiple sclerosis, HIV or kidney disease. […] There is a lot of evidence that our lifestyle choices can affect our risk of developing dementia.

• #1 What Causes Dementia? A List of Risk Factors

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/dementia-causes/

  Other gene variants increase the risk for early onset Alzheimer’s disease dementia. These include the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutations. […] Many people with Down syndrome will develop early-onset Alzheimer’s disease by middle age. Down syndrome occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21. That chromosome carries the APP gene. Too much of the protein that APP produces leads to those beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. […] Scientists have long suspected that environmental factors play a role in dementia, but research into several suspected culprits toxic metals, for example has failed to prove a link. […] Studies suggest that experiencing a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury anytime in life increases the chances of developing dementia later. […] Having one or a series of strokes or any other type of bleed that disrupts blood flow to the brain can result in vascular dementia. […] There is a link between hearing loss and dementia, but [we] don’t know whether hearing loss leads to dementia or dementia leads to hearing loss.

• #1 What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease? | Alzheimer’s Association

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers/causes-and-risk-factors

  Researchers believe that many risk factors play a role in causing Alzheimer’s and other dementias, including genetics, behaviors and habits. While some risk factors, such as age and family history, may be set in their influence, there are many risk factors that can be changed to potentially reduce a person’s risk of cognitive decline. […] Most cases of Alzheimer’s and dementia result from a mix of risk factors like age, family history, genetics and other factors. […] The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimers and other dementias is increasing age, but these disorders are not a normal part of aging. While age increases risk, it is not a direct cause of Alzheimer’s. […] Another strong risk factor for Alzheimer’s is family history. According to research, those who have a parent, brother or sister with Alzheimers are more likely to develop the disease.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/causes/

  Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. […] Although it’s not known exactly what causes this process to begin, scientists now know that it begins many years before symptoms appear. […] Although it’s still unknown what triggers Alzheimer’s disease, several factors are known to increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Age is the single most significant factor. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65. […] The genes you inherit from your parents can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, although the actual increase in risk is small. […] People with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. […] People who have had a severe head injury may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but much research is still needed in this area.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/causes/

  Research shows that several lifestyle factors and conditions associated with cardiovascular disease can increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. […] In addition, the latest research suggests that other factors are also important, although this does not mean these factors are directly responsible for causing dementia.

• #1 What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease? | Alzheimer’s Association

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers/causes-and-risk-factors

  Scientists know genes are involved in Alzheimers. Two categories of genes influence whether a person develops a disease: risk genes and deterministic genes. […] There is a link between head injury and future risk of dementia. […] The risk of developing dementia appears to be increased by many conditions that also are not good for our hearts, including high blood pressure and diabetes. […] Research shows that older Latinos are about one-and-a-half times as likely as older whites to have Alzheimers and other dementias, while older African Americans are about twice as likely to have the disease as older whites.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

  Although age is the strongest known risk factor for dementia, it is not an inevitable consequence of biological ageing. Further, dementia does not exclusively affect older people young onset dementia (defined as the onset of symptoms before the age of 65 years) accounts for up to 9% of cases. Studies show that people can reduce their risk of cognitive decline and dementia by being physically active, not smoking, avoiding harmful use of alcohol, controlling their weight, eating a healthy diet, and maintaining healthy blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Additional risk factors include depression, social isolation, low educational attainment, cognitive inactivity and air pollution.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can damage blood vessels in the brain. […] High blood pressure (hypertension), heart disease and high cholesterol levels can damage blood vessels throughout the body. […] Being physically active can reduce the risk of health problems like type 2 diabetes and heart disease, which in turn reduces the risk of dementia. […] There is strong evidence that drinking too much alcohol increases the risk of developing dementia. […] Untreated hearing loss can lead to cognitive decline in mid-life. […] People who have a head injury, particularly a traumatic brain injury (TBI) which affects how the brain normally functions, have a greater risk of developing dementia. […] Growing evidence suggests that air pollution, for example from heavy traffic, is an environmental risk factor for dementia.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Social isolation could increase the risk of dementia. […] Depression is a risk factor for dementia, and research has shown that those diagnosed with depression are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with dementia later in life, especially if it is untreated or poorly managed. […] There is some evidence that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are at increased risk of dementia. […] There is some evidence to suggest that poor sleep might be a risk factor for dementia. […] Dementia is unlikely to be caused by a single infection, but research has shown the risk is higher in people who have, or have had: certain viral infections, such as herpes, HIV and Epstein-Barr; certain bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis and gum disease; brain infections such as encephalitis or meningitis.

• #1 Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/

  Other medical conditions that can lead to dementia include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and, less commonly, multiple system atrophy. […] The etiology is further characterized by „possibly” vs. „probably,” assigning the degree of certainty as to the cause of the MND. […] Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia, as it is responsible for 70 to 80% of all cases of dementia. […] Vascular dementia accounts for approximately 15% of all dementia cases. […] The pathophysiology of MND, or dementia, varies depending on the subtype. Most types, except vascular dementia, are caused by the accumulation of native proteins in the brain. […] Vascular dementia is caused by ischemic injury to the brain (eg, stroke), leading to permanent neuronal death.

• #1 Alzheimer’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447

  The disease begins years before the first symptoms. The damage most often starts in the region of the brain that manages memory. The loss of neurons spreads in a somewhat predictable pattern to other regions of the brain. By the late stage of the disease, the brain has shrunk. […] Researchers trying to understand the cause of Alzheimer’s disease are focused on the role of two proteins: […] The clumps form larger deposits called amyloid plaques. […] In Alzheimer’s disease, tau proteins change shape and organize into structures called neurofibrillary tangles. The tangles disrupt the transport system and cause damage to cells.

• #1 Dementia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dementia/causes-risk-factors/

  Risk factors for vascular dementia overlap with those for heart disease and stroke. […] Lewy bodies are abnormal clumps of the protein alpha-synuclein that accumulate in the brain. […] Frontotemporal disorders, commonly called frontotemporal dementia, develop when the frontal (front) and temporal (side) lobes of the brain lose large numbers of neurons. […] Scientists have identified abnormal amounts of two proteins tau and TDP-42 in the brains of people with frontotemporal dementia. […] Other possible causes of dementia include inherited genes, head injuries, and health conditions like cardiovascular disease.

• #1 What Causes Dementia?

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/what-causes-dementia/

  Many people ask, What is dementia? This article clearly defines the term, and discusses some of the symptoms of dementia that can be caused by a wide variety of conditions. […] Each was considered to have dementia, yet the differences between them were huge. In each case, however, an injury or disease process was responsible for destruction of brain cells. […] Causes of dementia may include: Alzheimers disease, Vascular cognitive impairment, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Frontotemporal dementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, HIV, Traumatic brain injury. […] Although some dementias may be impossible to prevent, progress has been made in identifying brain-healthy lifestyle factors that can delay brain cell destruction related to cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimers disease among other dementia-producing disorders.

• #1 Pathophysiology of dementia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/august/pathophysiology-of-dementia

  Neuroinflammation with microglial activation has been increasingly recognised to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD and is involved in A deposition, neuronal damage and cell death. […] The contribution of CVD to cognitive impairment and dementia is well appreciated, but establishing whether the vascular pathology seen on neuroimaging or neuropathology is sufficient to account for the observed cognitive deficits can be challenging because some degree of cerebrovascular change, particularly small vessel disease, is very common in the brains of older people without any apparent cognitive symptoms. […] In vascular dementia, atherothromboembolic disease (causing multiple infarcts and single strategic infarct) and small vessel disease (associated with lacunar infarcts, cortical microinfarcts and microhaemorrhages) are two common neuropathological findings.

• #1 What causes dementia? – Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland

  https://qbi.uq.edu.au/dementia/dementia-causes-and-treatment

  Researchers want to know why these protein aggregates form in the first place, how they distribute in the brain, how their signalling works, and how they and their precursors cause neurodegeneration. […] One main theory is that once amyloid- begins to accumulate, it then promotes the build-up of tau. […] Although some genetic risk factors for dementias have been identified, particularly for Alzheimers disease, we still dont know how these act to influence protein aggregation and cause degeneration. […] Inflammation has long been thought to be a side effect of dementias such as Alzheimers, as the body ramps up its immune system in response to the disease. But recent research has confirmed that inflammation actually contributes to the disease process. […] The brains immune response to inflammation is therefore believed to play two critical roles in developing Alzheimers disease.

• #1 Dynamic Link Display

  https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/fulltext/2005/11000/early_onset_dementia_is_often_due_to_preventable.16.aspx

  The first study showed that patients who develop dementia before age 65 years have more preventable conditions, including cognitive deficits and impaired functioning attributed to head trauma, alcohol abuse, and HIV, than do patients with later-onset dementia. […] What causes dementia in older patients is much different from what causes dementia in younger patients. In the young, many of the causes are preventable. If you get a patient with early-onset dementia, ask about alcohol abuse and history of traumatic brain injury, he advised. […] Alcohol abuse accounted for 5 percent of cases of early-onset dementia compared to only 3 percent of late-onset. Traumatic brain injury accounted for 24 percent of early-onset dementia versus 4 percent of late-onset dementia. HIV accounted for 8 percent of early-onset dementia versus 3 percent of late-onset dementia.

• #1 Understanding Early Onset Dementia: Causes, Risks, and Prevention | Isaac Health

  https://www.myisaachealth.com/understanding-early-onset-dementia-causes-risks-and-prevention/

  Dementia is often thought of as a condition that affects older adults, but it can also occur in younger individuals. […] The underlying causes of early onset dementia vary. Alzheimers disease is a leading cause, even in younger individuals, but other forms such as frontotemporal degeneration, vascular dementia, or Lewy Body dementia are also common. In some cases, genetic factors play a role, particularly when dementia develops before age 50. Of note, the most common cause of dementia under age 60 is frontotemporal degeneration, also known as FTD. […] Certain risk factors, often linked to overall brain health, may accelerate the onset of cognitive decline: Chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or hypertension can damage blood vessels in the brain, impairing its function over time. Hearing loss has been suggested to increase cognitive load, making the brain work harder to process information and reducing its resilience. Social isolation, loneliness, and depression contribute to stress and a lack of cognitive stimulation, which may accelerate brain aging. Lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, or untreated health conditions, can amplify risks.

• #1 Rapidly progressive dementias — aetiologies, diagnosis and management | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-022-00659-0

  Rapidly progressive dementias (RPDs) are a group of heterogeneous disorders that include immune-mediated, infectious and metabolic encephalopathies, as well as prion diseases and atypically rapid presentations of more common neurodegenerative diseases. […] Knowledge of RPD aetiologies, syndromes and diagnostic work-up protocols will help clinicians to establish an early, accurate diagnosis, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality, especially in immune-mediated and other potentially reversible dementias. […] Besides neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory (immune-mediated and infectious), vascular, metabolic and neoplastic CNS diseases are important and frequent causes of RPD. […] Therapeutic options for many non-neurodegenerative causes of RPD are already available; disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative RPDs are an important focus of current research and could become a treatment option in the near future.

• #1 Rapidly Progressive Dementias | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/rapidly-progressive-dementias

  Many conditions can cause RPD. Some possible causes include: […] Treatment depends on the type of RPD that was diagnosed. For example, if the RPD is the result of cancer or a hormone imbalance, treatments that target these specific conditions may help treat the RPD. Unfortunately, for many causes of RPD, there is no cure available.

• #1 Dementia: Stages, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/types-dementia

  Although all types of dementia are progressive, the term progressive dementia refers to dementias that happen rapidly, over the course of weeks or months. Rapidly progressive dementia might happen because of: Autoimmune diseases, Unusual presentations of more common neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease), Prion diseases (rare forms of neurodegenerative disease), Infections, Impaired blood flow to or in the brain, Exposure to toxic substances, Vitamin deficiencies, Cancer, Toxicity from prescribed medications, Recurrent seizures. […] Sometimes certain disorders that cause dementia run in families, which can be considered inherited dementia. […] Dementia affects millions of people worldwide. It gets much more common with age. About one-third of people aged 85 and older have dementia.

• #1 What is Childhood Dementia?

  https://www.childhooddementia.org/what-is-childhood-dementia

  Childhood dementia results from progressive brain damage and is caused by over 100 rare genetic disorders. These conditions are genetic and children are born with them. […] So far, over 100 rare neurodegenerative genetic disorders have been identified as causing childhood dementia. Until now, they’ve received little attention and attracted little research. […] Broadly, there are different groups or types of childhood dementia disorders which include: Inborn errors of metabolism, Lysosomal disorders, Mitochondrial disorders, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Peroxisomal disease, Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), Leukodystrophy. […] CHILDHOOD DEMENTIA RESULTS FROM PROGRESSIVE BRAIN DAMAGE CAUSED BY 100+ GENETIC CONDITIONS. […] Half of all children with dementia die by the age of 10.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Lewy body dementia is caused by abnormal protein deposits in the brain, called Lewy bodies, which damage brain cells. […] Frontotemporal dementia is caused by damage to the frontal (front) and temporal (side) lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behaviour and language. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia, there are things you can do to reduce the risk. These are known as ‘modifiable risks’ and could potentially be reduced through people’s lifestyle choices. […] There is a strong link between dementia and smoking. This is because smoking causes blockages in the arteries, which can disrupt the blood flow to the brain. […] Diets that are high in unhealthy fats, sugar and processed foods increase the risk of heart disease, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease, which are all linked to dementia.

• #1 What Are the Risk Factors and Causes of Dementia?

  https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-dementia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Dementia affects your memory, thinking, and behavior. Alzheimers is the most common type, but there are others that affect the brain in different ways. […] It’s not a usual sign of aging, but age can be a risk factor. There are other risk factors you can control like exercise, diet, and alcohol use. […] Dementia is a collective term for changes in your brain that damage memory, thinking, and decision-making skills you need to function in your daily life. As of 2023, 6.7 million people in the U.S. had dementia, and an estimated 14 million people will have it by 2060. Dementia is not a typical sign of aging, but adults may see symptoms start after age 60. […] Some risk factors for dementia that you can control include: Diet. Eat plenty of fresh vegetables, fruits, and fish, and consider following a Mediterranean diet of whole grains, nuts, and seeds.

• #1 Causes of Dementia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/dementia/causes

  Possible protections against dementia include: controlling blood pressure, following a healthy diet, and being physically active. Staying mentally and socially active may also lower your risk of developing dementia. […] Mild cognitive impairment is a condition where people have problems with memory, language, planning, and other mental abilities. […] However, people with this problem have a higher risk of developing dementia.

• #2 Dementia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & TypesWhat It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia

  Dementia develops when the parts of your brain involved with learning, memory, decision-making or language are affected by infections or diseases. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. […] There are many underlying causes of dementia, including Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease. Alzheimers disease is the most common underlying cause of dementia. […] Dementia is caused by damage to your brain. Dementia affects your brains nerve cells, which destroys your brains ability to communicate with its various areas. Dementia can also result from blocked blood flow to your brain, depriving it of needed oxygen and nutrients. Without oxygen and nutrients, brain tissue dies. […] All of the possible causes of dementia are discussed in the question, Are there different types of dementia?

• #2 Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/

  Dementia describes an overall decline in memory and other cognitive skills severe enough to reduce a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. The progressive and persistent deterioration of cognitive function characterizes it. […] Currently, no cure exists for any of the causes of dementia. […] Several conditions can cause MNDs, with Alzheimer dementia being the most common cause, accounting for about 70% of cases. […] The DSM-5 criteria for MND further delineate 13 etiological subtypes that indicate the possible etiology of the disorder. These subtypes include Alzheimer disease, vascular disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, HIV infection, Huntington disease, prion disease, substance and or medication use, traumatic brain injury, another medical condition, multiple etiologies, and unspecified.

• #2 Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9164-alzheimers-disease

  Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia. […] An abnormal build-up of proteins in your brain causes Alzheimers disease. Specifically, two proteins called amyloid and tau. […] When amyloid and tau proteins build up in your brain, they slowly kill neurons. This causes permanent damage that leads to Alzheimers symptoms. […] Experts are still studying Alzheimers disease to learn more about what exactly causes these proteins to build up. Researchers think the protein build-up happens a long time before it causes symptoms. […] Yes, Alzheimers can be hereditary (genetic). […] Your risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 10% to 30% higher if you have a biological parent or sibling with it. […] Researchers dont know why some people get Alzheimers disease and others dont. Some risk factors may include: […] Some health conditions may increase your Alzheimers risk, including: […] The biggest complication of Alzheimers disease is the damage it does to your brain. That can cause permanent changes to your ability to think, to use your body and to your personality.

• #2 Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/

  Other medical conditions that can lead to dementia include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and, less commonly, multiple system atrophy. […] The etiology is further characterized by „possibly” vs. „probably,” assigning the degree of certainty as to the cause of the MND. […] Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia, as it is responsible for 70 to 80% of all cases of dementia. […] Vascular dementia accounts for approximately 15% of all dementia cases. […] The pathophysiology of MND, or dementia, varies depending on the subtype. Most types, except vascular dementia, are caused by the accumulation of native proteins in the brain. […] Vascular dementia is caused by ischemic injury to the brain (eg, stroke), leading to permanent neuronal death.

• #2 Causes of dementia – Written for teenagers – Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/kids/teens/what-is-dementia/causes-of-dementia/

  Many different illnesses can damage a person’s brain and cause dementia, but some are much more common than others. […] Different types of dementia can affect different parts of the brain at first, and have their own pattern of symptoms. […] By understanding the diseases that cause dementia, scientists hope to find ways to prevent, treat and even cure dementia in the future. […] Alzheimer’s disease causes more than half of all cases of dementia. […] Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia. […] Dementia with Lewy bodies, also called DLB, is the third most common cause of dementia. […] Frontotemporal dementia, also called FTD, is caused by damage to the front and side lobes of the brain. […] Although frontotemporal dementia is rare compared to Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, it is the second most common cause of young-onset dementia, which is the name for people who have dementia under the age of 65 years old.

• #2 Dementia Causes: Genetics and Other Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dementia-causes

  Lewy body dementia is a type of progressive dementia that affects around 5 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by abnormal structures in the brain called Lewy bodies, which are small masses of a protein called alpha-synuclein. […] Vascular dementia affects approximately 15 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by a reduction in blood flow to the brain, which prevents enough oxygen from getting to your brain cells. […] Reduced blood flow may be caused by stroke or experiencing several ministrokes (transient ischemic attacks). […] Underlying health conditions like obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure may also increase the risk of blood vessels in the brain narrowing or becoming blocked, which could lead to vascular dementia. […] Frontotemporal dementia is a group of diseases that cause significant changes in behavior or language capability.

• #2 Rarer causes of dementia | DPT

  https://www.dpt.nhs.uk/our-services/older-people/devon-memory-service/what-is-dementia/rarer-causes-of-dementia

  It is caused by an inherited inability to deal with cholesterol and other fats, causing them to accumulate in cells, including those in the brain. […] In most cases the cause is unknown, but it sometimes develops after recovery from a head injury, brain haemorrhage (a bleed in the brain) or severe meningitis (an infection of the tissue surrounding the brain). […] People with Parkinson’s disease have a higher-than-average risk of developing dementia, although around two thirds of people are unaffected. […] It is thought that Parkinson’s disease dementia results from microscopic deposits known as Lewy bodies, located in nerve cells in the brain stem. […] In the vast majority of people, the cause of PCA is Alzheimer’s disease. […] The cause of the damage that occurs in PSP is unknown, but is linked to abnormal deposits of a protein called tau.

• #2 Dementia: Stages, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/types-dementia

  Dementia is caused by damage to your brain cells, which can stop them from sending messages to one another. When your brain cells can’t communicate, it can make it hard for you to think and feel, and it may change your behavior. […] The most common causes of dementia include: Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Frontotemporal dementia, Severe head injury. […] Other less common causes include: Huntington’s disease, Leukoencephalopathies, diseases that affect the deeper, white-matter brain tissue, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a rare and fatal condition that destroys brain tissue, Some cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Multiple-system atrophy, a group of degenerative brain diseases that affect speech, movement, and autonomic function, Infections such as late-stage syphilis.

• #2 Dementia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive prion disease that typically causes dementia that worsens over weeks to months. […] Alcohol-related dementia, also called alcohol-related brain damage, occurs as a result of excessive use of alcohol particularly as a substance abuse disorder. Different factors can be involved in this development including thiamine deficiency and age vulnerability. […] More than one type of dementia, known as mixed dementia, may exist together in about 10% of dementia cases. The most common type of mixed dementia is Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. This particular type of mixed dementia’s main onsets are a mixture of old age, high blood pressure, and damage to blood vessels in the brain. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions that may affect the brain and cognition include Behçet’s disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, lupus, celiac disease, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. These types of dementias can rapidly progress, but usually have a good response to early treatment.

• #2 Dementia Disease – Symptoms, Causes, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/dementia-disease-symptoms-types-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  Frontotemporal dementia: Like Pick’s disease. […] Severe injury to the head. […] Less common causes of dementia include: Leukoencephalopathies (deeper, white-matter brain tissue is affected). […] Huntington’s disease (inherited disorder that causes neurons in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die). […] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (a rare and fatal condition that damages brain tissue). […] Multiple-system atrophy (condition of a group of degenerative brain diseases that affect speech, movement, and autonomic function). […] Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (causes the death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord). […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) (damages the myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord). […] Infections (late-stage syphilis). […] Some of the treatable causes of dementia include: Some medicinal side effects.

• #2 Dementia due to metabolic causes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000683.htm

  Dementia due to metabolic causes is a loss of brain function that can occur with abnormal chemical processes in the body. […] Possible metabolic causes of dementia include: Hormonal disorders, such as Addison disease, Cushing disease; Heavy metal exposure, such as to lead, arsenic, mercury, or manganese; Repeat episodes of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), most often seen in people with diabetes who use insulin; High level of calcium in the blood, such as due to hyperparathyroidism; Low level of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) or high level of thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis) in the body; Liver cirrhosis; Kidney failure; Nutritional disorders, such as vitamin B1 deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, pellagra, or protein-calorie malnutrition; Porphyria; Poisons, such as methanol; Severe alcohol use; Wilson disease; Disorders of the mitochondria (energy-producing parts of cells); Rapid changes in blood sodium level. […] Treating the underlying cause may reduce the risk for metabolic dementia.

• #2 What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis | National Institute on Aging

  https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-dementia/what-dementia-symptoms-types-and-diagnosis

  In addition, medical conditions such as tumors, vitamin deficiencies, medication side effects, or problems with the thyroid, kidney, or liver can also cause serious memory problems that resemble dementia. Some causes of dementia symptoms can be halted or even reversed with treatment. For example, normal pressure hydrocephalus often resolves with treatment.

• #2 Dementia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & TypesWhat It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia

  Other causes of dementia include: Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and traumatic brain injury. […] Some conditions can cause dementia-like symptoms that can be reversed with treatment, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, vitamin deficiency, infections, metabolic and endocrine conditions, medication side effects, and other causes.

• #2 Reversible causes of dementia – identifying seven possibilities

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/seven-reversible-causes-of-dementia-in-older-adults/

  Seven reversible causes of dementia in older adults. […] Some causes of dementia can be reversed through proper identification, intervention, and treatment. […] Several medical conditions mimic dementia and can be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia. These conditions frequently are reversible if diagnosed and treated. […] In this article, we review seven common reversible causes of dementia and identify their signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments. Some dementias can be reversed by resolving the underlying cause, so screening for cognitive impairment is an important first step. […] Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid can’t produce enough hormones to meet a person’s metabolic needs. […] Depression can increase older adults’ risk of developing dementia, and according to Richard and colleagues, symptoms of depression occur in 40% to 50% of those with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia.

• #2 Reversible causes of dementia – identifying seven possibilities

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/seven-reversible-causes-of-dementia-in-older-adults/

  Memory loss may result from vitamin B12 deficiency, mimicking dementia symptoms. […] Approximately 375,000 Americans have been misdiagnosed with dementia or Parkinson’s disease when the underlying condition was normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). […] Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and sleep apnea, are common as people age and may lead to reduced cognitive performance, mimicking signs of dementia. […] Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) accounts for approximately 10% of early-onset dementia cases. […] Cognitive impairment resulting from prescribed medications is more likely to occur in older than younger adults because they’re already vulnerable to dementia caused by neurodegeneration. […] Other causes of reversible dementia include infections such as HIV and urinary tract infections, which should be ruled out when performing a dementia assessment. Treating the infection may eliminate the dementia symptoms. […] Benign brain tumors that place pressure on the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, or other brain regions involved in short-term memory. In some cases, the benign tumor can be treated and the cognitive impairment reversed.

• #2 Dementia Disease – Symptoms, Causes, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/dementia-disease-symptoms-types-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  Heavy alcohol use over a long period. […] Head injury from a fall or accident. […] A sudden state of confusion and disorientation (delirium). […] Thyroid, kidney, or liver problems. […] Blood clots, tumours, or brain infections. […] Emotional issues like stress, anxiety, or depression. […] Certain vitamin deficiencies. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) which is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

• #2 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Social isolation could increase the risk of dementia. […] Depression is a risk factor for dementia, and research has shown that those diagnosed with depression are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with dementia later in life, especially if it is untreated or poorly managed. […] There is some evidence that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are at increased risk of dementia. […] There is some evidence to suggest that poor sleep might be a risk factor for dementia. […] Dementia is unlikely to be caused by a single infection, but research has shown the risk is higher in people who have, or have had: certain viral infections, such as herpes, HIV and Epstein-Barr; certain bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis and gum disease; brain infections such as encephalitis or meningitis.

• #2 Causes of Dementia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/dementia/causes

  The causes of dementia can include: […] Alzheimers disease, a brain disease that causes abnormal changes that kill brain cells. […] Blockages in blood vessels in the brain that limit blood flow to parts of the brain or trigger mini-strokes. These cause a type of vascular dementia. […] Abnormal brain proteins which cause Lewy body dementia. […] Side effects of drugs, thyroid disease, low levels of some vitamins, and other conditions. These are reversible dementias. […] Other health problems. For example, Parkinsons disease and the virus that causes AIDs can cause dementia, and obstructive sleep apnea can worsen symptoms of dementia. […] Serious head injuries. […] Brain tumors. […] Sustained heavy drinking. […] People can have more than one type of dementia. For example, they can have Alzheimers and vascular dementia at the same time. These two types of dementia are most common in older adults.

• #2 Pathophysiology of dementia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/august/pathophysiology-of-dementia

  The coexistence of multiple neuropathologies, sometimes termed cerebral multimorbidity or mixed neuropathologies, is frequently detected and may even be the norm in the brains of older people with dementia. […] A better understanding of cerebral multimorbidity in people with dementia is essential because the synergistic interactions between these different neuropathological changes may potentially contribute to lowering the clinical threshold for the diagnosis of dementia, affect the clinical picture and influence disease trajectories.

• #2 What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease? | Alzheimer’s Association

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers/causes-and-risk-factors

  Researchers believe that many risk factors play a role in causing Alzheimer’s and other dementias, including genetics, behaviors and habits. While some risk factors, such as age and family history, may be set in their influence, there are many risk factors that can be changed to potentially reduce a person’s risk of cognitive decline. […] Most cases of Alzheimer’s and dementia result from a mix of risk factors like age, family history, genetics and other factors. […] The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimers and other dementias is increasing age, but these disorders are not a normal part of aging. While age increases risk, it is not a direct cause of Alzheimer’s. […] Another strong risk factor for Alzheimer’s is family history. According to research, those who have a parent, brother or sister with Alzheimers are more likely to develop the disease.

• #2 Alzheimer’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447

  The disease begins years before the first symptoms. The damage most often starts in the region of the brain that manages memory. The loss of neurons spreads in a somewhat predictable pattern to other regions of the brain. By the late stage of the disease, the brain has shrunk. […] Researchers trying to understand the cause of Alzheimer’s disease are focused on the role of two proteins: […] The clumps form larger deposits called amyloid plaques. […] In Alzheimer’s disease, tau proteins change shape and organize into structures called neurofibrillary tangles. The tangles disrupt the transport system and cause damage to cells.

• #2 Alzheimer’s Disease Information: Facts, Causes, Definition, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/understanding-alzheimers-disease-basics

  The answer to this question is complicated. Researchers have identified several mutations in genes that are linked to Alzheimer’s and may increase or decrease a person’s risk of getting the disease. But Alzheimer’s doesn’t have a single genetic cause. […] People who get Alzheimer’s don’t always have a history of the disease in their families. But having a sibling or parent with it does raise your risk. […] Whether or not ApoE partly causes Alzheimer’s, genes almost certainly play a role in the disease. Someone with a parent who had the disease is more likely to have it, too. […] The most common things that raise your risk of getting Alzheimer’s include: Age. This is the number one risk factor for Alzheimer’s. Most people who have the disease are 65 or older. After age 65, your chances of getting the disease double every 5 years. Nearly one-third of all people at age 85 have Alzheimer’s.

• #2 What Causes Dementia? A List of Risk Factors

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/dementia-causes/

  Other gene variants increase the risk for early onset Alzheimer’s disease dementia. These include the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutations. […] Many people with Down syndrome will develop early-onset Alzheimer’s disease by middle age. Down syndrome occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21. That chromosome carries the APP gene. Too much of the protein that APP produces leads to those beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. […] Scientists have long suspected that environmental factors play a role in dementia, but research into several suspected culprits toxic metals, for example has failed to prove a link. […] Studies suggest that experiencing a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury anytime in life increases the chances of developing dementia later. […] Having one or a series of strokes or any other type of bleed that disrupts blood flow to the brain can result in vascular dementia. […] There is a link between hearing loss and dementia, but [we] don’t know whether hearing loss leads to dementia or dementia leads to hearing loss.

• #2 Dementia Risk Factors | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/risk-factors.html

  Atherosclerosis is a significant risk factor for vascular dementia, because it interferes with the delivery of blood to the brain and can lead to stroke. […] High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the so-called „bad” form of cholesterol, appear to significantly increase a person’s risk of developing vascular dementia. […] Research has shown that a higher-than-average blood level of homocysteine, a type of amino acid, is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. […] Diabetes is a risk factor for both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. […] While not all people with mild cognitive impairment develop dementia, people with this condition do have a significantly increased risk of dementia compared to the rest of the population.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/causes/

  Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. […] Although it’s not known exactly what causes this process to begin, scientists now know that it begins many years before symptoms appear. […] Although it’s still unknown what triggers Alzheimer’s disease, several factors are known to increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Age is the single most significant factor. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65. […] The genes you inherit from your parents can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, although the actual increase in risk is small. […] People with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. […] People who have had a severe head injury may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but much research is still needed in this area.

• #2 Dementia Risk Factors | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/risk-factors.html

  Researchers have identified several risk factors that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. Some of these factors are modifiable, while others are not. […] The risk of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and several other dementias goes up significantly with advancing age. […] Researchers have discovered a number of genes that increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. […] In most cases, it is impossible to predict a specific person’s risk of the disorder based on family history alone. […] Abnormal genes are also clearly implicated as risk factors in Huntington’s disease, FTDP-17, and several other kinds of dementia. […] Several recent studies have found that smoking significantly increases the risk of mental decline and dementia. […] Studies also have found that drinking large amounts of alcohol appears to increase the risk of dementia.

• #2 Risk factors for dementia | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/managing-the-risk-of-dementia/risk-factors-for-dementia

  The biggest risk factor for dementia is ageing. This means as a person gets older, their risk of developing dementia increases a lot. […] There are certain genes that can affect a persons chances of getting dementia. These may be passed down (inherited) from a parent. […] Familial genes will definitely cause dementia if they are passed down from a parent to a child. […] Risk genes increase a persons chances of developing dementia. […] More than 20 risk genes have been found so far and most of them only slightly increase a persons risk of dementia. […] Some long-term medical conditions may cause problems with a persons thinking and memory that can develop into dementia in severe cases, such as multiple sclerosis, HIV or kidney disease. […] There is a lot of evidence that our lifestyle choices can affect our risk of developing dementia.

• #2 What causes dementia? – Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland

  https://qbi.uq.edu.au/dementia/dementia-causes-and-treatment

  Dementia is caused by neurodegeneration the damage and death of the brains neurons. Depending on the types of neurons and brain regions affected, the form of dementia differs. […] Most disorders associated with dementia are progressive, degenerative and irreversible. Some causes are treatable, including head injury, brain tumours, infections (e.g. meningitis), hormone and metabolic disorders, hypoxia, drug abuse and alcoholism. […] In most dementias, build-up of toxic proteins is a key part of brain degeneration. […] What sparks this neurodegeneration remains unknown, but for dementias other than vascular dementia, a build-up of toxic proteins and the loss of their normal function are defining characteristics. […] Each type of protein aggregate eventually leads to the death of affected neurons.

• #2 Dementia Definition: Overview, Signs, Causes, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/dementia-definition-5443257

  Dementia is caused by changes in the brain, but in many cases the exact mechanisms that lead to dementia are unknown. For example, Alzheimers is believed to be caused by multiple factors including age-related brain changes, genetics, and environmental and lifestyle factors. […] Amyloid plaques are known to play a role in Alzheimers disease. Amyloid plaques are made up of collections of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between the brains nerve cells. This build-up of protein causes damage and makes it harder for cells to communicate with each other. However, scientists are still unsure exactly how amyloid plaque damages nerve cells. […] Another characteristic of Alzheimers disease is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles called tau tangles in the brain. These tangles, caused by a buildup of tau protein, cause changes in the brain that appear to particularly affect memory.

• #2 Pathophysiology Of Dementia In The Brain: What Causes It? | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/dementia/the-pathophysiology-of-dementia-what-causes-it/

  A stroke can be defined as an event where inadequate blood flow is provided to the brain, potentially causing cell death. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a term that usually refers to repeated head injuries leading to brain degeneration. […] Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is usually caused by a thiamine (vitamin B-1) deficiency. […] Lewy body dementia is caused by deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. […] Dementia is considered a major neurocognitive disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. […] While the pathophysiology behind the major neurocognitive disorder, or dementia, varies based on the subtype, most types of dementia, including Lewy body dementia, are caused by the accumulation of native proteins, or amyloid plaques, in the brain.

• #2 Multiple Causes of Dementia as Engineered Senescence

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/227

  All traumascranial, cardiovascular, hormone, viral, bacterial, fungi, parasites, misfolded protein, genetic, behavior, environmental and medication affect the brain. This paper itemizes studies showing the many different causes of dementia including Alzheimers disease. Causes interact with each other, act sequentially by preparing the optimal conditions for its successor, initiate other diseases, allow for other traumas to accumulate and degrade protective features of the brain. […] Since such age-related cognitive impairment is not exclusively a human attribute there might be support for an evolutionary theory of dementia. Relying on theories of antagonistic pleiotropy and polymorphism, the brain has been designed to sequester trauma. Because of increased longevity, the short-term tactic of sequestering trauma becomes a long-term liability. We are engineered to sequester these insults until a tipping point is reached. Dementia is an evolutionary trade-off for longevity. We cannot cure dementia without understanding the overall biology of aging.

• #2 What Is Vascular Dementia?

  https://www.alzheimers.gov/alzheimers-dementias/vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia is caused by conditions such as stroke that disrupt blood flow to the brain and lead to problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. […] Vascular dementia is caused by conditions that damage blood vessels in the brain and interrupt the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. […] Not everyone who has had a stroke will develop vascular dementia. A persons risk for dementia after stroke depends on the size and number of strokes and the brain regions affected. Vascular dementia can also result from other conditions that impede blood flow and delivery of oxygen to the brain, such as narrowing of the arteries. […] High blood pressure, problems with the heartbeats rhythm, diabetes, and high cholesterol can increase a persons risk of vascular dementia. By controlling or managing risk factors, you may lower your chance of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.

• #2 Vascular dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. It is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. It can cause problems with concentration, thinking and carrying out daily activities. […] Vascular dementia is caused by narrowing, damage or disease to the blood vessels in the brain. There are various factors that can contribute to this. These include: […] Like many other types of dementia, vascular dementia becomes more common as people get older. People over the age of 65 are more likely to get vascular dementia. However, it can also develop in younger people. When dementia symptoms develop before the age of 65, it is known as young onset dementia. […] Vascular dementia is more common in people who have health conditions that can affect the supply of blood to the brain. These include: stroke/mini strokes (TIAs), high blood pressure, heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes.

• #2 Causes and Diagnoses of Vascular Dementia | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/comprehensive-stroke-centers/vascular-dementia/causes-and-diagnoses

  Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage your brain’s blood vessels, reducing their ability to supply your brain with the amounts of nutrition and oxygen it needs to perform thought processes effectively. […] Medical conditions that may lead to vascular dementia include: Stroke (infarction) blocking a brain artery: Strokes that block a brain artery usually cause a range of symptoms that may include vascular dementia. […] Narrowed or chronically damaged brain blood vessels: Conditions that narrow or inflict long-term damage on your brain’s blood vessels can also lead to vascular dementia. […] Risk factors for vascular dementia are similar to those for heart disease and stroke, and include: Advancing age, Atherosclerosis, Atrial fibrillation, Diabetes, Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also called „bad” cholesterol, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, History of heart attack, strokes or mini strokes, Obesity, Smoking.

• #2 Pathophysiology of dementia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/august/pathophysiology-of-dementia

  Neuroinflammation with microglial activation has been increasingly recognised to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD and is involved in A deposition, neuronal damage and cell death. […] The contribution of CVD to cognitive impairment and dementia is well appreciated, but establishing whether the vascular pathology seen on neuroimaging or neuropathology is sufficient to account for the observed cognitive deficits can be challenging because some degree of cerebrovascular change, particularly small vessel disease, is very common in the brains of older people without any apparent cognitive symptoms. […] In vascular dementia, atherothromboembolic disease (causing multiple infarcts and single strategic infarct) and small vessel disease (associated with lacunar infarcts, cortical microinfarcts and microhaemorrhages) are two common neuropathological findings.

• #2 What Causes Dementia? A List of Risk Factors

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/dementia-causes/

  Dementia develops over time as brain cells die, although scientists can’t point to one single cause for this. Many factors appear to be at work. […] We have known for more than 25 years that it takes more than just an elevated level of amyloid protein in the brain to cause Alzheimer’s disease. Brain inflammation must also be present, says Andrew Budson, M.D., chief of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System. Scientists are also studying other possible factors, including the death of microglia, cells in the brain involved in the immune response. […] There are many factors that can influence a person’s risk of developing dementia. Some you can’t change age, sex, family history. Others, including lifestyle behaviors, you can do something about. […] Scientists have identified many genes that put people at risk of developing Alzheimer’s. One gene variant, called APOE-e4, was the first identified and remains the most important known to raise the risk of Alzheimer’s, Budson says.

• #2 What causes dementia? – Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland

  https://qbi.uq.edu.au/dementia/dementia-causes-and-treatment

  Researchers want to know why these protein aggregates form in the first place, how they distribute in the brain, how their signalling works, and how they and their precursors cause neurodegeneration. […] One main theory is that once amyloid- begins to accumulate, it then promotes the build-up of tau. […] Although some genetic risk factors for dementias have been identified, particularly for Alzheimers disease, we still dont know how these act to influence protein aggregation and cause degeneration. […] Inflammation has long been thought to be a side effect of dementias such as Alzheimers, as the body ramps up its immune system in response to the disease. But recent research has confirmed that inflammation actually contributes to the disease process. […] The brains immune response to inflammation is therefore believed to play two critical roles in developing Alzheimers disease.

• #2 Dynamic Link Display

  https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/fulltext/2005/11000/early_onset_dementia_is_often_due_to_preventable.16.aspx

  The first study showed that patients who develop dementia before age 65 years have more preventable conditions, including cognitive deficits and impaired functioning attributed to head trauma, alcohol abuse, and HIV, than do patients with later-onset dementia. […] What causes dementia in older patients is much different from what causes dementia in younger patients. In the young, many of the causes are preventable. If you get a patient with early-onset dementia, ask about alcohol abuse and history of traumatic brain injury, he advised. […] Alcohol abuse accounted for 5 percent of cases of early-onset dementia compared to only 3 percent of late-onset. Traumatic brain injury accounted for 24 percent of early-onset dementia versus 4 percent of late-onset dementia. HIV accounted for 8 percent of early-onset dementia versus 3 percent of late-onset dementia.

• #2 Understanding Early Onset Dementia: Causes, Risks, and Prevention | Isaac Health

  https://www.myisaachealth.com/understanding-early-onset-dementia-causes-risks-and-prevention/

  Dementia is often thought of as a condition that affects older adults, but it can also occur in younger individuals. […] The underlying causes of early onset dementia vary. Alzheimers disease is a leading cause, even in younger individuals, but other forms such as frontotemporal degeneration, vascular dementia, or Lewy Body dementia are also common. In some cases, genetic factors play a role, particularly when dementia develops before age 50. Of note, the most common cause of dementia under age 60 is frontotemporal degeneration, also known as FTD. […] Certain risk factors, often linked to overall brain health, may accelerate the onset of cognitive decline: Chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or hypertension can damage blood vessels in the brain, impairing its function over time. Hearing loss has been suggested to increase cognitive load, making the brain work harder to process information and reducing its resilience. Social isolation, loneliness, and depression contribute to stress and a lack of cognitive stimulation, which may accelerate brain aging. Lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, or untreated health conditions, can amplify risks.

• #2 Dynamic Link Display

  https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/fulltext/2005/11000/early_onset_dementia_is_often_due_to_preventable.16.aspx

  While it depends on the referring physician, overall, we see much more Alzheimer disease in older patients and dementia due to preventable causes such as traumatic brain injury and alcohol abuse in younger patients, he said. […] Dr. McMurtray said that while the researchers were expecting Alzheimer disease to be less prevalent in younger persons, they were surprised at their high rates of dementia due to alcohol abuse, traumatic brain injury, and HIV. […] The findings will be even more important as new treatments for traumatic brain injury, alcohol abuse, and other causes of early-onset dementia are developed, he added.

• #2 What Causes Dementia (Brain Damage, Triggers & Risk Factors)

  https://optoceutics.com/what-causes-dementia-triggers-risk-factors/?srsltid=AfmBOopSPsZQXBPho59tP2ZrZbotRkm762bdjpFAPMramuKwXAcPSTQN

  Dementia, a progressive decline in cognitive function, is a complex condition with various underlying causes. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and chronic stress can contribute to dementia risk. Understanding these causes and risk factors is crucial for early detection and potential prevention strategies. […] Dementia takes place when a person suffers from damage to the brain cells. This causes impairment, whereby the brain cells are unable to communicate with each other. […] The cause of dementia in older adults is quite complex, and many factors contribute to the disease. As people start to age, the brain goes through a change, thus potentially increasing the risk of dementia. […] Dementia takes place in younger people due to: Mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 cause early-onset dementia, which affects people under the age of 65.

• #2 Dementia: Stages, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/types-dementia

  Although all types of dementia are progressive, the term progressive dementia refers to dementias that happen rapidly, over the course of weeks or months. Rapidly progressive dementia might happen because of: Autoimmune diseases, Unusual presentations of more common neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease), Prion diseases (rare forms of neurodegenerative disease), Infections, Impaired blood flow to or in the brain, Exposure to toxic substances, Vitamin deficiencies, Cancer, Toxicity from prescribed medications, Recurrent seizures. […] Sometimes certain disorders that cause dementia run in families, which can be considered inherited dementia. […] Dementia affects millions of people worldwide. It gets much more common with age. About one-third of people aged 85 and older have dementia.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

  Although age is the strongest known risk factor for dementia, it is not an inevitable consequence of biological ageing. Further, dementia does not exclusively affect older people young onset dementia (defined as the onset of symptoms before the age of 65 years) accounts for up to 9% of cases. Studies show that people can reduce their risk of cognitive decline and dementia by being physically active, not smoking, avoiding harmful use of alcohol, controlling their weight, eating a healthy diet, and maintaining healthy blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Additional risk factors include depression, social isolation, low educational attainment, cognitive inactivity and air pollution.

• #2 Brain Fog vs. Dementia | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/brain-fog-vs-dementia

  We all forget things. […] Its important to remember that there are lots of causes for brain fog, says Lynne Shinto, N.D., M.P.H., a naturopath with expertise in neurology and womens health at the OHSU Center for Womens Health. […] Many of these causes come in pairs, or even trios. […] Poor thinking ability and memory problems are a very common symptom of depression. […] The key difference is that diseases like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease affect more than memory. They change your ability to function in your daily life. […] These functional changes, coupled with memory complaints, may indicate something more than brain fog, says Dr. Shinto. […] There are things you can do that help decrease your risk of dementia. Prevention is about lifestyle. Eating a healthy diet, physical activity and social engagement make a big difference.

• #2 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Lewy body dementia is caused by abnormal protein deposits in the brain, called Lewy bodies, which damage brain cells. […] Frontotemporal dementia is caused by damage to the frontal (front) and temporal (side) lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behaviour and language. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia, there are things you can do to reduce the risk. These are known as ‘modifiable risks’ and could potentially be reduced through people’s lifestyle choices. […] There is a strong link between dementia and smoking. This is because smoking causes blockages in the arteries, which can disrupt the blood flow to the brain. […] Diets that are high in unhealthy fats, sugar and processed foods increase the risk of heart disease, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease, which are all linked to dementia.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

  Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] Dementia is caused by many different diseases or injuries that directly and indirectly damage the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form and may contribute to 6070% of cases. Other forms include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (abnormal deposits of protein inside nerve cells), and a group of diseases that contribute to frontotemporal dementia (degeneration of the frontal lobe of the brain). Dementia may also develop after a stroke or in the context of certain infections such as HIV, as a result of harmful use of alcohol, repetitive physical injuries to the brain (known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy) or nutritional deficiencies. The boundaries between different forms of dementia are indistinct and mixed forms often co-exist.

• #3 What is dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/what-is-dementia

  Dementia is a group of symptoms. Its caused by different diseases that damage the brain. […] Dementia is not a natural part of aging. It is caused when a disease damages nerve cells in the brain. […] Dementia can be caused by many different diseases. These diseases affect the brain in different ways, resulting in different types of dementia. […] The main difference between Alzheimers and dementia is that Alzheimers is a disease in the brain, whereas dementia is a collection of symptoms. Alzheimers disease causes cognitive decline, eventually leading to dementia. Its the most common reason why people get dementia. […] It is not always clear why some people get dementia while others dont. It can depend on a combination of age, genes, lifestyle and other health conditions. […] Most types of dementia are not passed down (inherited) from a parent to a child. There are a few genes that will cause dementia if they are passed from a parent to a child known as familial genes. However, familial genes are rare. […] Some things can increase your chances of developing dementia, including high blood pressure, physical inactivity, drinking too much alcohol, smoking, hearing loss, and diet.

• #3 Dementia Causes: Genetics and Other Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dementia-causes

  The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. Other causes may include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, brain injuries, and certain underlying health conditions. […] Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia. According to the Alzheimers Association, Alzheimers causes 60% to 80% of dementia. […] The exact cause of Alzheimers is not known, but researchers suggest it may be caused by the buildup of two proteins called amyloid and tau in the brain. […] A buildup of amyloid causes plaques in the brain that can disrupt communication between nerve cells and cause inflammation. A buildup of tau may cause neurofibrillary tangles, which may contribute to the disintegration of important brain cells. […] Genetic mutations may also play a role in early onset Alzheimers, which could affect people in their 30s and 40s.

• #3 Dementia Causes: Genetics and Other Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dementia-causes

  Lewy body dementia is a type of progressive dementia that affects around 5 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by abnormal structures in the brain called Lewy bodies, which are small masses of a protein called alpha-synuclein. […] Vascular dementia affects approximately 15 in 100 people with dementia. […] Its caused by a reduction in blood flow to the brain, which prevents enough oxygen from getting to your brain cells. […] Reduced blood flow may be caused by stroke or experiencing several ministrokes (transient ischemic attacks). […] Underlying health conditions like obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure may also increase the risk of blood vessels in the brain narrowing or becoming blocked, which could lead to vascular dementia. […] Frontotemporal dementia is a group of diseases that cause significant changes in behavior or language capability.

• #3 Dementia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dementia/causes-risk-factors/

  Risk factors for vascular dementia overlap with those for heart disease and stroke. […] Lewy bodies are abnormal clumps of the protein alpha-synuclein that accumulate in the brain. […] Frontotemporal disorders, commonly called frontotemporal dementia, develop when the frontal (front) and temporal (side) lobes of the brain lose large numbers of neurons. […] Scientists have identified abnormal amounts of two proteins tau and TDP-42 in the brains of people with frontotemporal dementia. […] Other possible causes of dementia include inherited genes, head injuries, and health conditions like cardiovascular disease.

• #3 Dementia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & TypesWhat It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia

  Other causes of dementia include: Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and traumatic brain injury. […] Some conditions can cause dementia-like symptoms that can be reversed with treatment, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, vitamin deficiency, infections, metabolic and endocrine conditions, medication side effects, and other causes.

• #3 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Social isolation could increase the risk of dementia. […] Depression is a risk factor for dementia, and research has shown that those diagnosed with depression are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with dementia later in life, especially if it is untreated or poorly managed. […] There is some evidence that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are at increased risk of dementia. […] There is some evidence to suggest that poor sleep might be a risk factor for dementia. […] Dementia is unlikely to be caused by a single infection, but research has shown the risk is higher in people who have, or have had: certain viral infections, such as herpes, HIV and Epstein-Barr; certain bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis and gum disease; brain infections such as encephalitis or meningitis.

• #3 Dementia: Symptoms, types, stages, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142214

  Dementia describes various symptoms of cognitive decline, like forgetfulness and difficulty communicating. […] Dementia is a general term for symptoms affecting memory, communication, and thinking. […] Types and causes of dementia include: […] Some types of dementia, such as Alzheimers disease, result from the progressive death of brain cells and neurons. It develops and worsens over time. […] However, dementia can also result from head injuries, stroke, brain tumors, and other causes. A stroke, for example, can stop blood and oxygen from reaching brain cells, resulting in damage and cell death. […] Some types of traumatic brain injury particularly if repetitive, which can happen in some sports may increase the risk of certain types of dementia later in life. […] Dementia usually starts due to the progressive death of brain cells and neurons, though it can also happen due to other causes such as a head injury, brain tumor, or stroke.

• #3 What Is Dementia?

  https://www.alzheimers.gov/alzheimers-dementias/what-is-dementia

  There are many conditions that can cause dementia-like symptoms that can sometimes be stopped or even reversed with treatment. These conditions include: Side effects of certain medicines, Emotional problems, such as stress, anxiety, or depression, Certain vitamin deficiencies, Heavy alcohol use over a long period of time, Blood clots, tumors, or infections in the brain, Delirium, a sudden state of confusion and disorientation, Head injury, such as a concussion from a fall or accident, Thyroid, kidney, or liver problems, Normal pressure hydrocephalus, an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

• #3 Reversible causes of dementia – identifying seven possibilities

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/seven-reversible-causes-of-dementia-in-older-adults/

  Memory loss may result from vitamin B12 deficiency, mimicking dementia symptoms. […] Approximately 375,000 Americans have been misdiagnosed with dementia or Parkinson’s disease when the underlying condition was normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). […] Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and sleep apnea, are common as people age and may lead to reduced cognitive performance, mimicking signs of dementia. […] Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) accounts for approximately 10% of early-onset dementia cases. […] Cognitive impairment resulting from prescribed medications is more likely to occur in older than younger adults because they’re already vulnerable to dementia caused by neurodegeneration. […] Other causes of reversible dementia include infections such as HIV and urinary tract infections, which should be ruled out when performing a dementia assessment. Treating the infection may eliminate the dementia symptoms. […] Benign brain tumors that place pressure on the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, or other brain regions involved in short-term memory. In some cases, the benign tumor can be treated and the cognitive impairment reversed.

• #3 Dementia Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment, 7 Stages, Testing

  https://www.medicinenet.com/dementia/article.htm

  Alzheimer’s dementia/Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The cause has not yet been identified. […] Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia and is due to multiple strokes occurring within the brain. […] Frontotemporal dementia is associated with pronounced atrophy or shrinkage of the frontal and temporal lobes in the brain. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus is an abnormal enlargement of the ventricles, or fluid-filled spaces within the brain, that causes pressure on areas of the brain. […] Alcoholic dementia is caused when patients drink heavily and develop a deficiency in one of the B vitamins. […] Traumatic brain injury (concussion)/dementia pugilistic can lead to memory problems, as we have learned in recent years. […] Lewy body dementia/Lewy body disease is caused by Lewy bodies, which are abnormal clumps of certain proteins, accumulating inside of neurons.

• #3 Dementia Risk Factors | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/risk-factors.html

  Researchers have identified several risk factors that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. Some of these factors are modifiable, while others are not. […] The risk of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and several other dementias goes up significantly with advancing age. […] Researchers have discovered a number of genes that increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. […] In most cases, it is impossible to predict a specific person’s risk of the disorder based on family history alone. […] Abnormal genes are also clearly implicated as risk factors in Huntington’s disease, FTDP-17, and several other kinds of dementia. […] Several recent studies have found that smoking significantly increases the risk of mental decline and dementia. […] Studies also have found that drinking large amounts of alcohol appears to increase the risk of dementia.

• #3 Causes of Dementia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/dementia/causes

  No cures exist for most types of dementia. However, some treatments can improve how you carry out your daily activities and your quality of life. […] A risk factor for a health problem is something that increases the likelihood, that you will get it. However, having a risk factor doesnt mean youll develop the problem. Risk factors for dementia include: […] Age: the older you are the more likely you are to have dementia. […] Family history of dementia […] Depression and stress […] Down Syndrome […] Serious head injury […] High blood pressure and high levels of bad cholesterol […] Smoking or alcohol use […] Diabetes and obesity […] Inactive lifestyle […] Low levels of education […] Delirium […] Many of these risk factors are the same as those that relate to heart disease.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/causes/

  Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. […] Although it’s not known exactly what causes this process to begin, scientists now know that it begins many years before symptoms appear. […] Although it’s still unknown what triggers Alzheimer’s disease, several factors are known to increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Age is the single most significant factor. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65. […] The genes you inherit from your parents can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, although the actual increase in risk is small. […] People with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. […] People who have had a severe head injury may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but much research is still needed in this area.

• #3 Causes and Diagnoses of Vascular Dementia | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/comprehensive-stroke-centers/vascular-dementia/causes-and-diagnoses

  Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage your brain’s blood vessels, reducing their ability to supply your brain with the amounts of nutrition and oxygen it needs to perform thought processes effectively. […] Medical conditions that may lead to vascular dementia include: Stroke (infarction) blocking a brain artery: Strokes that block a brain artery usually cause a range of symptoms that may include vascular dementia. […] Narrowed or chronically damaged brain blood vessels: Conditions that narrow or inflict long-term damage on your brain’s blood vessels can also lead to vascular dementia. […] Risk factors for vascular dementia are similar to those for heart disease and stroke, and include: Advancing age, Atherosclerosis, Atrial fibrillation, Diabetes, Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also called „bad” cholesterol, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, History of heart attack, strokes or mini strokes, Obesity, Smoking.

• #3 What Causes Dementia? A List of Risk Factors

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/dementia-causes/

  Other gene variants increase the risk for early onset Alzheimer’s disease dementia. These include the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutations. […] Many people with Down syndrome will develop early-onset Alzheimer’s disease by middle age. Down syndrome occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21. That chromosome carries the APP gene. Too much of the protein that APP produces leads to those beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. […] Scientists have long suspected that environmental factors play a role in dementia, but research into several suspected culprits toxic metals, for example has failed to prove a link. […] Studies suggest that experiencing a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury anytime in life increases the chances of developing dementia later. […] Having one or a series of strokes or any other type of bleed that disrupts blood flow to the brain can result in vascular dementia. […] There is a link between hearing loss and dementia, but [we] don’t know whether hearing loss leads to dementia or dementia leads to hearing loss.

• #3 Causes and risk factors of dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/about-dementia/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Lewy body dementia is caused by abnormal protein deposits in the brain, called Lewy bodies, which damage brain cells. […] Frontotemporal dementia is caused by damage to the frontal (front) and temporal (side) lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behaviour and language. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia, there are things you can do to reduce the risk. These are known as ‘modifiable risks’ and could potentially be reduced through people’s lifestyle choices. […] There is a strong link between dementia and smoking. This is because smoking causes blockages in the arteries, which can disrupt the blood flow to the brain. […] Diets that are high in unhealthy fats, sugar and processed foods increase the risk of heart disease, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease, which are all linked to dementia.

• #3 Pathophysiology of dementia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/august/pathophysiology-of-dementia

  Advancing age is regarded as one of the biggest risk factors for the development of dementia. […] Genetic risk factors have been described for late-onset dementia, particularly Alzheimers disease (AD). […] Traditional vascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, have long been recognised as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and dementia (both AD and vascular dementia). […] The pathophysiology of dementia is broadly thought to be related to the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded proteins (termed proteinopathies) and/or associated with cerebrovascular disease (CVD). […] The strongest evidence for the role of A pathology in AD came from studies of individuals with dominantly inherited AD, in whom mutations in one of three different genes (APP, presenilin 1 [PSEN1], presenilin 2 [PSEN2]) led to the overproduction and aggregation of A, with subsequent development of AD at an early age (~30-50 years).

• #3 Dementia Definition: Overview, Signs, Causes, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/dementia-definition-5443257

  Dementia is caused by changes in the brain, but in many cases the exact mechanisms that lead to dementia are unknown. For example, Alzheimers is believed to be caused by multiple factors including age-related brain changes, genetics, and environmental and lifestyle factors. […] Amyloid plaques are known to play a role in Alzheimers disease. Amyloid plaques are made up of collections of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between the brains nerve cells. This build-up of protein causes damage and makes it harder for cells to communicate with each other. However, scientists are still unsure exactly how amyloid plaque damages nerve cells. […] Another characteristic of Alzheimers disease is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles called tau tangles in the brain. These tangles, caused by a buildup of tau protein, cause changes in the brain that appear to particularly affect memory.

• #3 What Causes Dementia? A List of Risk Factors

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/dementia-causes/

  Dementia develops over time as brain cells die, although scientists can’t point to one single cause for this. Many factors appear to be at work. […] We have known for more than 25 years that it takes more than just an elevated level of amyloid protein in the brain to cause Alzheimer’s disease. Brain inflammation must also be present, says Andrew Budson, M.D., chief of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System. Scientists are also studying other possible factors, including the death of microglia, cells in the brain involved in the immune response. […] There are many factors that can influence a person’s risk of developing dementia. Some you can’t change age, sex, family history. Others, including lifestyle behaviors, you can do something about. […] Scientists have identified many genes that put people at risk of developing Alzheimer’s. One gene variant, called APOE-e4, was the first identified and remains the most important known to raise the risk of Alzheimer’s, Budson says.

• #3 Causes of Dementia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/dementia/causes

  Possible protections against dementia include: controlling blood pressure, following a healthy diet, and being physically active. Staying mentally and socially active may also lower your risk of developing dementia. […] Mild cognitive impairment is a condition where people have problems with memory, language, planning, and other mental abilities. […] However, people with this problem have a higher risk of developing dementia.

• #3

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