Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in Children

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/HeartHealth/90,P01766

  What is an atrial septal defect in children? An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an abnormal hole in this wall. ASDs are common and account for about 10% to 15% of congenital heart disease. Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. The most common type of ASD may close on its own as your child grows. […] Once an ASD is diagnosed, your child’s cardiologist will check your child to see if the defect is closing on its own. An ASD will often be fixed if it hasn’t closed by the time a child starts school. The decision to close the ASD may also depend on the size of the defect or the symptoms caused by the defect. […] Treatment may include: Medicine. Many children have no symptoms and don’t need medicine. But medicine can help some children’s hearts work better. For example, water pills (diuretics) help the kidneys get rid of extra fluid from the body.

• #2 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369720

  Treatment for atrial septal defect (ASD) depends on: […] An atrial septal defect may close on its own during childhood. For small holes that don’t close, regular health checkups may be the only care needed. […] Some atrial septal defects that do not close need a procedure to close the hole. But closure of an ASD isn’t recommended in those who have severe pulmonary hypertension. […] A procedure is often suggested to repair a medium to large atrial septal defect (ASD) to prevent future complications. […] Atrial septal defect repair involves closing the hole in the heart. This can be done two ways: […] Sometimes, atrial septal defect repair can be done using smaller cuts than traditional surgery. This method is called minimally invasive surgery. If the repair is done with the help of a robot, it’s called robot-assisted heart surgery.

• #3 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect-asd/treatment

  Treatment for an atrial septal defect is entirely based on the size and location of the defect and the patients overall health. The presence of other cardiac conditions can also play a role in the approach to treatment. Medications are not used to treat atrial septal defects, but they may be given to address certain symptoms or related complications. […] In the case of small atrial septal defects in young children, a cardiologist may recommend a wait and see approach with regular evaluation since some of these defects close on their own in the first year or two. […] When a larger atrial septal defect is found, repair to close the hole is usually recommended. (Repairs are not usually recommended in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension, high blood pressure in lungs.) […] Cardiologists may recommend one of two approaches depending on the type of ASD diagnosed:

• #4 About Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/atrial-septal-defect.html

  Treatment for an atrial septal defect depends on many factors: […] Sometimes surgery is needed to repair the hole. Medications can be prescribed to help treat symptoms. There are no known medications that can repair the hole. […] With an atrial septal defect diagnosis, the healthcare provider may monitor it to see if the hole closes on its own. During this period of time, the healthcare provider might treat symptoms with medicine. If a child has a large atrial septal defect, the healthcare provider may recommend that it be closed. This will prevent problems later in life. […] Closure may also be recommended for an adult who has many or severe symptoms. Closure of the hole may be done during cardiac catheterization or open-heart surgery. After these procedures, follow-up care will depend on a few factors: […] Sometimes the atrial septal defect can’t be fully repaired. However, procedures to close the hole can improve blood flow and the way the heart works. For some people, even if their heart defect has been repaired, they are not cured and will require follow-up care.

• #5 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  In some children, an ASD may close on its own without treatment. With a small atrial septal defect, the chance of the ASD closing on its own may be as high as 80% in the first 18 months of life. An ASD still present by 3 years of age will never close on its own. […] Although an atrial septal defect may be closed by open-heart surgery, this approach is not as common as it once was. If open-heart surgery is necessary, the surgeon may be able to close the hole with stitches. Or it may need to be closed with a patch. Surgery is effective and carries a low risk. […] Depending on the size and the area of the septum involved, many atrial septal defects may be closed by a device being put in during a cardiac catheterization. This device is put in through a catheter. It covers the ASD by attaching to the atrial septum. A catheter is a long thin tube, about as wide of a piece of spaghetti. This is directed to the heart through the large blood vessels in the groin.

• #6 Atrial Septal Defect: Definition, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/atrial-septal-defects

  Small holes often repair themselves. But doctors usually recommend surgically closing medium or large defects even if they aren’t causing symptoms. This can help prevent problems or complications later in life. […] About half of septal defects resolve by themselves without treatment, according to 2017 research. The other half require treatment either with a procedure called cardiac catheterization and percutaneous closure or with open heart surgery. […] When an atrial septal defect is diagnosed in a young child, doctors often recommend watchful waiting to see if the hole will close on its own. The doctor may prescribe medications to treat symptoms during this time. […] Doctors can use a procedure called cardiac catheterization to treat heart defects without opening your chest. During this procedure, your cardiologist inserts a thin, flexible tube through a blood vessel in your leg or neck. Then, they thread it to your heart and deploy a closure device to plug the hole.

• #7 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  In some children, an ASD may close on its own without treatment. With a small atrial septal defect, the chance of the ASD closing on its own may be as high as 80% in the first 18 months of life. An ASD still present by 3 years of age will never close on its own. […] Although an atrial septal defect may be closed by open-heart surgery, this approach is not as common as it once was. If open-heart surgery is necessary, the surgeon may be able to close the hole with stitches. Or it may need to be closed with a patch. Surgery is effective and carries a low risk. […] Depending on the size and the area of the septum involved, many atrial septal defects may be closed by a device being put in during a cardiac catheterization. This device is put in through a catheter. It covers the ASD by attaching to the atrial septum. A catheter is a long thin tube, about as wide of a piece of spaghetti. This is directed to the heart through the large blood vessels in the groin.

• #8 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a disorder to be addressed surgically or through transcatheter percutaneous closure. No specific or definitive medical therapy is available. However, patients with significant volume overload or atrial arrhythmias may require specific pharmacologic therapy, such as diuretics or antiarrhythmics. […] The decision to repair any kind of atrial septal defect (ASD) is based on clinical and echocardiographic information, including the size and location of the ASD, the magnitude and hemodynamic impact of the left-to-right shunt, and the presence and degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In general, elective closure is advised for all ASDs with evidence of right ventricular overload or with a clinically significant shunt (pulmonary flow [Qp]tosystemic flow [Qs] ratio 1.5). Lack of symptoms is not a contraindication for repair.

• #9 Management of atrial septal defects in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-atrial-septal-defects-in-adults

  Management of atrial septal defects in adults […] This topic will review indications for closure and medical management of ASDs in adults. […] Surgical and percutaneous closure of ASDs; pathophysiology, anatomy, natural history, and clinical features of ASDs in adults; the identification and assessment of ASDs; and issues related to ASDs in children are discussed separately. […] Patients with ASDs are at increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, particularly if defect closure occurs after age 25. AF should be managed according to standard recommendations. An attempt at cardioversion is generally recommended. Arrhythmia interventions can be considered in conjunction with defect closure when appropriate. […] Management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) (including ASD) with secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and Eisenmenger syndrome is discussed separately.

• #10 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Patients with ASDs smaller than 5 mm often experience spontaneous closure of the defect within the 1st year of life. Defects larger than 1 cm usually require medical or surgical intervention for closure. […] Options for ASDs requiring closure include percutaneous and surgical interventions. Indications for treatment include stroke, a hemodynamically significant shunt greater than 1.5:1, and evidence of systemic oxygen desaturation. […] Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects. The postprocedural complication risk for percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure is 7.2%, compared to 24% for postsurgical complications. […] Surgical repair of ASDs, including secundum, sinus venosus, and primum ASDs, involves various approaches tailored to the specific anatomical characteristics of the defect and associated anomalies.

• #11 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Patients with ASDs smaller than 5 mm often experience spontaneous closure of the defect within the 1st year of life. Defects larger than 1 cm usually require medical or surgical intervention for closure. […] Options for ASDs requiring closure include percutaneous and surgical interventions. Indications for treatment include stroke, a hemodynamically significant shunt greater than 1.5:1, and evidence of systemic oxygen desaturation. […] Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects. The postprocedural complication risk for percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure is 7.2%, compared to 24% for postsurgical complications. […] Surgical repair of ASDs, including secundum, sinus venosus, and primum ASDs, involves various approaches tailored to the specific anatomical characteristics of the defect and associated anomalies.

• #12 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Patients with ASDs smaller than 5 mm often experience spontaneous closure of the defect within the 1st year of life. Defects larger than 1 cm usually require medical or surgical intervention for closure. […] Options for ASDs requiring closure include percutaneous and surgical interventions. Indications for treatment include stroke, a hemodynamically significant shunt greater than 1.5:1, and evidence of systemic oxygen desaturation. […] Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects. The postprocedural complication risk for percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure is 7.2%, compared to 24% for postsurgical complications. […] Surgical repair of ASDs, including secundum, sinus venosus, and primum ASDs, involves various approaches tailored to the specific anatomical characteristics of the defect and associated anomalies.

• #13 Pathophysiology and Therapy for Atrial Septal Defects – Cardiac Interventions Today

  https://citoday.com/articles/2014-sept-oct/pathophysiology-and-therapy-for-atrial-septal-defects

  Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital cardiac anomaly. In this article, we review the physiology of ASD, as well as the indications and methods for transcatheter and surgical treatment. […] Current practice guidelines recommend closure of ASDs in patients with evidence of right atrial or right ventricular enlargement, even in the absence of symptoms. […] It is therefore recommended that the defect be corrected before the development of pulmonary hypertension. […] According to the 2008 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, it is reasonable to close a secundum ASD if there is evidence of RA and RV dilatation regardless of symptoms. […] Currently, percutaneous repair is considered first-line treatment for the majority of secundum ASDs. However, surgical repair may be indicated for patients with deficient rims ( 5 mm), very large defects, multiple fenestrations, and mobile septae.

• #14 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a disorder to be addressed surgically or through transcatheter percutaneous closure. No specific or definitive medical therapy is available. However, patients with significant volume overload or atrial arrhythmias may require specific pharmacologic therapy, such as diuretics or antiarrhythmics. […] The decision to repair any kind of atrial septal defect (ASD) is based on clinical and echocardiographic information, including the size and location of the ASD, the magnitude and hemodynamic impact of the left-to-right shunt, and the presence and degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In general, elective closure is advised for all ASDs with evidence of right ventricular overload or with a clinically significant shunt (pulmonary flow [Qp]tosystemic flow [Qs] ratio 1.5). Lack of symptoms is not a contraindication for repair.

• #15 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrial-septal-defect-asd

  Treatment is transcatheter device closure or surgical repair. […] Most small ( 3 mm), centrally located atrial septal defects close spontaneously; many defects between 3 mm and 8 mm close spontaneously by age 3 years. […] Asymptomatic children with a small shunt require only observation and occasional echocardiography (typically about every 3 to 5 years). […] Moderate-to-large ASDs (evidence of right ventricular volume overload on echocardiography) should be closed, typically between ages 2 years and 6 years. […] Transcatheter closure with various commercial closure devices is possible in 85 to 90% of defects and is preferred when appropriate anatomic characteristics, such as adequate rims of septal tissue and distance from vital structures (eg, aortic root, pulmonary veins, tricuspid annulus), are present.

• #16 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/asd

  In most cases, ASDs are diagnosed and treated successfully with few or no complications. […] Treatment of an ASD will depend on a child’s age and the size, location, and severity of the defect. […] Usually, though, if an ASD hasn’t closed on its own by the time a child starts school, the cardiologist will recommend fixing the hole, either with cardiac catheterization or heart surgery. […] Many ASDs can be treated with cardiac catheterization. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube (a catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the leg that leads to the heart. […] Sometimes, when the ASD is very large or too close to the wall of the heart, a device cannot be safely used and heart surgery is needed to close the defect. […] For 6 months following catheterization or surgical closure of an ASD, antibiotics are recommended before routine dental work or surgical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis. […] After their ASD is closed and they’ve had plenty of time to heal, most kids have no further symptoms or problems.

• #17 Atrial Septal Defect: Assessment and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-septal-defect-pro

  Surgical closure is safe and effective and when done before age 25 years is associated with normal life expectancy. When asymptomatic, closure is usually performed at 4 to 5 years of age. […] While there has been some controversy regarding ASD closure in adults, it is recommended that ASD be closed at the time of presentation. Transcatheter closure offers a less invasive alternative for patients with a secundum defect who fulfil anatomical and size criteria. For ostium secundum defects, transcatheter closure has been shown to be as effective as surgical closure. The remaining types of ASDs usually require surgical correction. […] A haemodynamically significant ASD should be closed electively on confirmation of diagnosis. Although this is possible even in small infants, current UK practice is to close the defects at about 4-5 years of age.

• #18 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ped-heart/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  Closure of an atrial septal defect is done if there is persistence of a moderate to large defect when the child is between four and six years of age. […] If the defect is diagnosed in young adulthood, the benefits of closure remain significant. […] Although the benefits of closure of significant defects diagnosed in later adulthood are less clear, there is evidence that closure will improve health for many older patients. […] Atrial septal defects can be closed surgically. […] The procedure involves either placement of sutures that pull the hole closed or placement of a patch that is sewn over the edges of the defect. […] Surgical results are excellent and complete closure of the defect is accomplished in virtually every case. […] Another treatment option for some patients is transcatheter closure of the defect.

• #19 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #20 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  ASD closure is a procedure to close an atrial septal defect (ASD). An ASD is a hole in the heart between the two upper chambers. The procedure uses a device to plug the hole, a patch to cover it or sutures to sew it shut. It may involve open-heart surgery or a minimally invasive procedure using a catheter to place the closure device. […] Your healthcare provider may suggest ASD closure if you’re at risk for those complications. They also might recommend the procedure if you’re already having surgery for another congenital heart defect. […] Surgeons often perform ASD closure on young children to avoid future heart damage and complications. […] ASD closure is performed by a heart surgeon or interventional cardiologist, both specialists in heart procedures. […] ASD closure can reduce the symptoms and complications associated with a hole in your heart. This can protect your heart and lungs, helping you live a longer, more productive life.

• #21 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  Transcatheter closure of ASDs is now an established practice at most cardiac centers. It is proven safe in experienced hands, it is cost-effective, and it favorably compares to surgical closure with successful implantation rates of more than 96%. […] Postoperative management after atrial septal defect (ASD) repair is usually standard. […] Follow-up depends on the method of atrial septal defect (ASD) closure as well coexisting cardiac issues such as arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and comorbidities. […] Surgery for an atrial septal defect (ASD) may be associated with a long-term risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. […] With increased experience over the years, transcatheter closure of suitable secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) has now become preferable to surgical repair.

• #22 Atrial Septal Defect: Definition, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/atrial-septal-defects

  Small holes often repair themselves. But doctors usually recommend surgically closing medium or large defects even if they aren’t causing symptoms. This can help prevent problems or complications later in life. […] About half of septal defects resolve by themselves without treatment, according to 2017 research. The other half require treatment either with a procedure called cardiac catheterization and percutaneous closure or with open heart surgery. […] When an atrial septal defect is diagnosed in a young child, doctors often recommend watchful waiting to see if the hole will close on its own. The doctor may prescribe medications to treat symptoms during this time. […] Doctors can use a procedure called cardiac catheterization to treat heart defects without opening your chest. During this procedure, your cardiologist inserts a thin, flexible tube through a blood vessel in your leg or neck. Then, they thread it to your heart and deploy a closure device to plug the hole.

• #23 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-heart/content/atrial-septal-defect-asd-can-be-effectively-treated-by-transcatheter-closure

  Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. […] If atrial septal defect is detected, it can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure, a less invasive procedure with a quick recover. […] Effective treatment option is transcatheter ASD closure which is a less invasive procedure with a quicker recovery time. […] In transcathete ASD closure procedure, an interventional cardiologist inserts a thin tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin and guide it to the heart using imaging techniques. Through the catheter, a mesh patch or plug is placed to close the hole. […] In comparison with open surgery, advantages of transcatheter ASD closure include smaller incisions, less pain, fewer complications and faster recovery time within 48 hours. […] To achieve the best possible outcomes derived from transcatheter ASD closure, highly experienced and trained cardiologists supported by cutting-edge technology and well-equipped catheterization room are crucially vital.

• #24 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  ASD closure is a procedure to close an atrial septal defect (ASD). An ASD is a hole in the heart between the two upper chambers. The procedure uses a device to plug the hole, a patch to cover it or sutures to sew it shut. It may involve open-heart surgery or a minimally invasive procedure using a catheter to place the closure device. […] Your healthcare provider may suggest ASD closure if you’re at risk for those complications. They also might recommend the procedure if you’re already having surgery for another congenital heart defect. […] Surgeons often perform ASD closure on young children to avoid future heart damage and complications. […] ASD closure is performed by a heart surgeon or interventional cardiologist, both specialists in heart procedures. […] ASD closure can reduce the symptoms and complications associated with a hole in your heart. This can protect your heart and lungs, helping you live a longer, more productive life.

• #25 Non-Surgical Treatment for Atrial Septal Defect – Transcatheter ASD Closure – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/2024/06/non-surgical-treatment-for-atrial-septal-defect-transcatheter-asd-closure/

  Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect that occurs in children or teenagers. However, some are diagnosed in their adulthood. […] Treatment for ASD depends on the size, location, and severity of the defect, as well as the patients age and overall health. The options include: […] A surgical method is a traditional approach considered for patients with large defects, multiple defects, or defects in locations that cannot be treated with non-surgical methods like catheterization. […] Transcatheter ASD Closure is an alternative treatment option for atrial septal defect (ASD), but it is suitable for certain kinds of defect, which the doctor will decide. Transcatheter ASD Closure is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a catheter with a metal device through the vein in the groin that leads to the heart. The device is then used to close the atrial septal defect. The body then gradually forms tissue over it within 3-6 months. The procedure takes approximately 1-2 hours and offers several advantages over open-heart surgery, including reduced pain, fewer complications, smaller incisions, and faster recovery. […] Patients of reproductive age can resume sexual intercourse 1-2 weeks after atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. However, it is advised to consult with your doctor to ensure safety.

• #26

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect-heart-childhood-illnesses

  Transcatheter device closure – ASD can now be closed using special devices delivered using cardiac catheters (long, thin tubes). With this technique, the patient need not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass and there is no surgical scar. The most commonly used device here is the Amplatzer Septal Occluder. The ASD must be carefully assessed prior to recommending this option as not all ASDs are suitable for transcatheter device closure.

• #27 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Repair | Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/treatments/surgical/atrial-septal-defect-asd-repair/

  An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the atria, the two upper chambers of the heart. An ASD may close on its own without any treatment. Small ASDs close on their own as often as 80% of the time. Medication won’t shrink an ASD or repair it. […] If the ASD is still present as your child gets older, it may need to be repaired. One way to repair an ASD is through open heart surgery. Another way, if the ASD is small enough, is to have an interventional cardiologist perform the repair using a catheter to implant a device that closes the hole. This kind of procedure avoids open heart surgery. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved devices for ASD repairs. […] The interventional cardiologist precisely threads a catheter through a large blood vessel to the heart and through the ASD. The device is then opened and positioned in the atrial septal defect, blocking the hole.

• #28 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-heart/content/atrial-septal-defect-asd-can-be-effectively-treated-by-transcatheter-closure

  Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. […] If atrial septal defect is detected, it can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure, a less invasive procedure with a quick recover. […] Effective treatment option is transcatheter ASD closure which is a less invasive procedure with a quicker recovery time. […] In transcathete ASD closure procedure, an interventional cardiologist inserts a thin tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin and guide it to the heart using imaging techniques. Through the catheter, a mesh patch or plug is placed to close the hole. […] In comparison with open surgery, advantages of transcatheter ASD closure include smaller incisions, less pain, fewer complications and faster recovery time within 48 hours. […] To achieve the best possible outcomes derived from transcatheter ASD closure, highly experienced and trained cardiologists supported by cutting-edge technology and well-equipped catheterization room are crucially vital.

• #29 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  A secundum defect is the most common type of ASD. In this type, the hole is in the middle of the heart wall. We usually use a catheter procedure to repair it. In this procedure, we: Insert a long, thin tube (catheter) into a vein, usually in your upper inner thigh. Guide the tube, which has a special device (percutaneous closure device) attached, to the heart. Use echocardiography (or another imaging tool) to guide the device into the hole in the heart wall. Secure the device in place. Remove the catheter. The procedure takes 1 to 2 hours. You’ll be able to go home 24 hours or less after the procedure. Heart tissue grows over the device during the next 3 to 6 months. This creates a permanent closure. Complications are rare, but may include an irregular heartbeat and blood vessel damage. To reduce the risk of blood clots forming on the device, you’ll take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) for 6 months after the procedure. During this 6-month period, you may also need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis, an infection of the inner heart lining, a heart valve, or a blood vessel. It’s caused by bacteria from the mouth or other body areas, that enters the bloodstream. After 6 months, when heart tissue has grown over the device, you’re no longer at risk for endocarditis.

• #30 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  Your healthcare provider will talk to you about what to expect during recovery. You may have to limit physical activity for a few weeks especially if you have surgical ASD closure. For transcatheter closure, you should be able to resume your normal activity within one week. […] Importantly, people with an ASD who get the hole closed live longer than people with an ASD who don’t have the procedure. […] If you or your child has an ASD, talk to your healthcare provider about the benefits of closure. They’ll help you understand which treatment is right for you.

• #31 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Patients with ASDs smaller than 5 mm often experience spontaneous closure of the defect within the 1st year of life. Defects larger than 1 cm usually require medical or surgical intervention for closure. […] Options for ASDs requiring closure include percutaneous and surgical interventions. Indications for treatment include stroke, a hemodynamically significant shunt greater than 1.5:1, and evidence of systemic oxygen desaturation. […] Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects. The postprocedural complication risk for percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure is 7.2%, compared to 24% for postsurgical complications. […] Surgical repair of ASDs, including secundum, sinus venosus, and primum ASDs, involves various approaches tailored to the specific anatomical characteristics of the defect and associated anomalies.

• #32

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect-heart-childhood-illnesses

  Transcatheter device closure – ASD can now be closed using special devices delivered using cardiac catheters (long, thin tubes). With this technique, the patient need not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass and there is no surgical scar. The most commonly used device here is the Amplatzer Septal Occluder. The ASD must be carefully assessed prior to recommending this option as not all ASDs are suitable for transcatheter device closure.

• #33

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect-heart-childhood-illnesses

  Transcatheter device closure – ASD can now be closed using special devices delivered using cardiac catheters (long, thin tubes). With this technique, the patient need not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass and there is no surgical scar. The most commonly used device here is the Amplatzer Septal Occluder. The ASD must be carefully assessed prior to recommending this option as not all ASDs are suitable for transcatheter device closure.

• #34 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/treatment-your-childs-atrial-septal-defect-asd

  Your child has an atrial septal defect (ASD). This is a hole in the dividing wall (atrial septum) between the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Your child’s cardiologist has determined that the ASD won’t close on its own and has advised repair. ASD repair is done by putting a closure device in the hole. The device looks like a small, wiry disk with white material in the middle. It can be put in place either with cardiac catheterization or with open heart surgery. Your child’s cardiologist or surgeon will talk with you about the best treatment for your child. In most cases, only an isolated ASD in the center portion of the atrial septum (secundum type ASD) can be closed with cardiac catheterization. All other types of ASDs require open heart surgery. […] Heart surgery to repair an ASD is done by a pediatric heart surgeon. The surgery lasts about 2 to 3 hours. It takes place in an operating room in a hospital. […] The ASD is repaired with either stitches or a patch. Then, your child is taken off the bypass machine, and the chest is closed. […] Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue.

• #35 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-heart/content/atrial-septal-defect-asd-can-be-effectively-treated-by-transcatheter-closure

  Nevertheless, selected treatment option is primarily determined by size, location and type of the holes as well as individuals conditions. Transcatheter ASD closure might not be suitable for some atrial septal defects with complicated conditions e.g. large hole (larger than 36 mm.), several holes with hole borders are smaller than 5 mm or in patients presenting with other heart diseases e.g. heart valve regurgitation. These conditions may require open-heart surgery as a first-line treatment.

• #36 Atrial Septal Defect: Assessment and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-septal-defect-pro

  Surgical closure is done under direct vision using cardiopulmonary bypass, either by direct suture or by using a pericardial or synthetic patch. Various surgical approaches are possible, including use of a midline sternal incision and lateral thoracotomy. […] Surgical closure of ASDs has been a standard modality of treatment for decades. Since the first reports of surgical ASD closure in 1948, more than 70 years of experience have resulted in a safe and effective surgery with minimal mortality and complications. […] Transcatheter closure has become an accepted alternative to surgical repair for ostium secundum atrial septal defects. However, large ASDs (38 mm) and defects with deficient rims are usually referred for surgical closure. […] Recent data confirm that device closure of secundum ASDs is safe and effective in children, with technical success in 96% and occlusion rate of 99.6% at 24 hours. […] Studies comparing transcatheter and surgical closure in terms of outcome, efficacy, complications and costs have shown that both methods are at par.

• #37 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-heart/content/atrial-septal-defect-asd-can-be-effectively-treated-by-transcatheter-closure

  Nevertheless, selected treatment option is primarily determined by size, location and type of the holes as well as individuals conditions. Transcatheter ASD closure might not be suitable for some atrial septal defects with complicated conditions e.g. large hole (larger than 36 mm.), several holes with hole borders are smaller than 5 mm or in patients presenting with other heart diseases e.g. heart valve regurgitation. These conditions may require open-heart surgery as a first-line treatment.

• #38

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect-heart-childhood-illnesses

  What is the appropriate treatment for a particular child with an ASD will depend on many factors such as the number, size and location of the ASD(s), any associated cardiac defects and the effects of the ASD on the heart. The suitability of the various treatment options will vary from person and person and should be discussed with your cardiologist. These options would include: […] Continued Outpatient Observation – Small ASD with insignificant haemodynamic effect need not be treated. Many of these small defects, especially those discovered in infancy, close spontaneously with time. However, they should be followed-up by a cardiologist or your family physician. […] Surgical closure – This is an open-heart surgery performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon can close the ASD directly with sutures or with a patch.

• #39 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Minimally invasive techniques, such as transxyphoid, ministernotomy, and transaxillary approaches, aim to reduce surgical trauma and improve cosmetic outcomes. […] Despite the evolution of surgical methods, complications such as patch dehiscence, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias remain rare but noteworthy. […] Most small defects spontaneously close in the 1st year of life. However, large defects associated with significant systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and systemic oxygen desaturation require percutaneous or surgical intervention.

• #40 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  The classical surgical approach to an atrial septal defect (ASD) is direct closure of the defect by using an open approach with extracorporeal support. […] In most cases, the size of the incision is simply decreased with different approaches to cardiopulmonary bypass. […] Minimally invasive approaches to the repair of ASD continual to garner significant interest, principally for incisional cosmetic reasons. […] In relatively recent times, secundum ASD have been closed by using a variety of catheter-implanted occlusion devices rather than by direct surgical closure with cardiopulmonary bypass. […] Many different transcatheter ASD devices are available and come in a variety of sizes. […] At any age, ASD closure is followed by symptomatic improvement and regression of positive airway pressure (PAP) and right ventricle size; however, the best outcome is achieved in patients with less functional impairment and less elevated PAP.

• #41 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  ASD closure is a procedure to close an atrial septal defect (ASD). An ASD is a hole in the heart between the two upper chambers. The procedure uses a device to plug the hole, a patch to cover it or sutures to sew it shut. It may involve open-heart surgery or a minimally invasive procedure using a catheter to place the closure device. […] Your healthcare provider may suggest ASD closure if you’re at risk for those complications. They also might recommend the procedure if you’re already having surgery for another congenital heart defect. […] Surgeons often perform ASD closure on young children to avoid future heart damage and complications. […] ASD closure is performed by a heart surgeon or interventional cardiologist, both specialists in heart procedures. […] ASD closure can reduce the symptoms and complications associated with a hole in your heart. This can protect your heart and lungs, helping you live a longer, more productive life.

• #42 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  If catheterization cannot close your childs ASD, open-heart surgery will be recommended to place a patch over the hole. […] Boston Childrens is one of just a few pediatric hospitals to offer this approach. Our surgeons will make an incision under the armpit, keeping your childs sternum intact and leaving a relatively smaller incision scar. […] If your child is not eligible for a thoracotomy, they might be able to avoid a full sternotomy if they are a candidate for a mini-sternotomy. […] Using advanced surgical techniques, Boston Childrens offers multiple treatment options for ASD, including a minimally invasive thoracotomy approach. […] Our specialists have extensive experience treating atrial septal defects and will review all treatment options with your family. […] Working with the Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (or ERAS Cardiac) Program, our team will always focus on maximizing safety, minimizing pain, and shortening your childs length of stay at the hospital and their overall recovery.

• #43 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Diagnosis & Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/childrens-heart/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  Other types of ASDs that require surgical closure include sinus venous ASDs and primum ASDs. […] Successful closure of your child’s ASD will restore the heart’s normal blood flow. […] At Mount Sinai, our pediatric cardiologists are highly experienced in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating childhood heart disorders, including atrial septal defects.

• #44 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Diagnosis & Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/childrens-heart/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  Other types of ASDs that require surgical closure include sinus venous ASDs and primum ASDs. […] Successful closure of your child’s ASD will restore the heart’s normal blood flow. […] At Mount Sinai, our pediatric cardiologists are highly experienced in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating childhood heart disorders, including atrial septal defects.

• #45 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect-asd/treatment

  Heart surgery – All primum ASDs, coronary sinus defects and the majority of sinus venosus ASDs require surgical treatment, in which the cardiac surgeon makes an incision in the chest and closes the atrial septal defect with stitches or with a patch of the patients own tissue (or a man-made material). Open-heart surgery is followed by a longer hospital stay and recovery period.

• #46 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) can be effectively treated by transcatheter closure. | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-heart/content/atrial-septal-defect-asd-can-be-effectively-treated-by-transcatheter-closure

  Nevertheless, selected treatment option is primarily determined by size, location and type of the holes as well as individuals conditions. Transcatheter ASD closure might not be suitable for some atrial septal defects with complicated conditions e.g. large hole (larger than 36 mm.), several holes with hole borders are smaller than 5 mm or in patients presenting with other heart diseases e.g. heart valve regurgitation. These conditions may require open-heart surgery as a first-line treatment.

• #47 Atrial Septal Defect: Assessment and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-septal-defect-pro

  Surgical closure is done under direct vision using cardiopulmonary bypass, either by direct suture or by using a pericardial or synthetic patch. Various surgical approaches are possible, including use of a midline sternal incision and lateral thoracotomy. […] Surgical closure of ASDs has been a standard modality of treatment for decades. Since the first reports of surgical ASD closure in 1948, more than 70 years of experience have resulted in a safe and effective surgery with minimal mortality and complications. […] Transcatheter closure has become an accepted alternative to surgical repair for ostium secundum atrial septal defects. However, large ASDs (38 mm) and defects with deficient rims are usually referred for surgical closure. […] Recent data confirm that device closure of secundum ASDs is safe and effective in children, with technical success in 96% and occlusion rate of 99.6% at 24 hours. […] Studies comparing transcatheter and surgical closure in terms of outcome, efficacy, complications and costs have shown that both methods are at par.

• #48 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  In some cases, a closure device cannot be used to treat an ASD. Surgery may be needed if: The hole is too large to be fully closed by a device. The hole is in an unusual location on the heart wall. Connections to lung veins (that carry blood to the heart) are abnormal. Your blood vessels are too narrow to allow safe use of the catheter. You have a bleeding disorder or cannot take a blood thinner such as aspirin. Also, surgery may be needed if you have other heart defects to be repaired at the same time. Open-heart surgery can repair the main types of ASDs (primum, sinus venosus, and large secundum). We can close the defects: Using sutures. With a patch (for larger defects). Within 6 months after surgery, your heart tissue grows over the sutures or patch and completely covers the hole. You will be in the hospital for 3 to 5 days after surgery. Full recovery usually takes 4 weeks. You’ll need to limit driving, exercise, and possibly other activities during your recovery. During the first 6 months after surgery, you may need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis (infection of the heart). Possible complications include infection and bleeding.

• #49 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Minimally invasive techniques, such as transxyphoid, ministernotomy, and transaxillary approaches, aim to reduce surgical trauma and improve cosmetic outcomes. […] Despite the evolution of surgical methods, complications such as patch dehiscence, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias remain rare but noteworthy. […] Most small defects spontaneously close in the 1st year of life. However, large defects associated with significant systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and systemic oxygen desaturation require percutaneous or surgical intervention.

• #50 Atrial Septal Defect: Assessment and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-septal-defect-pro

  Surgical closure is done under direct vision using cardiopulmonary bypass, either by direct suture or by using a pericardial or synthetic patch. Various surgical approaches are possible, including use of a midline sternal incision and lateral thoracotomy. […] Surgical closure of ASDs has been a standard modality of treatment for decades. Since the first reports of surgical ASD closure in 1948, more than 70 years of experience have resulted in a safe and effective surgery with minimal mortality and complications. […] Transcatheter closure has become an accepted alternative to surgical repair for ostium secundum atrial septal defects. However, large ASDs (38 mm) and defects with deficient rims are usually referred for surgical closure. […] Recent data confirm that device closure of secundum ASDs is safe and effective in children, with technical success in 96% and occlusion rate of 99.6% at 24 hours. […] Studies comparing transcatheter and surgical closure in terms of outcome, efficacy, complications and costs have shown that both methods are at par.

• #51 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  If catheterization cannot close your childs ASD, open-heart surgery will be recommended to place a patch over the hole. […] Boston Childrens is one of just a few pediatric hospitals to offer this approach. Our surgeons will make an incision under the armpit, keeping your childs sternum intact and leaving a relatively smaller incision scar. […] If your child is not eligible for a thoracotomy, they might be able to avoid a full sternotomy if they are a candidate for a mini-sternotomy. […] Using advanced surgical techniques, Boston Childrens offers multiple treatment options for ASD, including a minimally invasive thoracotomy approach. […] Our specialists have extensive experience treating atrial septal defects and will review all treatment options with your family. […] Working with the Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (or ERAS Cardiac) Program, our team will always focus on maximizing safety, minimizing pain, and shortening your childs length of stay at the hospital and their overall recovery.

• #52 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Minimally invasive techniques, such as transxyphoid, ministernotomy, and transaxillary approaches, aim to reduce surgical trauma and improve cosmetic outcomes. […] Despite the evolution of surgical methods, complications such as patch dehiscence, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias remain rare but noteworthy. […] Most small defects spontaneously close in the 1st year of life. However, large defects associated with significant systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and systemic oxygen desaturation require percutaneous or surgical intervention.

• #53 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369720

  Treatment for atrial septal defect (ASD) depends on: […] An atrial septal defect may close on its own during childhood. For small holes that don’t close, regular health checkups may be the only care needed. […] Some atrial septal defects that do not close need a procedure to close the hole. But closure of an ASD isn’t recommended in those who have severe pulmonary hypertension. […] A procedure is often suggested to repair a medium to large atrial septal defect (ASD) to prevent future complications. […] Atrial septal defect repair involves closing the hole in the heart. This can be done two ways: […] Sometimes, atrial septal defect repair can be done using smaller cuts than traditional surgery. This method is called minimally invasive surgery. If the repair is done with the help of a robot, it’s called robot-assisted heart surgery.

• #54 About Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/atrial-septal-defect.html

  Treatment for an atrial septal defect depends on many factors: […] Sometimes surgery is needed to repair the hole. Medications can be prescribed to help treat symptoms. There are no known medications that can repair the hole. […] With an atrial septal defect diagnosis, the healthcare provider may monitor it to see if the hole closes on its own. During this period of time, the healthcare provider might treat symptoms with medicine. If a child has a large atrial septal defect, the healthcare provider may recommend that it be closed. This will prevent problems later in life. […] Closure may also be recommended for an adult who has many or severe symptoms. Closure of the hole may be done during cardiac catheterization or open-heart surgery. After these procedures, follow-up care will depend on a few factors: […] Sometimes the atrial septal defect can’t be fully repaired. However, procedures to close the hole can improve blood flow and the way the heart works. For some people, even if their heart defect has been repaired, they are not cured and will require follow-up care.

• #55 Atrial Septal Defects

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defects/

  Many atrial septal defects close on their own during childhood. For those that don’t close or those that are small, treatment may not be required. However, it is very important to keep it monitored. Moderate to large ASDs may eventually require to be closed. Some treatment options include the use of medications or a surgical procedure called atrial septal defect surgery (includes transcatheter options). […] Though medications will not be able to repair the hole, medications can reduce some of the signs and symptoms present for those with a longstanding atrial septal defect. Drugs may also be used to reduce the frequency of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can occur when an atrial septal defect has not been treated. Adults with these atrial septal defects can have an increased risk of blood clots within the heart and may thus require anticoagulants (blood-thinners).

• #56 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=atrial-septal-defect-asd-in-children-90-P01766

  Treatment will depend on your childs symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. The most common type of ASD may close on its own as your child grows. […] Once an ASD is diagnosed, your child’s cardiologist will check your child to see if the defect is closing on its own. An ASD will usually be fixed if it has not closed by the time a child starts school. The decision to close the ASD may also depend on the size of the defect or the symptoms of the defect. […] Treatment may include: […] Medicine. Many children have no symptoms and don’t need medicine. But medicine can help some children’s hearts work better. For example, water pills (diuretics) help the kidneys get rid of extra fluid from the body. […] Surgery. Your child’s ASD may be repaired by surgery. The surgery is done under general anesthesia. The defect may be closed with stitches or a special patch.

• #57 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): Symptoms & Treatments | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  After a doctor diagnoses your child with ASD, your child’s doctor will check to see if the hole is closing on its own. If the hole hasn’t closed by the time your child starts school, your child will usually need treatment. Doctors will look at the size of the hole to help you decide whether or not your child needs treatment. […] Treatments for ASD can include the following: […] Medicine. Many children with ASD don’t have symptoms and don’t need medication. But it still might be a good idea for some children to take it. Medicine can help some children’s hearts work better. For example, water pills (diuretics) help a child’s heart work better by flushing extra fluid out of a child’s body through their kidneys. […] Surgery. Your child may need surgery to fix their ASD. Surgeons use stitches or a special patch to close the hole inside your child’s heart wall. Your child will be asleep under general anesthesia. Our surgeons may use robotic surgery techniques to perform an ASD closure.

• #58 Management of atrial septal defects in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-atrial-septal-defects-in-adults

  Management of atrial septal defects in adults […] This topic will review indications for closure and medical management of ASDs in adults. […] Surgical and percutaneous closure of ASDs; pathophysiology, anatomy, natural history, and clinical features of ASDs in adults; the identification and assessment of ASDs; and issues related to ASDs in children are discussed separately. […] Patients with ASDs are at increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, particularly if defect closure occurs after age 25. AF should be managed according to standard recommendations. An attempt at cardioversion is generally recommended. Arrhythmia interventions can be considered in conjunction with defect closure when appropriate. […] Management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) (including ASD) with secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and Eisenmenger syndrome is discussed separately.

• #59 Atrial Septal Defects

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defects/

  Many atrial septal defects close on their own during childhood. For those that don’t close or those that are small, treatment may not be required. However, it is very important to keep it monitored. Moderate to large ASDs may eventually require to be closed. Some treatment options include the use of medications or a surgical procedure called atrial septal defect surgery (includes transcatheter options). […] Though medications will not be able to repair the hole, medications can reduce some of the signs and symptoms present for those with a longstanding atrial septal defect. Drugs may also be used to reduce the frequency of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can occur when an atrial septal defect has not been treated. Adults with these atrial septal defects can have an increased risk of blood clots within the heart and may thus require anticoagulants (blood-thinners).

• #60 Atrial Septal Defects

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defects/

  Many atrial septal defects close on their own during childhood. For those that don’t close or those that are small, treatment may not be required. However, it is very important to keep it monitored. Moderate to large ASDs may eventually require to be closed. Some treatment options include the use of medications or a surgical procedure called atrial septal defect surgery (includes transcatheter options). […] Though medications will not be able to repair the hole, medications can reduce some of the signs and symptoms present for those with a longstanding atrial septal defect. Drugs may also be used to reduce the frequency of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can occur when an atrial septal defect has not been treated. Adults with these atrial septal defects can have an increased risk of blood clots within the heart and may thus require anticoagulants (blood-thinners).

• #61 Atrial Septal Defects Symptoms, and Treatment | Dr. C Raghu

  https://drraghu.com/resources/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defects/

  Treatment of ASD depends on the age at diagnosis and the size, location and severity of the defect. Small ASDs might not need any treatment because it closes on its own. The doctor may recommend surgery if the atrial septal defect is large, even with fewer symptoms to prevent problems later in life. Treatment of ASD includes medications and surgery. […] Medications usually do not help in closing the hole, but reduces the signs and symptoms associated with ASD and risks of complications after surgery. Drugs such as beta blockers (to maintain regular heartbeat) and anticoagulants (to prevent the formation of blood clots) are used. […] Surgery includes cardiac catheterization and open-heart surgery. […] In cardiac catheterization, the doctor closes the hole in the septum with a mesh patch or a plug in the defect place using a catheter. The heart tissue then grows around the mesh slowly, sealing the hole permanently. This procedure is mainly performed to repair only the secundum type of atrial septal defects. Defects not amenable to closure with device may need open-heart surgery. […] In open-heart surgery, the defect may be closed with stitches or a special patch. This procedure is done under general anesthesia, mainly for repairing primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus atrial septal defects.

• #62 Atrial Septal Defects Symptoms, and Treatment | Dr. C Raghu

  https://drraghu.com/resources/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defects/

  Treatment of ASD depends on the age at diagnosis and the size, location and severity of the defect. Small ASDs might not need any treatment because it closes on its own. The doctor may recommend surgery if the atrial septal defect is large, even with fewer symptoms to prevent problems later in life. Treatment of ASD includes medications and surgery. […] Medications usually do not help in closing the hole, but reduces the signs and symptoms associated with ASD and risks of complications after surgery. Drugs such as beta blockers (to maintain regular heartbeat) and anticoagulants (to prevent the formation of blood clots) are used. […] Surgery includes cardiac catheterization and open-heart surgery. […] In cardiac catheterization, the doctor closes the hole in the septum with a mesh patch or a plug in the defect place using a catheter. The heart tissue then grows around the mesh slowly, sealing the hole permanently. This procedure is mainly performed to repair only the secundum type of atrial septal defects. Defects not amenable to closure with device may need open-heart surgery. […] In open-heart surgery, the defect may be closed with stitches or a special patch. This procedure is done under general anesthesia, mainly for repairing primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus atrial septal defects.

• #63 Atrial Septal Defect – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/atrial-septal-defect.html

  Treatment may depend on your symptoms and how large the ASD is. You may need any of the following: […] Medicines may be given to control your heartbeat or decrease stress on your heart. Medicine may also be given to lower pressure in your lungs, prevent blood clots, or remove extra fluid. […] Cardiac catheterization may also be used to close the ASD. The catheter is placed into an artery in your groin, neck, or arm and guided up to your heart. A small stitch, patch, or plug is used to close the hole. […] Open heart surgery may be needed to close the ASD with stitches, a patch, or a plug.

• #64 The Treatment Strategy for the Atrial Septal Defect in the Presence of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9323680/

  Atrial septal defect is one of the most common congenital heart diseases in adults. […] The main strategy for treatment of atrial septal defect is a transcatheter or surgical closure of the defect, but in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, it is recommended to manage pulmonary arterial hypertension and after that treat the defect invasively. This strategy is called treat and repair strategy. […] The main therapy of ASD: transcatheter defect closure or surgical repair of the defect. In the presence of PAH, it is recommended that pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) be less than five Wood units (WU) to approach interventional or surgical treatment. […] If PVR is higher than 5 WU, it is recommended to approach the treat and repair strategy treating PAH with medications first and after reaching a PVR with less than 5 WU, to repair the defect invasively.

• #65 The Treatment Strategy for the Atrial Septal Defect in the Presence of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9323680/

  Atrial septal defect is one of the most common congenital heart diseases in adults. […] The main strategy for treatment of atrial septal defect is a transcatheter or surgical closure of the defect, but in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, it is recommended to manage pulmonary arterial hypertension and after that treat the defect invasively. This strategy is called treat and repair strategy. […] The main therapy of ASD: transcatheter defect closure or surgical repair of the defect. In the presence of PAH, it is recommended that pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) be less than five Wood units (WU) to approach interventional or surgical treatment. […] If PVR is higher than 5 WU, it is recommended to approach the treat and repair strategy treating PAH with medications first and after reaching a PVR with less than 5 WU, to repair the defect invasively.

• #66 The Treatment Strategy for the Atrial Septal Defect in the Presence of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9323680/

  The multidisciplinary team council decided that surgical repair of the defect was contraindicated because of the high PVR at the moment. Specific PAH treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil was prescribed to reduce PVR and an invasive hemodynamics study six months after specific PAH treatment to was recommended to reassess surgical treatment options. […] The surgical TV repair, annuloplasty and ASD suturing with an autopericardial patch (oriented from the left atrium) were performed. […] The further recommendation was to continue the specific PAH treatment with sildenafil and ambrisentan. […] In conclusion, the initial administration of specific PAH therapy may extend the treatment for carefully selected patients with significant ASD-induced precapillary PAH and improve the treatment options for interventional/surgical ASD.

• #67 The Treatment Strategy for the Atrial Septal Defect in the Presence of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9323680/

  The multidisciplinary team council decided that surgical repair of the defect was contraindicated because of the high PVR at the moment. Specific PAH treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil was prescribed to reduce PVR and an invasive hemodynamics study six months after specific PAH treatment to was recommended to reassess surgical treatment options. […] The surgical TV repair, annuloplasty and ASD suturing with an autopericardial patch (oriented from the left atrium) were performed. […] The further recommendation was to continue the specific PAH treatment with sildenafil and ambrisentan. […] In conclusion, the initial administration of specific PAH therapy may extend the treatment for carefully selected patients with significant ASD-induced precapillary PAH and improve the treatment options for interventional/surgical ASD.

• #68 The Treatment Strategy for the Atrial Septal Defect in the Presence of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9323680/

  The multidisciplinary team council decided that surgical repair of the defect was contraindicated because of the high PVR at the moment. Specific PAH treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil was prescribed to reduce PVR and an invasive hemodynamics study six months after specific PAH treatment to was recommended to reassess surgical treatment options. […] The surgical TV repair, annuloplasty and ASD suturing with an autopericardial patch (oriented from the left atrium) were performed. […] The further recommendation was to continue the specific PAH treatment with sildenafil and ambrisentan. […] In conclusion, the initial administration of specific PAH therapy may extend the treatment for carefully selected patients with significant ASD-induced precapillary PAH and improve the treatment options for interventional/surgical ASD.

• #69 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #70 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #71 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #72 Atrial Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes | Hole in Heart

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect

  If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an atrial septal defect (ASD), its important to seek timely treatment since the condition can cause serious complications. Your doctor will discuss the best treatment option for you. […] If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an atrial septal defect (ASD), its important to seek timely treatment since the condition can cause serious complications. Your doctor will discuss the best treatment option for you. […] The Amplatzer Septal Occluder is a device that is placed in the heart during a minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure to close an atrial septal defect (ASD) in patients with an ostium secundum ASD. […] Patients who have any of the following conditions should not receive the Amplatzer Septal Occluder: other defects in the heart that require surgery to repair; infection anywhere in the body that cannot be successfully treated prior to receiving the device; bleeding disorder, untreated ulcer, or unable to take aspirin or other blood-thinning medication; blood clots in the heart; small size or any condition such as an active infection that makes the patient a poor candidate for the procedure; anatomy in which the device would interfere with or come in contact with other heart structures, such as valves or veins.

• #73 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #74 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Patients with ASDs smaller than 5 mm often experience spontaneous closure of the defect within the 1st year of life. Defects larger than 1 cm usually require medical or surgical intervention for closure. […] Options for ASDs requiring closure include percutaneous and surgical interventions. Indications for treatment include stroke, a hemodynamically significant shunt greater than 1.5:1, and evidence of systemic oxygen desaturation. […] Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects. The postprocedural complication risk for percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure is 7.2%, compared to 24% for postsurgical complications. […] Surgical repair of ASDs, including secundum, sinus venosus, and primum ASDs, involves various approaches tailored to the specific anatomical characteristics of the defect and associated anomalies.

• #75 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After the procedure. Your child is taken to a recovery room. You can stay with your child during much of this time. It may take 1 to 4 hours for medicines to wear off. Pressure is put on the catheter insertion site to limit bleeding. A healthcare provider will tell you how long your child needs to lie down and keep the insertion site still. Your child is cared for and watched until they can leave the hospital. Your child will likely need to stay overnight in the hospital. […] Risks and possible complications of cardiac catheterization […] Reaction to contrast dye […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking at the insertion site […] Wound infection at insertion site […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, needing more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

• #76 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After the procedure. Your child is taken to a recovery room. You can stay with your child during much of this time. It may take 1 to 4 hours for medicines to wear off. Pressure is put on the catheter insertion site to limit bleeding. A healthcare provider will tell you how long your child needs to lie down and keep the insertion site still. Your child is cared for and watched until they can leave the hospital. Your child will likely need to stay overnight in the hospital. […] Risks and possible complications of cardiac catheterization […] Reaction to contrast dye […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking at the insertion site […] Wound infection at insertion site […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, needing more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

• #77 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After the procedure. Your child is taken to a recovery room. You can stay with your child during much of this time. It may take 1 to 4 hours for medicines to wear off. Pressure is put on the catheter insertion site to limit bleeding. A healthcare provider will tell you how long your child needs to lie down and keep the insertion site still. Your child is cared for and watched until they can leave the hospital. Your child will likely need to stay overnight in the hospital. […] Risks and possible complications of cardiac catheterization […] Reaction to contrast dye […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking at the insertion site […] Wound infection at insertion site […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, needing more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

• #78 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After the procedure. Your child is taken to a recovery room. You can stay with your child during much of this time. It may take 1 to 4 hours for medicines to wear off. Pressure is put on the catheter insertion site to limit bleeding. A healthcare provider will tell you how long your child needs to lie down and keep the insertion site still. Your child is cared for and watched until they can leave the hospital. Your child will likely need to stay overnight in the hospital. […] Risks and possible complications of cardiac catheterization […] Reaction to contrast dye […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking at the insertion site […] Wound infection at insertion site […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, needing more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

• #79 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After the procedure. Your child is taken to a recovery room. You can stay with your child during much of this time. It may take 1 to 4 hours for medicines to wear off. Pressure is put on the catheter insertion site to limit bleeding. A healthcare provider will tell you how long your child needs to lie down and keep the insertion site still. Your child is cared for and watched until they can leave the hospital. Your child will likely need to stay overnight in the hospital. […] Risks and possible complications of cardiac catheterization […] Reaction to contrast dye […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking at the insertion site […] Wound infection at insertion site […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, needing more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

• #80 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Injury to the heart or a blood vessel […] Unexpected movement of the device (device embolization), which is rare but means the device needs to be removed right away (it may be removed in the cardiac cath lab or with surgery) […] Your childs experience: heart surgery […] Heart surgery to repair an ASD is done by a pediatric heart surgeon. The surgery lasts about 2 to 3 hours. It takes place in an operating room in a hospital. Youll stay in the waiting room during your childs surgery. […] Before surgery. Youll be told to keep your child from eating or drinking anything for a certain amount of time before surgery. Follow these instructions carefully. […] During surgery. Your child is given medicine (sedative and anesthesia) to sleep and not feel pain during surgery. A breathing tube is put in your childs windpipe (trachea) during this time. Special equipment monitors your childs heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. Your child is also placed on a heart-lung bypass machine. This keeps blood flowing to the body while the heart is stopped so that it can be operated on. The surgeon makes an incision in the chest through the breastbone (sternum) to reach the heart. The ASD is repaired with either stitches or a patch. Then, your child is taken off the bypass machine, and the chest is closed.

• #81 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Injury to the heart or a blood vessel […] Unexpected movement of the device (device embolization), which is rare but means the device needs to be removed right away (it may be removed in the cardiac cath lab or with surgery) […] Your childs experience: heart surgery […] Heart surgery to repair an ASD is done by a pediatric heart surgeon. The surgery lasts about 2 to 3 hours. It takes place in an operating room in a hospital. Youll stay in the waiting room during your childs surgery. […] Before surgery. Youll be told to keep your child from eating or drinking anything for a certain amount of time before surgery. Follow these instructions carefully. […] During surgery. Your child is given medicine (sedative and anesthesia) to sleep and not feel pain during surgery. A breathing tube is put in your childs windpipe (trachea) during this time. Special equipment monitors your childs heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. Your child is also placed on a heart-lung bypass machine. This keeps blood flowing to the body while the heart is stopped so that it can be operated on. The surgeon makes an incision in the chest through the breastbone (sternum) to reach the heart. The ASD is repaired with either stitches or a patch. Then, your child is taken off the bypass machine, and the chest is closed.

• #82 Atrial Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes | Hole in Heart

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect

  The Septal Occluder procedure carries risks which may include, but are not limited to: air bubble that blocks blood flow in a vessel; allergic reaction to contrast dye or anesthesia; temporary pause in breathing; loss of regular heart rhythm; blood or fluid buildup around the heart; death; obstruction of a blood vessel; fever; high or low blood pressure; infection, including infection or inflammation in the heart; need for surgery; fluid buildup around the heart; perforation of a vessel or the heart; blood leakage outside a vessel, including blood loss requiring a transfusion; erosion or abrasion of the tissue of the atrium; stroke; blood clot formation over the device; abnormal backward flow of blood through a valve. […] Patients who are allergic to nickel may have an allergic reaction to this device, especially those with a history of metal allergies.

• #83 Atrial Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes | Hole in Heart

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect

  The Septal Occluder procedure carries risks which may include, but are not limited to: air bubble that blocks blood flow in a vessel; allergic reaction to contrast dye or anesthesia; temporary pause in breathing; loss of regular heart rhythm; blood or fluid buildup around the heart; death; obstruction of a blood vessel; fever; high or low blood pressure; infection, including infection or inflammation in the heart; need for surgery; fluid buildup around the heart; perforation of a vessel or the heart; blood leakage outside a vessel, including blood loss requiring a transfusion; erosion or abrasion of the tissue of the atrium; stroke; blood clot formation over the device; abnormal backward flow of blood through a valve. […] Patients who are allergic to nickel may have an allergic reaction to this device, especially those with a history of metal allergies.

• #84 Atrial Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes | Hole in Heart

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/atrial-septal-defect

  The Septal Occluder procedure carries risks which may include, but are not limited to: air bubble that blocks blood flow in a vessel; allergic reaction to contrast dye or anesthesia; temporary pause in breathing; loss of regular heart rhythm; blood or fluid buildup around the heart; death; obstruction of a blood vessel; fever; high or low blood pressure; infection, including infection or inflammation in the heart; need for surgery; fluid buildup around the heart; perforation of a vessel or the heart; blood leakage outside a vessel, including blood loss requiring a transfusion; erosion or abrasion of the tissue of the atrium; stroke; blood clot formation over the device; abnormal backward flow of blood through a valve. […] Patients who are allergic to nickel may have an allergic reaction to this device, especially those with a history of metal allergies.

• #85 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #86 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #87 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #88 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #89 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  After surgery. Your child is taken to a critical care unit to be cared for and monitored. Several tubes and wires may be attached to your child. These are in place to help the medical team in caring for your child. You can stay with your child during much of this time. They may remain in the hospital for 3 to 5 days. When your child is ready to leave the hospital, youll be given instructions for home care and follow-up. Your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics before having dental work. The cardiologist will tell you how long this should continue. […] Risks and possible complications of heart surgery […] Reaction to sedative or anesthesia […] Incomplete closure of the ASD, requiring more treatment […] Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) […] Wound infection

• #90 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Infection […] Bleeding […] Nervous system problems, such as seizures or stroke […] Abnormal buildup of fluid around the heart and lungs […] When to call the healthcare provider […] After either procedure, call the healthcare provider right away if your child has any of these: […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking from an incision or insertion site that gets worse […] A fever (ask the healthcare team what temperatures to be concerned about) […] Trouble feeding […] Increased tiredness […] Nausea or vomiting that continues […] A cough that wont go away […] Call 911 if your child has any of these: […] Chest pain […] Trouble breathing […] An irregular heartbeat […] Passing out or unresponsiveness

• #91 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Infection […] Bleeding […] Nervous system problems, such as seizures or stroke […] Abnormal buildup of fluid around the heart and lungs […] When to call the healthcare provider […] After either procedure, call the healthcare provider right away if your child has any of these: […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking from an incision or insertion site that gets worse […] A fever (ask the healthcare team what temperatures to be concerned about) […] Trouble feeding […] Increased tiredness […] Nausea or vomiting that continues […] A cough that wont go away […] Call 911 if your child has any of these: […] Chest pain […] Trouble breathing […] An irregular heartbeat […] Passing out or unresponsiveness

• #92 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Infection […] Bleeding […] Nervous system problems, such as seizures or stroke […] Abnormal buildup of fluid around the heart and lungs […] When to call the healthcare provider […] After either procedure, call the healthcare provider right away if your child has any of these: […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking from an incision or insertion site that gets worse […] A fever (ask the healthcare team what temperatures to be concerned about) […] Trouble feeding […] Increased tiredness […] Nausea or vomiting that continues […] A cough that wont go away […] Call 911 if your child has any of these: […] Chest pain […] Trouble breathing […] An irregular heartbeat […] Passing out or unresponsiveness

• #93 Treatment for Your Child’s Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/NutritionalSupplements/Herbs/3,89098

  Infection […] Bleeding […] Nervous system problems, such as seizures or stroke […] Abnormal buildup of fluid around the heart and lungs […] When to call the healthcare provider […] After either procedure, call the healthcare provider right away if your child has any of these: […] Pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, or fluid leaking from an incision or insertion site that gets worse […] A fever (ask the healthcare team what temperatures to be concerned about) […] Trouble feeding […] Increased tiredness […] Nausea or vomiting that continues […] A cough that wont go away […] Call 911 if your child has any of these: […] Chest pain […] Trouble breathing […] An irregular heartbeat […] Passing out or unresponsiveness

• #94 Atrial Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535440/

  Minimally invasive techniques, such as transxyphoid, ministernotomy, and transaxillary approaches, aim to reduce surgical trauma and improve cosmetic outcomes. […] Despite the evolution of surgical methods, complications such as patch dehiscence, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias remain rare but noteworthy. […] Most small defects spontaneously close in the 1st year of life. However, large defects associated with significant systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and systemic oxygen desaturation require percutaneous or surgical intervention.

• #95 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #96 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  Transcatheter closure of ASDs is now an established practice at most cardiac centers. It is proven safe in experienced hands, it is cost-effective, and it favorably compares to surgical closure with successful implantation rates of more than 96%. […] Postoperative management after atrial septal defect (ASD) repair is usually standard. […] Follow-up depends on the method of atrial septal defect (ASD) closure as well coexisting cardiac issues such as arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and comorbidities. […] Surgery for an atrial septal defect (ASD) may be associated with a long-term risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. […] With increased experience over the years, transcatheter closure of suitable secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) has now become preferable to surgical repair.

• #97 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  A secundum defect is the most common type of ASD. In this type, the hole is in the middle of the heart wall. We usually use a catheter procedure to repair it. In this procedure, we: Insert a long, thin tube (catheter) into a vein, usually in your upper inner thigh. Guide the tube, which has a special device (percutaneous closure device) attached, to the heart. Use echocardiography (or another imaging tool) to guide the device into the hole in the heart wall. Secure the device in place. Remove the catheter. The procedure takes 1 to 2 hours. You’ll be able to go home 24 hours or less after the procedure. Heart tissue grows over the device during the next 3 to 6 months. This creates a permanent closure. Complications are rare, but may include an irregular heartbeat and blood vessel damage. To reduce the risk of blood clots forming on the device, you’ll take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) for 6 months after the procedure. During this 6-month period, you may also need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis, an infection of the inner heart lining, a heart valve, or a blood vessel. It’s caused by bacteria from the mouth or other body areas, that enters the bloodstream. After 6 months, when heart tissue has grown over the device, you’re no longer at risk for endocarditis.

• #98 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  In some cases, a closure device cannot be used to treat an ASD. Surgery may be needed if: The hole is too large to be fully closed by a device. The hole is in an unusual location on the heart wall. Connections to lung veins (that carry blood to the heart) are abnormal. Your blood vessels are too narrow to allow safe use of the catheter. You have a bleeding disorder or cannot take a blood thinner such as aspirin. Also, surgery may be needed if you have other heart defects to be repaired at the same time. Open-heart surgery can repair the main types of ASDs (primum, sinus venosus, and large secundum). We can close the defects: Using sutures. With a patch (for larger defects). Within 6 months after surgery, your heart tissue grows over the sutures or patch and completely covers the hole. You will be in the hospital for 3 to 5 days after surgery. Full recovery usually takes 4 weeks. You’ll need to limit driving, exercise, and possibly other activities during your recovery. During the first 6 months after surgery, you may need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis (infection of the heart). Possible complications include infection and bleeding.

• #99 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  In some cases, a closure device cannot be used to treat an ASD. Surgery may be needed if: The hole is too large to be fully closed by a device. The hole is in an unusual location on the heart wall. Connections to lung veins (that carry blood to the heart) are abnormal. Your blood vessels are too narrow to allow safe use of the catheter. You have a bleeding disorder or cannot take a blood thinner such as aspirin. Also, surgery may be needed if you have other heart defects to be repaired at the same time. Open-heart surgery can repair the main types of ASDs (primum, sinus venosus, and large secundum). We can close the defects: Using sutures. With a patch (for larger defects). Within 6 months after surgery, your heart tissue grows over the sutures or patch and completely covers the hole. You will be in the hospital for 3 to 5 days after surgery. Full recovery usually takes 4 weeks. You’ll need to limit driving, exercise, and possibly other activities during your recovery. During the first 6 months after surgery, you may need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis (infection of the heart). Possible complications include infection and bleeding.

• #100 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  Your healthcare provider will talk to you about what to expect during recovery. You may have to limit physical activity for a few weeks especially if you have surgical ASD closure. For transcatheter closure, you should be able to resume your normal activity within one week. […] Importantly, people with an ASD who get the hole closed live longer than people with an ASD who don’t have the procedure. […] If you or your child has an ASD, talk to your healthcare provider about the benefits of closure. They’ll help you understand which treatment is right for you.

• #101 Atrial Septal Defect: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11622-atrial-septal-defect-asd

  An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect. […] Larger ones may require percutaneous (nonsurgical) repair or surgery to lower the risk of serious complications. […] Providers can perform ASD closure through surgery or percutaneous (nonsurgical) repair. […] You usually don’t need a repair for a small atrial septal defect that doesn’t close by itself. Providers may recommend an ASD closure if an atrial septal defect is causing issues and hasn’t closed by age 2 or 3. […] But you should get a repair for a larger ASD even if it isn’t causing symptoms. Treating it now prevents serious complications in the future, even for adults. […] Once you have signs of heart or lung damage, atrial septal defect repair is essential. […] After a repair, you may need to take blood-thinning medication (anticoagulant or antiplatelet) for six to 12 months.

• #102 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  A secundum defect is the most common type of ASD. In this type, the hole is in the middle of the heart wall. We usually use a catheter procedure to repair it. In this procedure, we: Insert a long, thin tube (catheter) into a vein, usually in your upper inner thigh. Guide the tube, which has a special device (percutaneous closure device) attached, to the heart. Use echocardiography (or another imaging tool) to guide the device into the hole in the heart wall. Secure the device in place. Remove the catheter. The procedure takes 1 to 2 hours. You’ll be able to go home 24 hours or less after the procedure. Heart tissue grows over the device during the next 3 to 6 months. This creates a permanent closure. Complications are rare, but may include an irregular heartbeat and blood vessel damage. To reduce the risk of blood clots forming on the device, you’ll take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) for 6 months after the procedure. During this 6-month period, you may also need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis, an infection of the inner heart lining, a heart valve, or a blood vessel. It’s caused by bacteria from the mouth or other body areas, that enters the bloodstream. After 6 months, when heart tissue has grown over the device, you’re no longer at risk for endocarditis.

• #103 Atrial Septal Defect: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11622-atrial-septal-defect-asd

  You usually need to take antibiotics for at least six months following your repair. Antibiotics prevent an infection of your heart’s lining (endocarditis). […] Atrial septal defects often call for watchful waiting. […] Larger ASDs usually require procedures at a younger age to prevent future problems. […] Modern medical advances have made atrial septal defects much more treatable than they used to be.

• #104 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/asd

  In most cases, ASDs are diagnosed and treated successfully with few or no complications. […] Treatment of an ASD will depend on a child’s age and the size, location, and severity of the defect. […] Usually, though, if an ASD hasn’t closed on its own by the time a child starts school, the cardiologist will recommend fixing the hole, either with cardiac catheterization or heart surgery. […] Many ASDs can be treated with cardiac catheterization. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube (a catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the leg that leads to the heart. […] Sometimes, when the ASD is very large or too close to the wall of the heart, a device cannot be safely used and heart surgery is needed to close the defect. […] For 6 months following catheterization or surgical closure of an ASD, antibiotics are recommended before routine dental work or surgical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis. […] After their ASD is closed and they’ve had plenty of time to heal, most kids have no further symptoms or problems.

• #105 Atrial Septal Defect: Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Treatment_Atrial_Septal_Defect_Treatments_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  A secundum defect is the most common type of ASD. In this type, the hole is in the middle of the heart wall. We usually use a catheter procedure to repair it. In this procedure, we: Insert a long, thin tube (catheter) into a vein, usually in your upper inner thigh. Guide the tube, which has a special device (percutaneous closure device) attached, to the heart. Use echocardiography (or another imaging tool) to guide the device into the hole in the heart wall. Secure the device in place. Remove the catheter. The procedure takes 1 to 2 hours. You’ll be able to go home 24 hours or less after the procedure. Heart tissue grows over the device during the next 3 to 6 months. This creates a permanent closure. Complications are rare, but may include an irregular heartbeat and blood vessel damage. To reduce the risk of blood clots forming on the device, you’ll take a blood thinner (anticoagulant) for 6 months after the procedure. During this 6-month period, you may also need to take antibiotics before dental and medical procedures. This is to prevent endocarditis, an infection of the inner heart lining, a heart valve, or a blood vessel. It’s caused by bacteria from the mouth or other body areas, that enters the bloodstream. After 6 months, when heart tissue has grown over the device, you’re no longer at risk for endocarditis.

• #106 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369720

  Anyone who has had surgery for atrial septal defect needs regular imaging tests and health checkups. These appointments are to watch for possible heart and lung complications. […] People with large atrial septal defects who do not have surgery to close the hole often have worse long-term outcomes. They may have more trouble doing everyday activities. This is called reduced functional capacity. They also are at greater risk for irregular heartbeats and pulmonary hypertension.

• #107 Atrial Septal Defect – Adult Congenital Heart Disease | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/heart/achd/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect

  Very large secundum ASDs may also need to be surgically repaired. Open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass are utilized, followed by a short hospital stay. […] Secundum ASDs that are of an appropriate size and location may now be closed via catheter methods using various devices, the most common of which is the Amplatzer septal occluder device. […] Short term issues for surgically repaired ASDs include a follow up visit with the cardiac surgeon approximately one week after the procedure to make sure that the healing process is satisfactory. […] Long term issues for successfully repaired ASDs, either surgically or via catheter, involve regular visits to your ACHD cardiologist for physical examination and annual echocardiogram for the first few years after closure. […] Women with small unrepaired ASDs as well as women who have undergone successful ASD closures are usually able to tolerate a pregnancy very well, and at low risk. […] Exercise is considered safe and desirable for patients with atrial septal defects, including surgically or catheter repaired, or small unrepaired defects.

• #108 Atrial Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/atrial-septal-defect/

  Experts recommend that all adults who have an unrepaired ASD be followed regularly throughout their life by an ACHD specialist. Those whose ASD was closed, whether as a child or adult, need periodic heart checks; as adults, they should be seen at least once at an ACHD center. This is to make sure that the diagnosis is correct and the repair is still working. Further need for follow-up will be determined by the ACHD cardiologist.

• #109 Pathophysiology and Therapy for Atrial Septal Defects – Cardiac Interventions Today

  https://citoday.com/articles/2014-sept-oct/pathophysiology-and-therapy-for-atrial-septal-defects

  In our practice, we perform closure of complex or larger defects with general anesthesia and TEE guidance. […] Currently, minimally invasive surgery has replaced full thoracotomy in ASD repairs. […] The different surgical techniques include partial lower sternotomy, right anterolateral small thoracotomy, and total endoscopic atrial septal repair. […] The complications with surgical closure usually occur within 1 month. In contrast, transcatheter closure patients, especially those with deficient rims, require long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up. […] Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for the first 6 months after percutaneous ASD closure. […] Although transcatheter repair is the first-line therapy in the great majority of secundum ASDs, consideration for surgical repair should be given for patients with complex anatomy who may be at high risk for delayed complications, especially erosion.

• #110 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  Surgical closure of atrial septal defects doesn’t have problems in 99% of cases. After ASD closure in childhood, the heart size returns to normal over four to six months. […] After the defect is closed, there should be no problems with activity and no restrictions. Regular follow-up appointments will be made with a cardiologist. […] If ASDs are large enough to cause the right heart chambers to get larger, repair is recommended. Secundum ASDs are the most common form. These can usually be closed without surgery, using a device. The other forms of ASDs require surgical correction. These are typically low-risk procedures. […] Adults who have a closed or repaired ASD need periodic evaluation. Patients who have had device closure of ASDs should have an echocardiogram every five years to look for complications of the device.

• #111 Atrial Septal Defect | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  Because ASDs can cause irreversible damage to the heart and lungs over time, all ASDs larger than a few millimeters across should be treated, regardless of your age at the time of diagnosis. […] In the past, ASD closure required open-heart surgery through an incision in the center of the chest. These days, we can close ASDs with less invasive procedures, which can speed up your recovery and reduce post-op pain and scarring. Your surgeon will use stiches or a small patch to repair the defect. […] Closing an ASD usually leads to significant improvement in symptoms, and most patients can enjoy good health after surgery. A small percentage of patients develop pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the arteries connecting the heart and lungs) or an irregular heartbeat. After surgery, it’s a good idea to periodically see a cardiologist who specializes in heart birth defects, especially if you may become pregnant.

• #112 Atrial Septal Defect | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/atrial-septal-defect

  Because ASDs can cause irreversible damage to the heart and lungs over time, all ASDs larger than a few millimeters across should be treated, regardless of your age at the time of diagnosis. […] In the past, ASD closure required open-heart surgery through an incision in the center of the chest. These days, we can close ASDs with less invasive procedures, which can speed up your recovery and reduce post-op pain and scarring. Your surgeon will use stiches or a small patch to repair the defect. […] Closing an ASD usually leads to significant improvement in symptoms, and most patients can enjoy good health after surgery. A small percentage of patients develop pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the arteries connecting the heart and lungs) or an irregular heartbeat. After surgery, it’s a good idea to periodically see a cardiologist who specializes in heart birth defects, especially if you may become pregnant.

• #113 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  Surgical closure of atrial septal defects doesn’t have problems in 99% of cases. After ASD closure in childhood, the heart size returns to normal over four to six months. […] After the defect is closed, there should be no problems with activity and no restrictions. Regular follow-up appointments will be made with a cardiologist. […] If ASDs are large enough to cause the right heart chambers to get larger, repair is recommended. Secundum ASDs are the most common form. These can usually be closed without surgery, using a device. The other forms of ASDs require surgical correction. These are typically low-risk procedures. […] Adults who have a closed or repaired ASD need periodic evaluation. Patients who have had device closure of ASDs should have an echocardiogram every five years to look for complications of the device.

• #114 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  Surgical closure of atrial septal defects doesn’t have problems in 99% of cases. After ASD closure in childhood, the heart size returns to normal over four to six months. […] After the defect is closed, there should be no problems with activity and no restrictions. Regular follow-up appointments will be made with a cardiologist. […] If ASDs are large enough to cause the right heart chambers to get larger, repair is recommended. Secundum ASDs are the most common form. These can usually be closed without surgery, using a device. The other forms of ASDs require surgical correction. These are typically low-risk procedures. […] Adults who have a closed or repaired ASD need periodic evaluation. Patients who have had device closure of ASDs should have an echocardiogram every five years to look for complications of the device.

• #115 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #116 ASD Closure: Procedure, Risks and Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22461-asd-closure

  Your healthcare provider will talk to you about what to expect during recovery. You may have to limit physical activity for a few weeks especially if you have surgical ASD closure. For transcatheter closure, you should be able to resume your normal activity within one week. […] Importantly, people with an ASD who get the hole closed live longer than people with an ASD who don’t have the procedure. […] If you or your child has an ASD, talk to your healthcare provider about the benefits of closure. They’ll help you understand which treatment is right for you.

• #117 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369720

  Anyone who has had surgery for atrial septal defect needs regular imaging tests and health checkups. These appointments are to watch for possible heart and lung complications. […] People with large atrial septal defects who do not have surgery to close the hole often have worse long-term outcomes. They may have more trouble doing everyday activities. This is called reduced functional capacity. They also are at greater risk for irregular heartbeats and pulmonary hypertension.

• #118 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  The classical surgical approach to an atrial septal defect (ASD) is direct closure of the defect by using an open approach with extracorporeal support. […] In most cases, the size of the incision is simply decreased with different approaches to cardiopulmonary bypass. […] Minimally invasive approaches to the repair of ASD continual to garner significant interest, principally for incisional cosmetic reasons. […] In relatively recent times, secundum ASD have been closed by using a variety of catheter-implanted occlusion devices rather than by direct surgical closure with cardiopulmonary bypass. […] Many different transcatheter ASD devices are available and come in a variety of sizes. […] At any age, ASD closure is followed by symptomatic improvement and regression of positive airway pressure (PAP) and right ventricle size; however, the best outcome is achieved in patients with less functional impairment and less elevated PAP.

• #119 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  Transcatheter closure of ASDs is now an established practice at most cardiac centers. It is proven safe in experienced hands, it is cost-effective, and it favorably compares to surgical closure with successful implantation rates of more than 96%. […] Postoperative management after atrial septal defect (ASD) repair is usually standard. […] Follow-up depends on the method of atrial septal defect (ASD) closure as well coexisting cardiac issues such as arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and comorbidities. […] Surgery for an atrial septal defect (ASD) may be associated with a long-term risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. […] With increased experience over the years, transcatheter closure of suitable secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) has now become preferable to surgical repair.

• #120 Atrial Septal Defect – Adult Congenital Heart Disease | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/heart/achd/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect

  Very large secundum ASDs may also need to be surgically repaired. Open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass are utilized, followed by a short hospital stay. […] Secundum ASDs that are of an appropriate size and location may now be closed via catheter methods using various devices, the most common of which is the Amplatzer septal occluder device. […] Short term issues for surgically repaired ASDs include a follow up visit with the cardiac surgeon approximately one week after the procedure to make sure that the healing process is satisfactory. […] Long term issues for successfully repaired ASDs, either surgically or via catheter, involve regular visits to your ACHD cardiologist for physical examination and annual echocardiogram for the first few years after closure. […] Women with small unrepaired ASDs as well as women who have undergone successful ASD closures are usually able to tolerate a pregnancy very well, and at low risk. […] Exercise is considered safe and desirable for patients with atrial septal defects, including surgically or catheter repaired, or small unrepaired defects.

• #121 Atrial Septal Defect – Adult Congenital Heart Disease | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/heart/achd/conditions-treatments/atrial-septal-defect

  Very large secundum ASDs may also need to be surgically repaired. Open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass are utilized, followed by a short hospital stay. […] Secundum ASDs that are of an appropriate size and location may now be closed via catheter methods using various devices, the most common of which is the Amplatzer septal occluder device. […] Short term issues for surgically repaired ASDs include a follow up visit with the cardiac surgeon approximately one week after the procedure to make sure that the healing process is satisfactory. […] Long term issues for successfully repaired ASDs, either surgically or via catheter, involve regular visits to your ACHD cardiologist for physical examination and annual echocardiogram for the first few years after closure. […] Women with small unrepaired ASDs as well as women who have undergone successful ASD closures are usually able to tolerate a pregnancy very well, and at low risk. […] Exercise is considered safe and desirable for patients with atrial septal defects, including surgically or catheter repaired, or small unrepaired defects.

• #122 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20369715

  A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs. Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent complications. […] Treatment can prevent or help manage many of these complications. […] If you have an atrial septal defect and are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk to a care professional first. It’s important to get proper prenatal care. A healthcare professional may suggest repairing the hole in the heart before getting pregnant. A large atrial septal defect or its complications can lead to a high-risk pregnancy.

• #123 Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20369715

  A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs. Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent complications. […] Treatment can prevent or help manage many of these complications. […] If you have an atrial septal defect and are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk to a care professional first. It’s important to get proper prenatal care. A healthcare professional may suggest repairing the hole in the heart before getting pregnant. A large atrial septal defect or its complications can lead to a high-risk pregnancy.

• #124 What Is an Atrial Septal Defect?

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-an-atrial-septal-defect

  Fortunately, Atrial septal defect treatment has been refined for decades and ensures good outcomes in most cases. […] Your cardiologist will advise you if your ASD needs treatment. The treatment is usually surgical closure of the defect to prevent the shunting of blood. It can be done via open-heart surgery or cardiac catheterization. […] A small ASD may not need immediate treatment. The amount of blood shunted will not be significant, and these small ASDs sometimes close on their own. If an ASD has not closed within about 3 years of diagnosis, though, your cardiologist will probably advise surgical closure. […] For this procedure, your cardiologist inserts a thin tube through a vein in the thigh. This is guided into the heart, and a special patch is placed over the hole. Gradually, heart tissue grows over the patch and covers it. This method leaves no scar on the chest and requires only a short hospital stay. Your child should avoid sports and strenuous activities for a few days after this procedure.

• #125 Atrial Septal Defect Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Indications and Contraindications, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment

  For both children and adults, surgical mortality rates for uncomplicated secundum ASD are 1%. […] Long-term prevention of death and complications is best achieved when the ASD is closed before age 25 years and when the systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery is less than 40 mm Hg. […] Either method of closure, whether transcatheter or surgical, results in excellent hemodynamic outcomes with no significant differences with regard to survival, functional capacity, atrial arrhythmias, or embolic neurologic events. […] Closure of an ASD is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with a clinically insignificant shunt (Qp-Qs ratio 1.5) and certainly not in those who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or irreversible pulmonary vascular occlusive disease who have a reversed shunt with at-rest arterial oxygen saturations of less than 90% (Eisenmenger syndrome).

• #126 Atrial Septic Defects (ASD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/asd

  Surgical closure of atrial septal defects doesn’t have problems in 99% of cases. After ASD closure in childhood, the heart size returns to normal over four to six months. […] After the defect is closed, there should be no problems with activity and no restrictions. Regular follow-up appointments will be made with a cardiologist. […] If ASDs are large enough to cause the right heart chambers to get larger, repair is recommended. Secundum ASDs are the most common form. These can usually be closed without surgery, using a device. The other forms of ASDs require surgical correction. These are typically low-risk procedures. […] Adults who have a closed or repaired ASD need periodic evaluation. Patients who have had device closure of ASDs should have an echocardiogram every five years to look for complications of the device.

Zobacz więcej