Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hiccups – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiccups/symptoms-causes/syc-20352613

  Spasms of your diaphragm that you can’t control cause hiccups. The diaphragm is the muscle that separates your chest from your stomach area and plays an important role in breathing. This spasm causes your vocal cords to close briefly, producing a „hic” sound. […] Hiccups are repeated spasms or sudden movements of the diaphragm that you can’t control. […] Eating a large meal, drinking alcoholic or carbonated beverages, or getting excited suddenly may cause hiccups. In some cases, hiccups may be a sign of an underlying medical issue. […] Issues that may cause hiccups to last more than 48 hours include nerve damage or irritation, central nervous system disorders, metabolic issues, and certain drug and alcohol problems. […] A cause of long-term hiccups is damage to, or irritation of, the vagus nerves or phrenic nerves. These nerves supply the diaphragm muscle.

• #1 Hiccups | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hiccups

  Hiccups, or hiccoughs, are involuntary sounds made by spasms of the diaphragm. […] In some cases, prolonged hiccups that last for days or weeks may be symptomatic of underlying disorders. […] The cause of hiccups is often unknown and there may be no apparent trigger. […] Hiccups that last for days, weeks or even years may be symptomatic of underlying disease. […] Certain lung or brain disorders can sometimes interfere with the functioning of the diaphragm and make the person prone to hiccups. […] Hiccups may also be a side effect of surgery or particular medications. […] Prolonged hiccups should be medically investigated.

• #1 What causes hiccups and how can you get rid of them?

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-hiccups-and-how-can-you-get-rid-of-them-196557

  Hiccups are caused by a reflex arc: a neuromotor pathway that translates a sensation into a physical response. The sensations in this arc come from the brain, ear, nose and throat, diaphragm and organs in the chest and abdomen. […] Anything that affects the arc can lead to hiccups. The most common is stretching the stomach from eating a large meal or drinking soft drinks. This means sensation signals from the stomach can trigger off the reflex arc. […] Consuming hot chilli pepper, alcohol, smoking, and over-excitement can also trigger the reflex arc, leading to hiccups. […] Certain medications such as anti-epileptic drugs, alcohol, smoking and recreational drug use are all associated with hiccups. […] One study from France found 80% of patients with chronic hiccups had abnormalities in their oesophagus and stomach, with reflux disease being the most common finding.

• #1 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #1 Remedies for Prolonged Hiccups | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1684.html

  Hiccups are believed to be caused mainly by irritation of either the phrenic or vagus nerves anywhere along their paths. Central nervous system diseases, toxins, drugs and metabolic abnormalities may also lead to hiccups. […] Hiccups lasting longer than two days are termed persistent and those lasting longer than one month are considered intractable. Intractable hiccups will frequently be a sign of underlying organic disease; therefore, obtaining a thorough history and performing a physical examination is important to evaluate for potentially serious causes. […] The accompanying table lists some of the many diseases that have been reported to cause hiccups.

• #1 Hiccups – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiccups/symptoms-causes/syc-20352613

  A tumor or infection in your central nervous system or damage to your central nervous system due to an injury can disrupt your body’s normal control of the hiccup reflex. […] Long-term hiccups may result when your body’s metabolism doesn’t work properly. […] Use of certain drugs or problems with alcohol may cause long-term hiccups.

• #1 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. The incidence of hiccups in GERD patients has been reported as high as 10%. Distension of the stomach by large meals or carbonated beverages or irritation from spicy foods or alcohol are common associations. […] Many drugs correlate with hiccups, especially alcohol. Some drugs, such as benzodiazepines, have a dose-dependent and an inverse relationship with hiccups. At low doses, benzodiazepines correlate with the development of hiccups. At higher doses, they may be useful in the treatment of hiccups. Chemotherapeutic agents and some glucocorticoids have shown a strong association with hiccups. Nearly 42% of patients taking both cisplatin and dexamethasone develop hiccups.

• #1 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #1 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #1 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #1 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5072913/

  Hiccups is a reflex consisting of a sudden spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing shaking of the inspiratory muscles of the chest and abdomen, followed by the sudden closure of the glottis, which generates a characteristic noise of air being violently expelled from the lungs. […] In most bouts of transient hiccups the aetiology is unknown. In the case of persistent hiccups the most frequent causes are gastro-oesophageal diseases. […] In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2017/10000/chronic_hiccups__an_underestimated_problem.17.aspx

  Persistent singultus, hiccupping that lasts for longer than 48 hours, can have a tremendous impact on a patients quality of life. […] Although involved neurologic structures have been identified, the function of hiccups remains unclear—they have been controversially interpreted as a primitive reflex preventing extent swallowing of amniotic fluid in utero, an archaic gill ventilation pattern, or a fetus preparation for independent breathing. […] Persistent singultus often presents as a symptom for various diseases, most commonly illnesses of the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract; they can also be evoked by a variety of pharmacological agents. […] It is often impossible to define a singular cause. […] Considering the involvement of anatomical structures with diverse primary functions in the hiccup reflex arc, it is not surprising that a vast number of pathological conditions has been associated with persistent hiccups.

• #2 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #2 Hiccups

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiccups/

  There’s often no obvious reason why you get hiccups, but some people find certain things trigger their hiccups, such as: […] In rare cases, hiccups that last longer than 48 hours can be due to a medical condition or a medicine you’re taking. […] A GP will want to find out if your hiccups are caused by a health condition or medicine you’re taking. […] Treating the condition or changing your medicine should stop your hiccups. […] If there’s no obvious cause, they might be able to prescribe a medicine called chlorpromazine to treat your hiccups.

• #2 Why You Get Hiccups: Triggers, Disorders, Ways to Stop

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-we-get-hiccups-8609272

  Hiccups are a reflex involving the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, or thoracic sympathetic fibers. The causes of hiccups range from acute factors like eating a large meal or drinking carbonated drinks to more persistent factors like central nervous system or gastrointestinal disorders. […] Common causes of hiccups include how you eat and emotional factors. […] Hiccups occur when your stomach distends after eating a large meal or drinking carbonated drinks. […] Emotions, such as overexcitement, stress, or anxiety, can lead to hiccups in some people. […] When hiccups are more often than occasional, they are called persistent or intractable. These painful hiccups typically last longer than a couple of days. Some health conditions can cause persistent hiccups. […] Vascular conditions, infections, and structural central nervous system problems, including the following disorders, could lead to chronic hiccups:

• #2 Hiccups – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/hiccups

  Hiccups follow irritation of afferent or efferent diaphragmatic nerves or of medullary centers that control the respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm. Hiccups are more common among men. […] The cause of hiccups is generally unknown, but transient hiccups are often caused by the following: Gastric distention, Alcohol consumption, Swallowing hot or irritating substances. […] Persistent and intractable hiccups have myriad causes. […] The cause is usually unknown. […] Rarely, a serious disorder is present.

• #2 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #2 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #2 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #2 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. The incidence of hiccups in GERD patients has been reported as high as 10%. Distension of the stomach by large meals or carbonated beverages or irritation from spicy foods or alcohol are common associations. […] Many drugs correlate with hiccups, especially alcohol. Some drugs, such as benzodiazepines, have a dose-dependent and an inverse relationship with hiccups. At low doses, benzodiazepines correlate with the development of hiccups. At higher doses, they may be useful in the treatment of hiccups. Chemotherapeutic agents and some glucocorticoids have shown a strong association with hiccups. Nearly 42% of patients taking both cisplatin and dexamethasone develop hiccups.

• #2 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Persistentlong-lasting-hiccups.aspx

• #2 Hiccups: Causes, treatments, and complications

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181573

  conditions that irritate the vagus nerve, such as meningitis, pharyngitis, or goiter […] psychological reactions, including grief, excitement, anxiety, stress, and shock […] conditions that affect metabolism, including hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and diabetes […] liver and kidney problems […] cancer, either as a result of damage caused by the condition or as a side effect of the treatment, such as chemotherapy […] conditions of the autonomic nervous system, which also affects breathing, sweating, the heartbeat, hiccups, and coughing. […] Other conditions that may be related to hiccups include bladder irritation, liver cancer, pancreatitis, pregnancy, and hepatitis.

• #2 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Why do newborns get hiccups? Well, just like you get occasional hiccups, so do babies. “Hiccups are a normal and uncontrolled reflex,” explains Denise Scott, MD, an Oklahoma-based pediatrician. Infant hiccups are caused by spasms of baby’s tiny and developing diaphragm—the large muscle between the lungs and abdomen that runs across the bottom of the rib cage and moves up and down as we breathe. “[This] causes the vocal cords to rapidly open and close,” Scott says, which then creates the “hiccup” sound. […] Beyond that, newborn and baby hiccups are most frequently related to feeding time. This may include: Baby overfeeding: Eating too much, eating too quickly or swallowing a lot of air can bring about hiccups in babies. “Any of these things can lead to stomach distention,” says Christal Forgenie, MD, a pediatrician with Soha Pediatrics in New York City. When the stomach distends it actually pushes against the diaphragm, which causes it to spasm, and—voilà—hiccups!

• #2 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/66/652/584

  In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions. […] Complications from hiccups are rare but they can occur and include discomfort, difficulty in feeding, gastro-oesophageal reflux, respiratory alkalosis (in tracheostomised patients), wound dehiscence, sleep deprivation, and psychiatric disorders. […] The purpose of these manoeuvres is the attempt to interrupt the reflex arc thought to maintain repetitive diaphragmatic contractions. […] To target the cause of hiccups, it is extremely important to obtain a thorough clinical history.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2017/10000/chronic_hiccups__an_underestimated_problem.17.aspx

  Most commonly reported as an underlying cause of intractable hiccups are illnesses within the gastrointestinal tract, the central and peripheral nervous system, and the thoracic viscera. […] In many patients though, a definite culprit for hiccupping is difficult to identify. […] Parallel to illnesses that involve structures of the hiccup pathway, interventions undertaken in close proximity of the reflex’s center, its afferences or efferences can provoke persistent hiccups. […] Pharmacological agents targeting receptor types and interfering within the neuronal mechanism of the singultus reflex are a likely trigger of chronic singultus. […] A consistent explanation for the origin and function of hiccups remains yet to be found.

• #3 Hiccup – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup

  A hiccup (scientific name singultus, from Latin for „sob, hiccup”; also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. […] Hiccups may be triggered by a number of common human conditions. In rare cases, they can be a sign of serious medical problems such as myocardial infarction. […] Hiccups affect people of all ages, even being observed in utero. They become less frequent with advancing age. Intractable hiccups, lasting more than a month, are more common in adults. […] Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. The rhythm of the hiccup, or the time between hiccups, tends to be relatively constant. […] Hiccups are normally waited out, as fits will usually pass quickly. Folk cures for hiccups are common and varied. Hiccups are treated medically only in severe and persistent (termed „intractable”) cases.

• #3 :: Journal of Neurocritical Care

  https://www.e-jnc.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.18700/jnc.200018

  Hiccups are usually self-limiting and benign but can be distressing when they become persistent or intractable and produce significant morbidity. […] The causes of persistent hiccups can be classified into central and peripheral. Central hiccups could occur with any lesions along the pathway from the CNS to the phrenic nerve, especially with lesions of the brain stem, such as tumors and ischemic stroke. […] Any process that affects the peripheral afferent, central, or efferent components of the proposed reflex arc can trigger hiccups. […] The most common benign reason being large meals or carbonated drinks causing stomach distension. Hot and spicy foods, alcohol, smoking, and other substances irritating the gastrointestinal or pulmonary tracts can also trigger the reflex. […] Chronic hiccups have been reported following hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, cerebellar aneurysms, and neuromyelitis optica.

• #3 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #3 Hiccups – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hiccups

  Hiccups are a common and usually transient condition affecting almost everyone during their lifetime. […] This topic will discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and treatment of hiccups. […] ETIOLOGIES […] Central nervous system disorders […] Vagus or phrenic nerve irritation […] Medication-induced […] Toxic-metabolic […] Psychogenic. […] A hiccup occurs due to an involuntary, intermittent, spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

• #3 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #3 What causes hiccups and how can you get rid of them?

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-hiccups-and-how-can-you-get-rid-of-them-196557

  Hiccups are caused by a reflex arc: a neuromotor pathway that translates a sensation into a physical response. The sensations in this arc come from the brain, ear, nose and throat, diaphragm and organs in the chest and abdomen. […] Anything that affects the arc can lead to hiccups. The most common is stretching the stomach from eating a large meal or drinking soft drinks. This means sensation signals from the stomach can trigger off the reflex arc. […] Consuming hot chilli pepper, alcohol, smoking, and over-excitement can also trigger the reflex arc, leading to hiccups. […] Certain medications such as anti-epileptic drugs, alcohol, smoking and recreational drug use are all associated with hiccups. […] One study from France found 80% of patients with chronic hiccups had abnormalities in their oesophagus and stomach, with reflux disease being the most common finding.

• #3 Hiccups: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/hiccups-hiccoughs

  Examples of conditions which can cause persistent hiccups are: Certain medicines – examples are steroids, tranquillisers, painkillers containing opiates (such as morphine) and methyldopa (for blood pressure). Changes in blood chemistry such as from alcohol, high blood sugar, or lack of calcium or potassium in the blood. Gut problems such as acid reflux, stretching (distension) of the stomach, infection of the gallbladder or infection under the diaphragm. Other gut conditions that can cause hiccups include hiatus hernia and oesophageal cancer. Abdominal masses, such as enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) or enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly). A general anaesthetic. Conditions affecting the neck, chest or tummy (abdomen). For example, surgery, infections (such as sore throat or pneumonia), swellings or tumours in these parts of the body. Some heart conditions – a heart attack or inflammation around the heart. Brain conditions such as stroke, head injury or brain infection. Hiccups which sometimes occur in the late stages of a terminal illness such as when a person is very ill with advanced cancer.

• #3 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #3 Hiccups: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/hiccups-243?srsltid=AfmBOoqdhuPgB2y1iPCQQCURBsi4i9hGJskGQfUqjHsnL4YSMc7dltYi

  A hiccup is a repeated involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen) followed by a sudden closure of the vocal cords. This checks the inflow of air and produces the characteristic snap or hic sound. […] Eating or drinking too quickly, having very hot or freezing foods, spicy food, alcohol and carbonated beverages are common causes of getting hiccups. […] However, in some cases, prolonged hiccups that last for days or weeks may be suggestive of some underlying disorder. It is essential to identify the cause and treat it accordingly. […] Conditions that may cause damage or irritation to the nerves that control the diaphragm including Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD), sore throat, goiter, tumor or cyst. […] Certain medications can cause hiccups, such as-

• #3 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #3 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #3 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #3 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5072913/

  Hiccups is a reflex consisting of a sudden spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing shaking of the inspiratory muscles of the chest and abdomen, followed by the sudden closure of the glottis, which generates a characteristic noise of air being violently expelled from the lungs. […] In most bouts of transient hiccups the aetiology is unknown. In the case of persistent hiccups the most frequent causes are gastro-oesophageal diseases. […] In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions.

• #3 Hiccups – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1040

  Hiccups are a common and mostly harmless condition. […] However, various organic causes can lead to chronic hiccups that can last for years. […] Chronic hiccups can lead to malnutrition, weight loss, dehydration, fatigue, depression, insomnia, and reduced quality of life. […] Risk factors include aerophagia, temperature changes, and emotional states, diaphragmatic and phrenic nerve irritation, vagus nerve irritation, central nervous system disorders, metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities, toxins/drugs, psychogenic disorders, and sedation or anaesthesia.

• #4 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #4 What causes hiccups? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-hiccups/

  Together these observations imply that somewhere in the brain we have a „central pattern generator,” or CPG, for hiccups. In other words, there is a neuronal circuit designed for generating hiccups similar to the ones we have for actions such as breathing, coughing and walking. […] These observations suggest that hiccup CPG may be left over from a previous stage in evolution.

• #4 Hiccups – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/hiccups

  Hiccups follow irritation of afferent or efferent diaphragmatic nerves or of medullary centers that control the respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm. Hiccups are more common among men. […] The cause of hiccups is generally unknown, but transient hiccups are often caused by the following: Gastric distention, Alcohol consumption, Swallowing hot or irritating substances. […] Persistent and intractable hiccups have myriad causes. […] The cause is usually unknown. […] Rarely, a serious disorder is present.

• #4 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #4 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #4 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #4 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #4 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Why do newborns get hiccups? Well, just like you get occasional hiccups, so do babies. “Hiccups are a normal and uncontrolled reflex,” explains Denise Scott, MD, an Oklahoma-based pediatrician. Infant hiccups are caused by spasms of baby’s tiny and developing diaphragm—the large muscle between the lungs and abdomen that runs across the bottom of the rib cage and moves up and down as we breathe. “[This] causes the vocal cords to rapidly open and close,” Scott says, which then creates the “hiccup” sound. […] Beyond that, newborn and baby hiccups are most frequently related to feeding time. This may include: Baby overfeeding: Eating too much, eating too quickly or swallowing a lot of air can bring about hiccups in babies. “Any of these things can lead to stomach distention,” says Christal Forgenie, MD, a pediatrician with Soha Pediatrics in New York City. When the stomach distends it actually pushes against the diaphragm, which causes it to spasm, and—voilà—hiccups!

• #4 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/66/652/584

  In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions. […] Complications from hiccups are rare but they can occur and include discomfort, difficulty in feeding, gastro-oesophageal reflux, respiratory alkalosis (in tracheostomised patients), wound dehiscence, sleep deprivation, and psychiatric disorders. […] The purpose of these manoeuvres is the attempt to interrupt the reflex arc thought to maintain repetitive diaphragmatic contractions. […] To target the cause of hiccups, it is extremely important to obtain a thorough clinical history.

• #4 What causes hiccups? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/what-causes-hiccups

  What causes hiccups? It all starts with your diaphragm. Hiccups are a result of involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, which cause you to suck air down into your throat. […] Hiccups can be caused by any number of things and are usually nothing to worry about. However, if they persist, they can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition such as nerve damage, central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders or drug use.

• #5 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #5 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #5 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #5 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #5 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #5

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Persistentlong-lasting-hiccups.aspx

• #5 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. The incidence of hiccups in GERD patients has been reported as high as 10%. Distension of the stomach by large meals or carbonated beverages or irritation from spicy foods or alcohol are common associations. […] Many drugs correlate with hiccups, especially alcohol. Some drugs, such as benzodiazepines, have a dose-dependent and an inverse relationship with hiccups. At low doses, benzodiazepines correlate with the development of hiccups. At higher doses, they may be useful in the treatment of hiccups. Chemotherapeutic agents and some glucocorticoids have shown a strong association with hiccups. Nearly 42% of patients taking both cisplatin and dexamethasone develop hiccups.

• #5 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #5 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #5 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Sudden change in stomach temperature: Forgenie and Mayo Clinic say feeding baby something hot and then cold (or vice versa) can also trigger infant hiccups. […] Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) In addition to feeding-related triggers, once in a while, a case of constant baby or newborn hiccups can be caused by something entirely different. When baby suffers from GERD, partially digested food and acidic juices from the stomach flow back up into the esophagus causing burning and discomfort. Since the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, it can get irritated and lead to lots of baby hiccups. “It sounds intense, but it’s quite common and doesn’t always create problems,” Forgenie says. […] Hiccups actually start in the womb—as early as the first trimester. “Fetal ultrasounds demonstrate that hiccups can occur as early as 9 to 10 weeks gestation,” Scott explains. Given how early they start, newborn hiccups are extremely common and to be expected.

• #5 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5072913/

  Hiccups is a reflex consisting of a sudden spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing shaking of the inspiratory muscles of the chest and abdomen, followed by the sudden closure of the glottis, which generates a characteristic noise of air being violently expelled from the lungs. […] In most bouts of transient hiccups the aetiology is unknown. In the case of persistent hiccups the most frequent causes are gastro-oesophageal diseases. […] In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions.

• #6 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #6 What Causes Hiccups and How to Stop Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiccups-8753209

  You may experience temporary hiccups after eating, especially if you’ve eaten spicy foods or too much or too quickly. This may happen because swallowing air while eating or drinking leads to bloating, which triggers hiccups. In addition, overeating expands the stomach, prompting a surrounding organ, like the diaphragm, to produce hiccups. […] Experts also theorize that a sudden temperature change within the digestive system, such as consuming hot foods or the spicy compound in chili peppers (capsaicin), might cause diaphragm contractions, resulting in hiccups. […] In some cases, emotions can trigger a bout of hiccups. Research suggests that experiencing strong emotions like stress, anxiety, excitement, shock, or fear may cause hiccups in some people. […] Other common causes of hiccups include: Drinking carbonated beverages; Drinking alcohol; Abdominal surgery; Acid reflux; Central nervous system disorders; Metabolic disorders.

• #6 What’s up with hiccups? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/whats-up-with-hiccups-2017090512150

  Hiccupping is a more complex reflex than it might seem: a sudden contraction or spasm of the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs makes you inhale quickly and involuntarily. […] In most cases hiccups seem to serve no purpose and go away on their own, usually after 30 or more hiccups. Any of the following may cause a short bout of hiccups: an overly full stomach, due to too much food, too much alcohol, or too much air in the stomach; sudden changes in temperature, either outside your body or internally; smoking cigarettes; excitement, stress, or other heightened emotions. […] Very rarely, though, persistent hiccups may be a sign of disease, usually something that causes irritation of one of the nerves in the chest. Examples include laryngitis, goiters (enlargement of the thyroid gland), tumors in the neck, infections near the diaphragm, and hiatal hernia (usually accompanied by heartburn). Hiccups can also be triggered by excess alcohol use, kidney failure, and infections (especially ear infections). Rarer causes are aortic aneurysms and multiple sclerosis.

• #6 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Hiccups are caused by the diaphragm involuntarily contracting. Some common causes for this contraction include drinking carbonated beverages, eating a large meal, swallowing too much air, or stress. […] Numerous causes of hiccups have been identified. However, there’s no definitive list of triggers. Hiccups often come and go for no apparent reason. […] Common causes of short-term hiccups may include: overeating, eating spicy food, consuming alcohol, drinking carbonated beverages, like sodas, consuming very hot or very cold foods, a sudden change in air temperature, aerophagia, which is swallowing too much air, swallowing air while chewing gum, excitement or emotional stress. […] The majority of persistent hiccups are caused by injury or irritation to either the vagus or phrenic nerve. The vagus and phrenic nerves control the movement of your diaphragm. These nerves may be affected by: irritation of your eardrum, which may be caused by a foreign object, throat irritation or soreness, goiter, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), an esophageal cyst or tumor.

• #6 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #6 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #6 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #6 Hiccups: Causes, treatments, and complications

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181573

  conditions that irritate the vagus nerve, such as meningitis, pharyngitis, or goiter […] psychological reactions, including grief, excitement, anxiety, stress, and shock […] conditions that affect metabolism, including hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and diabetes […] liver and kidney problems […] cancer, either as a result of damage caused by the condition or as a side effect of the treatment, such as chemotherapy […] conditions of the autonomic nervous system, which also affects breathing, sweating, the heartbeat, hiccups, and coughing. […] Other conditions that may be related to hiccups include bladder irritation, liver cancer, pancreatitis, pregnancy, and hepatitis.

• #6 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #6 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/66/652/584

  In the differential diagnosis of persistent hiccups, the following questions can help us: does it only happen when awake? Or does it occur day and night? In the first case the hiccups are probably functional and the causes are gastric dilatation, aerophagia, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the second case it is more likely to be due to toxicmetabolic causes, chronic alcoholism, oesophageal and gastric tumours, pleural involvement, mediastinal or diaphragmatic, or intracranial lesions. […] Complications from hiccups are rare but they can occur and include discomfort, difficulty in feeding, gastro-oesophageal reflux, respiratory alkalosis (in tracheostomised patients), wound dehiscence, sleep deprivation, and psychiatric disorders. […] The purpose of these manoeuvres is the attempt to interrupt the reflex arc thought to maintain repetitive diaphragmatic contractions. […] To target the cause of hiccups, it is extremely important to obtain a thorough clinical history.

• #7 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Hiccups are a common occurrence caused by involuntary spasms of the diaphragm, the muscle located between the chest and abdomen. When the diaphragm spasms, the vocal cords quickly close, producing the characteristic sound of hiccups. […] Hiccups can be categorized into three types based on their duration: Acute hiccups which last up to 4 hours. Persistent hiccups when it lasts more than 48 hours and can extend up to 1 month. Finally, intractable hiccups can persist for more than 1 month. […] Below are common causes of hiccups: Disruption in fluid balance, consuming overly hot or cold foods and drinks, or psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, and stimulation. Central nervous system disorders are a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. These include vascular damage, often due to arteriovenous malformations, and infectious causes such as encephalitis and meningitis, which are the most prevalent. Structural damage is another significant factor, encompassing a range of intracranial and brainstem lesions, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia.

• #7 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #7 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Hiccups are caused by the diaphragm involuntarily contracting. Some common causes for this contraction include drinking carbonated beverages, eating a large meal, swallowing too much air, or stress. […] Numerous causes of hiccups have been identified. However, there’s no definitive list of triggers. Hiccups often come and go for no apparent reason. […] Common causes of short-term hiccups may include: overeating, eating spicy food, consuming alcohol, drinking carbonated beverages, like sodas, consuming very hot or very cold foods, a sudden change in air temperature, aerophagia, which is swallowing too much air, swallowing air while chewing gum, excitement or emotional stress. […] The majority of persistent hiccups are caused by injury or irritation to either the vagus or phrenic nerve. The vagus and phrenic nerves control the movement of your diaphragm. These nerves may be affected by: irritation of your eardrum, which may be caused by a foreign object, throat irritation or soreness, goiter, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), an esophageal cyst or tumor.

• #7 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #7 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #7 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Persistentlong-lasting-hiccups.aspx

• #7 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/66/652/584

  Hiccups is a reflex consisting of a sudden spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing shaking of the inspiratory muscles of the chest and abdomen, followed by the sudden closure of the glottis, which generates a characteristic noise of air being violently expelled from the lungs. […] In most bouts of transient hiccups the aetiology is unknown. In the case of persistent hiccups the most frequent causes are gastro-oesophageal diseases. […] In the present case, the CXR guided us to the diagnosis and CT was needed to confirm the cause of persistent hiccups: an acute aortic syndrome that caused thoracic aortic enlargement due to an intramural aortic haematoma. This haematoma extended to partially occupy the aortopulmonary window and presumably caused compression of the phrenic nerve that stimulates the diaphragm, which was an initial symptom of the patient with hiccups.

• #7 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #7 Remedies for Prolonged Hiccups | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1684.html

  Hiccups are believed to be caused mainly by irritation of either the phrenic or vagus nerves anywhere along their paths. Central nervous system diseases, toxins, drugs and metabolic abnormalities may also lead to hiccups. […] Hiccups lasting longer than two days are termed persistent and those lasting longer than one month are considered intractable. Intractable hiccups will frequently be a sign of underlying organic disease; therefore, obtaining a thorough history and performing a physical examination is important to evaluate for potentially serious causes. […] The accompanying table lists some of the many diseases that have been reported to cause hiccups.

• #8 Hiccup – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup

  A leading hypothesis is that hiccups evolved to facilitate greater milk consumption in young mammals. […] An international respiratory research group composed of members from Canada, France, and Japan proposed that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier amphibian respiration. […] Hiccups lasting longer than a month are termed intractable.

• #8 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Hiccups, also known as hiccoughs, are caused by a spasm of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle between the chest and abdomen. If it suddenly and involuntarily contracts or tightens, it causes a sharp intake of breath. When this happens, you quickly close your vocal cords, which produces the hiccup sound. […] Hiccups may start and stop without any obvious reason. However, some things increase your chances of having hiccups including: overeating, or eating too quickly, spicy foods, hot or fizzy drinks, alcohol, smoking, stress, fear or excitement, swallowing air. […] In rare cases, hiccups that last for days or weeks may be caused by an underlying condition, or by some medications. […] Some of the underlying conditions are: gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) or heartburn, pneumonia or asthma, brain injury (such as from trauma, a stroke or a tumour), central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.

• #8 How to Get Rid of Hiccups: Home Remedies, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hiccups/article_em.htm

  Hiccups are brief and involuntary contractions of the diaphragm muscle. […] Irritation of the nerves that extend from the neck to the chest can cause hiccups. Many conditions can cause this irritation and result in hiccups, including eating too fast and swallowing air, chewing gum, smoking, eating or drinking too much, strokes, brain tumors, damage to the vagus or phrenic nerve, some medications, noxious fumes, anxiety and stress, and in babies, hiccups may be associated with crying, coughing, or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). […] Many conditions are associated with hiccups, but none has been shown to be the cause of hiccups. […] Strokes or brain tumors involving the brain stem, and some chronic medical disorders (such as renal failure) are reported to cause hiccups; trauma to the brain, meningitis, and encephalitis also may cause hiccups.

• #8 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #8 Why You Get Hiccups: Triggers, Disorders, Ways to Stop

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-we-get-hiccups-8609272

  Since these nerves are involved in the hiccup reflex, any irritation of these nerves could lead to hiccups. […] Gastrointestinal disorders that may lead to chronic hiccups include: […] Thoracic disorders involve the lungs, heart, esophagus, chest wall, diaphragm, and great vessels. These types of conditions can cause chronic hiccups and include: […] Heart conditions, including myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac around the heart), can also cause hiccups. […] Some infections and toxins can also lead to persistent hiccups. […] Many factors related to surgery can cause postoperative hiccups. […] Some drugs can also cause persistent hiccups, including: […] Psychological disorders that may lead to chronic hiccups include: […] There are many causes of hiccups, from food to emotions to medical conditions.

• #8

• #8 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #8 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #8 Constant Hiccups – Hiccups Causes – Hiccups Treatment –

  https://heartburncanceruk.org/symptoms-related-conditions/hiccups/

  Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. […] Theres often no obvious reason why you get hiccups, but some people find certain things trigger their hiccups, such as: […] In rare cases, hiccups that last longer than 48 hours can be due to a medical condition or a medicine youre taking. […] While hiccups are normal and familiar to most people, and only usually last a short time, it should be investigated if they last longer than a month or so, when it is much less common as there could be an underlying cause. Gastrointestinal causes of hiccups include GORD (gastro oesophageal reflux disorder), hiatus hernia and Oesophageal Cancer. […] A GP will want to find out if your hiccups are caused by a health condition or medicine youre taking. Treating the condition or changing your medicine should stop your hiccups. If theres no obvious cause, they might be able to prescribe a medicine called chlorpromazine to treat your hiccups. This does not work for everyone.

• #8 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Why do newborns get hiccups? Well, just like you get occasional hiccups, so do babies. “Hiccups are a normal and uncontrolled reflex,” explains Denise Scott, MD, an Oklahoma-based pediatrician. Infant hiccups are caused by spasms of baby’s tiny and developing diaphragm—the large muscle between the lungs and abdomen that runs across the bottom of the rib cage and moves up and down as we breathe. “[This] causes the vocal cords to rapidly open and close,” Scott says, which then creates the “hiccup” sound. […] Beyond that, newborn and baby hiccups are most frequently related to feeding time. This may include: Baby overfeeding: Eating too much, eating too quickly or swallowing a lot of air can bring about hiccups in babies. “Any of these things can lead to stomach distention,” says Christal Forgenie, MD, a pediatrician with Soha Pediatrics in New York City. When the stomach distends it actually pushes against the diaphragm, which causes it to spasm, and—voilà—hiccups!

• #8 Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5072913/

  In the present case, the CXR guided us to the diagnosis and CT was needed to confirm the cause of persistent hiccups: an acute aortic syndrome that caused thoracic aortic enlargement due to an intramural aortic haematoma. This haematoma extended to partially occupy the aortopulmonary window and presumably caused compression of the phrenic nerve that stimulates the diaphragm, which was an initial symptom of the patient with hiccups. […] To target the cause of hiccups, it is extremely important to obtain a thorough clinical history.

• #9 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #9 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #9 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #9 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #9 Hiccups (Singultus) – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.8.

  Hiccups are triggered by stimulation of the vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, and sympathetic nerves innervating the chest, abdomen, ear, nose, and pharynx, or by stimulation of the hiccup center in the central nervous system (CNS). […] Causes of persistent hiccups: […] 1) CNS disorders: Vascular, inflammatory, neoplastic, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus. […] 2) Metabolic disorders: Diabetes mellitus, uremia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypocapnia. […] 3) Toxins and drugs: Alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, etoposide, dexamethasone. […] 4) Neck and chest disorders: Tumor, lymphadenopathy, lung cancer, pneumonia with pleural inflammation, myocardial infarction, esophageal cancer, mediastinal tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] 5) Abdominal disorders: Gastric cancer, peptic ulcer disease, gastric distension (a very common cause), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis. […] 6) Psychogenic causes.

• #9 Why You Get Hiccups: Triggers, Disorders, Ways to Stop

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-we-get-hiccups-8609272

  Since these nerves are involved in the hiccup reflex, any irritation of these nerves could lead to hiccups. […] Gastrointestinal disorders that may lead to chronic hiccups include: […] Thoracic disorders involve the lungs, heart, esophagus, chest wall, diaphragm, and great vessels. These types of conditions can cause chronic hiccups and include: […] Heart conditions, including myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac around the heart), can also cause hiccups. […] Some infections and toxins can also lead to persistent hiccups. […] Many factors related to surgery can cause postoperative hiccups. […] Some drugs can also cause persistent hiccups, including: […] Psychological disorders that may lead to chronic hiccups include: […] There are many causes of hiccups, from food to emotions to medical conditions.

• #9 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #9 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #9 Hiccups: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/hiccups-hiccoughs

  If an underlying cause is found then treatment of the underlying cause, if possible, may cure the hiccups. For example, one research study found that many people with persistent hiccups had a gut condition called acid reflux. […] Referral to a specialist is often advised for persistent hiccups, either to look for a cause, or to offer more treatment options. Some examples of treatments that have been successfully used for persistent hiccups are: Acupuncture or hypnotherapy. A device similar to a pacemaker. This is used to stimulate or pace the nerve to the diaphragm (the phrenic nerve) or to stimulate another important nerve in the neck, called the vagus nerve.

• #10 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can result from a variety of causes. In particular, hiccups are often caused by gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux. Other causes include medication side-effects, cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system disorders, ear, nose, and throat disorders, psychogenic disorders, or metabolic disorders. […] The classification of hiccups is by their duration. Acute hiccups are of less than 48 hours duration, persistent last over 2 days, and intractable last over a month. As acute hiccups are self-limited and usually unreported, most of the research has focused on persistent and intractable hiccups. There are various causes of hiccups including organic causes, psychogenic, idiopathic, or medication-induced. Persistent and intractable hiccups may signify a more serious underlying etiology.

• #10 Hiccups: Causes, Serious Signs, Treatment, Home Remedies and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hiccups/article.htm

  Hiccups can be prevented by avoiding overeating, eating too quickly, or drinking too much. […] Most of the time, there is no obvious cause for hiccups. However, there are some common known causes of hiccups. […] Some causes of hiccups include: Eating too quickly and swallowing air along with food. Eating too much (fatty or spicy foods, in particular) or drinking too much (carbonated beverages or alcohol) can distend the stomach and irritate the diaphragm, which can cause hiccups. Any disease or disorder that irritates the nerves that control the diaphragm (such as liver disease, pneumonia, or other lung disorders). Abdominal surgery can also irritate the nerves that control the diaphragm, causing hiccups. Strokes or brain tumors involving the brain stem, and some chronic medical disorders (such as renal failure) have also been reported to cause hiccups. Noxious fumes can also trigger hiccups. Sudden changes in temperature. Fear or excitement.

• #10  When are hiccups serious? | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/general-health/when-are-hiccups-serious

  Hiccups seem to come from the chest, a quick influx of air that hits your vocal cords and causes a little sound. The spasm that causes a hiccup is really coming from your diaphragm a muscle that allows us to breathe or the nerves that control it. […] Prolonged hiccups, though, could be caused by direct post-surgical irritation of the phrenic nerve, which is the nerve that helps the diaphragm muscle to fire, or the vagus nerve, which is part of the autonomic nervous system that controls the heart rate and breathing. […] Irritation can also be caused by cancers of the chest or neck. Rarely, hiccups can be associated with disorders of the brain including tumors and strokes, among others or heart disease. Some medications can trigger long-term hiccups, too. […] Finally, hiccups can also persist without an apparent cause.

• #10 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Psychogenic conditions associated with hiccups include the following: […] Hysteria […] Shock […] Fear […] Personality disorders […] Conversion disorders […] Malingering. […] CNS-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Structural lesions: Congenital malformations, malignancies, or multiple sclerosis […] Vascular lesions […] Infection […] Trauma. […] Conditions that can give rise to diaphragmatic irritation causing hiccups are as follows: […] Hiatal hernia […] Subphrenic abscess or collection […] Myocardial ischemia. […] Conditions associated with irritation of the following branches of the vagus nerve irritation can cause hiccups: […] Meningeal branches: Meningitis or glaucoma […] Auricular branches: Foreign body or hairs […] Pharyngeal branches: Pharyngitis

• #10 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #10 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Hiccups, also known as hiccoughs, are caused by a spasm of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle between the chest and abdomen. If it suddenly and involuntarily contracts or tightens, it causes a sharp intake of breath. When this happens, you quickly close your vocal cords, which produces the hiccup sound. […] Hiccups may start and stop without any obvious reason. However, some things increase your chances of having hiccups including: overeating, or eating too quickly, spicy foods, hot or fizzy drinks, alcohol, smoking, stress, fear or excitement, swallowing air. […] In rare cases, hiccups that last for days or weeks may be caused by an underlying condition, or by some medications. […] Some of the underlying conditions are: gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) or heartburn, pneumonia or asthma, brain injury (such as from trauma, a stroke or a tumour), central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.

• #10 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #10 What Causes Hiccups and How to Stop Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiccups-8753209

  You may experience temporary hiccups after eating, especially if you’ve eaten spicy foods or too much or too quickly. This may happen because swallowing air while eating or drinking leads to bloating, which triggers hiccups. In addition, overeating expands the stomach, prompting a surrounding organ, like the diaphragm, to produce hiccups. […] Experts also theorize that a sudden temperature change within the digestive system, such as consuming hot foods or the spicy compound in chili peppers (capsaicin), might cause diaphragm contractions, resulting in hiccups. […] In some cases, emotions can trigger a bout of hiccups. Research suggests that experiencing strong emotions like stress, anxiety, excitement, shock, or fear may cause hiccups in some people. […] Other common causes of hiccups include: Drinking carbonated beverages; Drinking alcohol; Abdominal surgery; Acid reflux; Central nervous system disorders; Metabolic disorders.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Persistentlong-lasting-hiccups.aspx

• #10 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #10 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Why do newborns get hiccups? Well, just like you get occasional hiccups, so do babies. “Hiccups are a normal and uncontrolled reflex,” explains Denise Scott, MD, an Oklahoma-based pediatrician. Infant hiccups are caused by spasms of baby’s tiny and developing diaphragm—the large muscle between the lungs and abdomen that runs across the bottom of the rib cage and moves up and down as we breathe. “[This] causes the vocal cords to rapidly open and close,” Scott says, which then creates the “hiccup” sound. […] Beyond that, newborn and baby hiccups are most frequently related to feeding time. This may include: Baby overfeeding: Eating too much, eating too quickly or swallowing a lot of air can bring about hiccups in babies. “Any of these things can lead to stomach distention,” says Christal Forgenie, MD, a pediatrician with Soha Pediatrics in New York City. When the stomach distends it actually pushes against the diaphragm, which causes it to spasm, and—voilà—hiccups!

• #11 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #11 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Hiccups are a common occurrence caused by involuntary spasms of the diaphragm, the muscle located between the chest and abdomen. When the diaphragm spasms, the vocal cords quickly close, producing the characteristic sound of hiccups. […] Hiccups can be categorized into three types based on their duration: Acute hiccups which last up to 4 hours. Persistent hiccups when it lasts more than 48 hours and can extend up to 1 month. Finally, intractable hiccups can persist for more than 1 month. […] Below are common causes of hiccups: Disruption in fluid balance, consuming overly hot or cold foods and drinks, or psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, and stimulation. Central nervous system disorders are a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. These include vascular damage, often due to arteriovenous malformations, and infectious causes such as encephalitis and meningitis, which are the most prevalent. Structural damage is another significant factor, encompassing a range of intracranial and brainstem lesions, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia.

• #11 Hiccups (Singultus) – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.8.

  Hiccups are triggered by stimulation of the vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, and sympathetic nerves innervating the chest, abdomen, ear, nose, and pharynx, or by stimulation of the hiccup center in the central nervous system (CNS). […] Causes of persistent hiccups: […] 1) CNS disorders: Vascular, inflammatory, neoplastic, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus. […] 2) Metabolic disorders: Diabetes mellitus, uremia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypocapnia. […] 3) Toxins and drugs: Alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, etoposide, dexamethasone. […] 4) Neck and chest disorders: Tumor, lymphadenopathy, lung cancer, pneumonia with pleural inflammation, myocardial infarction, esophageal cancer, mediastinal tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] 5) Abdominal disorders: Gastric cancer, peptic ulcer disease, gastric distension (a very common cause), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis. […] 6) Psychogenic causes.

• #11 What causes hiccups and how can you get rid of them? | Healthylife

  https://www.healthylife.com.au/learn/why-do-we-get-hiccups?srsltid=AfmBOor152ZpYp1QfgmMDYIE5nRorQ3TjlNYdN2zKTcqCqIrwVCBOTuk

  Hiccups occur when the nerves that control the muscular activity of the diaphragm are triggered, resulting in the muscle going into spasm. […] Precisely what causes hiccups is unknown, but certain activities make you more prone to getting them. […] For a minority of people, hiccups that last longer than 24-48 hours may be a symptom of an underlying disorder, which may be placed into the following categories: […] Damage to the vagus or phrenic nerves can interfere with the functioning of the diaphragm and can make a person more prone to hiccups. […] Hiccups can occur in people with diabetes, people who have an excessive alcohol intake and those with kidney disease or electrolyte imbalances. […] Pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs) and pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) can interfere with the function of the surrounding nerves and muscles, which can lead to hiccups. […] An infection, damage or tumour in the central nervous system can disrupt the body’s normal control of the hiccup reflex.

• #11

• #11 How to Get Rid of Hiccups | LifeMD

  https://lifemd.com/learn/what-causes-hiccups

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is a condition that causes stomach acid and partially digested food to flow back into the esophagus. This can irritate the esophageal lining and cause the diaphragm to contract triggering the hiccup reflex. […] Any condition that affects parts of the CNS can lead to hiccups. […] Certain medications can trigger or worsen transient or persistent hiccups. […] Psychological factors connected to how you feel can also cause hiccups such as excitement, hyperventilation (often experienced during panic attacks), and stress. […] Although surgeons try to prevent this from happening during surgery, pulling on internal organs during surgery can cause hiccups. This is usually due to stimulation of the vagus or phrenic nerves.

• #11 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. The incidence of hiccups in GERD patients has been reported as high as 10%. Distension of the stomach by large meals or carbonated beverages or irritation from spicy foods or alcohol are common associations. […] Many drugs correlate with hiccups, especially alcohol. Some drugs, such as benzodiazepines, have a dose-dependent and an inverse relationship with hiccups. At low doses, benzodiazepines correlate with the development of hiccups. At higher doses, they may be useful in the treatment of hiccups. Chemotherapeutic agents and some glucocorticoids have shown a strong association with hiccups. Nearly 42% of patients taking both cisplatin and dexamethasone develop hiccups.

• #11 Hiccups: Why You Get Hiccups ..and How To Make Them Stop

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/why-do-i-hiccup

  Hiccups can happen for a lot of reasons — some of them are physical and some emotional. Thats because the actual irritation happens in the nerve connecting the brain to the diaphragm. Some common causes include: […] Sometimes, the general anesthesia drugs used to sedate you for surgery can cause hiccups. Other drugs that can cause ongoing hiccups include: […] A scare, shock, or nervous reaction can irritate the phrenic nerve and trigger a spasm in your diaphragm, causing hiccups. […] Hiccups are usually temporary, but in rare cases, they can stick around — for a while. Its usually because of damage or aggravation to the nerves connected to the diaphragm. […] Hiccups that last longer than 48 hours can also be because of central nervous system disorders such as encephalitis or meningitis, or metabolic disorders such as diabetes or kidney failure.

• #11 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  “A hiccup is part of a natural process,” said Ameera Nauman, MD, a pediatrician with OSF Medical Group – Pediatrics. “Hiccups in newborns are normal. Generally, they’re very mild, and they usually go away after a few minutes.” […] A bout of hiccups occurs with a spasm of the baby’s diaphragm. […] “With newborns, hiccups mostly happen because of eating,” Dr. Nauman said. “The baby might eat a little too fast or a little too much. Their belly gets full and starts to touch the diaphragm and cause those spasms. Sometimes, they ingest air while taking a bottle or breastfeeding. Sometimes, there’s a little reflux involved.” […] “Sometimes, the baby needs a break so their tummy has time to digest. When they stop feeding and relax, they’ll stop hiccupping.” […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #12 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Hiccups, also known as hiccoughs, are caused by a spasm of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle between the chest and abdomen. If it suddenly and involuntarily contracts or tightens, it causes a sharp intake of breath. When this happens, you quickly close your vocal cords, which produces the hiccup sound. […] Hiccups may start and stop without any obvious reason. However, some things increase your chances of having hiccups including: overeating, or eating too quickly, spicy foods, hot or fizzy drinks, alcohol, smoking, stress, fear or excitement, swallowing air. […] In rare cases, hiccups that last for days or weeks may be caused by an underlying condition, or by some medications. […] Some of the underlying conditions are: gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) or heartburn, pneumonia or asthma, brain injury (such as from trauma, a stroke or a tumour), central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.

• #12 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Hiccups are a common occurrence caused by involuntary spasms of the diaphragm, the muscle located between the chest and abdomen. When the diaphragm spasms, the vocal cords quickly close, producing the characteristic sound of hiccups. […] Hiccups can be categorized into three types based on their duration: Acute hiccups which last up to 4 hours. Persistent hiccups when it lasts more than 48 hours and can extend up to 1 month. Finally, intractable hiccups can persist for more than 1 month. […] Below are common causes of hiccups: Disruption in fluid balance, consuming overly hot or cold foods and drinks, or psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, and stimulation. Central nervous system disorders are a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. These include vascular damage, often due to arteriovenous malformations, and infectious causes such as encephalitis and meningitis, which are the most prevalent. Structural damage is another significant factor, encompassing a range of intracranial and brainstem lesions, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia.

• #12 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #12 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #12 What Causes Hiccups and How to Stop Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiccups-8753209

  You may experience temporary hiccups after eating, especially if you’ve eaten spicy foods or too much or too quickly. This may happen because swallowing air while eating or drinking leads to bloating, which triggers hiccups. In addition, overeating expands the stomach, prompting a surrounding organ, like the diaphragm, to produce hiccups. […] Experts also theorize that a sudden temperature change within the digestive system, such as consuming hot foods or the spicy compound in chili peppers (capsaicin), might cause diaphragm contractions, resulting in hiccups. […] In some cases, emotions can trigger a bout of hiccups. Research suggests that experiencing strong emotions like stress, anxiety, excitement, shock, or fear may cause hiccups in some people. […] Other common causes of hiccups include: Drinking carbonated beverages; Drinking alcohol; Abdominal surgery; Acid reflux; Central nervous system disorders; Metabolic disorders.

• #12 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #12 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Sudden change in stomach temperature: Forgenie and Mayo Clinic say feeding baby something hot and then cold (or vice versa) can also trigger infant hiccups. […] Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) In addition to feeding-related triggers, once in a while, a case of constant baby or newborn hiccups can be caused by something entirely different. When baby suffers from GERD, partially digested food and acidic juices from the stomach flow back up into the esophagus causing burning and discomfort. Since the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, it can get irritated and lead to lots of baby hiccups. “It sounds intense, but it’s quite common and doesn’t always create problems,” Forgenie says. […] Hiccups actually start in the womb—as early as the first trimester. “Fetal ultrasounds demonstrate that hiccups can occur as early as 9 to 10 weeks gestation,” Scott explains. Given how early they start, newborn hiccups are extremely common and to be expected.

• #13 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #13 Hiccups (Singultus) – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.8.

  Hiccups are triggered by stimulation of the vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, and sympathetic nerves innervating the chest, abdomen, ear, nose, and pharynx, or by stimulation of the hiccup center in the central nervous system (CNS). […] Causes of persistent hiccups: […] 1) CNS disorders: Vascular, inflammatory, neoplastic, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus. […] 2) Metabolic disorders: Diabetes mellitus, uremia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypocapnia. […] 3) Toxins and drugs: Alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, etoposide, dexamethasone. […] 4) Neck and chest disorders: Tumor, lymphadenopathy, lung cancer, pneumonia with pleural inflammation, myocardial infarction, esophageal cancer, mediastinal tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] 5) Abdominal disorders: Gastric cancer, peptic ulcer disease, gastric distension (a very common cause), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis. […] 6) Psychogenic causes.

• #13 What causes hiccups and how can you get rid of them? | Healthylife

  https://www.healthylife.com.au/learn/why-do-we-get-hiccups?srsltid=AfmBOor152ZpYp1QfgmMDYIE5nRorQ3TjlNYdN2zKTcqCqIrwVCBOTuk

  Hiccups occur when the nerves that control the muscular activity of the diaphragm are triggered, resulting in the muscle going into spasm. […] Precisely what causes hiccups is unknown, but certain activities make you more prone to getting them. […] For a minority of people, hiccups that last longer than 24-48 hours may be a symptom of an underlying disorder, which may be placed into the following categories: […] Damage to the vagus or phrenic nerves can interfere with the functioning of the diaphragm and can make a person more prone to hiccups. […] Hiccups can occur in people with diabetes, people who have an excessive alcohol intake and those with kidney disease or electrolyte imbalances. […] Pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs) and pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) can interfere with the function of the surrounding nerves and muscles, which can lead to hiccups. […] An infection, damage or tumour in the central nervous system can disrupt the body’s normal control of the hiccup reflex.

• #13 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #13 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. The incidence of hiccups in GERD patients has been reported as high as 10%. Distension of the stomach by large meals or carbonated beverages or irritation from spicy foods or alcohol are common associations. […] Many drugs correlate with hiccups, especially alcohol. Some drugs, such as benzodiazepines, have a dose-dependent and an inverse relationship with hiccups. At low doses, benzodiazepines correlate with the development of hiccups. At higher doses, they may be useful in the treatment of hiccups. Chemotherapeutic agents and some glucocorticoids have shown a strong association with hiccups. Nearly 42% of patients taking both cisplatin and dexamethasone develop hiccups.

• #13 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #13 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Sudden change in stomach temperature: Forgenie and Mayo Clinic say feeding baby something hot and then cold (or vice versa) can also trigger infant hiccups. […] Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) In addition to feeding-related triggers, once in a while, a case of constant baby or newborn hiccups can be caused by something entirely different. When baby suffers from GERD, partially digested food and acidic juices from the stomach flow back up into the esophagus causing burning and discomfort. Since the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, it can get irritated and lead to lots of baby hiccups. “It sounds intense, but it’s quite common and doesn’t always create problems,” Forgenie says. […] Hiccups actually start in the womb—as early as the first trimester. “Fetal ultrasounds demonstrate that hiccups can occur as early as 9 to 10 weeks gestation,” Scott explains. Given how early they start, newborn hiccups are extremely common and to be expected.

• #14 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #14 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #14

• #14 Hiccup – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup

  A hiccup (scientific name singultus, from Latin for „sob, hiccup”; also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. […] Hiccups may be triggered by a number of common human conditions. In rare cases, they can be a sign of serious medical problems such as myocardial infarction. […] Hiccups affect people of all ages, even being observed in utero. They become less frequent with advancing age. Intractable hiccups, lasting more than a month, are more common in adults. […] Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. The rhythm of the hiccup, or the time between hiccups, tends to be relatively constant. […] Hiccups are normally waited out, as fits will usually pass quickly. Folk cures for hiccups are common and varied. Hiccups are treated medically only in severe and persistent (termed „intractable”) cases.

• #14 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups occur due to an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing sudden inspiration with the hic sound and subsequent abrupt closure of the glottis. […] Although its pathophysiology is a bit unclear, hiccups are thought to be a reflex arc with afferent limbs including the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic chain and efferent limbs of the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles. […] Common causes include gastric distention from overeating or carbonated beverages. Persistent hiccups last 48 hours 1 month while intractable hiccups last greater than 1 month. […] These longer lasting hiccups are often more serious and can be caused by stroke, head trauma, phrenic nerve irritation, and alcohol. Less common but possible causes include postoperative complications from general anesthesia, intubation, neck extension causing stretching of phrenic nerve roots, gastric distention, and traction on viscera.

• #14 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Sudden change in stomach temperature: Forgenie and Mayo Clinic say feeding baby something hot and then cold (or vice versa) can also trigger infant hiccups. […] Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) In addition to feeding-related triggers, once in a while, a case of constant baby or newborn hiccups can be caused by something entirely different. When baby suffers from GERD, partially digested food and acidic juices from the stomach flow back up into the esophagus causing burning and discomfort. Since the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, it can get irritated and lead to lots of baby hiccups. “It sounds intense, but it’s quite common and doesn’t always create problems,” Forgenie says. […] Hiccups actually start in the womb—as early as the first trimester. “Fetal ultrasounds demonstrate that hiccups can occur as early as 9 to 10 weeks gestation,” Scott explains. Given how early they start, newborn hiccups are extremely common and to be expected.

• #15 What Causes Hiccups and How to Stop Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiccups-8753209

  You may experience temporary hiccups after eating, especially if you’ve eaten spicy foods or too much or too quickly. This may happen because swallowing air while eating or drinking leads to bloating, which triggers hiccups. In addition, overeating expands the stomach, prompting a surrounding organ, like the diaphragm, to produce hiccups. […] Experts also theorize that a sudden temperature change within the digestive system, such as consuming hot foods or the spicy compound in chili peppers (capsaicin), might cause diaphragm contractions, resulting in hiccups. […] In some cases, emotions can trigger a bout of hiccups. Research suggests that experiencing strong emotions like stress, anxiety, excitement, shock, or fear may cause hiccups in some people. […] Other common causes of hiccups include: Drinking carbonated beverages; Drinking alcohol; Abdominal surgery; Acid reflux; Central nervous system disorders; Metabolic disorders.

• #15 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #15 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #15 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Medications that have been associated with hiccups include: anaesthetics (medications given before and during surgery that causes a loss of consciousness), corticosteroids (which may be used to reduce inflammation), chemotherapy (cancer treatment), some medicines for anxiety, pain, high blood pressure and seizures. […] Long-lasting hiccups can cause discomfort and pain, disrupt sleeping and eating, and may cause anxiety or depression. […] Sometimes hiccups can be a sign of an underlying disease. For hiccups that have gone on for 2 days or longer, or are recurrent, see your doctor. […] Hiccups that last for days, weeks or even years may be symptomatic of underlying disease.

• #15 How to Get Rid of Hiccups | LifeMD

  https://lifemd.com/learn/what-causes-hiccups

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is a condition that causes stomach acid and partially digested food to flow back into the esophagus. This can irritate the esophageal lining and cause the diaphragm to contract triggering the hiccup reflex. […] Any condition that affects parts of the CNS can lead to hiccups. […] Certain medications can trigger or worsen transient or persistent hiccups. […] Psychological factors connected to how you feel can also cause hiccups such as excitement, hyperventilation (often experienced during panic attacks), and stress. […] Although surgeons try to prevent this from happening during surgery, pulling on internal organs during surgery can cause hiccups. This is usually due to stimulation of the vagus or phrenic nerves.

• #15 What Causes Hiccups & How To Get Rid of Them

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/why-do-you-get-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Most people have experienced the annoying, sometimes quite noisy condition known as hiccups. But why do they happen? And more importantly, what can you do to get rid of them? […] What causes hiccups to happen? […] When your diaphragm a muscle situated between your lungs and stomach becomes irritated, it begins to spasm. This spasm causes what is commonly known as hiccups. […] Hiccups happen when theres a disturbance in the nerve pathways that lead from the brain to the diaphragm, explains Dr. Allan. […] Part of remedying hiccups is knowing what might trigger them. […] They can be caused by things like eating too quickly, drinking carbonated beverages or even when you feel overly excited or anxious. […] Its unclear if hiccups have a physiologic role. In the uterus, hiccups may be a programmed exercise of the lungs to help with breathing, Dr. Allan adds.

• #16 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Hiccups, also known as hiccoughs, are caused by a spasm of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle between the chest and abdomen. If it suddenly and involuntarily contracts or tightens, it causes a sharp intake of breath. When this happens, you quickly close your vocal cords, which produces the hiccup sound. […] Hiccups may start and stop without any obvious reason. However, some things increase your chances of having hiccups including: overeating, or eating too quickly, spicy foods, hot or fizzy drinks, alcohol, smoking, stress, fear or excitement, swallowing air. […] In rare cases, hiccups that last for days or weeks may be caused by an underlying condition, or by some medications. […] Some of the underlying conditions are: gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) or heartburn, pneumonia or asthma, brain injury (such as from trauma, a stroke or a tumour), central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.

• #16 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #16

• #16 Hiccups and Heartburn | Cancer-related Side Effects | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/eating-problems/hiccups-and-heartburn.html

  Hiccups can be caused by irritation of the phrenic nerve that controls the diaphragm. Several things can irritate this nerve such as: […] Some cancer medicines, such as certain chemotherapy and targeted drug therapies […] Medicines to manage side effects, such as steroids and some pain and anxiety medicines […] Nerve or brain damage […] Bloating, gas, or fluid buildup in the abdominal (belly) area […] Low levels of certain electrolytes such as calcium, and potassium […] Tumors or blockages in the esophagus, liver, or pancreas […] Infections […] Stress and anxiety […] Drinking alcohol and smoking. Hiccups are more common in people with advanced cancer. […] Hiccups that last a long time can be a sign of a serious problem. […] If someone has persistent or intractable hiccups, they may need medical treatment.

• #17 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #17 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #17 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #17 Hiccups: Causes, Serious Signs, Treatment, Home Remedies and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hiccups/article.htm

  Some medications may also have hiccups as a side effect, for example: Medications for acid reflux. Most benzodiazepines, including diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), and lorazepam (Ativan). Levodopa, nicotine, and ondansetron (Zofran). […] Hiccups are usually a benign reflex caused by involuntary contractions of the diaphragm. They are often triggered by overeating, swallowing air, or sudden temperature changes. Persistent or severe hiccups can sometimes indicate underlying issues such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or neurological conditions. […] Treatment for continuous hiccups often involves addressing the underlying cause, using medications such as muscle relaxants, or antacids if GERD is involved. For persistent hiccups lasting more than 48 hours, a health care provider might recommend further evaluation and treatment options such as nerve stimulation or specific medications.

• #18 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #18 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #18

• #18 How to Get Rid of Hiccups: Home Remedies, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hiccups/article_em.htm

  Damage to the vagus or phrenic nerve may cause hiccups to last a long time. […] Problems with the liver, including swelling, infection, or masses can cause irritation of the diaphragm, which can cause hiccups. […] Some medications that can cause acid reflux may also have hiccups as a side effect. […] Anxiety and stress can induce both short and long-term hiccups.

• #19 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  The cause of hiccups in children and infants is rarely found. Brief episodes in adults are usually benign and self-limiting. Typical causes include the following: […] Gastric distention (ie, from food, alcohol, or air) […] Sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature […] Use of alcohol or tobacco in excess. […] Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement and stress) also may elicit hiccups. […] Persistent or intractable episodes are more likely to result from serious pathophysiologic processes affecting a component of the hiccup reflex mechanism. More than 100 causes have been described; however, in many cases, the cause remains idiopathic. […] Male predominance exists in patients with noncentral nervous system (CNS)-related hiccups and those of unknown origin. […] About 82% of persistent or intractable episodes also occur in men. An organic cause can be identified in 93% of men and in 8% of women, resulting in an overall organic incidence of 80%; the remaining 20% of cases are considered psychogenic in origin.

• #19 Hiccups: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-overview

  Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Mass lesions in the neck, goiter, or laryngitis […] Thoracic branches: Infection, tumors, esophagitis (ie, reflux), myocardial infarction (MI), asthma, trauma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, or pacemaker lead complications […] Abdominal branches: Tumors, gastric distention, peptic ulcer, abdominal aortic aneurysm, infection, organ enlargement, or inflammation (eg, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease). […] Procedure- or anesthesia-related causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyperextension of the neck: Stretching the phrenic nerve roots […] Manipulation of the diaphragm or stomach […] Laparotomy […] Thoracotomy […] Craniotomy. […] Metabolic causes of hiccups include the following: […] Hyponatremia […] Hypokalemia […] Hypocalcemia […] Hyperglycemia […] Uremia […] Hypocarbia […] Fever. […] Drugs associated with hiccups include the following: […] Benzodiazepines […] Short-acting barbiturates […] Donepezil […] Dexamethasone […] Alpha-methyldopa.

• #19 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #19 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Medications that have been associated with hiccups include: anaesthetics (medications given before and during surgery that causes a loss of consciousness), corticosteroids (which may be used to reduce inflammation), chemotherapy (cancer treatment), some medicines for anxiety, pain, high blood pressure and seizures. […] Long-lasting hiccups can cause discomfort and pain, disrupt sleeping and eating, and may cause anxiety or depression. […] Sometimes hiccups can be a sign of an underlying disease. For hiccups that have gone on for 2 days or longer, or are recurrent, see your doctor. […] Hiccups that last for days, weeks or even years may be symptomatic of underlying disease.

• #20 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Hiccups, also known as hiccoughs, are caused by a spasm of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle between the chest and abdomen. If it suddenly and involuntarily contracts or tightens, it causes a sharp intake of breath. When this happens, you quickly close your vocal cords, which produces the hiccup sound. […] Hiccups may start and stop without any obvious reason. However, some things increase your chances of having hiccups including: overeating, or eating too quickly, spicy foods, hot or fizzy drinks, alcohol, smoking, stress, fear or excitement, swallowing air. […] In rare cases, hiccups that last for days or weeks may be caused by an underlying condition, or by some medications. […] Some of the underlying conditions are: gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) or heartburn, pneumonia or asthma, brain injury (such as from trauma, a stroke or a tumour), central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.

• #20 Can Sudden Cold Exposure Cause Hiccups? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/can-a-sudden-cold-cause-hiccups-en

  Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and Diaphragm: a common cause of persistent or intractable hiccups. Causes of nerve stimulation include: Pharyngitis, laryngitis, or tumors in the neck that irritate the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Goiter, tumors, or cysts in the neck, mediastinal diseases, and diaphragmatic abnormalities that irritate the phrenic nerve. Foreign objects touching the tympanic membrane that irritate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Digestive disorders: Include gastric distension, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, abdominal abscesses, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

• #20

• #20 Hiccups and Heartburn | Cancer-related Side Effects | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/eating-problems/hiccups-and-heartburn.html

  Hiccups can be caused by irritation of the phrenic nerve that controls the diaphragm. Several things can irritate this nerve such as: […] Some cancer medicines, such as certain chemotherapy and targeted drug therapies […] Medicines to manage side effects, such as steroids and some pain and anxiety medicines […] Nerve or brain damage […] Bloating, gas, or fluid buildup in the abdominal (belly) area […] Low levels of certain electrolytes such as calcium, and potassium […] Tumors or blockages in the esophagus, liver, or pancreas […] Infections […] Stress and anxiety […] Drinking alcohol and smoking. Hiccups are more common in people with advanced cancer. […] Hiccups that last a long time can be a sign of a serious problem. […] If someone has persistent or intractable hiccups, they may need medical treatment.

• #21 Hiccups: What are they and what do we do about them? | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/newsroom/blogs/ssm-health-matters/january-2020/what-are-hiccups-and-how-to-stop-them

  Hiccups can start and stop for no apparent reason. But there are certain things that can irritate your diaphragm and give you hiccups: […] Excessive laughter or tickling […] Aerophagia, which is a repetitive pattern of swallowing or ingesting air […] Tobacco abuse […] Overindulgence in food or alcohol […] Gastroesophageal reflux […] A sudden change in gastric temperature from moving into a hot or cold environment, or ingesting hot or cold foods. […] Some people have chronic hiccups, meaning they last for several days or keep coming back. Dr. Flint recommends talking to your primary care provider if they occur for more than 48 hours. You may have a condition that is causing the hiccups and treating that condition can help. Otherwise, there are treatment options like medicines that can help chronic hiccups.

• #21 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Other causes of hiccups may involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. If the CNS is damaged, your body may lose the ability to control hiccups. […] Hiccups that last for longer periods can also be caused by: misuse of alcohol, tobacco use, a reaction to anesthesia after surgery, certain classes of medications, including barbiturates, steroids, and tranquilizers, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, kidney failure, arteriovenous malformation, a condition in which arteries and veins are tangled in the brain, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and chemotherapy treatments. […] Sometimes, a medical procedure can accidentally cause you to develop long-term hiccups. These procedures are used to treat or diagnose other conditions and include: use of catheters to access the heart muscle, placement of an esophageal stent to prop open the esophagus, bronchoscopy, in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to examine your lungs and airways, tracheostomy, or the creation of a surgical opening in the neck to allow breathing around an airway obstruction.

• #21 Hiccups | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiccups

  Medications that have been associated with hiccups include: anaesthetics (medications given before and during surgery that causes a loss of consciousness), corticosteroids (which may be used to reduce inflammation), chemotherapy (cancer treatment), some medicines for anxiety, pain, high blood pressure and seizures. […] Long-lasting hiccups can cause discomfort and pain, disrupt sleeping and eating, and may cause anxiety or depression. […] Sometimes hiccups can be a sign of an underlying disease. For hiccups that have gone on for 2 days or longer, or are recurrent, see your doctor. […] Hiccups that last for days, weeks or even years may be symptomatic of underlying disease.

• #22 Prone to hiccups? Here’s what you need to know | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/prone-hiccups-heres-what-you-need-know

  Hiccups happen because of spasms in your diaphragm, the muscle just below your lungs that plays a critical part in breathing. The sudden and involuntary diaphragm movement causes your vocal cords (larynx) to close quickly, making a hic sound. […] What causes the diaphragm to spasm isnt always obvious. But most experts associate hiccups with: […] Approximately 80% of persistent hiccup cases are related to GERD, which can cause stomach acid to flow up toward your mouth, upsetting the diaphragm. […] Chronic hiccups unrelated to GERD may be treated with medication or treatment to block or stimulate nerves associated with the respiratory system. […] In rare cases, persistent or intractable hiccups can indicate an underlying condition. If they do, youll typically have other symptoms of that condition, too. Hiccups may be a sign of: […] Gastrointestinal disorders, including GERD and pancreatitis.

• #22

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