Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hiccups: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hiccups-care-instructions.abk7514

  Hiccups occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm. This is a large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The spasm causes an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closing of the vocal cords. This closure causes the „hiccup” sound. […] A very full stomach can cause hiccups. This can happen from eating too much food too quickly or swallowing too much air. These hiccups will stop on their own. […] Most hiccups go away on their own within a few minutes to a few hours and don’t require any treatment. […] Hiccups that last longer than 48 hours are called persistent hiccups. Hiccups that last longer than a month are called intractable hiccups. Both kinds of hiccups may be a sign of a more serious health problem. Tests may be needed to help find the cause.

• #2 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can be acute, lasting less than 48 hours, persistent, lasting over 2 days, or intractable, lasting more than one month. […] This activity reviews the spectrum of hiccups from acute to intractable, outlines the causes, and offers recommendations for medical treatment based on clinical presentation. […] Describe useful bedside maneuvers for aborting acute hiccups. […] Identify medical therapies for aborting persistent or intractable hiccups. […] Explain a well-coordinated interprofessional team approach to provide effective care to patients affected by persistent or intractable hiccups. […] Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. […] With as many as 80% of persistent hiccup cases related to GERD, an initial therapeutic trial of antacids, antihistamines (such as famotidine) or proton pump inhibitor (such as omeprazole) may be successful, and this approach has been suggested as first-line therapy.

• #3 Hiccup: Mystery, Nature and Treatment

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2012.18.2.123

  Hiccup is usually a self-limited disorder; however, when it is prolonged beyond 48 hours, it is considered persistent whereas episodes longer than 2 months are called intractable. […] An effective treatment of persistent hiccup may be established upon the correct diagnosis of lesion responsible for the serious event. The pharmacotherapy of hiccup includes chlorpromazine, gabapentin, baclofen, serotonergic agonists, prokinetics and lidocaine. Non-pharmacological approaches such as nerve blockade, pacing, acupuncture and measures to hold breathing are also successful. […] Unfortunately, there is no guideline available to direct treating this serious disorders effectively. Chlorpromazine is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as the only drug to treat hiccup until now. […] The effective hiccup treatment is exactly established upon a correct diagnosis of lesion responsible for the serious event. For example, after effective measures were undertaken to CNS lesions such as vascular ischemia and tumors, hiccup episodes subsided. Similarly, some peripheral lesions related hiccups responded well after these lesions were ablated.

• #4 Hiccups – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiccups/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352618

  Most cases of hiccups go away on their own without medical treatment. If an underlying medical condition is causing your hiccups, treating that condition may stop the hiccups. […] If your hiccups last longer than two days, medicines or certain procedures may be needed. […] Drugs used to treat long-term hiccups include baclofen, chlorpromazine and metoclopramide. […] If less invasive treatments aren’t effective, your health care provider may recommend an injection of an anesthetic to block your phrenic nerve to stop hiccups. […] Another option is to surgically implant a battery-operated device to deliver mild electrical stimulation to your vagus nerve. This procedure is most commonly used to treat epilepsy, but it also has helped control long-term hiccups. […] If you have ongoing hiccups, lifestyle changes may help, such as avoiding carbonated beverages and foods that give you gas and eating smaller meals. […] When long-term hiccups don’t respond to other remedies, alternative treatments, such as hypnosis and acupuncture, may help.

• #5 Hiccups

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiccups/

  Most people get hiccups sometimes. They should only last a few minutes. You can usually wait for them to go away or treat them yourself without seeing a GP. […] Although many people find these things helpful for stopping hiccups, there’s no evidence that they work for everyone. […] A GP will want to find out if your hiccups are caused by a health condition or medicine you’re taking. […] Treating the condition or changing your medicine should stop your hiccups. […] If there’s no obvious cause, they might be able to prescribe a medicine called chlorpromazine to treat your hiccups. This does not work for everyone.

• #6 Hiccups and Heartburn | Cancer-related Side Effects | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/eating-problems/hiccups-and-heartburn.html

  Hiccups usually stop on their own in minutes to hours. But hiccups that continue can cause other problems. They can make it hard for people to eat, drink, sleep, and talk to other people. This can lead to being tired, depressed, and having other mood changes. […] If someone has persistent or intractable hiccups, they may need medical treatment. […] Your doctor or cancer care team might prescribe some different medicines for you to help control your hiccups. Each works in a different way so you may need to try more than one before your symptoms are relieved. […] Acupuncture has also been shown to help some people with intractable hiccups. […] A surgical nerve block might be done to prevent the nerve signals that can cause hiccups if medicines dont stop the hiccups. […] A tube might be placed through your nose into your stomach to remove excess gas or fluid in your belly that is causing hiccups.

• #6 Hiccups and Heartburn | Cancer-related Side Effects | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/eating-problems/hiccups-and-heartburn.html

  Many people have their own ways of getting rid of hiccups. Try one or more of these to see if they help. […] If hiccups last more than 2 days, they can be considered persistent. […] If hiccups last more than a month, they are considered intractable. […] Hiccups that last a long time can be a sign of a serious problem.

• #7

  https://jhoponline.com/issue-archive/2014-issues/december-vol-4-no-4/16296-hiccups

  Hiccups are an underreported respiratory complication that can significantly impair an individuals quality of life. Responsible for at least 4000 hospital admissions annually, they often are not considered significant in the need to care for a patients other pressing comorbidities such as malignancy. […] Self-limited hiccups do not require intervention as they will generally resolve without causing significant distress. Although there is little scientific evidence to support their use, it is common for people to try a variety of nonpharmacologic interventions to resolve their hiccups. Common interventions include the pressure or stimulation of different body areas, sudden frightening experiences, ingestion of sugar or a glass of liquid, black pepperinduced sneezes, or breathing into a paper bag.

• #8 What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups

  Theres no proven method for preventing hiccups. However, if you experience hiccups frequently, you can try to reduce your exposure to known triggers. […] Following this advice may also help reduce your susceptibility to hiccups: Try not to overeat. Avoid carbonated beverages. Protect yourself from sudden temperature changes. Dont drink alcohol. Remain calm, and try to avoid intense emotional or physical reactions.

• #9 Hiccups, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17672-hiccups

  You may be able to prevent transient hiccups by: […] Slowing down your pace when you eat or drink. […] Limiting carbonated beverages and beverages containing alcohol. […] Eating smaller portions at a time. […] Avoiding foods that are very hot or cold.

• #10 How to get rid of hiccups: 4 ways

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9896

  How to prevent hiccups […] People may be able to reduce the likelihood of hiccups occurring by avoiding the following: […] eating or drinking too quickly […] drinking alcohol or carbonated beverages […] eating spicy foods […] smoking […] suddenly changing the temperature in the stomach by eating or drinking something very cold after something very hot, or vice versa […] chewing gum […] […] […] However, what helps one person avoid hiccups may not help another. People can have different triggers. Additionally, it may not always be possible to avoid hiccups entirely. […] […] […] Hiccups sometimes occur due to an underlying medical condition, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease. In such cases, a person may be able to prevent hiccups by addressing the condition that is causing them.

• #11 How to Get Rid of Hiccups: Remedies That Can Actually Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-hiccups

  Preventing hiccups can usually be achieved by making some changes to your habits. If you notice certain behaviors are causing your hiccups, here are some things to try: […] eat smaller amounts per serving […] eat slower […] avoid spicy foods […] don’t drink alcohol […] don’t smoke […] don’t chew gum […] avoid carbonated drinks […] don’t consume something cold immediately after consuming something hot […] practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation to reduce stress.

• #12 Expert Tips and Tricks on How to Stop Hiccups

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2022/get-rid-of-hiccups.html

  Can hiccups be prevented? […] Since the cause of hiccups isn’t clear, prevention is murky, too. After all, it’s hard to stop something you can’t see coming. Still, researchers have observed patterns that suggest a few things that can help keep hiccups at bay: Eat smaller meals. If we eat too much, our stomachs can stretch out, irritate the diaphragm, and cause a short, very limited bout of hiccups, Jatoi says. Eating more slowly may also help. Limit carbonated beverages. Avoid irritants, such as hot peppers, alcohol and smoking. The reflex may also be stimulated by a large variety of other factors that can stimulate or irritate the gastrointestinal tract or pulmonary tract, Prince explains. Take steps to reduce anxiety and stress, which can lead to hyperventilating/swallowing too much air.

• #13 Hiccups: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hiccups-care-instructions.abk7514

  Try to limit emotional stress or getting too excited. […] Take steps to avoid swallowing air: Eat slowly. Avoid gulping food or drinks. Chew your food thoroughly before you swallow. Avoid drinking through a straw. Avoid chewing gum or eating hard candy. Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. If you wear dentures, check with a dentist to make sure they fit properly. […] Avoid getting too full when you eat. […] Don’t drink too much alcohol at one time. […] Avoid sudden changes in stomach temperature, such as drinking a hot beverage and then a cold beverage.

• #13 Hiccups: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hiccups-care-instructions.abk7514

  Hiccups occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm. This is a large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The spasm causes an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closing of the vocal cords. This closure causes the „hiccup” sound. […] A very full stomach can cause hiccups. This can happen from eating too much food too quickly or swallowing too much air. These hiccups will stop on their own. […] Most hiccups go away on their own within a few minutes to a few hours and don’t require any treatment. […] Hiccups that last longer than 48 hours are called persistent hiccups. Hiccups that last longer than a month are called intractable hiccups. Both kinds of hiccups may be a sign of a more serious health problem. Tests may be needed to help find the cause.

• #14 Hiccups

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/hiccups/

  Hiccups usually go away on their own. But there are things you can try to stop or prevent hiccups. These things may not work for everyone. […] breathe into a paper bag – do not put the bag over your head […] pull your knees up to your chest and lean forward […] sip very cold water […] swallow some granulated sugar […] bite on a lemon […] take a teaspoon of vinegar […] hold your breath for a short time […] do not drink alcoholic, fizzy or hot drinks […] do not chew gum or smoke – these can cause you to swallow air […] do not eat spicy food […] do not eat food very quickly […] do not eat or drink something very cold immediately after something hot.

• #15

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abk7510

  Help your child to avoid swallowing air. You can teach your child to: […] Eat slowly and avoid gulping food or beverages. […] Chew food thoroughly before swallowing. […] Avoid drinking through a straw. […] Avoid chewing gum or eating hard candy. […] Remind your child to avoid getting too full when they eat. […] Have your child avoid sudden changes in stomach temperature, such as drinking a hot beverage and then a cold beverage. […] Help your child avoid emotional stress or too much excitement.

• #16 Stopping and preventing hiccups | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/stopping-and-preventing-hiccups/

  The best way to deal with hiccups is to prevent them from happening in the first place. A few simple lifestyle changes can help a lot. Think about what, when and how you eat and drink. […] „In general, we eat and drink the wrong way,” Dr. Khokhar said. „We should have a big breakfast, followed by a moderate lunch and moderate dinner. Instead, we flip the script. We eat a big pot of pasta right before going to bed. Your body is not designed for that.” […] „You should make sure to stay upright for three hours after you eat.”

• #17 ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HICCUPS: CAUSES, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-hiccups-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  Hiccup Prevention: Can Hiccups Be Avoided? […] Without an underlying health condition, hiccups can be prevented by minimizing well-known triggers and being more mindful while eating and drinking. […] To prevent hiccups, try to minimize the following: […] Eating or drinking too fast […] Eating spicy food […] Drinking alcohol […] Frequent intake of carbonated drinks […] Overeating […] Stress. […] Conclusion […] To prevent hiccups, it is advisable to eat and drink slowly, avoid spicy or carbonated foods and beverages, manage stress, and refrain from overeating. […] If hiccups last longer than 48 hours or interfere with your daily routine, you should seek medical help as they may indicate a serious underlying condition. Persistent or intractable hiccups can cause exhaustion, dehydration, weight loss, and depression and may require medication or surgery to treat.

• #18 Newborn Baby Hiccups: Causes, Cures and PreventionCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/newborn-hiccups-why-babies-get-how-to-get-rid

  Hiccups in babies: How early do they start? […] How to avoid hiccups in newborns and babies […] Avoid overfeeding. This is key in preventing infant hiccups, Jacobson says. Take breaks during feedings to burp baby so the stomach doesn’t fill too much, too quickly. Plus, try slowing down your feedings, Scott says. […] Tip the bottle. This is crucial for bottle-fed babies, as it limits the amount of air swallowed. […] Position them upright. “Holding baby up for a few minutes after feedings before putting them down can help prevent baby hiccups,” Jacobson says, noting that how you position baby can also impact reflux. […] Additionally, Scott says that feeding baby when they’re calm, rather than crying, can help prevent infant hiccups, as well as limiting their activity and movement directly after a feeding. […] Overall, the best thing to do is to wait it out and rest assured that the hiccups will resolve on their own, Forgenie says. Scott agrees, adding that any over-the-counter remedies such as gripe water, haven’t been proven to stop hiccups.

• #19

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/Pages/baby-burping-hiccups-and-spit-up.aspx

  Most babies hiccup from time to time. […] But if hiccups occur during a feeding, change your baby’s position, try to get them to burp, or help them relax. […] If your baby gets hiccups often, try to feed your baby when they are calm and before they are extremely hungry. This usually makes hiccups less likely during feedings.

• #20 How to Get Rid of Newborn Baby Hiccups – Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/blog/mother-and-baby-care/how-to-get-rid-of-newborn-baby-hiccups-5-tips

  If newborn hiccups are an issue for your baby, its ideal to prevent them in the first place if possible. Actions from modifying the timing and quantity of feedings to finding the best position for avoiding baby hiccups can help. […] Try these tips to help prevent newborn hiccups: Feed your baby before they reach the point of being very hungry and agitated. Feed your baby regularly in small amounts. Avoid high-energy play, such as bouncing, immediately after feeding. Keep your baby in an upright position for approximately 30 minutes after feeding. There may be a relationship between hiccups and latch connection. Ensure that your babys mouth is latched over the whole nipple when nursing. […] While there are steps you can take regarding a newborn and hiccups to reduce the occurrence, it’s crucial to avoid certain traditional remedies that are not only ineffective but can also be harmful or distressing for your baby. These actions probably wont stop the hiccups and could potentially cause unnecessary fear or physical discomfort to your newborn. […] Here are some things you should not do for newborn hiccups: Scare them, Give water, Pull their tongue, Pinch their nose, Feed them more.

• #21 Why do babies get hiccups? | OSF HealthCare

  https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/why-do-babies-get-hiccups/

  Find the cause of your baby’s hiccups […] Another thing to do is try to prevent hiccups from starting in the first place. […] “With a baby bottle feeding, make sure it’s full of milk and there’s no air in the nipple,” Dr. Nauman said. “If breastfeeding, make sure the baby’s lips are really latched on. When they’re finished feeding, don’t lay them right back down. Keep them up for 15 or 20 minutes to help them better digest. Rubbing their back is soothing and helps alleviate hiccups.”

• #22 Singultus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/

  Hiccups can be acute, lasting less than 48 hours, persistent, lasting over 2 days, or intractable, lasting more than one month. […] This activity reviews the spectrum of hiccups from acute to intractable, outlines the causes, and offers recommendations for medical treatment based on clinical presentation. […] Describe useful bedside maneuvers for aborting acute hiccups. […] Identify medical therapies for aborting persistent or intractable hiccups. […] Explain a well-coordinated interprofessional team approach to provide effective care to patients affected by persistent or intractable hiccups. […] Gastrointestinal processes, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated hiatal hernias, are implicated as the most common cause of acute hiccups. […] With as many as 80% of persistent hiccup cases related to GERD, an initial therapeutic trial of antacids, antihistamines (such as famotidine) or proton pump inhibitor (such as omeprazole) may be successful, and this approach has been suggested as first-line therapy.

• #23 Managing hiccups

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3114667/

  Reducing the frequency of recurrent or persistent hiccups is important, as it will improve overall quality of life. […] Many treatments of hiccups are described, and some common nonmedical treatments might be effective. […] While the use of medications remains somewhat empirical, defoaming and propulsive agents, followed by baclofen if needed, are good initial choices. […] Use nonpharmacologic measures, particularly those which have been helpful in the past. […] Attempt simethicone, domperidone, or metoclopramide, or a proton pump inhibitor. […] Prescribe baclofen if renal function is reasonable. […] Add gabapentin. […] Attempt chlorpromazine or haloperidol if hiccups persist (or attempt at Step 3 if renal function is decreased). […] Consider nifedipine, valproic acid, dexamethasone, or sertraline. […] Add midazolam.

• #23 Managing hiccups

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3114667/

  Hiccups are a common experience, and warrant treatment only when they become persistent and bothersome. […] In the palliative care population, even a few days of hiccups might be extremely uncomfortable. […] Treatment of hiccups should be directed toward the specific cause, if one can be identified. […] If they are persistent and bothersome, consider the addition of a medication to treat the hiccups, recognizing that adding medications might result in drug interactions and side effects. […] Chlorpromazine is the only medication approved for hiccups by the US Food and Drug Administration, and for many years it was the drug of choice. […] Baclofen in dosages of 5 mg twice daily to 20 mg 3 times daily has been shown to be effective in alleviating hiccups in several small trials and case series since 1992.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11938-020-00273-3

  Based on etiologies, studies have shown that first-line therapy should use a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and involve appropriate gastrointestinal consultation. […] Initial therapy should still involve a PPI but several new therapies may be beneficial. […] A double blind RCT involving 30 stroke patients to investigate if baclofen could treat or improve intractable hiccups. With minimal side effects, the reported RR between baclofen and placebo was 7.0 [p = 0.01 CI 1.925.6]. […] A double blind RCT involving 34 patients to investigate if metoclopramide could treat or improve intractable hiccups. With minimal side effects, the reported RR between metoclopramide and placebo was 2.75 [p= 0.03, CI 1.096.94]. […] Baclofen therapy for chronic hiccup.

• #25 Hiccups Medication: Antiemetic Agents, Anticonvulsants/Antiarrhythmics, Anesthetics, Muscle Relaxants, Analgesics, Antipsychotic Agents, Sedative/Hypnotics, Antidepressants, Tricyclic Antidepressants, Stimulants

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775746-medication

  Various agents have been reported to cure hiccups. Chlorpromazine appears to be the drug of choice. Haloperidol and metoclopramide have been used successfully. Several anticonvulsant agents (eg, phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbamazepine) have effectively treated intractable hiccups in typical anticonvulsant doses. Gabapentin has been effective in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions and in some other groups. […] Antiemetic agents are effective in treating hiccups. […] Chlorpromazine is the drug of choice in this setting. […] Metoclopramide blocks dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the CNS. […] Anticonvulsants are used for severe muscle spasms. […] Anesthetics that affect muscle contractions appear to be effective. […] Muscle relaxants may reduce muscle contractions.

• #26 Hiccups: What Are They, and How Can We Stop Them?

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/hiccups-what-are-they-and-how-can-we-stop-them-

  Hiccups are generally harmless but can cause distress and inconvenience. Obtaining knowledge on the science behind and causes of hiccups provide insight on how to treat this peculiar occurrence. […] Pharmacotherapy may be considered for intractable and persistent hiccups. The drug choice will be based on the underlying cause, and because this can vary among patient, the medication chosen will also vary. A 2015 systematic review for the pharmacological treatment of hiccups and a 2016 review of the management of hiccups in palliative care patients list the following medication recommendations: […] Baclofen 5 to 15 mg 3 times daily: Considered first line for suspected CNS cause […] Metoclopramide 10 mg 3 times daily: Considered first line for non-CNS cause […] Proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole 20 mg twice daily: Considered first line when suspecting reflux […] Gabapentin 100 to 300 mg 3 times daily: Considered second line […] Chlorpromazine* 10 to 50mg 3 times daily by mouth or intravenously: Considered third line, because of adverse effects.

• #27 Evaluation of gabapentin efficacy in palliative care persistent hiccups management: case series – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JCPCR/evaluation-of-gabapentin-efficacy-in-palliative-care-persistent-hiccups-management-case-series.html

  We have noticed its common to see hiccups in the palliative patients and in most cases need pharmacological intervention. As a part of patients standard care and comfort, the presence of treatment guidelines for persistent hiccups is of paramount importance. In our cases the gabapentin appears to be effective for treating persistent hiccups. […] Gabapentin may have valuable role in managing hiccups in palliative setting.79 Here, we report a promising role of the use of gabapentin for the management of persistent hiccups in a palliative patients. […] Gabapentin, an anti-epileptic drug has many uses in palliative setting, one of them is to treat hiccups through increasing endogenous GABA-mediated inhibition of inspiratory muscle action,1315 reducing calcium influx or both of these mechanisms. In addition, it also increases the levels of serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus of the medulla, which is the source of GABAergic inhibitory inputs to the hiccup reflex arc. In palliative care, especially when central causes are suspected, gabapentin is very effective for treating hiccups.

• #28 Remedies for Prolonged Hiccups | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1684.html

  Hiccups are believed to be caused mainly by irritation of either the phrenic or vagus nerves anywhere along their paths. […] Many pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic remedies have been used to try to abort hiccups. Medications that have been reported to be effective include chlorpromazine (Thorazine), nifedipine (Procardia), haloperidol (Haldol), phenytoin (Dilantin), metoclopramide (Reglan), baclofen (Lioresal) and gabapentin (Neurontin). […] Surgical management has included such techniques as phrenic nerve interruption or placement of diaphragmatic pacemakers. […] Stimulating the nasopharynx with a rubber catheter and elevating the uvula with a cotton tip applicator or similar device have both been reported to be efficacious in the alleviation of hiccups. […] Many of the home remedies either stimulate the nasopharynx or interrupt the normal respiratory cycle: holding one’s breath, being frightened (gasping), swallowing sugar and sipping ice water. […] We have also found that drinking a glass of water through a paper towel may be effective.

• #29 FF #81 Management of Hiccups | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/management-of-hiccups/

  Hiccups (singultus) are an involuntary reflex involving the respiratory muscles of the chest and diaphragm, mediated by the phrenic and vagus nerves and a central (brainstem) reflex center. […] Once hiccups have lasted beyond a time-limited annoyance, deciding on therapeutic intervention should be based on a thorough clinical assessment and, if possible, treatment directed at the underlying cause. […] In most clinical scenarios, it is best to start with non-pharmacologic therapy and resort to pharmacologic options for refractory cases. […] There are many time-honored home remedies — gargling with water, biting a lemon, swallowing sugar, or producing a fright response — which are low risk even if they are lacking in evidence. […] Use of a specially designed suction device (HiccAway®) has shown positive results in a prospective trial.

• #29 FF #81 Management of Hiccups | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/management-of-hiccups/

  Interrupting the respiratory cycle through sneezing, coughing, breath holding, hyperventilation, or breathing into a paper bag. […] Vagal stimulation such as carotid massage or valsalva maneuver. […] Interruption of phrenic nerve transmission via rubbing over the 5th cervical vertebrae. […] Acupuncture, diaphragmatic pacing electrodes, or surgical ablation of the reflex arc can be considered when other treatments fail.

• #30 :: Journal of Neurocritical Care

  https://www.e-jnc.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.18700/jnc.200018

  Hiccups are usually self-limiting and benign but can be distressing when they become persistent or intractable and produce significant morbidity. […] Hence, meticulous evaluation and treatment of persistent or intractable hiccups (IH) in neuro-ICU patients is important, in a stepwise and protocolized manner which comprise of physical maneuvers first followed by pharmacological measures in failed or resistant cases. […] The treatment approach of persistent hiccups is mostly based on observational reports and case series, and clear-cut guidelines are lacking. The treatment is mainly directed at treating the underlying cause when the illness causing hiccups has been identified. […] Physical maneuvers such as interrupting normal respiratory function (e.g., breath holding, Valsalva maneuver), stimulating nasopharynx or uvula (e.g., sipping cold water, gargling with water, swallowing a teaspoon of dry sugar), increasing vagal stimulation (e.g., pressing on the eyeballs), and countering irritation of the diaphragm (e.g., pulling knees to chest, leaning forward to compress the chest) are first-line treatments for hiccups. […] Drug therapy should be reserved for treatment of hiccups when physical maneuvers have failed. […] There is inadequate data to formulate treatment guidelines for persistent hiccups. […] Combination therapy for IH has also been proposed in certain case reports.

• #31 Hiccups | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688619/all/Hiccups

  Identify and correct relevant underlying cause(s). […] Avoid gastric distention. […] Acupuncture shows promise compared to chronic drug therapy for controlling hiccups.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/11300/treatment_of_persistent_postoperative_hiccups_with.50.aspx

  Although persistent postoperative hiccups can cause various problems (such as sleep disorders, depression, fatigue) for the patient, there has been little research on this topic. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of treating persistent postoperative hiccups with a stellate ganglion block (SGB), an injection of local anesthetic in the sympathetic nerve tissue of the neck. […] An SGB is an effective method that can be considered in conjunction with other treatments for persistent hiccups. Clinicians should be mindful of the negative effects that persistent hiccups can exert on patients. […] Treatment of persistent hiccups is nonspecific. Nonpharmacological treatments involve stimulation and suppression of the vagus nerve, with tongue lifting, ingestion of highly concentrated sugar water, stimulation of the pharynx, compression over the eyeball or carotid artery, a valsalva maneuver, and rebreathing. Pharmacological treatments include anticonvulsants (i.e., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid), gamma-aminobutyric acid analogues (i.e., baclofen and gabapentin), and dopamine receptor antagonists (i.e., haloperidol, metoclopramide, and chlorpromazine). If these fail, nerve blocking procedures and surgical treatments can be performed.

• #33 Family

  https://patents.google.com/patent/US7062320B2/en

  the present invention relates generally to a device for the treatment for hiccups, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for the treatment of hiccups involving galvanic stimulation of the Superficial Phrenetic and Vagus nerves. […] Hiccups cures are ubiquitous and vary from the scientific to the unreasonable. Each cure achieves various levels of success based on individuals favorites, beliefs and anecdotal observations. Many simple cures involve increasing Pa CO2 and inhibiting diaphragmatic activity by a series of deep breath-holdings or by rebreathing deeply into a paper bag. Simple activities that involve Vagal nerve stimulation are often recommended and can include drinking a glass of water rapidly, swallowing dry bread or crushed ice, inducing vomiting, or applying traction on the tongue or pressure on the eyeballs.

• #33 Family

  https://patents.google.com/patent/US7062320B2/en

  the present invention provides a method and apparatus for the treatment of hiccups involving galvanic stimulation of the superficially coursing phrenic and vagus nerves utilizing an cup-like appliance designed for the containment and human consumption of a conductive potable liquid such as tap water. […] an electrical circuit is created and the electro-chemically produced potential energy, or Ions, are conducted through the electrodes and the electro-conductive liquid to the user’s lips, mouth and throat as well as the temple region of the face, thus stimulating the superficially coursing vagus and phrenic nerves and reliably interrupting the Hiccup Reflexive Arc. […] a flow of Ions is created by the electrochemical potentials of the dissimilar metal electrodes and is conducted through the body tissues sufficiently to interrupt the Hiccup Reflexive Arc.

• #34 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Hiccups are a common transient ailment that affects most people at least once in their lifetime. […] In rare situations, persistent hiccups can occur in the postoperative period. […] Initial management of persistent hiccups include physical maneuvers such as breath holding as tolerated, the Valsalva maneuver for 5 seconds, and pulling on the tongue, which may have varying efficacy depending on the individual. […] New researchers at the University of Texas have developed a forced inspiratory suction and swallow tool (FISST) patented as HiccAway which induces diaphragmatic contraction and epiglottic closure. […] For persistent and intractable hiccups, workup should include looking for underlying causes, such as a structural issue or medication side effect. […] If physical maneuvers do not work for eliminating hiccups, pharmacotherapy is the next step to consider.

• #34 Persistent Postoperative Hiccups – Greater Philadelphia Anesthesia Services

  https://philadelphiaanesthesiaservices.com/persistent-postoperative-hiccups/

  Treatment includes medications such as baclofen or metoclopramide depending on the etiology of the hiccups. […] If the hiccups are refractory to medication, more invasive treatments such as nerve blocks can be performed. […] Other options include vagus nerve stimulators, implantable breathing pacemakers, or acupuncture, though the evidence for these treatments consists mainly of case reports due to lack of research. […] Treatment will depend on severity and duration of hiccups. […] For more serious types of hiccups, there are a wide range of treatment options, though they lack systematic study.

• #35 Managing Hiccups at End of Life – Enclara Pharmacia

  https://enclarapharmacia.com/palliative-pearls/managing-hiccups-at-end-of-life

  Hiccups can become a significant source of distress in hospice settings, impacting the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. […] Effective management of hiccups begins with a thorough assessment of modifiable causes. […] Research suggests GERD may be responsible for as many as 80% of persistent hiccup cases, so a trial of famotidine or a proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) may be successful. […] Symptom relief should be the focus of hiccup management in hospice and palliative care, since the exact cause of hiccups in these patients can be elusive. […] Pharmacologic treatment should be considered when hiccups are persistent or intractable, especially if non-pharmacologic interventions have failed to provide relief. […] The successful management of intractable hiccups in hospice care can significantly enhance the quality of life for patients facing terminal illnesses.

• #36 Olanzapine for cisplatin-induced hiccups: observations from a 338-patient study – Ehret – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/93678/html

  Several case reports suggest that olanzapine palliates hiccups. […] To our knowledge, however, no larger scale studies have confirmed that olanzapine prevents or palliatives hiccups. […] Despite previous case reports and despite the relatively low incidence of hiccups in this study, it does not appear olanzapine prevents or palliates hiccups. […] This study suggests olanzapine does little, if anything, to prevent or palliate cisplatin-induced hiccups. […] We conclude that when pharmacological interventions are sought to palliate hiccups, until further data become available to dictate otherwise, drugs other than olanzapine should be prescribed. […] In lieu of olanzapine, other agents, such as baclofen, might be considered. […] This study suggests olanzapine should not be prescribed for hiccup palliation.

• #37 Hiccups After Gastric Sleeve Surgery: Causes & Prevention

  https://www.nycbariatrics.com/blog/what-causes-hiccups-after-gastric-sleeve-surgery/

  Hiccups after sleeve surgery are a temporary and manageable side effect. […] However, there are several strategies to help manage and dismiss these hiccups: Stay hydrated: Ensure you’re giving your body the hydration it craves. […] Take slow, deep breaths: Breathe in, breathe out—a few minutes of these mindful breaths can make a noticeable difference in taming those hiccups. […] In extreme cases, your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to alleviate persistent and painful hiccups. […] Avoid carbonated beverages: Carbonated drinks can exacerbate hiccups. Therefore, it is best to avoid them during your recovery.

• #38 How to Get Rid of Hiccups: Home Remedies, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hiccups/article_em.htm

  Hiccups are brief and involuntary contractions of the diaphragm muscle. […] There are numerous home remedies to get rid of hiccups, including holding your breath, drinking a glass of water quickly, having someone frighten or surprise you, using smelling salts, pulling hard on your tongue, and others. […] For severe or chronic hiccups that are not cured with home treatment, medical treatments include medications, anesthesia to block the phrenic nerve, and surgical implantation of an electronic stimulator to the vagus nerve. Surgery to disable the phrenic nerve is a treatment of last resort. […] A person should see a doctor if the hiccups become chronic and persistent (if they last more than 3 hours), or if they affect sleeping patterns, interfere with eating, or cause reflux of food or vomiting.

• #39 Can Stress Cause Hiccups? | Hackensack Meridian Health

  https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/en/healthu/2022/03/10/can-stress-cause-hiccups

  Hiccups can be an annoying disruption to your day, especially if you’re interrupted by an embarrassing hic when you’re talking to someone important. […] If this happens to you, it’s not your imagination; stress can cause hiccups in some people. […] Both children and adults may occasionally experience bouts of hiccups in response to stressful events. […] A stressful event, manifested as sudden excitement, nervousness, fear or shock may act as a trigger, causing the diaphragm to begin to spasm. […] Hiccups that can be linked to an emotional reaction are typically short-lived, lasting less than 48 hours. […] If you’re experiencing the hiccups, whether or not you got them in response to a stressful situation, you may be able to make them go away on your own. […] In most cases, the hiccups should go away on their own, or with your intervention, within a few minutes. […] If you experience the hiccups for two full days without relief, seek medical attention, in case they are a sign of a possible health condition that requires treatment.

• #40

• #41 How To Get Rid of Hiccups: Remedies and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/digestive-health/how-to-get-rid-of-hiccups

  Hiccups can happen to almost everyone. Still, they’re annoying. And if hiccups don’t go away fast, they can become uncomfortable, even embarrassing. […] While you can’t readily control these involuntary movements, you may at least be able to use simple remedies to get rid of them. […] Here’s what causes hiccups, how to get rid of them, and how to prevent them plus which treatment options are available for hiccups that just won’t go away. […] If you get hiccups often, pay attention to when you’re getting them in the first place. Over time, you may notice some patterns like getting them after eating too fast, eating spicy foods, or drinking carbonated beverages. […] Once you can identify what’s causing your hiccups, you may want to avoid those situations. Should you notice that stress sets off your hiccups, consider slowing down and building more opportunities for self-care. […] Chronic hiccups are treated based on the underlying cause. If you’re taking a medication that causes hiccups, your healthcare provider will have you stop or prescribe something else. This can prevent your hiccups from coming back.

• #42 What Causes Hiccups and How to Stop Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiccups-8753209

  Most people will experience hiccups in their lifetime, though data shows that men are more likely to get them than women. […] Though you may not always be able to prevent a bout of hiccups, a few lifestyle changes could help reduce the chances they will occur. For example: Limit your consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol. Eat slowly and mindfully. Stay upright for a few hours after eating a large meal. Try not to eat or drink something cold immediately after consuming something hot. Avoid habits that cause you to swallow excess air, like chewing gum and smoking. […] For chronic hiccups, you may help prevent them by managing any underlying health conditions. Other treatment options for chronic hiccups include medications and surgical procedures. […] Hiccups may be prevented by avoiding triggers like large meals, spicy foods, carbonated beverages, and alcohol.

• #43 Hiccups – Causes | Risk Factors | Treatment | Complications | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/hiccups

  As such, there are no proven ways to prevent hiccups, but the following methods can be followed to prevent the triggers that can cause hiccups: […] Avoid overeating. […] Avoiding the consumption of carbonated beverages. […] Self-protection from sudden temperature changes. […] Avoiding the consumption of alcohol. […] Stay calm. Avoid intense emotion, anger, or anxiety.

• #44 Hiccups: The science behind the spasm | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/hiccups-the-science-behind-the-spasm

  If you are looking to avoid hiccups in the future, its best to circumvent any triggers that aggravate the condition, such as carbonated beverages and large meals. […] Scheduling a yearly exam with your provider is also important and recommended to catch and prevent any underlying conditions.

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