Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444

  Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). […] The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. […] The exact cause of most types of diabetes is unknown. In all cases, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This is because the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes may be caused by a combination of genetic or environmental factors. It is unclear what those factors may be. […] Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes. […] Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.

• #1 Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes

  Type 1 diabetes develops when the bodys immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. These cells are called beta cells. Genes and factors in the environmentthe places where people live, play, work, study, and gathermay trigger the immune system to destroy beta cells in type 1 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes develops when your pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin, and your body has trouble using insulin, a condition called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is when the cells in your muscles, fat, and liver dont respond well to insulin. When there isnt enough insulin to balance blood glucose levels, they begin to rise. […] Gestational diabetes occurs when your body cant make the extra insulin that you need during pregnancy. Scientists believe that substances made in your body, called hormones, may play a role in causing this form of diabetes.

• #1 What causes diabetes? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/diabetes/conditioninfo/causes

  Diabetes is a disease of metabolism, which is the way the body uses food for energy and growth. […] The exact causes of diabetes are not fully understood and typically involve multiple factors, such as genetics and interactions with the environment. […] The majority of cases of type 1 diabetes are „sporadic” meaning there is no family history of the condition. […] Obesity is a major factor in developing type 2 diabetes. […] Pregnancy causes many different changes to the body, including changes to metabolism that result in gestational diabetes.

• #1 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is not caused by any type of diet or lifestyle. It isnt caused by anything that you did or didnt do, and there was nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] More than 50 genes have been identified that can influence a persons risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but genes are only part of the cause. Scientists are also investigating the environmental factors that may play a role. […] Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is due to damage inflicted by your immune system. […] Something triggered your immune system to attack your beta cells. […] Certain genes put people at a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but are not the only factors involved. […] While there are no proven environmental triggers, researchers are looking for possible culprits, such as viral infections and the microbes that live in our guts.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences play an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. But it is not yet known exactly which environmental influences these are. There is evidence that viral infections may trigger the autoimmune process. The gut microbiome and nutrition in infants may also play a role. […] The following environmental factors in particular are suspected to increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes: Early infection with coxsackieviruses, which can trigger respiratory diseases in children. Infections with rubella or mumps viruses are also suspected of promoting type 1 diabetes. […] Because an unusually high number of new cases of type 1 diabetes have occurred since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, an interrelationship between infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the onset of type 1 diabetes is also being examined.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes ultimately destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the beta cells do not produce enough insulin and are eventually no longer able to produce insulin at all. […] With type 1 diabetes, this then destroys the islet cells. The responsible antibodies are called islet auto-antibodies. […] Years before diabetes develops, antibodies against certain parts of the beta cells or insulin itself can be identified. Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when 2 or more of these autoantibodies are detected. […] The attacks of the immune system against beta cells in the early phase of the development of type 1 diabetes last months to years. […] Experts classify type 1 diabetes as having 3 stages: Stage 1: At least 2 characteristic autoantibodies are detected in the blood. Stage 2: The increasing destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells is having an ever-increasing effect on blood glucose metabolism. Stage 3: Due to the pronounced insulin deficiency, the persons affected show typical symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue or weight loss. […] Genetic testing or the detection of specific autoantibodies offer the possibility of early identifying children with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

• #1 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  Type 1 diabetes is not thought to be caused by what you eat or drink. And theres nothing you can do to prevent the condition developing. […] Type 1 diabetes is thought to develop due to a combination of genetics and other factors which are not yet fully understood. But we dont know more than that. There is nothing to indicate that lifestyle plays a part.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals) […] The genetics of type 2 diabetes are complex and not completely understood. Evidence supports the involvement of multiple genes in pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance.

• #1 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesnt make enough insulin or any at all, or when your body isnt responding to the effects of insulin properly. […] Causes of diabetes include: […] Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. […] Autoimmune disease: Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. […] Hormonal imbalances: During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas cant produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes. […] Pancreatic damage: Physical damage to your pancreas from a condition, surgery or injury can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes. […] Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can cause MODY and neonatal diabetes.

• #1 What is Diabetes? Types, Symptoms, and Causes – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body’s cells resist the normal effect of insulin, which is to drive glucose in the blood into the inside of the cells. This condition is called insulin resistance. […] If a close relative particularly, a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes, or if your blood glucose test shows prediabetes (defined as blood glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL), you are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. […] You can help to prevent type 2 diabetes by maintaining your ideal body weight, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and taking medication.

• #1 Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10189-x

  This metabolic change has profound functional consequences because mitochondrial metabolism is essential for GSIS. […] Thus our data provide strong support for the idea that diabetes progression is driven by hyperglycaemia. […] We propose that a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, which may vary between individuals, leads to a small reduction in insulin release and modest elevation of blood glucose. […] Chronic hyperglycaemia further impairs insulin secretion, enhancing hyperglycaemia and triggering a vicious cycle that fuels a progressive deterioration in -cell function and conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to frank diabetes. […] In conclusion, our data provide support for the idea that hyperglycaemia alone is sufficient to produce diabetes progression and demonstrate that the underlying molecular event is a deficit in mitochondrial metabolism.

• #1 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  The teams new study is important because it shows that a breakdown product of glucose metabolism, rather than glucose itself, is what causes the failure of beta-cells to release insulin in diabetes. […] Crucially, the team found that blocking an enzyme called glucokinase, which regulates the first step in glucose metabolism, could prevent the gene changes taking place and maintain glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even in the presence of chronic hyperglycaemia. […] Our data suggests that glucokinase activators could have an adverse effect and, somewhat counter-intuitively, that a glucokinase inhibitor might be a better strategy to treat T2D.

• #1 Genetics of Diabetes | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/genetics-diabetes

  Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different causes, but there are two factors that are important in both. You inherit a predisposition to the disease, then something in your environment triggers it. […] In most cases of type 1 diabetes, people need to inherit risk factors from both parents. […] Because most people who are at risk do not get diabetes, researchers want to find out what the environmental triggers are. […] Type 2 diabetes has a stronger link to family history and lineage than type 1, and studies of twins have shown that genetics play a very strong role in the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Yet it also depends on environmental factors. Lifestyle also influences the development of type 2 diabetes. […] If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes, it may be difficult to figure out whether your diabetes is due to lifestyle factors or genetics. Most likely it is due to both.

• #1 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  While 90 per cent of people who develop type 1 diabetes have no family connection with the condition, genetic factors can pre-dispose people to developing type 1 diabetes. […] Certain genes are associated with type 1 diabetes risk. However, having these genes alone is not enough to cause someone to develop type 1 diabetes. It is thought that an additional environmental trigger causes type 1 diabetes to develop. […] Type 1 diabetes does not develop because of your lifestyle. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Diet and activity levels have nothing to do with whether you develop type 1 diabetes or not. […] Find out how we fund researchers all over the world to look into the root causes of type 1 diabetes so that one day were able to stop the condition before it does any damage.

• #1 What causes type 2 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/causes

  Type 2 diabetes in children is less common than it is in adults but the causes are the same. Living with obesity or overweight is the main factor along with ethnicity and family history. […] Having obesity is the biggest risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes as this can cause insulin resistance. But not everyone who is living with obesity or overweight develops type 2 diabetes as it is also linked to family history (genetics). […] If your family has a history of diabetes, it increases your risk of type 2 diabetes. If you have a close blood relative with diabetes, youre two to six times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it. […] Youre more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes if you: Have a family history of Type 2 diabetes (biological parent or sibling), Are older than 45, Have overweight or obesity (a BMI greater than 25), Are physically active less than three times a week, Are Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American or Pacific Islander, Had gestational diabetes while pregnant, Have high blood pressure and/or high cholesterol, Have prediabetes, Have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). […] Certain strategies can help lower your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes or delay its onset, including: Exercising regularly (at least 150 minutes a week), Maintaining a weight thats healthy for you, Eating nutritious food, Not smoking. […] Unfortunately, some people have such strong genetic risk factors that even lifestyle changes arent enough to prevent developing T2D.

• #1 Type 2 diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. […] The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics. […] Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being overweight (defined by a body mass index of greater than 25), lack of physical activity, poor diet, psychological stress, and urbanization. […] Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. The proportion of diabetes that is inherited is estimated at 72%. […] There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes. Some of the medications include: glucocorticoids, thiazides, beta blockers, atypical antipsychotics, and statins.

• #1 What Causes Type 2 Diabetes? Risk Factors, Lifestyle, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-causes

  Not everyone with type 2 diabetes is overweight, but obesity and an inactive lifestyle are two of the most common causes of type 2 diabetes. These things are responsible for about 90%-95% of diabetes cases in the U.S. […] The two main causes of type 2 diabetes are carrying excess weight — especially in your belly — and not getting enough exercise. […] When you’re overweight, you’re at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. This is especially true if your extra weight is in your belly. Extra weight leads to insulin resistance and dysfunction of specific cells in your body. […] Studies have found that eating lots of red meat, sweets, and fried food can lead to insulin resistance. Eating too much of these foods also contributes to weight gain, which increases your chances of diabetes. […] Most people with metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. […] Scientists believe that an environmental factor possibly a viral infection or a nutritional factor during childhood or early adulthood causes the immune system to destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. A genetic predisposition makes some people more susceptible to an environmental factor. […] In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas often continues to produce insulin, sometimes even at higher-than-normal levels, especially early in the disease. However, the body develops resistance to the effects of insulin, so there is not enough insulin to meet the body’s needs. […] Obesity is the chief risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, and 80 to 90% of people with type 2 diabetes have overweight or obesity.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] T2D happens because your pancreas doesnt make enough insulin (a hormone), your body doesnt use insulin properly, or both. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. […] Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role.

• #1 Diabetes Causes: How Do You Get Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes-causes

  According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases as you age. […] Excess body fat may cause insulin resistance in some people due to the inflammation that fatty tissue can cause. […] A diet low in nutrition may contribute to developing type 2 diabetes. A diet high in calories, fats, and cholesterol can increase your bodys resistance to insulin. […] Although rare, certain hormonal conditions can lead to diabetes. These conditions can sometimes cause insulin resistance.

• #1 What causes type 2 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/causes

  Type 2 diabetes is high blood sugar levels caused by a lack of a hormone called insulin. Either your body isnt making enough or the insulin it makes doesnt work properly. This is sometimes called insulin resistance. […] The main causes of type 2 diabetes are: Living with obesity or overweight. Your waist measurement is unhealthy for your gender or ethnicity. Too much fat stored in or around your liver and pancreas which can affect people of a healthy weight as well as people living with obesity or overweight. Other factors that put you at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes include high blood pressure, age, ethnicity and family history. We call them the risk factors of type 2 diabetes. […] If you live with obesity or overweight, its harder for your body to manage the levels of sugar in your blood, and having a high waist measurement means youre more at risk of insulin resistance. Our research has linked type 2 diabetes with fat surrounding the liver and pancreas.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/type_2_diabetes/article.htm

  Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetics and unhealthy lifestyle habits. The exact causes of type 2 diabetes are not fully understood, but there are several risk factors that can increase your likelihood of developing the condition. These include: […] Other causes include unhealthy lifestyle habits, for example, if you: Eat too much sugar and carbohydrates […] Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is largely influenced by lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet. […] A healthy lifestyle can prevent almost all cases of type 2 diabetes. A large research study called the Diabetes Prevention Program found that people who made intensive lifestyle changes including Diet and exercise reduced their risk of developing diabetes by 58%.

• #1 Diabetes Risk Factors | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/understand-your-risk-for-diabetes

  Gestational diabetes: If you developed diabetes during pregnancy, you are at increased risk of developing diabetes again later in life. […] You can — and should — do something about your modifiable risk factors. You can reduce your risk for diabetes or delay its development by making healthy changes: Weight: Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes. […] Physical inactivity is a key modifiable risk factor for prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity helps lower insulin resistance. […] In addition to causing damage to the cardiovascular system, untreated high blood pressure has been linked to complications from diabetes. […] If you smoke, there are a number of tools, medications and online resources that you can use to help you quit. […] Taking proactive steps now can prevent or delay the development of diabetes and improve your quality of life.

• #1 MDVIP | What Is The Real Cause of Diabetes?

  https://www.mdvip.com/about-mdvip/blog/the-real-cause-of-diabetes

  Although pre diabetes and diabetes may sound like different conditions, the reality is, they are actually the same disease with the same risks. Yet, many people don’t take controlling their blood sugar seriously until they are actually diagnosed with diabetes. […] What causes diabetes? It’s high blood sugar, isn’t it? Actually, That’s not the real case of diabetes. […] The real cause of Diabetes is excess insulin, not excess blood sugar. In other words, high blood sugar is a symptom, but not the root cause. […] How does insulin resistance begin? The root of the problem is our diet. […] So, if your doc says that you’re a pre diabetic, it means that everything I just explained has ALREADY happened and your insulin resistant. […] Remember, as long as your insulin level is elevated, you can’t burn fat and will likely struggle to lose weight. […] The take-home message is that exercise lowers insulin levels, which is why IT LEADS TO WEIGHT LOSS. You’re not sweating off the fat. In fact, the intense exercise can have a residual fat-burning effect that can last up to TWO DAYS!

• #1 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. […] A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet such as Western Pattern Diet, stress, and urbanization. […] Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect. […] Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body’s tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. […] Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function.

• #1 What causes diabetes? Behind the different causes of Type 1 and Type 2.

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2023/08/28/what-causes-type-1-2-diabetes/70578004007/

  Doctors are diagnosing more children with Type 2 diabetes than ever, an impact of the obesity epidemic in the U.S. and food insecurity, where many children dont have access to fresh, healthy food. […] Not everyone who has Type 2 diabetes needs insulin from an external source many Type 2 diabetics bodies can still produce insulin. […] Consumption of sugary drinks is associated with a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes, studies show. But there are other risk factors including family history, age and ethnicity.

• #1 Diabetes and Hypertension – Diabetes Resource Center | NewYork-Prebsyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/diabetes-and-endocrinology/diabetes-resource-center/diabetes-and-hypertension

  It is important to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fish, healthy fats and whole grains. […] In the long term, controlling blood pressure is equally or even more important for reducing the risk of stroke, heart attacks and kidney failure. […] Armed with knowledge, healthy lifestyle modifications and a wide variety of telemedicine and ambulatory self-monitoring devices, people living with diabetes can prevent the many complications that arise from hypertension, says Dr. Radhakrishnan.

• #1 Diabetes Risk Factors | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/understand-your-risk-for-diabetes

  In the U.S., about 97.6 million adults age 18-64 and 27.2 million adults age 65 or older have prediabetes, and many people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their condition. […] Some diabetes risk factors can be controlled by lifestyle choices. These are called modifiable risk factors. Those that you can’t change are non-modifiable risk factors. […] Risk factors that increase your risk for developing prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes that can’t be changed are: Family history: The risk of diabetes is increased if your parents or siblings have the disease. […] Race or ethnic background: If you are a Black American, Asian American, Latino/Hispanic American, Native American or of Pacific-Islander, you have a greater chance of developing diabetes. […] Age: The older you are, the higher your risk for prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes generally occurs in middle-aged adults, most frequently after age 45. But health care professionals are diagnosing more and more children and adolescents with Type 2 diabetes.

• #1 What Causes Type 2 Diabetes? Risk Factors, Lifestyle, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-causes

  Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which puts them at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Some medicines you take for other conditions can make your blood sugar spike. […] Gestational diabetes does raise your risk of having type 2 diabetes in the future. […] If you smoke cigarettes, you’re 30%-40% more likely to develop diabetes than a nonsmoker. […] If you don’t get enough sleep, your body may not be sensitive enough to insulin. […] Type 2 diabetes is believed to have a strong genetic link, meaning that it tends to run in families. […] Research shows this is a top reason for type 2 diabetes. […] Drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to diabetes, though the relationship isn’t entirely clear. […] The risk of type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly around age 45 and rises considerably after age 65. […] Lifestyle issues can play a role in your diabetes risk. If you’re not physically active, your risk goes up. Your risk also is increased if your diet is high in fat and simple carbohydrates.

• #1 Most Common Causes of Diabetes | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/health-care/patient-advice/slideshows/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes

  Too little physical activity can also increase your chance of developing diabetes, according to the CDC. […] Age by itself doesn’t cause Type 2 diabetes, but changes that occur as you age can raise your risk of developing it, Palinski-Wade says. […] If you’re overweight or obese, you have a greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes. […] Beyond the usual genetic, food and weight-related causes of diabetes, there are other possible causes. […] Two additional and less common diabetes causes include: […] A small percentage of people who have had COVID-19 have developed diabetes. […] Researchers are still exploring the link between diabetes that develops after COVID-19 infection. […] Causes of diabetes: […] Genetics. […] Race/ethnicity. […] Poor food choices. […] Age. […] Being overweight or obese. […] Lack of physical activity. […] Inflammation in the pancreas.

• #1 Diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444

  Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although it’s unclear why, certain people including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people are at higher risk. […] Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in people who are overweight or obese.

• #1 Diabetes Risk Factors | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/index.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). […] Known risk factors include: Family history: Having a parent, brother, or sister with type 1 diabetes. […] In the United States, White people are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than African American and Hispanic or Latino people. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes share almost all of the same risk factors. […] You’re at risk for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes if you: Have overweight or obesity. […] Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But having a history of gestational diabetes increases your risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Some risk factors like age and family medical history can’t be helped.

• #1 Type 2 diabetes – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes develops when your body does not make enough insulin or it doesn’t respond to it properly, leading to high blood sugar levels. […] The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known. But risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes include: increasing age, family history of diabetes, being overweight or obese, especially with excess weight around your waist, a low level of physical activity, a poor diet, smoking, having high blood pressure or high cholesterol. […] Other things that can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes are: if you are from a certain ethnicity or cultural background including people who are Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, Pacific Islanders, those with a Chinese cultural background and people from the Indian subcontinent, having had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, having polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

• #1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes

  Gestational diabetes occurs as the result of hormonal changes during pregnancy. The placenta produces hormones that make a pregnant persons cells less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This can cause high blood sugar during pregnancy. […] Both genes and environmental factors play a role in triggering diabetes. […] Some types of diabetes like types 1 and 1.5 are caused by factors that are out of your control. Others like type 2 can be prevented by making better food choices, increasing activity, and losing weight.

• #1 „Causes” of diabetes – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/causes-of-diabetes

  Despite popular belief, diabetes is not caused by eating too much sugar, and people dont give themselves diabetes. There are several different reasons why someone may develop diabetes, including genes, family history, ethnic background, and other environmental and lifestyle factors. The type of diabetes also matters, and the reason someone may develop type 1 diabetes is very different from why another person may develop type 2 diabetes. There is no single cause of diabetes, and it is often a combination of multiple factors. […] Researchers think that your genes or the environment may be responsible for triggering type 1 diabetes. […] Several factors impact one’s risk for developing type 2 diabetes, including family history of type 2 diabetes, ethnic background, living with obesity and other lifestyle and environmental factors. […] A family history of gestational diabetes can increase ones risk of developing gestational diabetes, along with genetic, diet and lifestyle factors.

• #1 Gestational Diabetes-Causes & Treatment | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/pregnancy/gestational-diabetes

  The exact cause of GDM is unclear and there’s a lot we don’t know. […] But we do know that the placenta’s hormones, which support the baby’s growth, can sometimes block the mother’s insulin, leading to insulin resistance. […] If the body can’t produce enough insulin during pregnancy, glucose remains in the blood, leading to high blood glucose (blood sugar). […] Women with a history of GDM have an increased risk for recurrent diabetes in subsequent pregnancies and a 10-fold risk of developing type 2 diabetes (compared to women without GDM).

• #1 MODY Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diabetes-mody

  MODY is a monogenic disease. This means it is caused by a single gene mutation. […] A number of different gene mutations can cause MODY. If you have a family member with MODY, you have an increased risk for the condition. […] While type 2 diabetes and MODY can both run in families, individuals diagnosed with MODY often have a family history of diabetes in successive generations: meaning MODY is present in a grandparent, parent and child. […] MODY is caused by a genetic mutation passed on through the family. Theres currently no way to prevent or cure it, but it can be managed, and predicted. Knowledge is power.

• #1 Rare Forms of Diabetes | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/rare-forms-of-diabetes/

  While type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes are the most common forms of diabetes diagnosis, other types of diabetes are just as important. About 1.5-2% of people live with rare forms of diabetes, which can be grouped into nine categories. […] Although less common, these types of diabetes still pose a significant health threat. By understanding them, we can better support those affected by this condition. […] Alstrm Syndrome is an incurable rare genetic disorder that can cause type 2 diabetes. […] LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) is a form of type 1 diabetes that develops in adulthood and progresses at a slower pace than type 1 diabetes. […] MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) is a rare genetic form of diabetes that usually develops before age 25 as a result of gene mutations.

• #1 Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes

  Other causes of diabetes may include diseases caused by changes in your genes, also called gene variants, endocrine diseases, damage to or removal of the pancreas, and taking certain medicines. […] Gene variants are changes to certain genes. Some gene variants can cause diseases that can affect the pancreas and lead to diabetes. […] Some endocrine diseases make the body produce too much of certain hormones. High levels of these hormones may cause insulin resistance or diabetes. […] The pancreas can be damaged by injury or diseases such as inflammation of the pancreas, also called pancreatitis. Diabetes may be the first sign of pancreatic cancer in older people without diabetes risk factors who develop diabetes. […] Certain medicines may harm the pancreas or affect the way insulin works in the body.

• #1 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). […] Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed).

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Diabetes.aspx

  Risks for type 2 diabetes mellitus include excess body weight and physical inactivity. […] Other risk factors for type 2 diabetes include history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, drug use like thiazide diuretic along with a beta-blocker, low-fibre, high-glycaemic index diet, metabolic syndrome, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, family history and those who have a history of a low birth weight. […] Gestational diabetes results from increased demands for insulin during pregnancy that may not be met by a raised insulin secretion. […] Secondary diabetes occurs due to a disease affecting the pancreas or other endocrine organs. This accounts for 1 to 2% of all diabetics. Some of the causes of secondary diabetes include diseases of the pancreas that may affect the beta cells, diseases of the hormonal system of endocrine system, and due to intake of certain drugs over long term.

• #1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes

  Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. Your body either doesnt make enough insulin or cant effectively use the insulin it makes. […] Different causes are associated with each type of diabetes. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes type 1 diabetes. For some reason, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. […] Type 2 diabetes stems from a combination of genetics and lifestyle factors. Having overweight or obesity increases your risk, too. Carrying extra weight, especially in your belly, makes your cells more resistant to the effects of insulin on your blood sugar. […] Type 1.5 is an autoimmune condition that occurs when the pancreas is attacked by your own antibodies. as in type 1. It may be genetic, but more research is needed.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  We don’t fully understand the causes of type 1 diabetes, but we do know there are a few factors at play. […] Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas stops producing insulin due to the immune system attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin. Research is ongoing to identify type 1 diabetes causes—and how to stop it. […] Certain genes increase the likelihood of an individual developing T1D, as can a family history of the condition. […] Environmental factors, including viruses, are another factor behind T1D onset. Some researchers believe that certain viruses may specifically target beta cells, and as the body’s immune response tries to combat these viruses, it may mistakenly attack and damage the beta cells. […] Once T1D is triggered, the body starts attacking the beta cells, which produce insulin.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  A number of variants in mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been proposed as an etiologic factor for a small percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that depression is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Schizophrenia has been linked to the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] A population-based, retrospective cohort study of 1,010,068 pregnant women examined the association between preeclampsia and gestational hypertension during pregnancy and the risk of developing diabetes post partum. […] Evidence exists that COVID-19 may actually lead to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Hyperglycemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperglycemia-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than normal. Sometimes called high blood sugar, it commonly affects people who have diabetes mellitus, but it can also develop in non-diabetics. […] Hyperglycemia most commonly affects people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not make enough insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body makes an adequate amount of insulin, but the cells do not respond to it properly. This is called insulin resistance. […] For people with diabetes, hyperglycemia can be triggered by: Eating too many carbohydrates, Not exercising enough, Not taking enough insulin medication (for type 1 diabetes) or other medications that regulate blood glucose levels. […] Hyperglycemia can also be caused by: Medications such as corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, and antipsychotics, Certain conditions that affect the pancreas, which produces insulin, Medical conditions that can cause insulin resistance, such as Cushings syndrome and acromegaly, Pregnancy, Stress. […] In general, hyperglycemia that is transient does not cause long-term problems. But if hyperglycemia persists, it can lead to serious complications, including eye problems, kidney damage, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease.

• #1 Diabetes – Causes, symptoms & treatments | BHF – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/diabetes

  Diabetes is a condition that causes your blood sugar levels to become too high. […] The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Scientists understand type 1 diabetes causes the body to attack the cells that make insulin. Research is happening to understand why that is. […] The cause of type 2 diabetes is a problem with the amount of insulin being made or used. This means the body cannot control its blood sugar levels so they keep rising. […] Some of the factors that can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes are: being physically inactive, having excess weight or obesity, having a family history of type 2 diabetes, getting older, ethnicity, and waist to height ratio. […] Type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause unused glucose (sugar) to stick to your red blood cells and build up in your blood. This build up can damage the arteries that carry blood, oxygen and nutrients around your body. […] If the arteries carrying blood to your heart get clogged, it can lead to a heart attack. […] If the arteries carrying blood to your brain get clogged, it can lead to a stroke. […] People with diabetes are twice as likely to have a stroke.

• #1 Diabetes | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/diabetes/

  Diabetes causes injury to small blood vessels throughout the body. Small blood vessels in the kidney are often involved. This causes protein to spill into the urine. One type of protein, albumin, is detected in the urine even during early, mild kidney disease. If progressive chronic disease develops in kidney blood vessels, the kidneys cannot function normally and kidney failure develops. […] Diabetes also can cause progressive scarring of glomeruli. This is called glomerulosclerosis. This scarring often produces nodules (lumps) of scar in the glomeruli and thus is called nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis. […] Diabetes also causes scarring in the walls of arteries and arterioles in the kidneys and other tissues. Arterioles are the smallest arteries that connect to capillaries. Arteries and arterioles bring blood carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body. Sclerosis is scarring in the blood vessel wall that causes thickening of the wall and narrowing of the opening through which blood flows. Diabetes causes scarring of arteries and arterioles. When this happens, not enough oxygen reaches the tissue and injury results. This can injure many tissues. The heart, eyes, skin, nerves and kidneys can be affected.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Diabetes causes blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. […] In 2021, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and 47% of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. […] Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Diabetes and Hypertension – Diabetes Resource Center | NewYork-Prebsyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/diabetes-and-endocrinology/diabetes-resource-center/diabetes-and-hypertension

  There is a strong connection between diabetes and hypertension, explains Jai Radhakrishnan, MD, Director of Clinical Services of the Nephrology Division and Co-Director of the Hypertension Center at Columbia University Medical Center. […] Diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure in the US, and one third of diabetics develop kidney disease, says Dr. Radhakrishnan. […] Diabetes causes damage by scarring the kidneys, which in turn leads to salt and water retention, which in turn raises blood pressure. […] Over time, diabetes damages the small blood vessels, causing the walls of the blood vessels to stiffen and function improperly. […] People with both diabetes and hypertension have approximately twice the risk of heart attack and stroke as nondiabetic people with hypertension.

• #1 Diabetes and Hypertension – Diabetes Resource Center | NewYork-Prebsyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/diabetes-and-endocrinology/diabetes-resource-center/diabetes-and-hypertension

  Hypertensive diabetic patients are also at increased risk for complications including retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye) and kidney disease. […] Chronic high blood pressure can lead to the early onset of conditions such as dementia and stroke. […] Some hypertension are more useful in the treatment of diabetes, especially diabetes resulting from kidney disease, explains Dr. Radhakrishnan. […] A new class of drugs called SGLT2 inhibitors are beneficial to diabetics in ways other than sugar control, such as slowing kidney and heart damage. […] Lifestyle modifications such as eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise can reduce complications from diabetes as well as high blood pressure. […] To avoid hypertension, diabetics need to restrict their salt intake as well.

• #1 Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10189-x

  Diabetes is a global health problem caused primarily by the inability of pancreatic -cells to secrete adequate levels of insulin. […] Evidence suggests that the primary cause of the insufficient insulin secretion in T2D is impaired metabolismsecretion coupling rather than -cell loss. […] This is also demonstrated by the rapid reversal of T2D following bariatric surgery or a low-calorie diet, and the ability of neonatal diabetes patients with KATP channel mutations to transfer to sulfonylurea therapy, even after many years of diabetes. […] A crucial question is which is the initial key event that drives diabetes progression. Accumulating evidence suggests this may be impaired -cell metabolism, as changes in metabolic genes, or in metabolism, have been identified in islets isolated from T2D donors, control human islets cultured at 25mM glucose, diabetic GK rat islets, mouse models of diabetes and insulin-secreting cell lines exposed to high glucose.

• #1 Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10189-x

  We find that both diabetes and hyperglycaemia cause striking changes in metabolism in pancreatic -cells. […] Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for the impaired metabolism and insulin secretion produced by chronic hyperglycaemia and diabetes. […] We propose that altered -cell metabolism may be the crucial event that drives diabetes progression. […] Diabetes dramatically impaired glucose-stimulated mitochondrial metabolism in V59M islets, as evidenced by abrogation of the glucose-stimulated increases in NADH, ATP and oxygen consumption and the marked changes in gene/protein expression. […] Our data suggest that hyperglycaemia alone may be sufficient to drive these changes, as FA levels are not elevated in V59M mice. […] Our studies suggest that hyperglycaemia impairs mitochondrial metabolism and reduces the glucose-induced increase in ATP that is required for insulin secretion.

• #1 Diabetes

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/

  Diabetes is a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high. […] There are 2 main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes a lifelong condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin […] type 2 diabetes where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells do not react to insulin properly. […] Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. […] High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes. […] Many people have blood sugar levels above the normal range, but not high enough to be diagnosed as having diabetes. This is known as non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, or pre-diabetes. […] People with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but the risk can be reduced through lifestyle changes.

• #1 Diabetes

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/

  do not have a healthy diet […] have a family history of type 2 diabetes […] are of Asian, Black African or African Caribbean origin […] take certain medicines such as steroids for a long time […] have high blood pressure […] have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy. […] Type 2 diabetes can get worse over time and people living with type 2 diabetes often need medicine, usually in the form of tablets or injections. […] However, some people can put their type 2 diabetes into remission by losing weight, where their blood sugar is reduced below the diabetes range.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes Australiachevron

  https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  The most common ways people have achieved remission is by achieving substantial weight loss following very intensive dietary changes or through bariatric surgery. […] Remission does not mean type 2 diabetes is cured or reversed – it simply means that people have blood glucose levels below the type 2 diabetes levels.

• #1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/diabetes-mellitus

  Diabetes is a disease caused by the dysfunction of the insulin signaling pathway within the cells. […] Type II diabetes is due to insulin resistance and eventual fall in insulin production. […] Type II diabetes is the most common. It has genetic components but is mainly caused by our lifestyle, for example, too much sugar and starch, ultra-processed food, being overweight, central obesity, less physical activity, physical inactivity, etc. […] Although type I diabetes is not preventable, type II diabetes eminently is. Many studies show that diabetes incidence is lower significantly when people at risk of diabetes regularly exercise in tandem with strict diets until they lose 7-10% of body weight. […] In the past, diabetes treatments were limited to blood sugar control and reduction of complications only; curability was out of reach. Today, ongoing research yielded a treatment modality that can cure diabetes permanently, especially in newly diagnosed patients. The method is bariatric surgery for obese diabetic patients. Bariatric surgery not only helps with weight loss but can also permanently cures diabetes for many patients. However, not everyone is suitable for the procedure due to postoperative side effects. Therefore, it is selectively performed on certain patients when the benefits outweigh the risks.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes

  Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. […] The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t make enough insulin. […] Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. […] Both the number of people with diabetes and the number of people with untreated diabetes have been steadily increasing over the past decades. […] Type 1 diabetes cannot currently be prevented. […] Effective approaches are available to prevent type 2 diabetes and to prevent the complications and premature death that can result from all types of diabetes.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  Type 1 diabetes happens when the body cannot make enough of the hormone insulin. […] However, with type 1 diabetes, the immune system becomes confused; it mistakenly attacks and destroys these beta cells, treating them as if they were harmful germs. […] Having ketones in the urine or coming into the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), where ketone levels have built up to dangerously high levels, strongly suggests type 1 diabetes. […] For a child diagnosed with diabetes, islet autoantibodies indicate type 1 diabetes. […] While type 1 diabetes cannot yet be fully prevented, newer medications can help delay its onset in certain high-risk individuals. […] It works by targeting specific immune cells responsible for attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, helping to slow progression of the disease.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm

  Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. It is an autoimmune disorder. This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In people with type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin. The tendency to develop autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, can be inherited from your parents. […] Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented currently. This is a very active area of research. In 2019, a study using an injectable medicine was able to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in high-risk children. There is no screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who have no symptoms. However, antibody testing can identify children at higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes if they have first-degree relatives (sibling, parent) with type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesnt make enough insulin or any at all, or when your body isnt responding to the effects of insulin properly. […] Causes of diabetes include: […] Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. […] Autoimmune disease: Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. […] Hormonal imbalances: During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas cant produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes. […] Pancreatic damage: Physical damage to your pancreas from a condition, surgery or injury can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes. […] Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can cause MODY and neonatal diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes

  Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. Your body either doesnt make enough insulin or cant effectively use the insulin it makes. […] Different causes are associated with each type of diabetes. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes type 1 diabetes. For some reason, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. […] Type 2 diabetes stems from a combination of genetics and lifestyle factors. Having overweight or obesity increases your risk, too. Carrying extra weight, especially in your belly, makes your cells more resistant to the effects of insulin on your blood sugar. […] Type 1.5 is an autoimmune condition that occurs when the pancreas is attacked by your own antibodies. as in type 1. It may be genetic, but more research is needed.

• #2 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  Type 1 diabetes is not caused by any type of diet or lifestyle. It isnt caused by anything that you did or didnt do, and there was nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] More than 50 genes have been identified that can influence a persons risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but genes are only part of the cause. Scientists are also investigating the environmental factors that may play a role. […] Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is due to damage inflicted by your immune system. […] Something triggered your immune system to attack your beta cells. […] Certain genes put people at a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes, but are not the only factors involved. […] While there are no proven environmental triggers, researchers are looking for possible culprits, such as viral infections and the microbes that live in our guts.

• #2 Genetics of Diabetes | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/genetics-diabetes

  Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different causes, but there are two factors that are important in both. You inherit a predisposition to the disease, then something in your environment triggers it. […] In most cases of type 1 diabetes, people need to inherit risk factors from both parents. […] Because most people who are at risk do not get diabetes, researchers want to find out what the environmental triggers are. […] Type 2 diabetes has a stronger link to family history and lineage than type 1, and studies of twins have shown that genetics play a very strong role in the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Yet it also depends on environmental factors. Lifestyle also influences the development of type 2 diabetes. […] If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes, it may be difficult to figure out whether your diabetes is due to lifestyle factors or genetics. Most likely it is due to both.

• #2 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  Its normal to wonder if something youve done could have caused your type 1 diabetes or a childs type 1 diabetes. But theres nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] We dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes. Family history can increase your risk, as there are a number of genes linked to type 1 diabetes. But we know genes on their own don’t cause diabetes, because most people with type 1 don’t have a family history of it at all. Scientists think some things in the environment, like viruses, play a role in triggering type 1 diabetes and are doing research all the time to find out more. […] The causes of type 1 diabetes are the same at any age. Your immune system has attacked the insulin-producing cells that are found in your pancreas. […] Like type 1 diabetes in adults, we dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes in children. As with adults, the insulin-producing cells that are found in the pancreas stop working.

• #2 Diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444

  Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). […] The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. […] The exact cause of most types of diabetes is unknown. In all cases, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This is because the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes may be caused by a combination of genetic or environmental factors. It is unclear what those factors may be. […] Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes. […] Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes Causes – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/causes/

  It is important to understand that T1D is not caused by diet. However, certain dietary factors might be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Similarly, the risk of a type 1 diabetes diagnosis is not influenced by factors such as lifestyle, activity level, socioeconomic status, or habits.

• #2 Type 2 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

  Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues: […] Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don’t respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don’t take in enough sugar. […] The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can’t make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range. […] Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.

• #2 Type 2 diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. […] The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics. […] Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being overweight (defined by a body mass index of greater than 25), lack of physical activity, poor diet, psychological stress, and urbanization. […] Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. The proportion of diabetes that is inherited is estimated at 72%. […] There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes. Some of the medications include: glucocorticoids, thiazides, beta blockers, atypical antipsychotics, and statins.

• #2 Understanding Type-2 Diabetes: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – Fort HealthCare

  https://www.forthealthcare.com/understanding-type-2-diabetes-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Type-2 diabetes occurs when a person’s blood sugar levels become too high, due to what’s called insulin resistance. This means that even though the body is still making insulin, one’s system is no longer responding the way it should to insulin production. […] There is a genetic predisposition, but type-2 diabetes is often exacerbated by an overabundance of caloric intake. When that happens, individuals set their body up to have more insulin than it needs. […] “You eat, your body has sugar, the insulin helps you store it and use it. That process can ultimately lead to needing too much insulin, which then predisposes your body to carry extra weight, and extra weight tends to make your body less sensitive or more resistant to the insulin you have,” explains Dr. Winter. “Then, you develop this process where your system is not doing what it’s supposed to do, and you end up with type-2 diabetes.”

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2) Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm

  Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, its action, or both. […] Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body’s needs), production of defective insulin (uncommon), or the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and diabetes. […] The absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in type 1 diabetes. […] In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds to the process of elevated blood sugars.

• #2 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  DiabetesHealthMedical SciencesResearch Oxford Research reveals high blood glucose reprograms the metabolism of pancreatic beta-cells in diabetes. […] Glucose metabolites (chemicals produced when glucose is broken down by cells), rather than glucose itself, have been discovered to be key to the progression of type 2 diabetes. […] Now a new study led by Dr Elizabeth Haythorne and Professor Frances Ashcroft of the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford has revealed how chronic hyperglycaemia causes beta-cell failure. […] Importantly, they also demonstrated that beta-cell failure caused by chronic hyperglycaemia can be prevented by slowing the rate of glucose metabolism. […] Previous work from the Oxford team has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia damages the ability of the beta-cell to produce insulin and to release it when blood glucose levels rise.

• #2 Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10189-x

  We find that both diabetes and hyperglycaemia cause striking changes in metabolism in pancreatic -cells. […] Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for the impaired metabolism and insulin secretion produced by chronic hyperglycaemia and diabetes. […] We propose that altered -cell metabolism may be the crucial event that drives diabetes progression. […] Diabetes dramatically impaired glucose-stimulated mitochondrial metabolism in V59M islets, as evidenced by abrogation of the glucose-stimulated increases in NADH, ATP and oxygen consumption and the marked changes in gene/protein expression. […] Our data suggest that hyperglycaemia alone may be sufficient to drive these changes, as FA levels are not elevated in V59M mice. […] Our studies suggest that hyperglycaemia impairs mitochondrial metabolism and reduces the glucose-induced increase in ATP that is required for insulin secretion.

• #2 Type 2 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  Type 2 diabetes develops over an extended period, often without the affected individuals experiencing any symptoms of the disease. Researchers are actively investigating the causes and reasons behind the development of type 2 diabetes. Apart from genetic predisposition, an unhealthy lifestyle with factors such as being overweight, lack of physical activity, and poor nutrition plays a role. […] Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing the disease compared to those without a genetic predisposition. […] In addition to genetic predisposition, an unhealthy lifestyle often contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. This includes factors such as a high-calorie, low-fiber diet, lack of physical activity, being overweight especially in the abdominal region and smoking. […] The development of insulin resistance is influenced by genetic predisposition in the family, as well as certain lifestyle habits, such as lack of physical activity, unhealthy and high-calorie diet, and being overweight specifically in the abdominal region.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it. […] Youre more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes if you: Have a family history of Type 2 diabetes (biological parent or sibling), Are older than 45, Have overweight or obesity (a BMI greater than 25), Are physically active less than three times a week, Are Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American or Pacific Islander, Had gestational diabetes while pregnant, Have high blood pressure and/or high cholesterol, Have prediabetes, Have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). […] Certain strategies can help lower your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes or delay its onset, including: Exercising regularly (at least 150 minutes a week), Maintaining a weight thats healthy for you, Eating nutritious food, Not smoking. […] Unfortunately, some people have such strong genetic risk factors that even lifestyle changes arent enough to prevent developing T2D.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  A number of variants in mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been proposed as an etiologic factor for a small percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that depression is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Schizophrenia has been linked to the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] A population-based, retrospective cohort study of 1,010,068 pregnant women examined the association between preeclampsia and gestational hypertension during pregnancy and the risk of developing diabetes post partum. […] Evidence exists that COVID-19 may actually lead to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

• #2 What causes type 2 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/causes

  Type 2 diabetes is high blood sugar levels caused by a lack of a hormone called insulin. Either your body isnt making enough or the insulin it makes doesnt work properly. This is sometimes called insulin resistance. […] The main causes of type 2 diabetes are: Living with obesity or overweight. Your waist measurement is unhealthy for your gender or ethnicity. Too much fat stored in or around your liver and pancreas which can affect people of a healthy weight as well as people living with obesity or overweight. Other factors that put you at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes include high blood pressure, age, ethnicity and family history. We call them the risk factors of type 2 diabetes. […] If you live with obesity or overweight, its harder for your body to manage the levels of sugar in your blood, and having a high waist measurement means youre more at risk of insulin resistance. Our research has linked type 2 diabetes with fat surrounding the liver and pancreas.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals) […] The genetics of type 2 diabetes are complex and not completely understood. Evidence supports the involvement of multiple genes in pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance.

• #2 What Causes Type 2 Diabetes? Risk Factors, Lifestyle, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-causes

  Not everyone with type 2 diabetes is overweight, but obesity and an inactive lifestyle are two of the most common causes of type 2 diabetes. These things are responsible for about 90%-95% of diabetes cases in the U.S. […] The two main causes of type 2 diabetes are carrying excess weight — especially in your belly — and not getting enough exercise. […] When you’re overweight, you’re at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. This is especially true if your extra weight is in your belly. Extra weight leads to insulin resistance and dysfunction of specific cells in your body. […] Studies have found that eating lots of red meat, sweets, and fried food can lead to insulin resistance. Eating too much of these foods also contributes to weight gain, which increases your chances of diabetes. […] Most people with metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance.

• #2 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/diabetes-mellitus

  Diabetes is a disease caused by the dysfunction of the insulin signaling pathway within the cells. […] Type II diabetes is due to insulin resistance and eventual fall in insulin production. […] Type II diabetes is the most common. It has genetic components but is mainly caused by our lifestyle, for example, too much sugar and starch, ultra-processed food, being overweight, central obesity, less physical activity, physical inactivity, etc. […] Although type I diabetes is not preventable, type II diabetes eminently is. Many studies show that diabetes incidence is lower significantly when people at risk of diabetes regularly exercise in tandem with strict diets until they lose 7-10% of body weight. […] In the past, diabetes treatments were limited to blood sugar control and reduction of complications only; curability was out of reach. Today, ongoing research yielded a treatment modality that can cure diabetes permanently, especially in newly diagnosed patients. The method is bariatric surgery for obese diabetic patients. Bariatric surgery not only helps with weight loss but can also permanently cures diabetes for many patients. However, not everyone is suitable for the procedure due to postoperative side effects. Therefore, it is selectively performed on certain patients when the benefits outweigh the risks.

• #2 Diabetes Risk Factors | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/understand-your-risk-for-diabetes

  Gestational diabetes: If you developed diabetes during pregnancy, you are at increased risk of developing diabetes again later in life. […] You can — and should — do something about your modifiable risk factors. You can reduce your risk for diabetes or delay its development by making healthy changes: Weight: Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes. […] Physical inactivity is a key modifiable risk factor for prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity helps lower insulin resistance. […] In addition to causing damage to the cardiovascular system, untreated high blood pressure has been linked to complications from diabetes. […] If you smoke, there are a number of tools, medications and online resources that you can use to help you quit. […] Taking proactive steps now can prevent or delay the development of diabetes and improve your quality of life.

• #2 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. […] A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet such as Western Pattern Diet, stress, and urbanization. […] Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect. […] Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body’s tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. […] Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function.

• #2 Diabetes Causes: How Do You Get Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes-causes

  According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases as you age. […] Excess body fat may cause insulin resistance in some people due to the inflammation that fatty tissue can cause. […] A diet low in nutrition may contribute to developing type 2 diabetes. A diet high in calories, fats, and cholesterol can increase your bodys resistance to insulin. […] Although rare, certain hormonal conditions can lead to diabetes. These conditions can sometimes cause insulin resistance.

• #2 Diabetes Risk Factors | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/understand-your-risk-for-diabetes

  In the U.S., about 97.6 million adults age 18-64 and 27.2 million adults age 65 or older have prediabetes, and many people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their condition. […] Some diabetes risk factors can be controlled by lifestyle choices. These are called modifiable risk factors. Those that you can’t change are non-modifiable risk factors. […] Risk factors that increase your risk for developing prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes that can’t be changed are: Family history: The risk of diabetes is increased if your parents or siblings have the disease. […] Race or ethnic background: If you are a Black American, Asian American, Latino/Hispanic American, Native American or of Pacific-Islander, you have a greater chance of developing diabetes. […] Age: The older you are, the higher your risk for prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes generally occurs in middle-aged adults, most frequently after age 45. But health care professionals are diagnosing more and more children and adolescents with Type 2 diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes

  Gestational diabetes occurs as the result of hormonal changes during pregnancy. The placenta produces hormones that make a pregnant persons cells less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This can cause high blood sugar during pregnancy. […] Both genes and environmental factors play a role in triggering diabetes. […] Some types of diabetes like types 1 and 1.5 are caused by factors that are out of your control. Others like type 2 can be prevented by making better food choices, increasing activity, and losing weight.

• #2 Gestational Diabetes-Causes & Treatment | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/pregnancy/gestational-diabetes

  The exact cause of GDM is unclear and there’s a lot we don’t know. […] But we do know that the placenta’s hormones, which support the baby’s growth, can sometimes block the mother’s insulin, leading to insulin resistance. […] If the body can’t produce enough insulin during pregnancy, glucose remains in the blood, leading to high blood glucose (blood sugar). […] Women with a history of GDM have an increased risk for recurrent diabetes in subsequent pregnancies and a 10-fold risk of developing type 2 diabetes (compared to women without GDM).

• #2 Diabetes Risk Factors | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/index.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). […] Known risk factors include: Family history: Having a parent, brother, or sister with type 1 diabetes. […] In the United States, White people are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than African American and Hispanic or Latino people. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes share almost all of the same risk factors. […] You’re at risk for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes if you: Have overweight or obesity. […] Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But having a history of gestational diabetes increases your risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Some risk factors like age and family medical history can’t be helped.

• #2 Rare Forms of Diabetes | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/rare-forms-of-diabetes/

  While type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes are the most common forms of diabetes diagnosis, other types of diabetes are just as important. About 1.5-2% of people live with rare forms of diabetes, which can be grouped into nine categories. […] Although less common, these types of diabetes still pose a significant health threat. By understanding them, we can better support those affected by this condition. […] Alstrm Syndrome is an incurable rare genetic disorder that can cause type 2 diabetes. […] LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) is a form of type 1 diabetes that develops in adulthood and progresses at a slower pace than type 1 diabetes. […] MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) is a rare genetic form of diabetes that usually develops before age 25 as a result of gene mutations.

• #2 MODY Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diabetes-mody

  MODY is a monogenic disease. This means it is caused by a single gene mutation. […] A number of different gene mutations can cause MODY. If you have a family member with MODY, you have an increased risk for the condition. […] While type 2 diabetes and MODY can both run in families, individuals diagnosed with MODY often have a family history of diabetes in successive generations: meaning MODY is present in a grandparent, parent and child. […] MODY is caused by a genetic mutation passed on through the family. Theres currently no way to prevent or cure it, but it can be managed, and predicted. Knowledge is power.

• #2 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough of the hormone insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to insulin’s effects. […] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas, preventing the production of insulin. […] Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning the cells do not respond effectively to it, and thus, glucose remains in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the cells. […] Additionally, diabetes can also result from other specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases affecting the pancreas (such as pancreatitis), or the use of certain medications and chemicals (such as glucocorticoids, other specific drugs and after organ transplantation).

• #2 Rare Forms of Diabetes | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/rare-forms-of-diabetes/

  Secondary diabetes develops due to other medical conditions or medications, such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis or corticosteroid use. […] Steroid-induced diabetes can develop in some people who take steroids and is more common in people at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. […] Type 3c diabetes describes a possible link between Alzheimers disease and insulin resistance, suggesting that Alzheimers could be a form of diabetes. However, this form of diabetes does not have official recognition. […] Wolfram Syndrome is an incurable rare genetic disorder that causes diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and deafness. Another name for this disorder is DIDMOAD.

• #2 Causes of Diabetes – What Causes Diabetes?

  https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-causes.html

  Underlying genetic disposition may also be a type 1 diabetes cause. […] Type 2 diabetes causes are usually multifactorial more than one diabetes cause is involved. Often, the most overwhelming factor is a family history of type 2 diabetes. This is the most likely type 2 diabetes cause. […] Other type 2 diabetes causes such as pregnancy or illness can be type 2 diabetes risk factors. […] The causes of diabetes in pregnancy also known as gestational diabetes remain unknown. However, there are a number of risk factors that increase the chances of developing this condition: […] Causes of gestational diabetes may also be related to ethnicity some ethnic groups have a higher risk of gestational diabetes. […] There are a variety of other potential diabetes causes. These include the following: Pancreatitis or pancreatectomy as a cause of diabetes. Pancreatitis is known to increase the risk of developing diabetes, as is a pancreatectomy. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). One of the root causes of PCOS is obesity-linked insulin resistance, which may also increase the risk of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Cushings syndrome. This syndrome increases production of the cortisol hormone, which serves to increased blood glucose levels. An over-abundance of cortisol can cause diabetes. Glucagonoma. Patients with glucagonoma may experience diabetes because of a lack of equilibrium between levels of insulin production and glucagon production. Steroid induced diabetes (steroid diabetes) is a rare form of diabetes that occurs due to prolonged use of glucocorticoid therapy.

• #2 Most Common Causes of Diabetes | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/health-care/patient-advice/slideshows/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes

  What Are the Causes of Diabetes? […] Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease and isn’t preventable. This means your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body. […] Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults, although a growing number of children and young adults are getting diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. […] It’s not always clear what causes Type 1 diabetes. However, there are some potential triggers for the development of it, including a family history of Type 1 diabetes and viral infections. […] Type 1 diabetes is not associated with dietary or lifestyle patterns, says certified diabetes care and education specialist Carrie Swift, who is a spokesperson for the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists and a quality coordinator at Kadlec Regional Medical Center in Richland, Washington.

• #2 What Causes Type 2 Diabetes? Risk Factors, Lifestyle, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-causes

  Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which puts them at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Some medicines you take for other conditions can make your blood sugar spike. […] Gestational diabetes does raise your risk of having type 2 diabetes in the future. […] If you smoke cigarettes, you’re 30%-40% more likely to develop diabetes than a nonsmoker. […] If you don’t get enough sleep, your body may not be sensitive enough to insulin. […] Type 2 diabetes is believed to have a strong genetic link, meaning that it tends to run in families. […] Research shows this is a top reason for type 2 diabetes. […] Drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to diabetes, though the relationship isn’t entirely clear. […] The risk of type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly around age 45 and rises considerably after age 65. […] Lifestyle issues can play a role in your diabetes risk. If you’re not physically active, your risk goes up. Your risk also is increased if your diet is high in fat and simple carbohydrates.

• #2 Diabetes | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/diabetes/

  Diabetes causes injury to small blood vessels throughout the body. Small blood vessels in the kidney are often involved. This causes protein to spill into the urine. One type of protein, albumin, is detected in the urine even during early, mild kidney disease. If progressive chronic disease develops in kidney blood vessels, the kidneys cannot function normally and kidney failure develops. […] Diabetes also can cause progressive scarring of glomeruli. This is called glomerulosclerosis. This scarring often produces nodules (lumps) of scar in the glomeruli and thus is called nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis. […] Diabetes also causes scarring in the walls of arteries and arterioles in the kidneys and other tissues. Arterioles are the smallest arteries that connect to capillaries. Arteries and arterioles bring blood carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body. Sclerosis is scarring in the blood vessel wall that causes thickening of the wall and narrowing of the opening through which blood flows. Diabetes causes scarring of arteries and arterioles. When this happens, not enough oxygen reaches the tissue and injury results. This can injure many tissues. The heart, eyes, skin, nerves and kidneys can be affected.

• #2 Diabetes and Hypertension – Diabetes Resource Center | NewYork-Prebsyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/diabetes-and-endocrinology/diabetes-resource-center/diabetes-and-hypertension

  There is a strong connection between diabetes and hypertension, explains Jai Radhakrishnan, MD, Director of Clinical Services of the Nephrology Division and Co-Director of the Hypertension Center at Columbia University Medical Center. […] Diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure in the US, and one third of diabetics develop kidney disease, says Dr. Radhakrishnan. […] Diabetes causes damage by scarring the kidneys, which in turn leads to salt and water retention, which in turn raises blood pressure. […] Over time, diabetes damages the small blood vessels, causing the walls of the blood vessels to stiffen and function improperly. […] People with both diabetes and hypertension have approximately twice the risk of heart attack and stroke as nondiabetic people with hypertension.

• #2 Diabetes

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/

  Diabetes is a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high. […] There are 2 main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes a lifelong condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin […] type 2 diabetes where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells do not react to insulin properly. […] Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. […] High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes. […] Many people have blood sugar levels above the normal range, but not high enough to be diagnosed as having diabetes. This is known as non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, or pre-diabetes. […] People with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but the risk can be reduced through lifestyle changes.

• #2 Diabetes

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/

  do not have a healthy diet […] have a family history of type 2 diabetes […] are of Asian, Black African or African Caribbean origin […] take certain medicines such as steroids for a long time […] have high blood pressure […] have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy. […] Type 2 diabetes can get worse over time and people living with type 2 diabetes often need medicine, usually in the form of tablets or injections. […] However, some people can put their type 2 diabetes into remission by losing weight, where their blood sugar is reduced below the diabetes range.

• #2 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  The teams new study is important because it shows that a breakdown product of glucose metabolism, rather than glucose itself, is what causes the failure of beta-cells to release insulin in diabetes. […] Crucially, the team found that blocking an enzyme called glucokinase, which regulates the first step in glucose metabolism, could prevent the gene changes taking place and maintain glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even in the presence of chronic hyperglycaemia. […] Our data suggests that glucokinase activators could have an adverse effect and, somewhat counter-intuitively, that a glucokinase inhibitor might be a better strategy to treat T2D.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Diabetes causes blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. […] In 2021, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and 47% of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. […] Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  Certain disorders and medications can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Diabetes also may occur in people with excess production of growth hormone (acromegaly) and in people with certain hormone-secreting tumors. […] Because diabetes eventually affects blood vessels throughout the body, people with diabetes are likely to develop complications related to problems with blood vessels. […] Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle changes. People who have overweight and lose as little as 7 percent of their body weight and who increase physical activity (for example, walking 30 minutes per day) can decrease their risk of diabetes mellitus by more than 50%.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes Australiachevron

  https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  The most common ways people have achieved remission is by achieving substantial weight loss following very intensive dietary changes or through bariatric surgery. […] Remission does not mean type 2 diabetes is cured or reversed – it simply means that people have blood glucose levels below the type 2 diabetes levels.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  Type 1 diabetes happens when the body cannot make enough of the hormone insulin. […] However, with type 1 diabetes, the immune system becomes confused; it mistakenly attacks and destroys these beta cells, treating them as if they were harmful germs. […] Having ketones in the urine or coming into the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), where ketone levels have built up to dangerously high levels, strongly suggests type 1 diabetes. […] For a child diagnosed with diabetes, islet autoantibodies indicate type 1 diabetes. […] While type 1 diabetes cannot yet be fully prevented, newer medications can help delay its onset in certain high-risk individuals. […] It works by targeting specific immune cells responsible for attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, helping to slow progression of the disease.

• #3 Diabetes: Definition, Causes and Symptoms – DaVita

  http://www.davita.com/education/kidney-disease/risk-factors/diabetes

  Diabetes is a disease that affects your bodys ability to produce or use insulin. […] Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune response. The bodys immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. […] Genetics, lifestyle and environment can be causes of diabetes. Eating an unhealthy diet, being overweight or obese and not exercising enough may play a role in developing diabetes, particularly Type 2 diabetes.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-1-diabetes.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, called beta cells. This process can go on for months or years before any symptoms appear. […] Some people have certain genes (traits passed on from parent to child) that increase their chance of developing type 1 diabetes. However, many of them won’t go on to have type 1 diabetes even if they have the genes. A trigger in the environment, such as a virus, may also play a part in developing type 1 diabetes. Diet and lifestyle habits don’t cause type 1 diabetes.

• #3 Most Common Causes of Diabetes | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/health-care/patient-advice/slideshows/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes

  Too little physical activity can also increase your chance of developing diabetes, according to the CDC. […] Age by itself doesn’t cause Type 2 diabetes, but changes that occur as you age can raise your risk of developing it, Palinski-Wade says. […] If you’re overweight or obese, you have a greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes. […] Beyond the usual genetic, food and weight-related causes of diabetes, there are other possible causes. […] Two additional and less common diabetes causes include: […] A small percentage of people who have had COVID-19 have developed diabetes. […] Researchers are still exploring the link between diabetes that develops after COVID-19 infection. […] Causes of diabetes: […] Genetics. […] Race/ethnicity. […] Poor food choices. […] Age. […] Being overweight or obese. […] Lack of physical activity. […] Inflammation in the pancreas.

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