Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon – to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. […] Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. […] The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). […] T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. […] The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments. […] Nursing Diagnosis includes Altered health maintenance, Risk for impaired skin integrity, Risk for infection, and Risk for anxiety.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-2/

  Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance. As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise globally, it is crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, to provide comprehensive care to individuals with diabetes. This blog post will outline the essential components of nursing care for diabetes mellitus, including nursing assessment, nursing diagnosis, and planning, to promote optimal patient management and improve overall health outcomes. […] A comprehensive nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for individuals with diabetes mellitus. It involves gathering relevant information about the patients medical history, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors. Key components of the nursing assessment for diabetes mellitus include:

• #1 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOop-cOLAKZxsgeM1KsS_0K63z3PhpG2h4ZyYUeh3isKRkVfmbmyE

  Diabetes leads to a range of complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy, making it a significant public health concern. Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] Educate on blood glucose monitoring. Teach patients how to check their glucose levels, interpret the results, and adjust their diet or medications accordingly. […] Emphasize the importance of regular medical checkups to watch for long-term complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Management – Nexus Nursing

  https://nexusnursinginstitute.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-management/

  Each of these components is essential for delivering comprehensive care that addresses the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of the patient. […] The first step in creating a nursing care plan for diabetes management is to conduct a thorough assessment. This involves collecting data about the patients health status, medical history, lifestyle, and risk factors that may influence their diabetes management. […] After the assessment, nurses formulate nursing diagnoses that identify the specific problems or potential complications related to diabetes management. Nursing diagnoses provide a framework for determining the most appropriate interventions. […] Once the nursing diagnosis is identified, the next step is to establish goals and outcomes for the patient. These goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound). The goals aim to address the nursing diagnoses and improve the patients overall health and quality of life.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of diabetes mellitus, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The patient will consistently maintain blood glucose readings of less than 180 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose levels of less than 140 mg/dL, and a hemoglobin A1C level below 7%. Additionally, the patient will demonstrate understanding of key factors that can impact glucose stability. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with diabetes may include: Providing Patient Education on Diabetes Management. To ensure successful diabetes care, a systematic approach is needed, including high-quality diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and management guide to provide effective care for patients experiencing diabetes mellitus. Gain valuable insights on nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis specifically tailored for patients with diabetes mellitus in this guide. […] Nursing care planning goals for patients with diabetes include effective treatment to normalize blood glucose levels and decrease complications using insulin replacement, a balanced diet, and exercise. The nurse should stress the importance of complying with the prescribed treatment program through comprehensive diabetes education. Tailor your teaching to the patients needs, abilities, and developmental stage. Stress the effect of blood glucose control on long-term health. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with diabetes: Glycemic control. Managing and maintaining blood glucose levels through medication, diet, and lifestyle modifications. Education and self-management. Providing patient education on diabetes management, including medication administration, monitoring blood glucose levels, meal planning, exercise, and recognizing signs of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Preventing potential complications. Addressing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathies common among patients with diabetes. Weight management. Promoting a healthy weight through appropriate nutrition and physical activity, considering individual needs and comorbidities. Foot care. Ensuring proper foot hygiene, regular inspection, and addressing any signs of neuropathy or foot ulcers to prevent diabetic foot complications.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Management – Nexus Nursing

  https://nexusnursinginstitute.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-management/

  Nursing interventions are the actions taken by nurses to achieve the established goals and improve the patients health outcomes. These interventions are designed to help the patient manage their diabetes, prevent complications, and improve their overall quality of life. […] The final step in the nursing care plan is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions and determine whether the goals have been met. Evaluation involves comparing the patients current health status with the desired outcomes and making adjustments to the care plan as necessary. […] Managing diabetes requires a comprehensive and individualized nursing care plan that addresses all aspects of the patients health, including blood sugar control, diet, physical activity, and education on self-management. Nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand their condition, adhere to treatment plans, and prevent complications.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-mellitus

  Implement regular blood glucose monitoring, considering individualized target levels for each patient. […] Provide individualized nutritional education, emphasizing dietary changes tailored to the patients preferences, cultural background, and lifestyle. Discuss portion control, carbohydrate counting, and the impact of food choices on blood glucose levels. […] Instruct patients on the importance of regular foot monitoring to identify early signs of neuropathy or circulatory issues, and checking for wounds or infection. Emphasize proper foot care practices, including daily inspections, wearing comfortable shoes, and seeking prompt medical attention for any foot or toenail abnormalities. […] Educate patients on the significance of maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular physical activity. Collaborate with dietitians and fitness professionals to tailor plans based on individual preferences and capabilities. […] To check if the treatment for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is working and to keep improving it.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diabetes-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with diabetes are susceptible to unstable glucose levels related to insufficient knowledge or poor disease management. […] Diabetes requires adhering to a diabetic diet; reducing carbohydrates, processed foods, and sugar. The patient may need education on how carbohydrates (pasta, bread, rice) become glucose once digested. Instruct on increasing fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. […] Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programs reduce hospital admissions and complications related to DM. DSMES programs improve health outcomes by increasing self-efficacy, coping, healthy eating, exercise, and quality of life.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-2/

  Based on the nursing assessment findings, nurses can develop appropriate diagnoses that address the specific needs and potential problems faced by individuals with diabetes mellitus. Some common nursing diagnoses for diabetes may include: […] Once nursing diagnoses are identified, a comprehensive nursing care plan can be developed to address the individual needs of patients with diabetes mellitus. Nursing planning involves setting realistic goals and selecting appropriate nursing interventions. Examples of nursing interventions may include: […] Providing individualized diabetes education, including diet modifications, exercise recommendations, and medication management. […] Assisting patients in developing coping strategies to manage the psychosocial impact of living with diabetes. […] Implementing preventive measures to minimize the risk of complications, such as foot care education and regular eye examinations.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  Educate the patient on the significance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) testing and its interpretation. Understanding the concept and interpretation of HbA1C testing empowers the patient to comprehend their long-term glucose control. […] Regularly evaluate self-care skills, such as insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and diet planning, especially in patients with deteriorating vision and memory. […] Regular exercise is essential in diabetes management as it helps lower blood glucose levels, improve insulin utilization, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. […] Monitor blood glucose levels closely during periods of physiologic stress, such as infections or surgery. […] Administer insulin therapy as prescribed, usually through continuous intravenous infusion, to reverse acidosis and promote glucose utilization. […] Educate the patient and their family/caregivers about sick day rules for managing diabetes during illness, emphasizing the importance of never eliminating insulin doses when experiencing nausea or vomiting.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gestational-diabetes/treatment/

  If you have gestational diabetes, the chances of having problems with the pregnancy can be reduced by controlling your blood sugar (glucose) levels. […] You’ll also need to be more closely monitored during pregnancy and labour to check if treatment is working and for any problems. […] Making changes to your diet can help control your blood sugar levels. […] You should be referred to a dietitian, who can give you advice about your diet and how to plan healthy meals. […] Physical activity lowers your blood glucose level, so regular exercise can be an effective way to manage gestational diabetes. […] You may be given medicine if your blood sugar levels are still not stable 1 to 2 weeks after changing your diet and exercising regularly, or if your blood sugar level is very high when you’re first diagnosed.

• #1 Diabetes care: 10 ways to avoid complications

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20045803

  Diabetes care is a lifelong responsibility. Consider 10 strategies to prevent diabetes complications. […] Following your diabetes treatment plan takes round-the-clock commitment. But your efforts are worthwhile. Careful diabetes care can reduce your risk of serious even life-threatening complications. […] Here are 10 ways to take an active role in your diabetes care and enjoy a healthier future. […] Members of your diabetes care team primary care provider, diabetes care and education specialist, and dietitian, for example can help you learn the basics of diabetes care and offer support along the way. But it’s up to you to manage your condition. […] Monitor your blood sugar, and follow your health care provider’s instructions for managing your blood sugar level. Take your medications as directed by your health care provider. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-2/

  Educating patients about the importance of adhering to prescribed medications and the potential side effects. […] Conducting regular assessments of foot health, emphasizing the importance of proper foot care and early detection of ulcers or infections. […] Providing counseling and emotional support to address fears, anxiety, and depression associated with diabetes management. […] Scheduling regular follow-up appointments to assess progress, review treatment plans, and adjust interventions as necessary.

• #1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  The ADA recommends regular blood pressure screening for diabetics, with the goal being 130 mmHg systolic blood pressure and 85 mmHg diastolic blood pressure. […] Since DM is a complex disease, it requires an interprofessional approach to management. […] Many diabetic educators are nurses who have extensive additional training in DM education and have more time for individualized education.

• #1 Hyperglycemia Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan: Symptoms, Interventions & Management

  https://simplenursing.com/hyperglycemia-nursing-care-plan/

  Hyperglycemia involves elevated blood glucose levels, often associated with diabetes mellitus. […] A proper hyperglycemia nursing diagnosis helps catch the issue early and kickstart the right interventions before complications occur. […] Immediate management is important to prevent acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and long-term complications like cardiovascular disease. […] Knowing the difference between low and high blood sugar is critical for safe patient care. […] Whether creating a nursing care plan on hyperglycemia or identifying the right nursing diagnosis for hypoglycemia, recognizing the symptoms on both ends of the spectrum can make all the difference in treatment and outcomes. […] Here are the most common culprits nurses should watch for. […] People living with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are at inherent risk for hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

• #1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  The physiology and treatment of diabetes are complex and require a multitude of interventions for successful disease management. […] Diabetic education and patient engagement are critical in management. […] Nurses also play a critical role in the acute care of DM, especially aiding the hospital team in the identification and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome in home and hospital settings, which are life-threatening complications of DM. […] Patients need to be educated on the importance of checking blood glucose levels more frequently when they are sick or stressed. […] All patients with DM and neuropathy should wear supportive footwear and check their feet for wounds daily. […] Regular diabetic retinal exams should be performed by qualified medical personnel to assess for diabetic retinopathy.

• #1 Your Diabetes Care Team | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/diabetes-doctors.html

  Your diabetes care team will include specialists from several health fields. […] They’ll help you prevent or manage specific diabetes-related health problems. […] Look for care team members who respect your needs and preferences. […] The right diabetes care team can set you up for diabetes management success. […] Managing diabetes means managing the health of your whole body. This is why it’s important to have a diabetes care team that includes specialists from different fields. […] With your team, you’ll develop a diabetes management plan to help you stay healthy. Your plan will also help you prevent or delay diabetes-related complications. […] You’ll want to find members for your diabetes care team who listen, support, and respect you. This means having a team that uses your preferences, needs, and values to help guide health decisions. You’re the most important member of your diabetes care team.

• #1 Your Health Care Team| ADA

  https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/diabetes-and-your-health/your-healthcare-team

  It may surprise you to learn that you are the most important member of your diabetes care team. […] You may work with many different kinds of health care providers who are part of your diabetes care team. […] A registered dietitian nutritionist will help you use what you eat and drink as tools for managing your blood glucose. […] Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialists can help you figure out how to manage the things you need to do to take care of your diabetes, in a way that fits with your daily life, routines, environment and family dynamics. […] These professionals can help you deal with the day-to-day challenges of living with diabetes as well as more serious emotional issues. […] Be sure to work with a fitness professional who understands diabetes and the medicine and insulin you are taking that may affect your blood glucose.

• #1 The Influence of Nurse-Led Interventions on Diseases Management in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/3/352

  This article also summarises the outcomes that are measured to evaluate the impact of nursing interventions and the strategies to overcome the existing and emerging challenges for nurses in diabetes care. […] Nurses are in a better position to provide care and education to PWD compared to other healthcare professionals since nurses spend most of their time with patients. […] Diabetes inpatient specialist nurses (DISNs) are highly skilled nurses who can coordinate, educate, counsel, motivate, lead, and help in the care management of PWD in diabetes care. […] The growing rate of T2DM indicates that there is a need for new models of practice and care for T2DM management. […] It has been revealed that with proper training, nurses can efficiently play roles in the management of DM, and present trends have observed a change in the tasks executed by nurses, which were formerly provided by physicians.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568751/

  It is important to note that insulin requirements vary across the lifespan and under specific circumstances. For example, larger insulin doses are normally required during puberty, pregnancy, when steroids are given, and with the development of obesity. […] Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are extremely useful tools for people with T1DM. Sensors are inserted into the subcutaneous tissue and measure interstitial glucose levels, which are transmitted to a receiver and displayed in real time. […] In addition to insulin therapy, diet, and physical activity, individuals with T1DM should generally have an annual eye exam by an eye care specialist. […] The critical factor in preventing complications is patient compliance with their medications and follow-up with specialists and educators. Patients need to understand their disease, how to monitor glucose, and the importance of medication compliance. […] Type 1 diabetes is a systemic disorder with diverse presentations and very high morbidity; for this reason, the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team of healthcare professionals.

• #1

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/

  An insulin pump, like a healthy pancreas, delivers one type of insulin. You can use personalized settings on your insulin pump to deliver insulin continuously (basal) or in larger doses for meals (bolus). […] The Tandem Mobi insulin pump with interoperable technology (the pump) is intended for the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, at set and variable rates, for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons requiring insulin. […] The t:slim X2 insulin pump with interoperable technology (the pump) is intended for the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, at set and variable rates, for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons requiring insulin. […] Control-IQ+ technology is intended for use with compatible integrated continuous glucose monitors (iCGM, sold separately) and alternate controller enabled (ACE) pumps to automatically increase, decrease, and suspend delivery of basal insulin based on iCGM readings and predicted glucose values. It can also deliver correction boluses when the glucose value is predicted to exceed a predefined threshold. Control-IQ+ technology is intended for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in persons 2 years of age and greater and of type 2 diabetes mellitus in persons 18 years of age and greater.

• #1 Diabetes Nursing: Patient Education & Clinical Management

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/types-of-nursing/diabetes-nursing/

  Some studies suggest that the effective management of diabetes can reduce the risk of complications by up to 60%. This underlines the importance of using your diabetes nursing education to provide excellent patient care. […] As a nurse specializing in diabetes, your role extends beyond general patient care to include education. Teaching patients about their condition, how to manage it, and the possible complications can drastically improve their quality of life. […] Broadening your knowledge base through education is critical for enhancing diabetes management in nursing. Continual learning helps you stay updated on new techniques, treatments, and technologies in diabetes care. […] Diabetes nursing involves multiple facets patient care, personalised treatment design, timely interventions, an understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes, and knowledge of the various pharmacological treatment methods for diabetes.

• #1 Diabetes management: How lifestyle, daily routine affect blood sugar

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20047963

  Exercise is another important part of managing diabetes. When you move and get active, your muscles use blood sugar for energy. Regular physical activity also helps your body use insulin better. […] Insulin and other diabetes medicines are designed to lower blood sugar levels when diet and exercise alone don’t help enough. How well these medicines work depends on the timing and size of the dose. Medicines you take for conditions other than diabetes also can affect your blood sugar levels. […] With diabetes, it’s important to be prepared for times of illness. When you’re sick, your body makes stress-related hormones that help fight the illness. But those hormones also can raise your blood sugar. Changes in your appetite and usual activity also may affect your blood sugar level. […] It’s risky for some people with diabetes to drink alcohol. Alcohol can lead to low blood sugar shortly after you drink it and for hours afterward. The liver usually releases stored sugar to offset falling blood sugar levels. But if your liver is processing alcohol, it may not give your blood sugar the needed boost.

• #1 Your Health Care Team| ADA

  https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/diabetes-and-your-health/your-healthcare-team

• #1 Blood Glucose | Blood Sugar | Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html

  Low blood glucose levels can be common in people with type 1 diabetes and people with type 2 diabetes who take certain diabetes medicines. If you think you may have low blood glucose, check your level, even if you don’t have symptoms. Low blood glucose can be dangerous and should be treated as soon as possible.

• #1 Your Health Care Team| ADA

  https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/diabetes-and-your-health/your-healthcare-team

• #1 British Journal of Community Nursing – Nursing interventions for people with type 1 diabetes and frequent hypoglycaemia

  https://www.britishjournalofcommunitynursing.com/content/long-term-conditions/nursing-interventions-for-people-with-type-1-diabetes-and-frequent-hypoglycaemia/

  Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition which affects all age ranges, for reasons unknown, and the UK has one of the highest incidences of this complex condition in the world. […] People with diabetes need to achieve a target glyosylated haemoglobin level to avoid macro- and microvascular complications, but there is the associated risk of hypoglycaemic events. […] This case study explores the nursing interventions that can be safely worked through and prioritised, within the community setting, to allow people with diabetes to be safe from severe hypoglycaemia, thus improving their quality of life and safety, as well as reducing costs for the NHS. […] Specialist care for those with type 1 diabetes is accessed locally when specific specialist care input is needed, such as in cases of frequent hypoglycaemia or impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia, complex long-term complications, insulin pump therapy, recurrent secondary care admissions, pre-conceptional care and pregnancy.

• #1 Diabetes Care – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/diabetes

  Diabetes care is centred around the person living with diabetes. It includes an individualized management plan developed by the person with diabetes, their family/caregivers and primary care provider(s). […] The focus of glycemic goals is on achieving target A1C levels and on minimizing symptomatic hyper- and hypoglycemia. Glycemic targets are individualized based on the persons age, duration of diabetes, risk of hypoglycemia, cardiovascular disease presence, and life expectancy. […] Hypoglycemia can be a serious complication of therapy. Use less stringent glycemic targets in patients at risk of hypoglycemia. […] People with diabetes will benefit from healthy behaviour education and interventions, including regular physical activity (i.e., at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and two sessions of resistance training per week, if not contraindicated), sustained weight loss of 5% of initial body weight for individuals with obesity, and smoking cessation.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plan Template & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plan

  Care plans aim to prevent further deterioration of blood vessels and improve quality of life while monitoring conditions like high blood pressure. […] For patients undergoing surgery or experiencing hospitalization, a structured care plan is vital for managing blood glucose fluctuations and ensuring optimal insulin pump therapy or insulin injection administration during recovery. […] The template provides a structured framework to assess the patient’s overall condition, including current blood glucose levels and factors contributing to high blood sugar. […] This includes recommendations for a balanced diet, lifestyle modifications, and strategies to monitor blood pressure, ensuring holistic management of diabetes. […] The template facilitates the identification and management of complications related to diabetes, including those arising from absolute insulin deficiency or relative insulin deficiency.

• #1 ‘Personalised diabetes care is about making sure that every patient feels heard’ | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/diabetes/personalised-diabetes-care-is-about-making-sure-that-every-patient-feels-heard-08-05-2025/

  My priority has always been ensuring that patients with diabetes receive the support they need to live healthier, fuller lives. […] Managing diabetes is a daily challenge that affects so many aspects of a persons wellbeing. […] This means taking the time to understand patients specific concerns, their lifestyles and their existing management strategies. […] Person-centred care ensures that each patient receives tailored support before surgery. […] For diabetes specialist nurses, a structured, individualised approach enables more efficient workload management, reducing last-minute crises and ensuring continuity of care. […] For patients, personalised support enhances confidence and self-management skills, reducing anxiety and hospital stays. […] Our ultimate vision is to ensure that all patients with diabetes receive proactive, personalised support long before their surgery date. […] I truly believe that, by continuing to focus on the individual needs of our patients, we can make a lasting difference in their lives.

• #1 The Influence of Nurse-Led Interventions on Diseases Management in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/3/352

  Nurses play an important role in motivating PWD. Various studies have demonstrated the significance of nurses in providing psychological support to PWD. […] DSNs have a significant contribution in increasing patient satisfaction. […] Indeed, care provided by diabetes inpatient specialist nurses (DISNs) can lead to a reduced length of hospital stay for PWD. […] Increased knowledge regarding DM and greater awareness can lead to shorter hospitalisations. […] Various studies have also observed marked enhancements in diabetes knowledge in the intervention group after educational interventions. […] The introduction of a DISN service also decreased the DM-associated excess bed occupancy in a 6-year study. […] Nurses also play an important role as a collaborator. […] Nurses closely work with PWD to educate, set self-management goals, and also adopt approaches to assist positive self-management behaviours in the areas of active participation, glucose self-monitoring, medication administration, healthy eating, and physical activity for effective coping and to identify DM complications.

• #1 Standards of Care in Diabetes | American Diabetes Association

  https://professional.diabetes.org/standards-of-care

  The Standards of Care in Diabetes (Standards of Care) includes all of current clinical practice recommendations of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and is intended to provide clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and other individuals with the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. […] The recommendations included in the Standards of Care are based on an extensive review of the clinical diabetes literature, supplemented with input from ADA staff and the medical community at large. […] The Standards of Care in Diabetes is updated annually, or more frequently online if new evidence or regulatory changes merit immediate incorporation, and is published in Diabetes Care. […] The 2025 Standards of Care in Diabetes has continued to incorporate person-first and inclusive language. Efforts were made to consistently apply terminology that empowers people with diabetes and recognizes the individual at the center of diabetes care.

• #1 Diabetes Nursing: Patient Education & Clinical Management

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/types-of-nursing/diabetes-nursing/

  Gestational diabetes is a condition that can develop during pregnancy and lead to various complications. As a diabetes nurse, your understanding and assessment ability are critical for early detection and prompt treatment. […] Educating patients is a key part of nursing approach to diabetes management. Patients need to be taught how to check blood glucose levels, role of diet and regular exercise in controlling diabetes, how to administer insulin, and manage signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. […] Recent nursing research emphasizes the significant potential of nurse-led diabetes interventions in hospital settings, importance of comprehensive diabetes self-management education delivered by nurses, and the need of addressing psychological and emotional needs alongside physical health for comprehensive diabetes management.

• #1 To develop online platform and determine its effectiveness in ENHANCING DIABetes knowledge among diabetes patients in primary CARE clinic (Enhancing-Diab-Care Study): Study protocol | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0323102

  The videos will be created from the ground up. All branding logos will be carefully designed to respect intellectual property rights, and the graphics and background music will be sourced from free, authorised channels to avoid copyright concerns. The logos will also be custom-designed to ensure originality. […] Following the completion of the scripts, all experts and patients were invited to participate in the review and finalisation phase. The expert panel comprises two Family Medicine Specialists, an Ophthalmologist, a Pharmacist, two Endocrinologists, a Public Health Specialist, a Rehabilitation Specialist, a Dietician, and a Chinese, a Malay, and an Indian patient. These were two different groups of patients, and the patients were different and did not overlap with the trial patients. They will review the scripts and complete a questionnaire based on the 12 video topics. Each topic will be evaluated on two items: relevance and clarity, using a 3-point scale, modified from the content validity tool, where 1 indicates not relevant or not clear, 2 indicates somewhat relevant or somewhat clear, and 3 indicates highly relevant or highly clear. The content and validity of each video were acceptable, with a score of 0.8. The English version was translated into Malay, Chinese, and Tamil languages by the same group of author, and a pilot study was conducted. A sample of 5 respondents for each language was selected. Some minor grammatical errors and difficult terminology were identified and addressed accordingly. A reliability test was conducted again for the Malay, Chinese, and Tamil languages, and the results were acceptable.

• #1 Your Diabetes Care Schedule | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html

  Blood sugar checks. Check up to several times a day as directed by your doctor. Keep a record of your numbers and share with your health care team during your next visit. […] Diabetes medicines. Take the amount prescribed by your doctor, even when you feel good. […] Doctor visit. If you’re having trouble meeting your treatment goals, visit your doctor every 3 months. Your blood pressure and weight will be checked, and your self-care plan and medicines will be reviewed. Ask your doctor to check your feet if you’ve ever had diabetes-related foot problems. […] A1C test. If you’re meeting your treatment and blood sugar goals, have this test every 6 months. […] Complete foot check (more often if you have ever had diabetes-related foot problems). […] Let your doctor know right away if you’re feeling sad or hopeless so you can get help.

• #1 Diabetes Care – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/diabetes

  This guideline describes the care objectives for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of diabetes mellitus (diabetes or DM in this guideline) in adults aged 19 years. It focuses on the approaches and systems that are ideally in place to improve care for the majority of people, the majority of the time. […] Diabetes care should be holistic and centred around the person living with diabetes. Include an individualized management plan developed by the person with diabetes and their primary care provider(s). […] Goals include reducing microvascular and cardiovascular complication, reducing hyperglycemia and its symptoms, reducing risk and occurrence of hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life. […] The 5 Rs describe the key components to consider when organizing diabetes care in the office or clinic: Recognize, Register, Resource, Relay, and Recall.

• #1 The Influence of Nurse-Led Interventions on Diseases Management in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/3/352

  This review article summarises a number of nursing interventions and roles as educators and motivators as well as caregivers that play important roles in T2DM management. […] Nurse-led clinics for DM management are a new strategy to possibly ameliorate the disease management. […] The primary goal of this care delivery model is to allow individuals to gain access to effective and safe healthcare on time. […] Various studies have confirmed the beneficial outcomes of the role of nurses in ameliorating DM management. […] Nurses help and assist PWD to problem-solve and set goals for effective DM management. […] Nursing interventions also help patients in changing their behaviour for effective DM management. […] Nurses can also play a role as coaches for PWD, since they guide them through the self-management treatment plan.

• #1 Diabetes Care Like You’ve Imagined | Abbott U.S.

  https://www.abbott.com/diabetes.html

  DIABETES CARE LIKE YOU’VE IMAGINED […] THROUGH PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT, WE’RE WORKING TO MAKE DIABETES CARE EASIER THAN EVER. […] Our goal is simple: We want fewer people adversely impacted by diabetes. We’re committed to prevention, diagnosis and management. We’re working to make managing the condition as simple, easy and effective as possible. […] We’re empowering people and their doctors to make better, faster and more informed decisions in ways that can fit easily into their lives. […] It’s important that people with diabetes in the U.S. have access to the latest innovations to effectively manage their condition and help them thrive. […] Why a holistic approach to chronic condition management is vital to long-term success. […] The basics of CGM, how FreeStyle Libre portfolio works and what it means for people living with diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOop-cOLAKZxsgeM1KsS_0K63z3PhpG2h4ZyYUeh3isKRkVfmbmyE

  Diabetes leads to a range of complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy, making it a significant public health concern. Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] Educate on blood glucose monitoring. Teach patients how to check their glucose levels, interpret the results, and adjust their diet or medications accordingly. […] Emphasize the importance of regular medical checkups to watch for long-term complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease.

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diabetes-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to process carbohydrates, fats, and proteins due to the ineffective use of insulin within the body. This results in high blood glucose levels in the bloodstream. […] The first step of nursing care is the nursing assessment, during which the nurse will gather physical, psychosocial, emotional, and diagnostic data. In this section, we will cover subjective and objective data related to diabetes mellitus. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with diabetes mellitus. […] Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of diabetes mellitus, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The patient will consistently maintain blood glucose readings of less than 180 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose levels of less than 140 mg/dL, and a hemoglobin A1C level below 7%. Additionally, the patient will demonstrate understanding of key factors that can impact glucose stability. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with diabetes may include: Providing Patient Education on Diabetes Management. To ensure successful diabetes care, a systematic approach is needed, including high-quality diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).

• #2 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Diabetes

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-diabetes/

  This nursing care plan is for patients who have diabetes. Diabetes is where the body is unable to control blood sugar levels due to either the body not being able to produce enough insulin or because the body is resistant to insulin. A normal blood sugar level ranges between 70-150. […] Uncontrolled diabetes is mostly common caused by patient knowledge deficient of not knowing how to manage their diabetes properly. […] It is the nurses responsibility to educate the patient about diabetes. […] Below is a nursing care plan with diagnosis and nursing interventions/goals for patients with diabetes. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective health maintenance related to demonstration of uncontrolled diabetes and reporting lack of education about diabetes as evidence by high blood sugar and knowledge deficient about controlled diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes/

  Diabetes Nursing Care Plan […] Diabetes can cause long-term damage to the body resulting in multiple complications such as kidney failure, heart disease, blindness, and decreased sensation in the extremities. Careful assessment can evaluate potential secondary conditions with hyper or hypoglycemia. […] The nurse should monitor the client’s blood glucose levels and HbA1C levels. They should also monitor the client’s lipid levels, liver function, kidney function, and electrolyte levels. […] Encourage a healthy lifestyle by promoting physical activity and a balanced diet. […] Educate the client on proper medication management, foot care, and blood glucose monitoring. […] Monitor the client’s progress and adjust the care plan accordingly. […] Maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range […] Prevent complications […] Promote a healthy lifestyle […] Improved glycemic control […] Reduced risk of complications […] Improved quality of life.

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  Educate the patient on the significance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) testing and its interpretation. Understanding the concept and interpretation of HbA1C testing empowers the patient to comprehend their long-term glucose control. […] Regularly evaluate self-care skills, such as insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and diet planning, especially in patients with deteriorating vision and memory. […] Regular exercise is essential in diabetes management as it helps lower blood glucose levels, improve insulin utilization, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. […] Monitor blood glucose levels closely during periods of physiologic stress, such as infections or surgery. […] Administer insulin therapy as prescribed, usually through continuous intravenous infusion, to reverse acidosis and promote glucose utilization. […] Educate the patient and their family/caregivers about sick day rules for managing diabetes during illness, emphasizing the importance of never eliminating insulin doses when experiencing nausea or vomiting.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-2/

  Educating patients about the importance of adhering to prescribed medications and the potential side effects. […] Conducting regular assessments of foot health, emphasizing the importance of proper foot care and early detection of ulcers or infections. […] Providing counseling and emotional support to address fears, anxiety, and depression associated with diabetes management. […] Scheduling regular follow-up appointments to assess progress, review treatment plans, and adjust interventions as necessary.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-mellitus

  Implement regular blood glucose monitoring, considering individualized target levels for each patient. […] Provide individualized nutritional education, emphasizing dietary changes tailored to the patients preferences, cultural background, and lifestyle. Discuss portion control, carbohydrate counting, and the impact of food choices on blood glucose levels. […] Instruct patients on the importance of regular foot monitoring to identify early signs of neuropathy or circulatory issues, and checking for wounds or infection. Emphasize proper foot care practices, including daily inspections, wearing comfortable shoes, and seeking prompt medical attention for any foot or toenail abnormalities. […] Educate patients on the significance of maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular physical activity. Collaborate with dietitians and fitness professionals to tailor plans based on individual preferences and capabilities. […] To check if the treatment for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is working and to keep improving it.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568751/

  It is important to note that insulin requirements vary across the lifespan and under specific circumstances. For example, larger insulin doses are normally required during puberty, pregnancy, when steroids are given, and with the development of obesity. […] Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are extremely useful tools for people with T1DM. Sensors are inserted into the subcutaneous tissue and measure interstitial glucose levels, which are transmitted to a receiver and displayed in real time. […] In addition to insulin therapy, diet, and physical activity, individuals with T1DM should generally have an annual eye exam by an eye care specialist. […] The critical factor in preventing complications is patient compliance with their medications and follow-up with specialists and educators. Patients need to understand their disease, how to monitor glucose, and the importance of medication compliance. […] Type 1 diabetes is a systemic disorder with diverse presentations and very high morbidity; for this reason, the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team of healthcare professionals.

• #2 Blood Glucose | Blood Sugar | Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html

  Low blood glucose levels can be common in people with type 1 diabetes and people with type 2 diabetes who take certain diabetes medicines. If you think you may have low blood glucose, check your level, even if you don’t have symptoms. Low blood glucose can be dangerous and should be treated as soon as possible.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Checking your blood sugar with a glucometer and/or using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is crucial to managing diabetes and preventing complications. […] Its important to see your endocrinologist regularly to be sure that your Type 1 diabetes management plan is working. […] If you or your child have been diagnosed with diabetes, you’ll need to see your endocrinologist multiple times a year throughout your life to make sure your diabetes management is working well for you.

• #2 The Influence of Nurse-Led Interventions on Diseases Management in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/3/352

  The global prevalence of people with diabetes mellitus (PWD) is rapidly increasing. Nurses can provide diabetes care for PWD in several areas. Interventions led by nurses can support PWD for effective management of diabetes, which can positively improve clinical outcomes. Nurse-led diabetes self-management education (DSME) is an effective strategy to manage diabetes mellitus (DM) since it improves self-care practice and knowledge regarding diabetes. […] Diabetes specialist nurses can play an important role in improving diabetes care in inpatient settings. Various studies have revealed that nurses can independently provide care to PWD in collaboration with various other healthcare providers. […] Studies also demonstrated that the nurse-led education-receiving group showed a significantly reduced level of average glycosylated haemoglobin A1c level. Moreover, nurse-led interventions often result in significant improvements in diabetes knowledge, psychological outcomes, self-management behaviours, and physiological outcomes.

• #2 The Influence of Nurse-Led Interventions on Diseases Management in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/3/352

  This review article summarises a number of nursing interventions and roles as educators and motivators as well as caregivers that play important roles in T2DM management. […] Nurse-led clinics for DM management are a new strategy to possibly ameliorate the disease management. […] The primary goal of this care delivery model is to allow individuals to gain access to effective and safe healthcare on time. […] Various studies have confirmed the beneficial outcomes of the role of nurses in ameliorating DM management. […] Nurses help and assist PWD to problem-solve and set goals for effective DM management. […] Nursing interventions also help patients in changing their behaviour for effective DM management. […] Nurses can also play a role as coaches for PWD, since they guide them through the self-management treatment plan.

• #2

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/

  An insulin pump, like a healthy pancreas, delivers one type of insulin. You can use personalized settings on your insulin pump to deliver insulin continuously (basal) or in larger doses for meals (bolus). […] The Tandem Mobi insulin pump with interoperable technology (the pump) is intended for the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, at set and variable rates, for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons requiring insulin. […] The t:slim X2 insulin pump with interoperable technology (the pump) is intended for the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, at set and variable rates, for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons requiring insulin. […] Control-IQ+ technology is intended for use with compatible integrated continuous glucose monitors (iCGM, sold separately) and alternate controller enabled (ACE) pumps to automatically increase, decrease, and suspend delivery of basal insulin based on iCGM readings and predicted glucose values. It can also deliver correction boluses when the glucose value is predicted to exceed a predefined threshold. Control-IQ+ technology is intended for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in persons 2 years of age and greater and of type 2 diabetes mellitus in persons 18 years of age and greater.

• #2 Disparities in technology utilization among youth with type 1 diabetes across diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds | BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

  https://drc.bmj.com/content/13/3/e004935

  In a cohort of commercially insured youth with T1D, both race and income are important factors that can independently influence the use of diabetes technology. Racial disparities decrease with higher income and disappear at incomes US$200,000. Black youth with income US$40,000 are at the highest exclusion risk from essential technologies. Greater effort is needed at both the system and individual levels to mitigate these disparities. […] This study highlights the importance of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (e.g., income) as factors that influence utilization of diabetes technology. Racial disparities in use are lessened at higher income levels. Black youth remain at the greatest risk of exclusion from these essential technologies. […] Targeted interventions at both individual and systemic levels are critical to addressing inequities in utilization of diabetes technology.

• #2 Hyperglycemia: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hyperglycemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Hyperglycemia, a condition that is often associated with diabetes, means high blood glucose. This condition occurs when the body is not able to use insulin properly. […] The primary goal for the management of hyperglycemia is to lower the blood glucose to the acceptable range and to promote patient education in the prevention of complications. The nurse plays an important role in health promotion and supportive care for patients with hyperglycemia. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for hyperglycemia, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] A lack of knowledge or understanding of an underlying health condition, medication regimen, diet, and more can result in hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia can occur due to unhealthy practices like a diet high in carbohydrates, a sedentary lifestyle, and failure to take insulin medications correctly.

• #2 Hyperglycemia: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hyperglycemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Consistent elevation of blood glucose levels causes endothelial damage that leads to impaired oxygenation and microvascular and macrovascular changes. […] Patients who experience hyperglycemia are known to be susceptible to variations in serum levels of glucose. If left untreated, this condition could compromise the patients health and result in further complications.

• #2 Your Diabetes Care Schedule | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html

  Blood sugar checks. Check up to several times a day as directed by your doctor. Keep a record of your numbers and share with your health care team during your next visit. […] Diabetes medicines. Take the amount prescribed by your doctor, even when you feel good. […] Doctor visit. If you’re having trouble meeting your treatment goals, visit your doctor every 3 months. Your blood pressure and weight will be checked, and your self-care plan and medicines will be reviewed. Ask your doctor to check your feet if you’ve ever had diabetes-related foot problems. […] A1C test. If you’re meeting your treatment and blood sugar goals, have this test every 6 months. […] Complete foot check (more often if you have ever had diabetes-related foot problems). […] Let your doctor know right away if you’re feeling sad or hopeless so you can get help.

• #2

  https://www.adces.org/

  Find professional development, resources and support for diabetes care and education specialists and others on the care team who specialize in the prevention and management of diabetes and related conditions. […] If you work in the health care field and provide care for individuals impacted by diabetes, prediabetes and related cardiometabolic conditions, being a member of ADCES equips you with the necessary tools and materials to offer exceptional care. Our extensive range of resources empowers both established and aspiring health care professionals such as dietitians, nurses, nurse practitioners, pharmacists and others to make a positive impact and attain superior clinical results. […] Join peers from around the country to discover the premiere diabetes care and education event of the year, network and gain practice pearls.

• #2 ‘Personalised diabetes care is about making sure that every patient feels heard’ | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/diabetes/personalised-diabetes-care-is-about-making-sure-that-every-patient-feels-heard-08-05-2025/

  My priority has always been ensuring that patients with diabetes receive the support they need to live healthier, fuller lives. […] Managing diabetes is a daily challenge that affects so many aspects of a persons wellbeing. […] This means taking the time to understand patients specific concerns, their lifestyles and their existing management strategies. […] Person-centred care ensures that each patient receives tailored support before surgery. […] For diabetes specialist nurses, a structured, individualised approach enables more efficient workload management, reducing last-minute crises and ensuring continuity of care. […] For patients, personalised support enhances confidence and self-management skills, reducing anxiety and hospital stays. […] Our ultimate vision is to ensure that all patients with diabetes receive proactive, personalised support long before their surgery date. […] I truly believe that, by continuing to focus on the individual needs of our patients, we can make a lasting difference in their lives.

• #3 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon – to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. […] Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. […] The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). […] T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. […] The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments. […] Nursing Diagnosis includes Altered health maintenance, Risk for impaired skin integrity, Risk for infection, and Risk for anxiety.

• #3 Diabetes Mellitus: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diabetes-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to process carbohydrates, fats, and proteins due to the ineffective use of insulin within the body. This results in high blood glucose levels in the bloodstream. […] The first step of nursing care is the nursing assessment, during which the nurse will gather physical, psychosocial, emotional, and diagnostic data. In this section, we will cover subjective and objective data related to diabetes mellitus. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with diabetes mellitus. […] Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #3 Nursing Management for Diabetes Mellitus | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-management-for-diabetes-mellitus-presentation/639392

  Diabetes – Treatment Exercise Purpose – controls blood glucose and lowers blood glucose Purpose – reduce the amount of insulin needed […] Drug Therapy Drug administration Drug selection Insulin therapy: Insulin analogue Short-acting insulin Concentrated insulin Intermediate […] Client Education Storage and dose preparation Syringes Blood glucose monitoring Interpretation of results Frequency of testing Blood glucose therapy goals […] Diabetes Mellitus Complications Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome […] Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Process Assessment Medicines, Allergies, Symptoms, Family Hx Nursing Diagnosis- Anxiety and Fear, Altered Nutrition, Pain, Fluid Volume Deficit Planning Address the nursing diagnosis Implementation Prevent complications, monitor blood sugars, administer meds and diet, teach diet and meds, Assess, Assess, Assess Evaluation- Goals, EOCs

• #3 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-2/

  Based on the nursing assessment findings, nurses can develop appropriate diagnoses that address the specific needs and potential problems faced by individuals with diabetes mellitus. Some common nursing diagnoses for diabetes may include: […] Once nursing diagnoses are identified, a comprehensive nursing care plan can be developed to address the individual needs of patients with diabetes mellitus. Nursing planning involves setting realistic goals and selecting appropriate nursing interventions. Examples of nursing interventions may include: […] Providing individualized diabetes education, including diet modifications, exercise recommendations, and medication management. […] Assisting patients in developing coping strategies to manage the psychosocial impact of living with diabetes. […] Implementing preventive measures to minimize the risk of complications, such as foot care education and regular eye examinations.

• #3 A Quick Guide About Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes

  https://vervecollege.edu/nursing-diagnosis-for-diabetes/

  As diabetes prevalence continues to rise, nurses play a crucial role in patient care. According to the CDC, over 37 million Americans have diabetes, emphasizing the need for accurate and effective nursing diagnosis for diabetes. […] When diagnosing diabetes, nurses must consider various patient-specific factors, including blood sugar levels, lifestyle habits, and comorbidities. Here are the primary nursing diagnosis for diabetes considerations: […] Effective nursing interventions can prevent complications and enhance the quality of life for diabetic patients. Nurses should: […] Addressing nursing diagnosis for diabetes requires a multifaceted approach, integrating modern healthcare trends with traditional patient care. Nurses should stay updated on emerging technologies and treatment methods to improve patient outcomes. […] By prioritizing patient education and preventive care, nurses can play a pivotal role in managing diabetes effectively in 2025 and beyond.

• #3 Your Diabetes Care Schedule | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html

  Blood sugar checks. Check up to several times a day as directed by your doctor. Keep a record of your numbers and share with your health care team during your next visit. […] Diabetes medicines. Take the amount prescribed by your doctor, even when you feel good. […] Doctor visit. If you’re having trouble meeting your treatment goals, visit your doctor every 3 months. Your blood pressure and weight will be checked, and your self-care plan and medicines will be reviewed. Ask your doctor to check your feet if you’ve ever had diabetes-related foot problems. […] A1C test. If you’re meeting your treatment and blood sugar goals, have this test every 6 months. […] Complete foot check (more often if you have ever had diabetes-related foot problems). […] Let your doctor know right away if you’re feeling sad or hopeless so you can get help.

• #3 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-mellitus

  Implement regular blood glucose monitoring, considering individualized target levels for each patient. […] Provide individualized nutritional education, emphasizing dietary changes tailored to the patients preferences, cultural background, and lifestyle. Discuss portion control, carbohydrate counting, and the impact of food choices on blood glucose levels. […] Instruct patients on the importance of regular foot monitoring to identify early signs of neuropathy or circulatory issues, and checking for wounds or infection. Emphasize proper foot care practices, including daily inspections, wearing comfortable shoes, and seeking prompt medical attention for any foot or toenail abnormalities. […] Educate patients on the significance of maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular physical activity. Collaborate with dietitians and fitness professionals to tailor plans based on individual preferences and capabilities. […] To check if the treatment for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is working and to keep improving it.

• #3 Diabetes Nursing: Patient Education & Clinical Management

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/types-of-nursing/diabetes-nursing/

  Pharmacological management of diabetes involves the use of medicines to control blood sugar levels. The most common drugs include Metformin, Sulfonylureas, and Insulin. Your role includes administering medication, managing side effects, and observing patient response. […] Specialising areas within diabetes nursing can further enhance your skillset and advance your career. It enables you to become proficient at handling complex cases, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, gestational diabetes, or inpatient diabetes management. […] Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe complication of diabetes. Your ability to diagnose and manage DKA can have critical, life-saving implications. […] As a diabetes nurse, your role in the clinical management of diabetes patients extends from the initial diagnosis to long-term care. Key areas of your role include identifying high-risk individuals, administering and adjusting insulin dosage, monitoring blood glucose levels, and educating patients on self-care.

• #3 Diabetes Mellitus: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diabetes-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with diabetes are susceptible to unstable glucose levels related to insufficient knowledge or poor disease management. […] Diabetes requires adhering to a diabetic diet; reducing carbohydrates, processed foods, and sugar. The patient may need education on how carbohydrates (pasta, bread, rice) become glucose once digested. Instruct on increasing fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. […] Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programs reduce hospital admissions and complications related to DM. DSMES programs improve health outcomes by increasing self-efficacy, coping, healthy eating, exercise, and quality of life.

• #3 Diabetes management: How lifestyle, daily routine affect blood sugar

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20047963

  Exercise is another important part of managing diabetes. When you move and get active, your muscles use blood sugar for energy. Regular physical activity also helps your body use insulin better. […] Insulin and other diabetes medicines are designed to lower blood sugar levels when diet and exercise alone don’t help enough. How well these medicines work depends on the timing and size of the dose. Medicines you take for conditions other than diabetes also can affect your blood sugar levels. […] With diabetes, it’s important to be prepared for times of illness. When you’re sick, your body makes stress-related hormones that help fight the illness. But those hormones also can raise your blood sugar. Changes in your appetite and usual activity also may affect your blood sugar level. […] It’s risky for some people with diabetes to drink alcohol. Alcohol can lead to low blood sugar shortly after you drink it and for hours afterward. The liver usually releases stored sugar to offset falling blood sugar levels. But if your liver is processing alcohol, it may not give your blood sugar the needed boost.

• #3 Diabetes care: 10 ways to avoid complications

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20045803

  Diabetes increases your risk of getting certain illnesses. Routine vaccines can help prevent them. […] Diabetes may leave you prone to gum infections. Brush your teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, floss your teeth once a day and schedule dental exams at least twice a year. […] High blood sugar can reduce blood flow and damage the nerves in your feet. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can lead to serious infections. Diabetes can lead to pain, tingling or loss of sensation in your feet. […] If you have diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking or high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend taking a low dose of aspirin every day to help reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke. […] If you’re stressed, it’s easy to neglect your usual diabetes care routine. To manage your stress, set limits. Prioritize your tasks. Learn relaxation techniques. […] Diabetes care is within your control. If you’re willing to do your part, diabetes won’t stand in the way of an active, healthy life.

• #3 Your Diabetes Care Team | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/diabetes-doctors.html

  This health care professional is trained to provide personalized diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). You’ll work together to create a diabetes management plan that’s specific to your health needs, lifestyle, and culture. […] Make sure to work with a dietitian who is trained in diabetes care. […] Diabetes can harm the blood vessels and nerves in your legs and feet. This can cause healing problems; a cut or blister can become a hard-to-treat infection. […] Diabetes may affect your vision by damaging blood vessels in the eyes. […] Over time, high blood sugar and high blood pressure from diabetes can damage your kidneys. […] They can help you manage the demands of day-to-day diabetes care, as well as mental health issues. […] An exercise specialist can be a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or personal trainer. They can help you with structured physical activity, like an exercise session. They can also help you with unstructured activity, like taking a walk.

• #3 Treatment for type 2 diabetes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/treatment/

  Lifestyle changes can sometimes lower your blood glucose to a normal level and stop diabetes (remission). […] Talk to a GP or diabetes nurse if you’re finding it hard to change your diet as they may be able to find support in your local area. […] Diabetes courses are recommended for everyone with type 2 diabetes. Theyre designed to give you the confidence and skills you need to manage diabetes. […] If you need medicine, you’ll usually be offered metformin, which is one of a few medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes. […] If you have type 2 diabetes, you’ll need check-ups to make sure your treatment is working, and your condition is being managed. […] Managing type 2 diabetes may also involve making other changes, such as wearing a medical ID wristband, in case of emergency. […] If you have type 2 diabetes, talk to a doctor about the best contraception to use and how to take or use it.

• #3

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/

  Tandem Diabetes Care automated insulin delivery systems are now powered by Control-IQ+ technology the only predictive algorithm with AutoBolus. Control-IQ+ predicts and helps prevent highs and lows for more time in range. […] This insulin pump can be worn almost anywhere,* giving you more options for how you manage your diabetes. Its powered by Control-IQ+ technology and is controllable with a compatible, personal iPhone. […] This all-in-one system features a slim, sleek, user-friendly color touchscreen and multiple CGM options. Its powered by Control-IQ+ technology, which predicts and helps prevent highs and lows. […] Tandem puts my diabetes on the backburner and lets me focus on whats important. […] If I’m performing, I don’t have to worry about going low. And if I’m at church or wearing a dress, I can just go to my phone to bolus. It’s so convenient.

• #4 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOop-cOLAKZxsgeM1KsS_0K63z3PhpG2h4ZyYUeh3isKRkVfmbmyE

  Diabetes leads to a range of complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy, making it a significant public health concern. Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] Educate on blood glucose monitoring. Teach patients how to check their glucose levels, interpret the results, and adjust their diet or medications accordingly. […] Emphasize the importance of regular medical checkups to watch for long-term complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease.

• #4 Diabetes Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes/

  Diabetes Nursing Care Plan […] Diabetes can cause long-term damage to the body resulting in multiple complications such as kidney failure, heart disease, blindness, and decreased sensation in the extremities. Careful assessment can evaluate potential secondary conditions with hyper or hypoglycemia. […] The nurse should monitor the client’s blood glucose levels and HbA1C levels. They should also monitor the client’s lipid levels, liver function, kidney function, and electrolyte levels. […] Encourage a healthy lifestyle by promoting physical activity and a balanced diet. […] Educate the client on proper medication management, foot care, and blood glucose monitoring. […] Monitor the client’s progress and adjust the care plan accordingly. […] Maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range […] Prevent complications […] Promote a healthy lifestyle […] Improved glycemic control […] Reduced risk of complications […] Improved quality of life.

• #4 Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Management – Nexus Nursing

  https://nexusnursinginstitute.com/nursing-care-plan-for-diabetes-management/

  Each of these components is essential for delivering comprehensive care that addresses the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of the patient. […] The first step in creating a nursing care plan for diabetes management is to conduct a thorough assessment. This involves collecting data about the patients health status, medical history, lifestyle, and risk factors that may influence their diabetes management. […] After the assessment, nurses formulate nursing diagnoses that identify the specific problems or potential complications related to diabetes management. Nursing diagnoses provide a framework for determining the most appropriate interventions. […] Once the nursing diagnosis is identified, the next step is to establish goals and outcomes for the patient. These goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound). The goals aim to address the nursing diagnoses and improve the patients overall health and quality of life.

• #4 Type 1 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568751/

  It is important to note that insulin requirements vary across the lifespan and under specific circumstances. For example, larger insulin doses are normally required during puberty, pregnancy, when steroids are given, and with the development of obesity. […] Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are extremely useful tools for people with T1DM. Sensors are inserted into the subcutaneous tissue and measure interstitial glucose levels, which are transmitted to a receiver and displayed in real time. […] In addition to insulin therapy, diet, and physical activity, individuals with T1DM should generally have an annual eye exam by an eye care specialist. […] The critical factor in preventing complications is patient compliance with their medications and follow-up with specialists and educators. Patients need to understand their disease, how to monitor glucose, and the importance of medication compliance. […] Type 1 diabetes is a systemic disorder with diverse presentations and very high morbidity; for this reason, the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team of healthcare professionals.

• #4 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans: 20 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitus-nursing-care-plans/

  Educate the patient on the significance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) testing and its interpretation. Understanding the concept and interpretation of HbA1C testing empowers the patient to comprehend their long-term glucose control. […] Regularly evaluate self-care skills, such as insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and diet planning, especially in patients with deteriorating vision and memory. […] Regular exercise is essential in diabetes management as it helps lower blood glucose levels, improve insulin utilization, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. […] Monitor blood glucose levels closely during periods of physiologic stress, such as infections or surgery. […] Administer insulin therapy as prescribed, usually through continuous intravenous infusion, to reverse acidosis and promote glucose utilization. […] Educate the patient and their family/caregivers about sick day rules for managing diabetes during illness, emphasizing the importance of never eliminating insulin doses when experiencing nausea or vomiting.

• #4 Diabetes management: How lifestyle, daily routine affect blood sugar

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20047963

  Exercise is another important part of managing diabetes. When you move and get active, your muscles use blood sugar for energy. Regular physical activity also helps your body use insulin better. […] Insulin and other diabetes medicines are designed to lower blood sugar levels when diet and exercise alone don’t help enough. How well these medicines work depends on the timing and size of the dose. Medicines you take for conditions other than diabetes also can affect your blood sugar levels. […] With diabetes, it’s important to be prepared for times of illness. When you’re sick, your body makes stress-related hormones that help fight the illness. But those hormones also can raise your blood sugar. Changes in your appetite and usual activity also may affect your blood sugar level. […] It’s risky for some people with diabetes to drink alcohol. Alcohol can lead to low blood sugar shortly after you drink it and for hours afterward. The liver usually releases stored sugar to offset falling blood sugar levels. But if your liver is processing alcohol, it may not give your blood sugar the needed boost.

• #4 Diabetes Mellitus: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diabetes-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with diabetes are susceptible to unstable glucose levels related to insufficient knowledge or poor disease management. […] Diabetes requires adhering to a diabetic diet; reducing carbohydrates, processed foods, and sugar. The patient may need education on how carbohydrates (pasta, bread, rice) become glucose once digested. Instruct on increasing fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. […] Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programs reduce hospital admissions and complications related to DM. DSMES programs improve health outcomes by increasing self-efficacy, coping, healthy eating, exercise, and quality of life.

• #4 Diabetes Care – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/diabetes

  Diabetes care is centred around the person living with diabetes. It includes an individualized management plan developed by the person with diabetes, their family/caregivers and primary care provider(s). […] The focus of glycemic goals is on achieving target A1C levels and on minimizing symptomatic hyper- and hypoglycemia. Glycemic targets are individualized based on the persons age, duration of diabetes, risk of hypoglycemia, cardiovascular disease presence, and life expectancy. […] Hypoglycemia can be a serious complication of therapy. Use less stringent glycemic targets in patients at risk of hypoglycemia. […] People with diabetes will benefit from healthy behaviour education and interventions, including regular physical activity (i.e., at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and two sessions of resistance training per week, if not contraindicated), sustained weight loss of 5% of initial body weight for individuals with obesity, and smoking cessation.

• #4 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  The physiology and treatment of diabetes are complex and require a multitude of interventions for successful disease management. […] Diabetic education and patient engagement are critical in management. […] Nurses also play a critical role in the acute care of DM, especially aiding the hospital team in the identification and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome in home and hospital settings, which are life-threatening complications of DM. […] Patients need to be educated on the importance of checking blood glucose levels more frequently when they are sick or stressed. […] All patients with DM and neuropathy should wear supportive footwear and check their feet for wounds daily. […] Regular diabetic retinal exams should be performed by qualified medical personnel to assess for diabetic retinopathy.

• #4 Nursing Care Plans for Diabetes: What You Need to Know

  https://resources.amedisys.com/nursing-care-plan-diabetes

  Diabetes mellitus, or just diabetes, is a group of diseases characterized by high blood sugar caused by defects in insulin generation and/or action. Chronic high blood sugar can result in long-term damage, dysfunction and even failure of key organs like the eyes, kidneys, nerves heart and blood vessels. […] Effectively managing diabetes can help patients maintain a healthier lifestyle and help prevent more serious conditions like heart failure, high blood pressure, stroke, wounds and kidney disease. […] Nursing care plans allow nurses, patients and other medical professionals to stay on the same page with coordinated care, goals and outcomes. […] While every patient will have a unique treatment plan and goals, these are the most common goals for successful diabetes management: Teaching healthy habits to control glucose levels and prevent complications, Empowering patients to understand and monitor diabetes symptoms, Managing medications, Improving functional strength and mobility, Establishing a daily exercise routine to match pace and ability level, Achieving goals and improving quality of life, Reducing hospitalizations related to diabetes complications.

• #4 Your Health Care Team| ADA

  https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/diabetes-and-your-health/your-healthcare-team

  It may surprise you to learn that you are the most important member of your diabetes care team. […] You may work with many different kinds of health care providers who are part of your diabetes care team. […] A registered dietitian nutritionist will help you use what you eat and drink as tools for managing your blood glucose. […] Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialists can help you figure out how to manage the things you need to do to take care of your diabetes, in a way that fits with your daily life, routines, environment and family dynamics. […] These professionals can help you deal with the day-to-day challenges of living with diabetes as well as more serious emotional issues. […] Be sure to work with a fitness professional who understands diabetes and the medicine and insulin you are taking that may affect your blood glucose.

• #4

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/products/insulin-pumps/t-slim-x2-insulin-pump

  The t:slim X2 insulin pump is an all-in-one system that features a slim, sleek, user-friendly color touchscreen and multiple CGM options to fit your lifestyle. It holds up to 300 units of insulin. […] The t:slim X2 insulin pump is powered by Control-IQ+ technology, which uses CGM sensor values to predict glucose levels 30 minutes ahead and automatically adjust insulin as needed. Only Tandem pumps have AutoBolus, which helps with missed meal boluses and preventing hyperglycemia. […] The t:slim X2 pump is the first pump to integrate with multiple continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors. […] The t:slim X2 insulin pump is the first insulin pump capable of remote feature updates. […] The t:slim X2 pump is intended for the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, at set and variable rates, for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons requiring insulin.

• #4

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/

  Tandem Diabetes Care automated insulin delivery systems are now powered by Control-IQ+ technology the only predictive algorithm with AutoBolus. Control-IQ+ predicts and helps prevent highs and lows for more time in range. […] This insulin pump can be worn almost anywhere,* giving you more options for how you manage your diabetes. Its powered by Control-IQ+ technology and is controllable with a compatible, personal iPhone. […] This all-in-one system features a slim, sleek, user-friendly color touchscreen and multiple CGM options. Its powered by Control-IQ+ technology, which predicts and helps prevent highs and lows. […] Tandem puts my diabetes on the backburner and lets me focus on whats important. […] If I’m performing, I don’t have to worry about going low. And if I’m at church or wearing a dress, I can just go to my phone to bolus. It’s so convenient.

• #5 Diabetes (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568711/

  The physiology and treatment of diabetes are complex and require a multitude of interventions for successful disease management. […] Diabetic education and patient engagement are critical in management. […] Nurses also play a critical role in the acute care of DM, especially aiding the hospital team in the identification and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome in home and hospital settings, which are life-threatening complications of DM. […] Patients need to be educated on the importance of checking blood glucose levels more frequently when they are sick or stressed. […] All patients with DM and neuropathy should wear supportive footwear and check their feet for wounds daily. […] Regular diabetic retinal exams should be performed by qualified medical personnel to assess for diabetic retinopathy.

• #5 Your Diabetes Care Schedule | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/your-diabetes-care-schedule.html

  Blood sugar checks. Check up to several times a day as directed by your doctor. Keep a record of your numbers and share with your health care team during your next visit. […] Diabetes medicines. Take the amount prescribed by your doctor, even when you feel good. […] Doctor visit. If you’re having trouble meeting your treatment goals, visit your doctor every 3 months. Your blood pressure and weight will be checked, and your self-care plan and medicines will be reviewed. Ask your doctor to check your feet if you’ve ever had diabetes-related foot problems. […] A1C test. If you’re meeting your treatment and blood sugar goals, have this test every 6 months. […] Complete foot check (more often if you have ever had diabetes-related foot problems). […] Let your doctor know right away if you’re feeling sad or hopeless so you can get help.

• #5 Your Health Care Team| ADA

  https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/diabetes-and-your-health/your-healthcare-team

  It may surprise you to learn that you are the most important member of your diabetes care team. […] You may work with many different kinds of health care providers who are part of your diabetes care team. […] A registered dietitian nutritionist will help you use what you eat and drink as tools for managing your blood glucose. […] Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialists can help you figure out how to manage the things you need to do to take care of your diabetes, in a way that fits with your daily life, routines, environment and family dynamics. […] These professionals can help you deal with the day-to-day challenges of living with diabetes as well as more serious emotional issues. […] Be sure to work with a fitness professional who understands diabetes and the medicine and insulin you are taking that may affect your blood glucose.

• #6 Your Diabetes Care Team | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/diabetes-doctors.html

  This health care professional is trained to provide personalized diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). You’ll work together to create a diabetes management plan that’s specific to your health needs, lifestyle, and culture. […] Make sure to work with a dietitian who is trained in diabetes care. […] Diabetes can harm the blood vessels and nerves in your legs and feet. This can cause healing problems; a cut or blister can become a hard-to-treat infection. […] Diabetes may affect your vision by damaging blood vessels in the eyes. […] Over time, high blood sugar and high blood pressure from diabetes can damage your kidneys. […] They can help you manage the demands of day-to-day diabetes care, as well as mental health issues. […] An exercise specialist can be a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or personal trainer. They can help you with structured physical activity, like an exercise session. They can also help you with unstructured activity, like taking a walk.

• #7 Your Diabetes Care Team | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/diabetes-doctors.html

  This health care professional is trained to provide personalized diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). You’ll work together to create a diabetes management plan that’s specific to your health needs, lifestyle, and culture. […] Make sure to work with a dietitian who is trained in diabetes care. […] Diabetes can harm the blood vessels and nerves in your legs and feet. This can cause healing problems; a cut or blister can become a hard-to-treat infection. […] Diabetes may affect your vision by damaging blood vessels in the eyes. […] Over time, high blood sugar and high blood pressure from diabetes can damage your kidneys. […] They can help you manage the demands of day-to-day diabetes care, as well as mental health issues. […] An exercise specialist can be a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or personal trainer. They can help you with structured physical activity, like an exercise session. They can also help you with unstructured activity, like taking a walk.

• #8 Your Diabetes Care Team | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/diabetes-doctors.html

  This health care professional is trained to provide personalized diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). You’ll work together to create a diabetes management plan that’s specific to your health needs, lifestyle, and culture. […] Make sure to work with a dietitian who is trained in diabetes care. […] Diabetes can harm the blood vessels and nerves in your legs and feet. This can cause healing problems; a cut or blister can become a hard-to-treat infection. […] Diabetes may affect your vision by damaging blood vessels in the eyes. […] Over time, high blood sugar and high blood pressure from diabetes can damage your kidneys. […] They can help you manage the demands of day-to-day diabetes care, as well as mental health issues. […] An exercise specialist can be a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or personal trainer. They can help you with structured physical activity, like an exercise session. They can also help you with unstructured activity, like taking a walk.

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