Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  The number of people living with diabetes rose from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022. Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. […] Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, an increase from 7% in 1990. More than half (59%) of adults aged 30 years and over living with diabetes were not taking medication for their diabetes in 2022. Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2021, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and 47% of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. […] Since 2000, mortality rates from diabetes have been increasing. […] WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] WHO conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

• #2 Diabetes Facts and Figures | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-facts-figures/

  590m people worldwide have diabetes […] Diabetes facts and figures show the growing global burden for individuals, families, and countries. The latest IDF Diabetes Atlas (2025) reports that 11.1% or 1 in 9 of the adult population (20-79 years) is living with diabetes, with over 4 in 10 unaware that they have the condition. […] By 2050, IDF projections show that 1 in 8 adults, approximately 853 million, will be living with diabetes, an increase of 46%. […] Over 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is driven by socio-economic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. […] The total number of people living with diabetes is projected to rise to 853 million by 2045. […] Over 4 in 5 adults (81%) with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries. […] First published in 2000, the IDF Diabetes Atlas is the authoritative resource on the global impact of diabetes. It provides statistics on diabetes prevalence, diabetes-related mortality and health expenditure at the global, regional and national level.

• #3 IDF Diabetes Atlas | Global Diabetes Data & Statistics

  https://diabetesatlas.org/

  589 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes worldwide […] This number is predicted to rise to 853 million by 2050 […] Diabetes was responsible for 3.4 million deaths in 2024 1 every 9 seconds […] Diabetes caused at least USD 1 trillion dollars in health expenditure a 338% increase over the last 17 years.

• #4 Diabetes Data and Statistics | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/data-statistics/index.html

  Access the U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System, the National Diabetes Statistics Report, and additional resources for key diabetes data and statistics. […] The U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System is an interactive web tool that provides diabetes data at national, state, and county levels. It also provides data by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. […] Get the latest data on diabetes incidence, prevalence, complications, cost, and more. […] Use this tool to understand the health, economic, and mortality burden of diabetes in your state. […] About 1 in 10 Americans has diabetes.

• #5 Diabetes in America: Prevalence, Statistics, and Economic Impact

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes

  Prevalence: In 2021, 38.4 million Americans, or 11.6% of the population, had diabetes. […] Of the 38.4 million adults with diabetes, 29.7 million were diagnosed, and 8.7 million were undiagnosed. […] The percentage of Americans age 65 and older remains high, at 29.2%, or 16.5 million seniors (diagnosed and undiagnosed). […] 1.2 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes every year. […] In 2021, 97.6 million Americans age 18 and older had prediabetes. […] About 352,000 Americans under age 20 are estimated to have diagnosed diabetes, approximately 0.35% of that population. […] In 2017-2018, the annual incidence of diagnosed diabetes in youth was estimated at 18,200 with type 1 diabetes, 5,300 with type 2 diabetes. […] Diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States in 2021 based on the 103,294 death certificates in which diabetes was listed as the underlying cause of death. In 2021, diabetes was mentioned as a cause of death in a total of 399,401 certificates.

• #6 Epidemiology of diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4282306/

  Data from the US Centre for Disease Control show a near quadrupling of diagnosed diabetes from 5.5 million persons in 1980 to 21.1 million in 2010. […] Worldwide, there is a projected increase in the prevalence of diabetes from 382 million (8.3%) in 2013 to 592 million (10.1%) in 2035. […] The increase in the prevalence of obesity in childhood has led to the appearance of type 2 diabetes in children and young adults, particularly those in highly susceptible ethnic groups. […] Randomized clinical trials in several countries have provided evidence that, in high-risk individuals with IGT, progression to type 2 diabetes can be reduced by intensive lifestyle intervention with diet or physical activity, or with drug therapy using glucose-lowering agents such as metformin. […] As it is estimated that the onset of type 2 diabetes occurs an average of about 4-7 years before clinical diagnosis, and as a high proportion of individuals exhibit evidence of end-organ damage by that point, screening has been proposed in the hope that early detection and early treatment would reduce long-term burden.

• #7 Diabetes in America: Prevalence, Statistics, and Economic Impact

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes

  $412.9 billion: Total cost of diagnosed diabetes in the United States in 2022. […] $306.6 billion was for direct medical costs. […] $106.3 billion was in indirect costs. […] After adjusting for population age and sex differences, average medical expenditures among people with diagnosed diabetes were 2.6 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes.

• #8 Diabetes Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diabetes-epidemiology-2023-1

  T2DM accounts for an estimated 90% to 95% of all cases, while type 1 diabetes accounts for the remaining 5% to 10%. […] According to estimates in the CDCs 2022 National Diabetes Statistics Report, more than 130 million U.S. adults have diabetes or prediabetes. […] Diabetes is also the eighth leading cause of death in the U.S., but the actual number of deaths due to diabetes and its related complications may be underreported. […] The most recent CDC statistics reveal that diabetes accounted for more than 100,000 U.S. deaths in each of the past 2 years. […] In a 2023 publication in Diabetes Care, authors indicated that 21.4% of individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 had diabetes. […] Moreover, an estimated 40% of Americans who died of COVID-19 also had diabetes.

• #9

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11886-022-01762-w

  Epidemiological research on type 1 diabetes (T1D) has traditionally focussed on the paediatric age group, but recent data in adults has confirmed it to be a disease of all ages with a wide clinical spectrum. […] While the peak incidence of T1D is still in early adolescence, T1D is now diagnosed more commonly in adulthood than childhood due to increasing recognition of adult-onset T1D and the length of the adult lifespan. […] It still follows the known geographic variations in incidence, being highest in Northern Europe and lowest in Asia. […] Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age and may not present with ketosis or an immediate insulin requirement in adults. […] Macro- and microvascular complications are the greatest cause of excess morbidity and mortality in this population. […] Recent and comprehensive review of adult-onset T1D incidence data, which has not been well-characterised historically.

• #10 Epidemiology of diabetes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4282306/

  The disease burden related to diabetes is high and rising in every country, fuelled by the global rise in the prevalence of obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. The latest estimates show a global prevalence of 382 million people with diabetes in 2013, expected to rise to 592 million by 2035. […] The premature morbidity, mortality, reduced life expectancy and financial and other costs of diabetes make it an important public health condition. […] The incidence of type 1 diabetes in children varies nearly 400-fold between countries with age-adjusted incidence rates ranging from 0.1 per 100,000 per year in parts of Venezuela and China to 37.8 in Sardinia and 40.9 per 100,000/year in Finland. […] The incidence of type 1 diabetes also varies with season, being highest in autumn and winter. […] The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns.

• #11 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: Helping to fit the puzzle pieces | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-english-edition–412-articulo-the-epidemiology-type-1-diabetes-S2173509315000537

  Epidemiology studies both the different factors involved in disease occurrence, frequency, mode of distribution, and course, and the necessary means to eradicate or prevent such factors. In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), epidemiology provides essential data about prevalence, incidence, and morbidity and mortality to help us improve patient care, which is the ultimate goal of any medical activity. […] The prevalence of T1DM worldwide ranges from 0.8 to 4.6/1000 population, and is 11.5/1000 in most cases. As regards its incidence, differences have been reported by country, race, diagnosis or birth season, age, and sex. […] On the other hand, according to data reported by the EURODIAB group, its incidence in Europe has increased in recent decades, with a mean annual increase of approximately 3.5%.

• #11 The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: Helping to fit the puzzle pieces | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-english-edition–412-articulo-the-epidemiology-type-1-diabetes-S2173509315000537

  The above described variations may reflect a different degree of genetic susceptibility to diabetes, or be due to a different exposure to environmental risks factors. […] Knowledge of the incidence and prevalence rates of T1DM and its complications facilitates the planning and management of the human and financial resources available in those fields where they are most needed. […] Some countries have national registers that allow for deeper epidemiological research into T1DM.

• #12 Changes in the Global Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in an Evolving Landscape of Environmental Factors: Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/4/668

  The worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased in recent decades. […] The prevalence of T1DM increases annually by 0.34%. […] The growing prevalence of T1DM cannot be attributed to genetic reasons; therefore, possible explanations should be sought in the changing landscape of environmental factors, given that societies and human lifestyles tend to evolve over time. […] The incidence of T1DM has recently been shown to increase as one moves closer to the sea. […] The incidence of T1DM has also been associated with the mean consumption of meat in a country, and a diet rich in proteins and fermentable fibers. […] By understanding the exact mechanisms through which environmental factors play a role in the development of T1DM, we can shed light on the complex pathogenesis of the disease, identify new risk factors that are still unknown, and finally figure out what public health measures are required to halt the increase in new T1DM cases.

• #13 Global, regional, and national burden of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03107-5

  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in adolescents varies widely, but has increased globally in recent years. This study reports T1D burden among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24-year-old age group at global, regional, and national levels. T1D incidence among adolescents and young adults increased from 778 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 1107 per 100,000 population in 2019. T1D mortality increased from 570119 in 1990 to 6,12304 in 2019, representing a 740% increase in mortality. The European region had the highest T1D incidence in 2019. Middle-SDI countries exhibited the largest increase in T1D incidence between 1990 and 2019. T1D is a growing health concern globally, and T1D burden more heavily affects countries with low SDI. Specific measures and effective collaboration among countries with different SDIs are required to improve diabetes care in adolescents. The increasing burden of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in adolescents and young adults is a major healthcare concern worldwide. T1D incidence in childhood and adolescence is steadily rising and now stands at 229 new cases per year per 100,000 children up to the age of 15 years in Germany. A multicenter study in the US showed that the overall unadjusted estimated incidence rates of T1D in youths increased by 14% annually from 2002 to 2012. Thus, understanding the global burden of T1D in adolescents is important for the optimal utilization of healthcare resources in different countries. The International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th edition reported that T1D incidence in children and adolescents varies widely, and is increasing in many nations. In our study, we investigated the global burden and the most substantial changes in the trend of T1D in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years. Many countries, particularly those with a low or middle social development index (SDI), lack high-quality information regarding T1D trends in adolescents. Thus, there is an urgent need to characterize T1D burden in adolescents and provide more information to local governments to ease this burden. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 is an international collaboration that offers an opportunity to analyze disease trends on a global scale. In this study, we aimed to analyze global trends in T1D prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life-year (DALY), and mortality rates among adolescents across every decade since 1990, based on the latest data from GBD 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence and prevalence of T1D in adolescents and young adults showed an overall increasing trend. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the increasing trend of T1D incidence could be divided into six periods: 1990-1994, 1994-2001, 2001-2010, 2010-2014, 2014-2017, and 2017-2019. The overall global prevalence of T1D increased from 2,376,444 in 1990 to 364,4613 in 2019, representing a 5336% increase over the 30-year period. T1D trends among adolescents and young adults varied according to age. Globally, the most rapidly increasing in T1D incidence and prevalence over the past 30 years were observed in young adults aged 20-24 years. Despite the increase in T1D incidence and prevalence among all three age subgroups, mortality in all subgroups decreased. T1D burden among adolescents and young adults differed substantially according to the SDI. Countries with high SDI had the highest T1D prevalence and incidence rates in 2019, but the lowest mortality rate. Notably, countries with a middle SDI had the lowest T1D prevalence and incidence rates in 2019. Countries with a low SDI had the highest mortality and DALY rates in 2019. Over the past 30 years, both T1D prevalence and incidence increased across all SDI quintiles, whereas mortality rates decreased. This study provided an updated and comprehensive evaluation of global, regional, and national T1D burden among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years old, based on data from the GBD Study 2019. Our findings provide further insight into the global burden of the T1D epidemic among adolescents and young adults and highlight the need for government action to improve diabetes management for this age group.

• #14 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7310804/

  The rising burden of type 2 diabetes is a major concern in healthcare worldwide. This research aimed to analyze the global epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and burden of suffering of diabetes mellitus based on epidemiological data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) current dataset from the Institute of Health Metrics, Seattle. Global and regional trends from 1990 to 2017 of type 2 diabetes for all ages were compiled. […] The burden of diabetes mellitus is rising globally, and at a much faster rate in developed regions, such as Western Europe. […] Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase to 7079 individuals per 100,000 by 2030, reflecting a continued rise across all regions of the world. […] The prevalence of type 2 diabetes shows a distribution pattern that matches socio-economic development. Developed regions, such as Western Europe, show considerably higher prevalence rates that continue to rise despite public health measures.

• #15 Epidemiology of diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes

  Globally, an estimated 537 million adults are living with diabetes, according to 2021 data from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes was the 9th-leading cause of mortality globally in 2020, attributing to over 2 million deaths annually due to diabetes directly, and to kidney disease due to diabetes. Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly; previous 2019 estimates put the number at 463 million people living with diabetes, with the distributions being equal between both sexes incidence peaking around age 55 years old. The number is projected to 643 million by 2030, or 7079 individuals per 100,000, with all regions around the world continue to rise. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 85-90% of all cases. Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk factors for type 2, notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese. The prevalence of African Americans with diabetes is estimated to triple by 2050, while the prevalence of white Americans is estimated to double. The overall prevalence increases with age, with the largest increase in people over 65 years of age. The prevalence of diabetes in America is estimated to increase to 48.3 million by 2050.

• #15 Epidemiology of diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes

  Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, occurring in low- and middle-income countries including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the Western pattern diet). The risk of getting type 2 diabetes has been widely found to be associated with lower socio-economic position across countries.

• #15 Epidemiology of diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes

  The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications (e.g. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure), which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. The burden of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) has a possibility to lead to complications of multiple body systems including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. About half of patients with type 2 diabetes die due to cardiovascular disease and 10% from kidney failure.

• #16 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7310804/

  The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes worldwide continues to rise, and there are no signs of it stabilizing. A concerning finding is the rapidly rising burden in lower-income countries. […] Type 2 diabetes continues to increase in prevalence, incidence, and as a leading cause of human suffering and deaths.

• #17 Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-prevalence-and-risk-factors

  Given the marked increase in childhood obesity, there is concern that the prevalence of diabetes will continue to increase substantially. Global data appear to substantiate this concern. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher in certain populations. […] Using data from a national survey for people aged 20 years or older, the prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the United States (2018) was 7.5 percent in non-Hispanic White Americans, 9.2 percent in non-Hispanic Asian Americans, 12.5 percent in Hispanic Americans, 11.7 percent in non-Hispanic Black Americans, and 14.7 percent in Native Americans/Alaska Natives.

• #18 How many people in the UK have diabetes?

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/about-the-charity/our-strategy/statistics

  We estimate that more than 5.8 million people in the UK are living with diabetes, which is an all-time high. […] Our data shows that almost 4.6 million people in the UK live with diabetes diagnoses. Additionally, nearly 1.3 million people could be living with type 2 diabetes who are yet to be diagnosed. […] An estimated 6.3 million people are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the UK based on blood sugar levels. We estimate that 1.3 million people are currently living with type 2 diabetes but are yet to be diagnosed. This mean an estimated 12.1 million adults in the UK are living with diabetes or prediabetes. […] People of Asian (including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) Chinese, Black African and Black Caribbean ethnicities have been found to be two to four times more likely to have diabetes than White populations. Type 2 diabetes is also more likely to develop at lower weight thresholds for these groups compared to people of White ethnicity.

• #19 Diagnosis, epidemiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus: An update for psychiatrists | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/diagnosis-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-diabetes-mellitus-an-update-for-psychiatrists/6EBD0907F86D671090BF890A70E02CD6

  The most important environmental risk factors for diabetes are obesity and physical inactivity. […] The high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and the proportion of patients with evidence of complications at diagnosis undoubtedly create a strong imperative for screening. Many possible screening methods have been shown to be feasible, acceptable and accurate. […] Diabetes is associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. The prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes is high, suggesting that active screening in high-risk groups would be advantageous.

• #20 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  In the UK, up to 5% of pregnancies in women are complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (GDM). Of this cohort, approximately 87.5% have gestational diabetes, 7.5% type 1 diabetes and 5% type 2 diabetes. Over the last 17 years a large epidemiological study of over 400,000 pregnancies showed that prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased from 1.56 to 4.09 per 1,000 pregnancies, and type 2 diabetes 2.34 to 10.62 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] In Australia, statistics from 2005-2007 show that pre-existing diabetes affects up to 1% of pregnancies, and GDM 5%. In the US, the prevalence of GDM has been estimated at affecting 7.6% pregnancies between 2007 and 2014. Southeast Asia has the highest prevalence of GDM with an estimated prevalence of 23-25%, in addition to its high population prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

• #20 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  Worldwide, the number of people living with diabetes has more than doubled over the last 20 years, from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. This equates to 8.5% of adults living with diabetes. […] It is estimated that 16.9% of pregnancies globally are affected by hyperglycemia in pregnancy using the WHO criteria, equating to 21.4 million of 127.1 million live births to women. The incidence is increasing, attributed by the combination of higher obesity rate, advanced maternal age, and changes in screening and diagnostic criteria. […] The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated in 2019 (9th edition) that globally the overall prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy was 15.5% of which 12.8% was GDM, 1.3% was pre-existing diabetes 1.3% and 1.3% was diabetes first detected in pregnancy.

• #21 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  An estimated 382 million people worldwide had diabetes in 2013, up from 108 million in 1980. Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980. Type 2 makes up about 90% of the cases. The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However, another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications, which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has, however, been seen in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur. The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030. The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor. The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045. As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes. Prediabetes is an early stage of diabetes.

• #22 Diabetes country profiles

  https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/data/diabetes-profiles

  In order to combat the global epidemic of diabetes and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), it is imperative to create a baseline for monitoring trends and to assess the progress of countries in addressing the epidemic. […] Each profile includes data on diabetes prevalence and trends; mortality; risk factors; availability of diabetes country plans; monitoring and surveillance; primary prevention and treatment policies and availability of medicines, basic technologies and procedures. […] The data presented in the profiles are derived from several sources.

• #23 Epidemiology & Research | What We Do | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/what-we-do/epidemiology-and-research/

  Epidemiology and research are key components of IDFs work. They strengthen understanding of the global impact of diabetes and lead to effective strategies to support healthcare professionals in preventing and treating diabetes and related complications. […] Through these activities, IDF is advancing diabetes epidemiology, research and awareness of the global impact of the condition. This evidence-based information on the prevalence and effects of diabetes aims to drive diabetes policies and programmes for management and prevention. […] The IDF Diabetes Atlas is the authoritative resource on the global impact of diabetes, providing global, regional and national impact data on diabetes prevalence, mortality and expenditure. […] The IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th edition provides detailed information on the estimated and projected prevalence of diabetes, globally, by region, country and territory, for 2024 and 2050. It draws attention to the growing impact of diabetes across the world and highlights proven and effective actions that governments and policy-makers must urgently take to tackle it.

• #23 Epidemiology & Research | What We Do | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/what-we-do/epidemiology-and-research/

  Diabetes is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with up to 40% of people living with diabetes affected by CKD. This IDF Diabetes Atlas report looks at the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease across the globe and ways to reduce its impact. […] Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (DRCP) is the official journal of the International Diabetes Federation, providing high-quality original research articles and expert reviews in diabetes and related areas for health-care providers and clinically oriented researchers. Published monthly, topics of focus include translational science, genetics, immunology, nutrition, psychosocial research, epidemiology, prevention, socio-economic research, complications, new treatments, technologies and therapy.

• #24 IDF Guide for Diabetes Epidemiology Studies | IDF Atlas

  https://diabetesatlas.org/resources/idf-guide-for-epidemiology-studies/

  The IDF Guide for Diabetes Epidemiology Studies has been developed to create standardized epidemiological methods in diabetes studies to enable researchers to conduct high-quality studies that generate robust data. […] An introduction to basic concepts and principles used in diabetes epidemiology studies. This premium online course in the IDF School of Diabetes will provide learners with competence and proficiency in conducting diabetes epidemiological studies. […] Government officials who wish to generate robust data to help develop evidence-based strategies for improving care and strengthening healthcare systems.

• #25 United States Diabetes Surveillance System – Community Commons

  https://www.communitycommons.org/entities/186e1ebb-cf6d-4cb1-8883-bf648431bf87

  This dataset from the CDC’s U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System provides national, state, and county-level estimates of diabetes prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and complications.

• #26 At-a-glance – Twenty years of diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-39-no-11-2019/twenty-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  In 1999, the Government of Canada, along with the provinces and territories, established the National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) to track rates of diabetes in Canada. […] The NDSS has since evolved to become the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS) and provides information on over 20 chronic conditions. […] Currently, 8.8% of Canadians (9.4% male, 8.1% female, aged one year and older) live with diabetes, and approximately 549 new cases are diagnosed each day. […] Since 2000, the age-standardized prevalence rate has increased by an average of 3.3% per year. […] The age-standardized incidence rate has remained relatively stable, and all-cause mortality rates among those with diabetes have decreased by an average of 2.1% per year. […] This suggests that people are living longer with a diabetes diagnosis.

• #27 RKI – Diabetes Mellitus – Diabetes Surveillance in Germany

  https://www.rki.de/EN/Topics/Noncommunicable-diseases/Physical-health/Diabetes-Mellitus/diabetes_surveillance.html

  Diabetes Surveillance. RKI […] Detailled information and news on Diabetes Surveillance at the Robert Koch Institute as well as results and interactive charts on diabetes in Germany can be found on the English website of National Diabetes Surveillance. […] The research project to develop diabetes surveillance at the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is funded by the Federal Ministry of Health. The project aims to develop periodic indicator-based diabetes health reporting to provide prompt and action-oriented information for health policy, health research, health care and public health. […] The first four-year project phase, Developing National Diabetes Surveillance at the Robert Koch Institute, aims to achieve the following milestones: Develop a conceptual framework and define core indicators to measure risk factors, frequency of diabetes, the consequences of the illness and quality of care.

• #28 Connecticut Diabetes Surveillance System

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-information-systems–reporting/hisrhome/connecticut-diabetes-surveillance-system

  Public health tracking of diabetes is an essential part of reducing the disease burden in Connecticut, identifying high-risk groups, formulating sensible health care policy, and evaluating our state’s progress in preventing this disease. The objective of the Connecticut Diabetes Surveillance System (CDSS) is to provide timely and relevant information about diabetes and its complications in Connecticut, as well as related risk factor information. […] CDSS provides support to the Connecticut Diabetes Prevention and Control Program, a CDC-funded program within the Connecticut Department of Public Health. […] The links below provide current information regarding Connecticut deaths and hospitalizations due to diabetes and diabetes-related conditions, diabetes prevalence data, and related reports.

• #29 Integrated Surveillance and Monitoring Framework Could Help Combat Diabetes Globally | Rollins School of Public Health | Emory University | Atlanta GA

  https://sph.emory.edu/news/news-release/2024/05/diabetes-surveillance-viewpoint-india.html

  Diabetes is on the rise globally. It is especially prevalent in low- and middle-income countries like India, where over 100 million adults are living with diabetes. […] However, to report on these targets, countries must have appropriate surveillance systems in place. […] They discuss its current state, strengths and weaknesses, and future opportunities to strengthen surveillance of key diabetes care continuum indicators. […] The differences between surveys have led to variation in reported numbers for diabetes care continuum indicators. […] An integrated surveillance and monitoring framework can enhance decentralized decision-making by combining the strengths of different surveys and electronic health records, said Nikhil Tandon, PhD, professor of endocrinology and metabolism at All India Institute of Medical Sciences and senior author on the article.

• #30 Integrated Surveillance and Monitoring Framework Could Help Combat Diabetes Globally | Rollins School of Public Health | Emory University | Atlanta GA

  https://sph.emory.edu/news/news-release/2024/05/diabetes-surveillance-viewpoint-india.html

  The challenges faced in harmonization of population-based diabetes datasets from India are emblematic of challenges faced by all countries in how they should monitor and improve diabetes care and lower morbidity and mortality, said Jithin Sam Varghese, PhD, assistant research professor of global health at Rollins and part of the Emory Global Diabetes Research Center. […] Many countries, especially low- and middle- income countries, face similar challenges to India, and would similarly benefit from the solutions the researchers propose. This approach would help track trends over time, monitor the success of diabetes screening and management interventions, and track progress toward Global Diabetes Compact targets.

• #31

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diabetes.html

  Diabetes is a serious chronic disease that poses a significant health problem. Nearly 30.3 million people in the United States (9.4% of the population) have diabetes. About one-third of these people do not know they have diabetes. Each year, 1.5 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed. In Illinois, approximately 1.3 million adults (12.5% of the population) have diabetes, but roughly 341,000 of those dont know they have the disease. It is estimated that 84 million Americans have prediabetes, of which 3.6 million live in Illinois. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death nationally and in Illinois. […] Individuals with diabetes are at an increased risk for heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, dental disease, and lower extremity amputations (not related to injuries). Diabetes and its complications occur among all age, racial, and ethnic groups. […] People with diabetes risk factors are at greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes; however, developing Type 2 diabetes is not inevitable. […] Lifestyle modifications can lower the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes by almost 60%.

• #32 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2020.0282

  Diabetes is a serious and increasing global health burden. The number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, in which 8.5% of adults 18 years had diabetes. It is expected that over 592 million people worldwide will have diabetes by 2035. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HF and complicates its course, such that HF patients with DM had worse outcomes than those without DM. […] The scientific interest in HF in DM has increased significantly with the publications of recent cardiovascular outcome trials of newer antidiabetic drugs that robustly showed clinical benefit and altered the cardiovascular disease continuum for the first time. […] Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of HF. […] Hence, DM is an important risk factor that promotes the progression of each stage in the cardiovascular disease continuum.

• #33 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2020.0282

  Among HF patients, the prevalence of DM is 2 to 2.5 times higher than in the general population. […] Diabetes is an important risk factor for HF. Prolonged hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance can cause alterations in vascular homeostasis with reduced NO and increased ROS levels, which activate pro-inflammatory pathways that lead to atherothrombotic progression and myocardial dysfunction. HF patients with DM have worse prognosis than those without DM.

• #34 Diabetes and American Indians/Alaska Natives | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/diabetes-and-american-indiansalaska-natives

  Diabetes mortality, age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population, 2021 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native /Non-Hispanic White Ratio Male 56.9 39.3 1.4 Female 46.7 27.6 1.7 Both Sexes 51.8 33.4 1.6. […] Incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes, age-adjusted rate per million population, 2020 American Indian/Alaska Native Non-Hispanic White American Indian/Alaska Native /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 288.4 121.1 2.4.

• #34 Diabetes and American Indians/Alaska Natives | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/diabetes-and-american-indiansalaska-natives

  In 2023, American Indian/Alaska Native adults were 1.5 times more likely than non-Hispanic white adults to be diagnosed with diabetes. […] In 2021, non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives were 1.6 times more likely than non-Hispanic whites to die from diabetes. […] In 2020, American Indians/Alaska Natives were more than two times as likely to be diagnosed with end stage renal disease due to diabetes than non-Hispanic whites. […] Adults age 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes, percentage, 2023 American Indian/Alaska Native Non-Hispanic White American Indian/Alaska Native /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 13.2 8.9 1.5. […] Crude prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among adults age 18 and over, percentage, 2019-2021 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 16.0 8.5 1.9.

• #35 Diabetes and Hispanic Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/diabetes-and-hispanic-americans

  In 2020, Hispanics were 1.5 times more likely than non-Hispanic whites to die from diabetes. […] In 2022, Hispanic adults were 60% more likely than non-Hispanic white adults to be diagnosed with diabetes by a physician. […] In 2020, Hispanics were more than twice as likely to be hospitalized for treatment of end-stage renal disease related to diabetes as compared to non-Hispanic whites. […] Adults age 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes, age-adjusted percentage, 2022: Hispanic 11.5, Non-Hispanic White 7.2, Hispanic /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.6. […] Diabetes mortality, age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population, 2020: Hispanic 30.9, Non-Hispanic White 21.2, Hispanic /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.5. […] Visual impairment among adults age 18 and over with diabetes, age-adjusted percentage, 2022: Hispanic 36.9, Non-Hispanic White 26.3, Hispanic / Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.4.

• #36 Diabetes and Hispanic Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/diabetes-and-hispanic-americans

  Hospital admissions for uncontrolled diabetes without complications among adults age 18 and over, rate per 100,000 population, 2020: Hispanic 42.5, Non-Hispanic White 26.8, Hispanic /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.6. […] Lower extremity amputations among admissions adults age 18 and over with diabetes, rate per 100,000 population, 2020: Hispanic 46.6, Non-Hispanic White 27.8, Hispanic /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.7. […] Incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes, age-adjusted rate per million population, 2020: Hispanic 288.6, Non-Hispanic White 121.1, Hispanic /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 2.4.

• #37 Diabetes | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chronic-disease-prevention/diabetes

  Approximately 1 Million people (12.4%) in Georgia have a diagnosis of diabetes with an additional 230,000 people with diabetes but are unaware. Between 2014 and 2018, diabetes was the cause for 104,098 hospitalizations and 154,761 ER visits in Georgia. The prevalence of diabetes in Georgia has increased by almost 20% since 2006 when an estimated 9.7% of adults had diabetes, compared to 11.4% in 2016. […] Early detection and effective treatment of diabetes can significantly reduce the risk of complications. Taking proactive steps can ensure better health outcomes and improve quality of life. […] Constant blood glucose monitoring is crucial for optimal control. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels could lead to complications such as blindness, kidney disease, slow-healing wounds, and even death.

• #38 Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes in Central Iran: results from Yazd health study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8267-y

  Over the past few decades, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen rapidly in Iran and other low and middle-income countries. […] We investigated the prevalence of DM, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes and its relationship with some associated socioeconomic factors in the Yazd Greater Area in Iran. […] Of the 9965 individuals recruited, the crude self-reported prevalence of DM was 14.1% (95% CI: 13.4-14.7). […] The prevalence was higher in women than men (15.6 vs. 12.4%), significantly. […] The age-standardized prevalence of DM was 8%. […] The prevalence of DM diagnosed by physicians was 16.1% in participants (age-standardized prevalence: 8.3%). […] The prevalence of pre-diabetes was 25.8%. […] Of those with diabetes, 58.3% were not adequately controlled, which is not statistically significant with socio-economic status.

• #38 Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes in Central Iran: results from Yazd health study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8267-y

  Many people with diabetes are unaware of their complications due to uncontrolled blood glucose level. […] A significant percentage of patients are unaware of their illness (from 30% in Iran to 86% in Tunisia in the Middle East and from 24.1 to 75.1% in other parts of the world). […] Delay in the diagnosis of DM increases the cost of management and reduces the prognosis of the disease. […] Yazd, a world heritage city located in the center of Iran, has one of the highest recorded prevalence of DM in Iran. […] The prevalence of DM in Yazd province in the population over 30 years old was reported from 13.8% in 1998 to 16.3% in 2012. […] This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and pre-diabetes in the adult population of Yazd, to estimate adult unawareness of diabetes, to assess the quality of care of patients in controlling the disease and its complications and to estimate the extent that prevalence of T2DM is affected by socioeconomic factors including gender, age group, education, ethnicity and immigration, marital status, employment and health insurance.

• #39 Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes in Central Iran: results from Yazd health study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8267-y

  The current study showed a high prevalence of DM in Yazd Greater Area which is closely related to some socio-demographic factors. […] The high prevalence of pre-diabetes is alarming. […] The majority of people with diabetes are aware, but half of them are not controlled. […] The ineffective care plan currently in use should be reviewed. […] Active follow-up of patients is recommended to ensure continuity of care. […] The prevalence of diabetes is estimated to be 8.5% in adults aged over 18 years in 2014 which has increased significantly over the past three decades, especially in low and middle-income countries. […] In Iran, the prevalence of diabetes in adults aged 25-70 years was reported 11.9% (2011) which shows an increase of 35% compared to 2005. […] It is estimated that in the year 2030 nearly 9.2 million Iranians likely to have diabetes.

• #40 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  The expansive increase in the diabetes epidemic goes hand in hand with the increase in its risk factors. […] The increase in risk factors for type 2 diabetes is alarming in children and adolescents. […] Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, and regular screening and treatment for complications. […] PAHO/WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The WHO Global report on diabetes provides an overview of the diabetes burden, interventions available to prevent and manage diabetes, and recommendations for governments, individuals, the civil society and the private sector.

• #40 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. […] In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. […] There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025. […] The burden of disease associated with diabetes is enormous and growing: in just 20 years, diabetes mortality has increased by over 50% worldwide. […] In the Region of the Americas, it is the sixth leading cause of death and the fifth cause of years of life lost prematurely. […] Diabetes is currently the third cause of DALYs, preceded only by ischemic heart disease and COVID-19.

• #41 National surveillance for type 1, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among children and adolescents: a population-based study (SAUDI-DM) | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/11/1045

  The prevalence of both known type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents was found to be higher than what had earlier been observed in other communities. […] Abnormal glucose metabolism is highly prevalent among Saudi children and adolescents, exceeding 10%, and more than 90% of them were unaware of their disease. […] There is an urgent need to adopt screening, prevention and early management programmes for children and adolescents.

• #42 Special Diabetes Program for Indians | Fact Sheets

  https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/factsheets/diabetes/

  Native Americans have the highest rates of Type 2 diabetes in the United States. Diabetes prevention and treatment efforts are important priorities to decrease the onset of diabetes and its complications. […] For three decades, the IHS has served as a leader in the fight against the diabetes epidemic in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities, earning national recognition for diabetes quality improvement. Major accomplishments include developing monitoring systems of diabetes clinical care, such as the annual IHS Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit, and creating diabetes surveillance systems for tracking diabetes prevalence and complications. […] The IHS continues to strengthen its diabetes infrastructure at the Headquarters and Area office levels to maintain and improve diabetes surveillance, technical assistance, provider networks, and clinical monitoring, as well as promoting culturally sensitive prevention and treatment programs.

• #43 Diabetes Technology Society

  https://www.diabetestechnology.org/surveillance.shtml

  The topline results are summarized in the tables below. We tested 18 BGMSs in 3 studies each. The results were that only 6 of the 18 BGMSs passed all 3 times and received the Seal of Approval. […] The surveillance program will provide an independent assessment of the performance of cleared blood glucose monitors and generate information that can assist patients, payers, and healthcare providers in making informed product selections. […] After a product has been cleared for use by the FDA, there is currently no systematic post-market surveillance program that monitors for ongoing product quality post clearance. Low-quality BGM systems can negatively impact the ability of people with diabetes to reliably monitor their blood glucose levels and can lead to adverse health effects. […] This surveillance program will provide a significant benefit to both patients and manufacturers, says David Klonoff, M.D., founder of Diabetes Technology Society and Clinical Professor of Medicine at University of California, San Francisco. Patients will benefit by having access to more accurate meters on the market and manufacturers committed to delivering accurate products will now have an opportunity to back up claims about quality and accuracy with proof from this independent, third-party testing program.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11892-024-01533-7

  Recent advances in genomic technology and molecular techniques have greatly facilitated the identification of disease biomarkers, advanced understanding of pathogenesis of different common diseases, and heralded the dawn of precision medicine. Much of these advances in the area of diabetes have been made possible through deep phenotyping of epidemiological cohorts, and analysis of the different omics data in relation to detailed clinical information. […] Recent studies highlight the opportunity, as well as potential benefit, to incorporate molecular profiling in the design and set-up of diabetes epidemiology studies, which can also advance understanding on the heterogeneity of diabetes. […] Learnings from these examples should facilitate other researchers to consider incorporating research on omics technologies into their work to advance the field and our understanding of diabetes and its related co-morbidities.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11892-024-01533-7

  Traditional population- and family-based epidemiological studies have provided important insights on distribution of disease in time, place and person as well as trends over time. […] Recent advances in genotyping and the study of genetics and other molecular markers together with the availability of different high-throughput platforms used to investigate different omics layers have ushered an exciting era in omics research. […] Public health workers and practising physicians with interests in epidemiology and precision medicine are in a prime position to set up new cohorts or leverage existing cohorts to discover diagnostic and risk stratification tools as well as drug targets aimed at preventing and improving clinical outcomes. […] Throughout the review, we drew on examples from the literature, as well as our own experience of conducting omics research using the Hong Kong Diabetes Register and Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank, as well as other cohorts, to illustrate the value of adding omics research into epidemiological studies.

• #45 Global diabetes cases to soar from 529 million to 1.3 billion by 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/global-diabetes-cases-soar-529-million-13-billion-2050

  Every country in the world is expected to see rates increase […] More than half a billion people are living with diabetes worldwide, affecting men, women, and children of all ages in every country, and that number is projected to more than double to 1.3 billion people in the next 30 years, with every country seeing an increase, as published today in The Lancet. […] The latest and most comprehensive calculations show the current global prevalence rate is 6.1%, making diabetes one of the top 10 leading causes of death and disability. […] Diabetes was especially evident in people 65 and older in every country and recorded a prevalence rate of more than 20% for that demographic worldwide. […] Almost all global cases (96%) are type 2 diabetes (T2D); all 16 risk factors studied were associated with T2D.

• #46 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  The WHO module on diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes brings together guidance on diagnosis, classification and management of type 2 diabetes in one document. […] In April 2021 WHO launched the Global Diabetes Compact, a global initiative aiming for sustained improvements in diabetes prevention and care, with a particular focus on supporting low- and middle-income countries. […] The Compact is bringing together national governments, UN organizations, nongovernmental organizations, private sector entities, academic institutions, and philanthropic foundations, people living with diabetes, and international donors to work on a shared vision of reducing the risk of diabetes and ensuring that all people who are diagnosed with diabetes have access to equitable, comprehensive, affordable and quality treatment and care. […] In May 2021, the World Health Assembly agreed a Resolution on strengthening prevention and control of diabetes.

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