Bulimia nerwicowa nieograniczona – Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Bulimia nerwicowa nieograniczona
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Bulimia nerwicowa nieograniczona (Binge Eating Disorder, BED) to zaburzenie odżywiania charakteryzujące się napadami objadania się bez zachowań kompensacyjnych. Profilaktyka BED wymaga wielowymiarowego podejścia obejmującego działania indywidualne, rodzinne i społeczne. Skuteczne programy profilaktyczne bazują na promocji zdrowia, wzmacnianiu poczucia własnej wartości, pozytywnym obrazie ciała oraz zrównoważonym podejściu do odżywiania i aktywności fizycznej. Wyróżnia się profilaktykę uniwersalną, selektywną i wskazującą, z których wiele realizowanych jest w szkołach poprzez interwencje oparte na dysonansie poznawczym, uważności oraz edukacji medialnej (np. programy „Planet Health”, „PriMa”, „Torera”, „Media Smart”). Na poziomie indywidualnym zaleca się regularne spożywanie posiłków co 2-3 godziny, unikanie diet odchudzających, praktykowanie uważnego jedzenia, aktywność fizyczną, odpowiednie nawodnienie, zwiększenie spożycia białka i błonnika oraz zapewnienie odpowiedniej ilości snu, co jest istotne ze względu na powiązania BED z bezsennością.

Profilaktyka bulimii nerwicowej nieograniczonej

Bulimia nerwicowa nieograniczona (ang. Binge Eating Disorder, BED) to poważne zaburzenie odżywiania charakteryzujące się napadami objadania się bez towarzyszących zachowań kompensacyjnych. Profilaktyka tego zaburzenia ma kluczowe znaczenie, gdyż wczesna interwencja znacząco zwiększa szanse na wyzdrowienie i poprawę jakości życia¹. Zapobieganie BED wymaga wielowymiarowego podejścia, obejmującego działania na poziomie indywidualnym, rodzinnym oraz społecznym.

Programy profilaktyczne i ich skuteczność

Programy profilaktyczne dotyczące zaburzeń odżywiania mają na celu zmniejszenie czynników ryzyka, wzmocnienie czynników ochronnych i ostatecznie zatrzymanie rosnącego wskaźnika zaburzeń odżywiania w społeczeństwie¹. Badania wykazały, że są one opłacalne w ograniczaniu występowania zaburzeń odżywiania oraz obniżaniu wskaźników powiązanych problemów, takich jak zaburzenia jedzenia i dyskomfort związany z obrazem ciała¹.

Najskuteczniejsze programy profilaktyczne w zakresie zaburzeń odżywiania:

Wykorzystują podejście promocji zdrowia, skupiając się na budowaniu poczucia własnej wartości, pozytywnego obrazu ciała oraz zrównoważonego podejścia do odżywiania i aktywności fizycznej¹
Stosują interaktywne metody angażujące młodzież¹
Rozwijają praktyki społeczne i relacyjne, które uwzględniają sieć wsparcia danej osoby¹
Bazują na teoretycznym lub klinicznym zrozumieniu, jak czynnik ryzyka może prowadzić do zaburzenia odżywiania¹
Wykorzystują materiały dostosowane do etapu rozwojowego odbiorców¹
Są odpowiednie społeczno-kulturowo dla grupy docelowej¹
Koncentrują się na wzmacnianiu czynników ochronnych¹

Istnieją różne rodzaje programów profilaktycznych¹:

Programy profilaktyki uniwersalnej – skierowane do wszystkich osób w dużej lub bardzo dużej populacji
Programy profilaktyki selektywnej – opracowane dla osób, które nie mają jeszcze objawów, ale są zagrożone zaburzeniami odżywiania ze względu na czynniki biologiczne, psychologiczne lub społeczno-kulturowe
Programy profilaktyki wskazującej/ukierunkowanej – koncentrujące się na osobach z wysokim lub bardzo wysokim ryzykiem, które mają już łagodne do umiarkowanych objawy zaburzeń odżywiania

Skuteczne inicjatywy szkolne

Szkoły stanowią ważne miejsce do realizacji programów profilaktycznych dotyczących zaburzeń odżywiania. Przegląd systematyczny zidentyfikował kilka skutecznych programów szkolnych¹²:

Interwencje oparte na dysonansie poznawczym – zmniejszają negatywne emocje u młodzieży
Programy łączące techniki oparte na dysonansie i uważności
Interwencje oparte na uważności
Program Media Smart – zwiększający krytyczne myślenie wobec przekazów medialnych
Zajęcia edukacyjne o zaburzeniach odżywiania w szkołach średnich

Badania wykazują, że promowanie akceptacji ciała może pomóc złagodzić negatywne emocje i negatywne postrzeganie siebie¹. Aby zwiększyć efektywność kosztową i zrównoważony charakter, programy te mogą być realizowane przez przeszkolonych facylitatorów pod nadzorem specjalistów ochrony zdrowia¹.

W przeglądzie literatury zidentyfikowano również 10 szkolnych programów profilaktycznych, w tym¹²:

„Planet Health” – wykorzystujący zasady teorii poznawczo-społecznej do promowania zmiany zachowań u uczniów szkół średnich, zmniejszający zaburzenia kontroli wagi
„PriMa” – prezentujący dziewczętom w wieku przedadolescencyjnym obrazy i informacje o anoreksji, zwiększający wiedzę
„Torera” – bazujący na programie „PriMa”, mający na celu zmniejszenie zachowań związanych z objadaniem się, promujący poczucie własnej wartości, aktywność fizyczną i zarządzanie negatywnymi emocjami
„MaiStep” – zaprojektowany zarówno dla młodych mężczyzn, jak i kobiet
„Media Smart” – program edukacji medialnej porównywany z programami „Life Smart” i „HELPP”
„StudentBodies” – internetowy program profilaktyki wskazującej zaprojektowany dla kobiet wykazujących „subkliniczne” objawy zaburzeń odżywiania

Zapobieganie na poziomie indywidualnym

Na poziomie indywidualnym istnieje wiele strategii, które mogą pomóc w zapobieganiu bulimii nerwicowej nieograniczonej¹²:

Regularne spożywanie posiłków – niepomijanie posiłków, jedzenie co 2-3 godziny, aby przerwać cykl ograniczeń i następnie objadania się¹²
Unikanie diet odchudzających – diety mogą wyzwalać epizody objadania się, prowadząc do trudnego do przerwania błędnego koła¹²
Praktykowanie uważnego jedzenia – zwracanie uwagi na to, co się je i rozpoznawanie uczucia sytości¹²
Identyfikacja czynników wyzwalających – planowanie, jak unikać lub zarządzać sytuacjami, które wyzwalają objadanie się¹²
Aktywność fizyczna – regularna aktywność fizyczna może poprawiać nastrój i redukować stres¹²
Znalezienie sposobów radzenia sobie z silnymi uczuciami – wyrażanie siebie poprzez muzykę, sztukę, taniec lub pisanie, rozmowa z zaufaną osobą¹
Odpowiednie nawodnienie – picie wystarczającej ilości wody może ograniczać zachcianki i ograniczać przejadanie się¹²³
Zwiększenie spożycia białka i błonnika – pomaga kontrolować apetyt i zapobiegać chęci objadania się¹²³
Zapewnienie odpowiedniej ilości snu – sen wpływa na głód i apetyt, a niektóre badania sugerują, że BED może być powiązane z bezsennością¹

Rola rodziny i środowiska

Rodzina odgrywa kluczową rolę w kształtowaniu postaw dzieci wobec jedzenia, wagi i obrazu ciała¹. Oto działania, które mogą podejmować rodzice i opiekunowie w celu zapobiegania zaburzeniom odżywiania¹²:

Wzmacnianie i wspieranie zdrowego obrazu ciała u dzieci, niezależnie od ich rozmiaru czy kształtu
Pomaganie dzieciom w budowaniu pewności siebie w oparciu o aspekty inne niż wygląd
Organizowanie regularnych, przyjemnych posiłków rodzinnych
Unikanie rozmów o wadze w domu, skupianie się na zdrowym stylu życia
Zniechęcanie do stosowania diet, szczególnie gdy wiążą się z niezdrowym kontrolowaniem wagi
Unikanie etykietowania żywności jako „dobrej” lub „złej”, pokazywanie, że wszystkie pokarmy mogą być spożywane z umiarem¹
Niekomentowanie własnego rozmiaru i kształtu ciała oraz unikanie komentowania wagi dziecka¹

Ważne są również działania w szerszym środowisku społecznym¹²:

Wypowiadanie się przeciwko „ideałowi szczupłości” i jego negatywnym wpływom
Bycie pozytywnym wzorem do naśladowania i wybieranie zdrowego, zrównoważonego stylu życia
Uświadomienie sobie, że zdrowie i dobre samopoczucie występują we wszystkich kształtach i rozmiarach
Nieangażowanie się w „rozmowy o tłuszczu” (ang. „fat talk”)
Zauważanie i kwestionowanie przekazów na temat „piękna” i „idealnych typów ciała”
Pomaganie innym w rozwijaniu poczucia własnej wartości opartego na cechach innych niż wygląd fizyczny
Pozbycie się wagi – liczby mogą być mylące i są tylko jednym elementem informacji
Krytykowanie kultury promującej niezdrowy obraz ciała, a nie krytykowanie siebie

Wczesna interwencja i leczenie

Wczesna interwencja ma kluczowe znaczenie dla skutecznego leczenia BED¹². Im wcześniej osoba otrzyma pomoc, tym większe są szanse na wyzdrowienie¹².

Skuteczne podejścia do wczesnej interwencji obejmują¹²:

Programy edukacyjne zwiększające wiedzę na temat zaburzeń odżywiania
Szkolenia z zakresu pierwszej pomocy w przypadku zaburzeń odżywiania dla ogółu społeczeństwa
Zachęcanie do poszukiwania pomocy przez osoby z podejrzeniem zaburzeń odżywiania

Leczenie BED powinno być kompleksowe i wielodyscyplinarne¹²:

Osoby z BED najlepiej leczyć przez zespół składający się z lekarza, dietetyka i terapeuty
Leczenie obejmuje poradnictwo żywieniowe, opiekę medyczną i terapię rozmową (indywidualną, grupową i rodzinną)
Najskuteczniejszą metodą leczenia jest terapia poznawczo-behawioralna (CBT)¹²
Nie powinno się próbować stosować diety podczas leczenia, ponieważ może to utrudniać zaprzestanie objadania się¹²

Ustawodawstwo i polityka zdrowotna

W odpowiedzi na wzrost liczby diagnoz zaburzeń odżywiania, kilka państw wprowadziło lub uchwaliło ustawodawstwo mające na celu zwiększenie świadomości i zapobieganie rozpowszechnianiu się zaburzeń odżywiania¹.

Przykłady działań na poziomie ustawodawczym¹²:

Tworzenie grantów dla pracowników ochrony zdrowia, którzy szkolą się w zakresie zapobiegania, wykrywania lub leczenia zaburzeń odżywiania
Wymaganie od szkół opracowania programów żywieniowych i programów aktywności fizycznej w celu zapobiegania zaburzeniom odżywiania
Wprowadzanie ustawodawstwa wymagającego od szkół publicznych edukowania uczniów na temat świadomości, zapobiegania i leczenia zaburzeń odżywiania
Ustanawianie programów zapobiegania zaburzeniom odżywiania, których zadaniem jest likwidowanie dyskryminacji i uprzedzeń związanych z wagą
Zakaz sprzedaży detalicznej tabletek odchudzających osobom poniżej 18 roku życia

Podsumowanie działań profilaktycznych

Profilaktyka bulimii nerwicowej nieograniczonej wymaga kompleksowego podejścia, które obejmuje¹²³:

Zdobywanie wiedzy na temat zaburzeń odżywiania i sposobów ich zapobiegania
Wypowiadanie się przeciwko „ideałowi szczupłości” i jego negatywnym wpływom
Bycie pozytywnym wzorem do naśladowania i wybieranie zdrowego, zrównoważonego stylu życia
Uznanie, że zdrowie i dobre samopoczucie występują we wszystkich kształtach i rozmiarach
Świadomość czynników, które mogą przyczynić się do rozwoju zaburzeń odżywiania
Nieangażowanie się w „rozmowy o tłuszczu”
Dostrzeganie i kwestionowanie przekazów na temat „piękna” i „idealnych typów ciała”
Pomaganie innym w rozwijaniu poczucia własnej wartości opartego na cechach innych niż wygląd fizyczny
Unikanie określania żywności jako „dobrej” lub „złej”
Modelowanie pozytywnych zachowań związanych z jedzeniem, w tym korzyści społecznych wynikających ze wspólnego jedzenia

Profilaktyka zaburzeń odżywiania jest skuteczna, gdy jest oparta na dowodach naukowych, dostosowana do grupy docelowej i wdrażana w sposób systemowy. Wymaga zaangażowania różnych sektorów społeczeństwa, w tym rodzin, szkół, służby zdrowia i decydentów politycznych.¹

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Binge eating disorder (BED)
https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/types/binge-eating-disorder
Eating disorders are not a choice but are serious mental illnesses. The earlier an eating disorder is identified, and a person can access treatment, the greater the opportunity for recovery or improved quality of life. […] Dieting is a risk factor for the development of BED, as well as other eating disorders. The associated feelings of hunger, or the resulting feelings of failure and guilt if a âdiet ruleâ has been broken, can both trigger binge eating. For these reasons, eating regular and satisfying meals are important to prevent the physiological and psychological responses that can lead to binge eating. […] If you or someone you know may be experiencing an eating disorder, accessing support and treatment is important. Early intervention is key to improved health and quality of life outcomes.
#1 Prevention Programs
https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/preventing-eating-disorders/prevention-programs
Eating disorder prevention refers to specific programs or interventions designed to reduce risk factors, enhance protective factors, and ultimately stop the increasing rate of disordered eating and eating disorders in our society. […] Prevention programs have been shown to be cost-effective in reducing the onset of eating disorders and lowering the rates of related concerns such as disordered eating and body image distress. […] Modifiable risk factors that have been the main targets for eating disorder prevention research and program implementation include sociocultural appearance pressures, body dissatisfaction, especially weight and shape concerns, and appearance change behaviours such as dieting and excessive exercise. […] Prevention interventions linked to these risk factors include school-based programs to address self-esteem, pressures to conform to sociocultural appearance ideals, body dissatisfaction, media, and social media literacy, dieting and body change behaviours, and interventions involving parents which aim to prevent eating disorders in children.
#1 Prevention Programs
https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/preventing-eating-disorders/prevention-programs
Research has shown that the most effective eating disorder prevention programs: […] Use a health promotion approach, focusing on building self-esteem, positive body image, and a balanced approach to nutrition and physical activity. […] Utilise interactive approaches as young people learning may be enhanced through this style of engagement. […] Develop social and relational practices that incorporate the personâs support network. […] Are based on a theoretical or clinical understanding of how a risk factor, such as poor body image, can lead to an eating disorder; and how protective factors, such as high self-esteem and coping skills, can reduce risk of an eating disorder. […] Use developmentally appropriate materials. […] Are socio-culturally relevant to the target audience. […] Focus on strengthening protective factors.
#1 Eating Disorder Prevention – National Eating Disorders Association
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/prevention/
Prevention is a planned attempt to change the factors that promote and initiate problems like eating disorders. […] Prevention programs are policies, systems, and interventions developed in order to prevent eating disorder onset in a population. […] Universal prevention programs are aimed at all people in a large to very large population. […] Selective prevention programs are designed to prevent EDs in individuals who do not yet have symptoms but are at risk for an ED due to biological, psychological, or sociocultural factors. […] Indicated/targeted prevention focuses on individuals who are at high or very high risk because they already have mild to moderate ED symptoms. […] Prevention works when well-designed research indicates that a set of changes or a program reduces risk factors, increases protective factors, and over a long period of time significantly reduces the incidence of EDs.
#1 School-based eating disorder prevention programmes and their impact on adolescent mental health: systematic review | BJPsych Open | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/schoolbased-eating-disorder-prevention-programmes-and-their-impact-on-adolescent-mental-health-systematic-review/A4395A2A46DB49BFA33F59A27928957F
The findings from the ten effective programmes consistently support the use of body acceptance strategies in improving the mental health of adolescent students. […] Brief interventions delivered by trained, non-licensed facilitators appear good for the sustainable implementation of in-school psychological services to support well-being among adolescents. […] This review examines the impact of school-based eating disorder prevention programmes on the mental health of adolescents, based on 14 studies. Among the seven different types of intervention identified, five were found to be effective in reducing negative emotions in adolescents: dissonance-based intervention, combined dissonance- and mindfulness-based programme, mindfulness-based intervention, Media Smart and eating disorder classes in high school.
#1 School-based eating disorder prevention programmes and their impact on adolescent mental health: systematic review | BJPsych Open | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/schoolbased-eating-disorder-prevention-programmes-and-their-impact-on-adolescent-mental-health-systematic-review/A4395A2A46DB49BFA33F59A27928957F
The findings suggest that promoting body acceptance can help alleviate negative emotions and self-perceptions. […] To enhance cost-effectiveness and sustainability, these programmes can be implemented by trained facilitators who are supervised by healthcare professionals. […] In conclusion, negative emotions and mental health problems are recognised as risk factors for eating disorders. School-based initiatives targeting eating disorder prevention in teenagers should include a mental health component that educates students about body acceptance in four to five lessons.
#1 Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3
The current review identified 10 school-based prevention programs. One of these projects, âPlanet Healthâ, utilised the principles of social cognitive theory to promote behaviour change in high-school children and found participation in the program to be associated with reductions in disordered weight control behaviours. […] […] Another intervention (âPriMaâ) involved presenting preadolescent girls with images and information about AN. Following the intervention, participants reported significantly increased knowledge of AN compared to the control group at three-month FU. […] […] A similar program, âToreraâ (built on âPriMaâ), aims to reduce binge eating behaviours related to BN and BED with messaging about self-esteem, physical activity, managing negative emotions and avoiding the cycle of binge eating and dieting. […]
#1 Binge-eating disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353633
The goal for treatment of binge-eating disorder is to have healthy, regular eating habits. […] Treatment of binge-eating disorder may be done by a team of specialists. The team can include doctors and other healthcare professionals, mental health professionals, and dietitians, all with experience in eating disorders. […] Along with getting professional help, you can take these self-care steps as part of your treatment plan: […] Stay with your treatment. Don’t skip therapy sessions. If you have a meal plan, do your best to stay with it. Don’t let setbacks keep you from continuing treatment. […] Stay away from dieting. Trying to diet can trigger more binge eating, leading to a vicious cycle that’s hard to break. […] Eat regularly. For example, eat every 2 to 3 hours to try to break the restrict-then-binge cycle.
#1 Binge Eating Disorder (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/binge-eating.html
People with binge disorders are best treated by a team that includes a doctor, dietitian, and therapist. Treatment includes nutrition counseling, medical care, and talk therapy (individual, group, and family therapy). […] Because of these feelings, many people don’t get treatment for binge eating until they’re older. But getting help early makes it more likely that a person can get better before it causes health problems related to weight gain. […] If you binge eat, these tips can help: Don’t skip meals. You are more likely to overeat if you get too hungry. Practice mindful eating. Pay attention to what you eat and notice when you feel full. Identify triggers. Make a plan for how you can avoid or manage things that trigger bingeing. Be active. Regular exercise can feel good and help you manage your weight. Find ways to cope with strong feelings. Express yourself through music, art, dance, or writing. Talk to a friend or trusted adult, or try yoga, meditation, or taking a couple of deep breaths to relax. […] Talk to your doctor if you think you may have a binge eating disorder or you are concerned about overeating and your weight.
#1 Binge-eating disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353633
Plan ahead for triggering situations. Being around certain foods can trigger eating binges for some people. Plan what to do when you’re around foods that are tempting. […] Get the right nutrients. Just because you may be eating a lot during binges doesn’t mean you’re eating the kinds of food that have all the nutrients you need. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to adjust your diet to get essential vitamins and minerals. […] Stay connected. Don’t isolate yourself from caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Surround yourself with people who have your best interests at heart. […] Get active. Ask your healthcare professional what kind of physical activity is best for you.
#1 How to Stop Binge Eating: 13 Helpful Tips
https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-stop-binge-eating-5094830
Binge eating disorder (BED) is a condition where a person consumes large amounts of food in short periods of time. People with BED also feel they cant control what or how much they eat. […] Treatment usually involves psychotherapy, nutritional counseling, and support groups. With personal commitment and professional support, you can make important lifestyle changes and develop a healthy relationship with food. […] This article discusses binge eating disorder. It explores 13 lifestyle strategies that can help you stop binge eating. […] A slow and steady approach is not only more sustainable but allows you to make gradual changes that reduce cravings and the risk of binge eating. […] Staying hydrated has many health benefits but can also help curb cravings and reduce overeating. […] Drinking plenty of water is not only a strategy for how to stop binge eating. It can also boost metabolism and may contribute to weight loss.
#1 How to Stop Binge Eating: 13 Helpful Tips
https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-stop-binge-eating-5094830
Writing down what you eat each day in a notebook or online tracking app can help to manage eating disorders. […] Adding more protein to your diet can help control your appetite and prevent the urge to binge. […] Eating whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and unprocessed foods can help you feel satiated (full and satisfied) compared to eating refined grains, sugars, and processed foods. […] Research shows getting regular exercise can help curb binge eating. […] Yoga is another activity that has been shown to prevent binge eating by reducing stress levels. […] Sleep also affects hunger and appetite, with some studies suggesting that BED may be linked to insomnia. […] While lifestyle strategies can help curb binge eating, counseling by a mental health professional may be needed to identify the root cause of the disorder. […] The best plan to stop binge eating depends on your needs, but lifestyle changes are essential. Some examples include eating three meals a day, staying hydrated, increasing your fiber intake, and exercising regularly to reduce stress.
#1 Addressing and Preventing Eating Disorders | Patient Care
https://weillcornell.org/news/addressing-and-preventing-eating-disorders
Eating disorders are mental health issues characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviors. […] The exact causes of eating disorders are not well understood, but likely are due to a combination of genetic, psychological and social influences. For many young people, mixed messages about weight and attractiveness from peers, mainstream media and social media can be particularly powerful. Parents can counter some of these influences by modeling healthy behaviors and attitudes around eating and exercise at home. […] Dr. Straebler and Dr. Klein advise that instead of labeling foods as good or bad, demonstrate that all foods can be enjoyed in moderation. Provide a wide variety of foods at mealtimes, and emphasize that food is a source of energy the body needs. Its also important to not talk negatively about your own body size and shape, and to avoid commenting on your child’s weight.
#1 Advanced Care for Eating Disorders in New Jersey
https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/mental-health-and-behavioral-health/conditions/eating-disorders/
Eating disorders can affect people of all ages, but they often start in the teen and young adult years. Be mindful of certain risk factors that may increase the risk of developing an eating disorder such as: […] Although there are no definitive ways to prevent eating disorders, there are steps to take to develop healthy eating habits and lifestyle behaviors. Instilling healthy habits and self-esteem in children can help them lower the risk of developing an eating disorder. If you have concerns about your eating behaviors or those of your children, talk to your health care provider. […] Here are some ways families can help: Foster and reinforce a healthy body image in your children, no matter their size or shape. Help them build confidence in ways other than their appearance. Have regular, enjoyable family meals. Avoid talking about weight at home. Focus instead on having a healthy lifestyle. Discourage dieting, especially when it involves unhealthy weight-control behaviors such as fasting, using weight-loss supplements, laxatives or self-induced vomiting. […] If you have concerns about your eating behaviors or those of your children, talk to your health care provider about getting professional treatment before the situation worsens.
#1 Prevention – Kelty Eating Disorders
https://keltyeatingdisorders.ca/prevention/prevention-resources/
We can all help to prevent eating disorders. There are many different ways to bring about powerful and positive changes in your home, workplace, school â anywhere! […] Here are a few ideas that you can use today to help prevent eating disorders: […] Take steps to learn more about eating disorders and how to prevent them. […] Speak out about the âthin idealâ and the negative impact it can have. […] Be a positive role model and choose to live a healthy, well-rounded lifestyle. […] Recognize that health and well-being comes in all shapes and sizes. […] Become aware of the factors that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. […] Do not engage in âfatâ talk! Change the conversation or remind yourself not to use it. […] Start to notice and to question the messaging about âbeautyâ and âideal body typesâ that we all receive daily from the media and the people around us. Refuse to accept what the media presents as âbeautifulâ.
#1 Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3
A large proportion of individuals with eating disorders (ED) or ED symptomatology within the community do not seek treatment or professional help. Low rates of detection and early intervention, low treatment uptake, stigma, shame and lack of motivation to seek help can lead to significant physical and psychological impairment. Research has shown preventative and early intervention programs can significantly reduce ED risk factors, increase self-awareness and motivation to seek help and treatment. […] […] To reduce the duration of untreated illness and increase treatment uptake, extensive efforts are needed to bridge the gap between early symptom recognition and timely access to evidence-based specialist services. […] […] Early intervention aims to target prodromal or at-risk individuals to prevent or delay onset of illness and increase chances of recovery. […] Early, timely access to intervention and enhanced help-seeking behaviour can shorten DUED, hence helping prevent prolonged illness and unnecessary suffering. […]
#1 Binge eating disorder (BED)
https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/types/binge-eating-disorder
The goals for treatment of BED are to reduce binge eating and to support the person to eat regular meals. Addressing other related emotional factors such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem is also important. […] Most people can recover from an eating disorder with community-based treatment. In the community, the minimum treatment team includes a medical practitioner such as a GP and a mental health professional. […] It is possible to recover from BED, even if a person has been living with the illness for many years. The path to recovery can be long and challenging, however, with the right team and support, recovery is possible.
#1 Binge Eating Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Getting Help
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/binge-eating-disorder
Binge eating disorder can seriously affect a persons physical and mental health. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment. Healthcare professionals can prescribe it alone or in combination with other therapies. […] The treatment plan for BED depends on the causes and severity of the eating disorder, and individual goals. Treatment options may target binge eating behaviors, excess weight, body image, mental health issues, or a combination of these. […] The most effective treatment is CBT, but many other treatments also exist. Depending on individual circumstances, just one therapy or a combination may work best. […] Effective treatments are available for BED, including CBT and IPT. Healthy lifestyle strategies can be incorporated into everyday life to help manage symptoms.
#1 Treatment – Binge eating disorder – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/binge-eating/treatment/
You should not try to diet while you’re having treatment because this can make it more difficult to stop binge eating. […] Antidepressants should not be offered as the only treatment for binge eating disorder. But you may be offered an antidepressant in combination with therapy or self-help treatment to help you manage other conditions.
#1 Eating Disorder Prevention Laws â KLRD
https://klrd.gov/2024/02/01/eating-disorder-prevention-laws/
Each year, approximately 10,200 individuals in the United States die from an eating disorder (ED), making it the second deadliest mental health disorder. […] In response to an increase in ED diagnoses, several states have introduced or enacted legislation to raise awareness of and prevent EDs and disordered eating patterns from becoming more prevalent. […] The first provision creates grants for health care workers who train in ED prevention, detection, or treatment. […] The Eating Disorders Prevention in Schools Act was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives but was not enacted. If enacted, it would have required school districts to develop nutrition programs and physical activity programs to prevent disordered eating. […] After the COVID-19 pandemic, several states introduced legislation to prevent and raise awareness about EDs.
#1 Prevention – The Eating Disorder Foundation
https://www.eatingdisorderfoundation.org/learn-more/about-eating-disorders/prevention/
What You Can Do to Help Prevent Eating Disorders […] Prevention of Eating Disorders […] Despite the fact that eating disorders are extremely complex and prevalent, prevention is possible. […] We need to replace the negative thoughts about our bodies with appreciation and acceptance. […] Recognizing that they are a problem and identifying how we can support, love, and encourage the people in our lives that struggle with them is a critical step in preventing eating disorders. […] We must eliminate the guilt and shame that often precludes people from getting the treatment they need. […] Prevention efforts should address: […] Healthy eating habits and how to listen to our bodies. […] How to handle difficult feelings and emotions. […] Knowing who to talk to in case of abuse (parents, school counselor, etc.)
#2 School-based eating disorder prevention programmes and their impact on adolescent mental health: systematic review | BJPsych Open | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/schoolbased-eating-disorder-prevention-programmes-and-their-impact-on-adolescent-mental-health-systematic-review/A4395A2A46DB49BFA33F59A27928957F
The findings suggest that promoting body acceptance can help alleviate negative emotions and self-perceptions. […] To enhance cost-effectiveness and sustainability, these programmes can be implemented by trained facilitators who are supervised by healthcare professionals. […] In conclusion, negative emotions and mental health problems are recognised as risk factors for eating disorders. School-based initiatives targeting eating disorder prevention in teenagers should include a mental health component that educates students about body acceptance in four to five lessons.
#2 Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3
The âMaiStepâ program was designed for both young males and females, and compared an ED prevention program delivered by psychologists and trained teachers to a universal prevention program for stress prevention delivered by untrained teachers (active control). […] […] Several other teacher-delivered universal programs were found to be beneficial for participating students. […] […] Building on a growing evidence base relating to the utility of combining ED and obesity prevention programs for delivery in schools, three studies were identified by this RR, examining the potential effectiveness of these interventions. […] […] The media-literacy program âMedia Smartâ was compared to âLife Smartâ and âHELPPâ, all delivered with the same frequency and duration of lessons. […] […] A meta-analysis of data was conducted on eight RCTs delivering the âStudentBodiesâ internet-based indicated prevention program designed for women displaying âsubclinicalâ ED symptoms. […]
#2 Binge Eating Disorder (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/binge-eating.html
People with binge disorders are best treated by a team that includes a doctor, dietitian, and therapist. Treatment includes nutrition counseling, medical care, and talk therapy (individual, group, and family therapy). […] Because of these feelings, many people don’t get treatment for binge eating until they’re older. But getting help early makes it more likely that a person can get better before it causes health problems related to weight gain. […] If you binge eat, these tips can help: Don’t skip meals. You are more likely to overeat if you get too hungry. Practice mindful eating. Pay attention to what you eat and notice when you feel full. Identify triggers. Make a plan for how you can avoid or manage things that trigger bingeing. Be active. Regular exercise can feel good and help you manage your weight. Find ways to cope with strong feelings. Express yourself through music, art, dance, or writing. Talk to a friend or trusted adult, or try yoga, meditation, or taking a couple of deep breaths to relax. […] Talk to your doctor if you think you may have a binge eating disorder or you are concerned about overeating and your weight.
#2 How to Stop Binge Eating: 13 Helpful Tips
https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-stop-binge-eating-5094830
It may seem contradictory that eating regularly is a recommendation for how to stop binge eating, but skipping meals can leave your body desperate for nutrition and increase the likelihood of overeating. […] A regular eating pattern has been shown to reduce the chances of binge eating later in the day. […] Intuitive eating is something we are born with but often lose as we get older and use food to provide us with comfort or distraction. […] A study published in Eating and Weight Disorder in 2020 concluded that intuitive eating was associated with lower odds of binge eating. […] Meal planning can help to regulate your eating and prevent binging. […] Research shows people who meal plan eat a healthier, more varied diet. […] Eating at regular intervals throughout the day can also help to prevent binge eating.
#2
https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/binge-eating-disorder/treatment/
Most people recover from binge eating disorder with the right treatment and support. But it may take time. […] You should not try to diet while you are having treatment. This is because it can make your binge eating worse. […] You should not try to diet while you are having treatment. This can make it much more difficult to stop binge eating.
#2 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
One 2008 study of 24 older adults found that drinking 17 ounces (500 milliliters) of water before eating a meal decreased the number of calories consumed by 13%, compared with a control group. […] A 2007 study in older adults showed that drinking 13 to 17 ounces (375 to 500 milliliters) of water 30 minutes before a meal significantly decreased hunger and calorie intake while increasing feelings of fullness during the day. […] Mindfulness involves listening to your body and paying attention to how you feel at the moment. This can help you recognize when you no longer feel hungry and adjust accordingly. […] One 2014 review of 14 studies found that practicing mindfulness meditation decreased the incidence of binge eating and emotional eating. […] A small 2012 study showed that combining mindfulness with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may improve eating behavior and self-awareness.
#2 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
One 2005 study of 19 people showed that increasing protein intake from 15% to 30% led to significant reductions in body weight and fat mass and decreased daily calorie intake by an average of 441 calories. […] Similarly, a 2006 study found that following a high protein diet promoted feelings of fullness and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a hormone known for its ability to suppress appetite. […] Aim to squeeze in at least 8 hours of sleep most days of the week. […] Eating a fiber- and protein-rich breakfast can help curb cravings and keep you satiated throughout the morning. […] Adopting a new exercise routine or increasing physical activity levels could help prevent overeating. […] An older 6-month study of 77 people showed that increasing weekly exercise frequency stopped binge eating in 81% of participants.
#2 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
Overeating from time to time is common. But if you find yourself eating more than you’d like on a regular basis, there are plenty of strategies you can incorporate to reduce the likelihood of binge eating. […] Although the tools and strategies discussed below may be recommended alongside a clinical care plan for BED, they aren’t a substitute for professional help. […] Skipping meals can contribute to cravings and increase the risk of overeating. […] A small, two-month study published in 2008 showed that eating one large meal daily increased blood sugar levels and the hunger-stimulating hormone ghrelin more than eating three meals daily. […] A 2014 study of 38 people found that adhering to a regular eating pattern was associated with a decreased frequency of binging. […] Drinking plenty of water throughout the day can be an effective way to curb cravings and prevent overeating.
#2 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
Yoga involves breathing exercises, poses, and meditation to reduce stress and enhance relaxation. […] One 2016 study of 20 girls found that combining yoga with outpatient eating disorder treatment decreased depression, anxiety, and body image disturbances all of which could be factors involved in emotional eating. […] Increasing fiber intake could help reduce cravings, appetite, and food intake. […] One small, 2-week study published in 2006 found that supplementing twice daily with a type of fiber found in vegetables decreased hunger and calorie intake while increasing fullness. […] A 2009 study of 10 adults showed that taking 16 grams of prebiotic fiber daily increased levels of specific hormones that influence satiety and significantly reduced feelings of hunger. […] Protein-rich foods can also keep you full and help control your appetite.
#2 Eating Disorder Prevention Tips for Parents | The Renfrew Center
https://renfrewcenter.com/eating-disorder-prevention-tips-for-parents/
Because we live in a culture obsessed with thinness and dieting, it can be challenging for parents to recognize when their childâs thinking or behavior around food becomes dangerous. Prevention is critical and starts at home. […] While itâs not always possible to prevent an eating disorder, creating a healthy environment at home can significantly reduce the risk. Parents play a critical role in shaping their childrenâs attitudes toward food, weight, and body image. By fostering a balanced approach to eating and exercise and modeling positive self-esteem, you can lay a strong foundation for your child to develop a healthy relationship with food. […] Prevention also involves being proactive. Educate yourself about eating disorders, their warning signs, and risk factors. Early detection can make a world of difference, so if you notice concerning behaviors, such as excessive dieting, an unusual focus on calories, or frequent negative body talk, donât hesitate to address these issues with care and compassion. […] Preventing eating disorders starts with education, open communication, and fostering a culture of acceptance. By modeling healthy attitudes toward food and body image, and by addressing harmful behaviors early, you can help create a supportive environment for your children.
#2 Prevention – Kelty Eating Disorders
https://keltyeatingdisorders.ca/prevention/prevention-resources/
Talk to all people about eating disorders and unhealthy attitudes or activities. […] Help others to develop self-esteem based on qualities other than physical appearance. […] Get rid of your scale! Numbers can be deceiving and are only one piece of information. […] Avoid calling a food âgoodâ or âbad.â Food is just food. […] Avoid terms like âjunk foodâ. Consider âtreatâ or âsometimesâ foods. […] Teach others that their self-worth is not related to how they look or how they eat. […] Get rid of your diet! […] Criticize the culture that promotes unhealthy body image. Do not criticize yourself. […] Be aware of advertising, toys, television shows, or even clothing store ads which only show an âidealâ body shape. […] Model positive behaviour towards eating including the social benefits of eating together, enjoyment of eating, and the excitement of trying new foods.
#2 Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3
A large proportion of individuals with eating disorders (ED) or ED symptomatology within the community do not seek treatment or professional help. Low rates of detection and early intervention, low treatment uptake, stigma, shame and lack of motivation to seek help can lead to significant physical and psychological impairment. Research has shown preventative and early intervention programs can significantly reduce ED risk factors, increase self-awareness and motivation to seek help and treatment. […] […] To reduce the duration of untreated illness and increase treatment uptake, extensive efforts are needed to bridge the gap between early symptom recognition and timely access to evidence-based specialist services. […] […] Early intervention aims to target prodromal or at-risk individuals to prevent or delay onset of illness and increase chances of recovery. […] Early, timely access to intervention and enhanced help-seeking behaviour can shorten DUED, hence helping prevent prolonged illness and unnecessary suffering. […]
#2 Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder
https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/binge-eating-disorder/treatment/
Binge eating disorder has clear, evidence-based treatment pathway recommended by NICE and SIGN. […] NICE guidance says that People with eating disorders should be assessed and receive treatment at the earliest opportunity applies in all cases. The earlier you can get treatment for your illness, the better your chance of recovery. […] NICE guidelines state that weight loss isn’t the intended goal of the therapies recommended to treat binge eating disorder. In fact, NICE recommends that therapy should involve advising against trying to lose weight during treatment through methods such as dieting, because this can make people feel the urge to binge eat. […] Both NICE and SIGN guidelines state that psychological therapies for BED do not aim to result in or focus on weight loss. Treatment for binge eating disorder should aim to reduce the frequency of binges, tackle thoughts related to bingeing, and improve mood. […] Self-help and support groups where you’re able to talk to others going through similar experiences can be useful to both people with eating disorders and their families throughout treatment and in sustaining recovery.
#2 Prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text
https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-023-00758-3
Research has shown that providing information on mental health first aid may increase the confidence of members of the public to assist individuals who are developing a mental illness or experiencing a mental health crisis. […] […] This work suggests a single session of ED-first-aid training could increase help-seeking among individuals with a suspected ED as a result of the increased capacity of their friends and family members to approach them about their eating behaviours, an important early intervention strategy. […] […] Prevention and early intervention programs have been shown to significantly reduce some risk factors, promote early symptom recognition, and encourage help-seeking behaviour for people with EDs, however, existing studies have mostly been conducted in cohorts past the age of peak onset and relatively short FU periods mean there is a lack of information on the long-term impacts of the interventions. […]
#2 Treatment – Binge eating disorder – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/binge-eating/treatment/
Most people get better from binge eating disorder with treatment and support. […] You’ll probably be offered a guided self-help programme as a first step in treating binge eating disorder. […] Joining a self-help support group, like one of the Beat online support groups for people with binge eating disorder, may also be helpful. […] If self-help treatment alone is not enough or has not helped you after 4 weeks, you may also be offered cognitive behavioural therapy or medicine. […] CBT involves talking to a therapist, who will help you explore patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that could be contributing to your eating disorder. […] They will help you: plan out the meals and snacks you should have during the day, to help you adopt regular eating habits; work out what is triggering your binge eating; change and manage negative feelings about your body; stick to your new eating habits so you do not relapse into binge eating.
#2 Eating Disorder Prevention Laws â KLRD
https://klrd.gov/2024/02/01/eating-disorder-prevention-laws/
In 2022, Louisiana and West Virginia enacted laws requiring public schools to educate students on ED awareness, prevention, and treatment. […] In 2023, the Colorado Legislature enacted broad ED prevention laws to close gaps in treatment services. One law established the Disordered Eating Prevention Program, which is charged with many of the same duties as those mentioned in the previous subsection, with the additional duty of dismantling discrimination and bias with regard to weight. […] In an effort to curb the potential development of disordered eating habits, Colorado ED prevention laws prohibit retail establishments from selling over-the-counter diet pills to persons under the age of 18.
#3 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
One 2008 study of 24 older adults found that drinking 17 ounces (500 milliliters) of water before eating a meal decreased the number of calories consumed by 13%, compared with a control group. […] A 2007 study in older adults showed that drinking 13 to 17 ounces (375 to 500 milliliters) of water 30 minutes before a meal significantly decreased hunger and calorie intake while increasing feelings of fullness during the day. […] Mindfulness involves listening to your body and paying attention to how you feel at the moment. This can help you recognize when you no longer feel hungry and adjust accordingly. […] One 2014 review of 14 studies found that practicing mindfulness meditation decreased the incidence of binge eating and emotional eating. […] A small 2012 study showed that combining mindfulness with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may improve eating behavior and self-awareness.
#3 14 Helpful Tips to Overcome Binge Eating
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-binge-eating
One 2005 study of 19 people showed that increasing protein intake from 15% to 30% led to significant reductions in body weight and fat mass and decreased daily calorie intake by an average of 441 calories. […] Similarly, a 2006 study found that following a high protein diet promoted feelings of fullness and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a hormone known for its ability to suppress appetite. […] Aim to squeeze in at least 8 hours of sleep most days of the week. […] Eating a fiber- and protein-rich breakfast can help curb cravings and keep you satiated throughout the morning. […] Adopting a new exercise routine or increasing physical activity levels could help prevent overeating. […] An older 6-month study of 77 people showed that increasing weekly exercise frequency stopped binge eating in 81% of participants.
#3 Prevention – Kelty Eating Disorders
https://keltyeatingdisorders.ca/prevention/prevention-resources/
Help parents and teachers to think about their own attitudes. Their behaviour, language, eating and physical activities influence children immensely. […] Make time and space for meals at school or the workplace. Model taking breaks to eat to those around you. […] Empower others to feel good about themselves for who they are, not how they look. […] Promote understanding of the natural gain in weight that happens during puberty. […] Encourage self-awareness and critical thinking skills. […] Provide others with alternative images of healthy bodies. […] Help those around you to interpret and apply messaging from other areas of health, such as obesity prevention, healthy lifestyle habits. […] Families can nurture healthy eating habits and encourage children to have positive relationships with food: From managing picky eating at mealtimes and taking the pressure off everyone, to promoting a positive body image, parents and caregivers will find practical tips and resources on the Kelty Mental Health website to eating well.