Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. […] Predisposing factors include poor hygiene and overwashing, use of over-the-counter medications, and nonretraction of the foreskin. […] Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. […] Other causes include the following: Poor personal hygiene, Chemical irritants (eg, soap, petroleum jelly), Edematous conditions, such as congestive heart failure (right-sided), cirrhosis, and nephrosis, Drug allergies (eg, tetracycline, sulfonamide), Morbid obesity. […] Pathogens that can cause balanitis include the following: Candidal species (most commonly associated with diabetes), Group B and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia species, Anaerobes (eg, Bacteroides), Human papillomavirus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trichomonal species, Borrelia vincentii and Borrelia burgdorferi.

• #1 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. […] Balanitis and balanoposthitis are primarily infectious in origin, with Candida being the most common etiologic organism. […] Many diseases, infections, and disorders affect the male genitalia, including inflammatory lesions, infectious processes, preneoplastic syndromes, and malignant conditions. However, the most common cause of balanitis is poor or inadequate personal hygiene in uncircumcised males, leading to candidal infection. […] The warm, moist environment under the uncircumcised penile foreskin, lack of aeration, sequestration of urine and urethral discharge or seepage, and the accumulation of irritating smegma promote the growth of organisms, most commonly Candida, that cause balanitis, leading to erythema, irritation, edema, inflammation, and discomfort of the glans penis.

• #1 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans, are the most common identifiable infectious causes of balanitis and balanoposthitis. […] Diabetes is the most commonly identified underlying contributing disorder. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised males have a substantially lower prevalence of balanitis (68%) compared to uncircumcised males and that balanitis is associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. […] Although yeast infection is the most commonly identified cause of balanitis, numerous other potential causes must be considered, including both infectious and noninfectious agents. […] Infectious etiologies of balanitis include: Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus; Candida species (most commonly associated with diabetes); Chlamydia species; Gardnerella vaginalis; Human herpesvirus 1 and 2; Human papillomaviruses; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Scabies; Treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis; Trichomonas species. […] Noninfectious etiologies of balanitis include: Allergic reactions to condom latex and contraceptive jelly; Chemical irritants, such as spermicides, detergents, perfumed soaps and shower gels, fabric conditioners, and petroleum jelly; Poor personal hygiene (most common).

• #1 Balanitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000862.htm

  Balanitis is most often caused by poor hygiene in uncircumcised men. Other possible causes include: […] Diseases, such as reactive arthritis and lichen sclerosus atrophicus […] Infection […] Harsh soaps […] Not rinsing soap off properly while bathing […] Uncontrolled diabetes.

• #1

  https://contenidos.bupasalud.com/en/health-and-wellness/bupa-life/balanitis

  Lichen sclerosis this is an inflammatory skin condition that affects the foreskin. […] It can cause the foreskin to become tight and difficult to retract over the head of the penis (phimosis) and cause balanitis. […] Diabetes people with diabetes are more susceptible to infections. An infection under the foreskin can cause balanitis. […] If diabetes isnt managed properly, glucose in your blood can overflow through your kidneys and into your urine. […] Glucose in your urine encourages bacteria to grow more than usual in the urine. This can increase your risk of having balanitis. […] Candidal balanitis is particularly common in men with diabetes.

• #1 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Balanitis can be best categorised as infectious versus non-infectious aetiologies. […] Infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: Fungal infection (most common overall cause) […] Bacterial infection (second most common overall cause) […] Viral infection […] Protozoal […] Parasitic […] Non-infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: Inflammatory conditions […] Premalignant conditions […] Malignant conditions […] Miscellaneous

• #1 Balanitis/Balanoposthitis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/balanitis-balanoposthitis/

  While often nonspecific and caused by inadequate hygiene, contact dermatitis, or external irritants a thorough history and physical exam should assess for other etiologies: […] History of diabetes, HIV, obesity and/or white appearance with curd-like exudate suggests candida. […] High risk sexual history suggests STIs including trichomonas, HSV, HPV, scabies, chlamydia. […] Purulent and foul smelling exudate suggests bacterial infection. […] Vesicular or ulcerative lesions suggest HSV, syphilis. […] Erythematous plaques suggest psoriasis. […] History of dermatitis suggest psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema. […] Splitting, hemorrhagic blisters, and dyspareunia with white patches and structural changes suggest lichen sclerosis. […] Purple, well demarcated plaques suggest lichen planus.

• #1 Balanitis | Symptoms, Images, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/balanitis/

  Balanitis, posthitis, balanoposthitis and phimosis can be caused by a single or multiple underlying conditions. […] Yes, balanitis can result from the following STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Genital herpes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Syphilis (primary and secondary), Haemophilus ducreyi, Scabies. […] Circinate balanitis is the presence of circular red marks on the glans of the penis with raised margin this can be seen weeks/months after getting a Chlamydia infection. […] Allergens or Irritants: The skin of the glans is very sensitive and may become inflamed upon exposure to certain chemicals/irritants including soaps, shower gels, irritation to the skin from over washing and scrubbing, latex, lubricants and spermicides used in condoms, chemicals on the hands being transferred to the penis, washing powders, conditioners and detergents, drug side effects or allergies (eg. antibiotics are often linked with cases of candida/thrush which may cause balanitis inflammation).

• #1 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  Balanitis is pain and inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the glans (head) of the penis that happens most often in uncircumcised males. […] Yeast infections typically cause balanitis. However, bacterial infections, viral infections and some skin (dermatological) conditions can also cause balanitis. […] If you have foreskin, the most common cause of balanitis is infrequently cleaning your penis and under your foreskin. Other causes include: genital yeast infection (candidiasis), sexually transmitted infections, scabies (tiny burrowing parasite) infection, sensitivity or allergy to harsh soaps or chemicals, skin conditions that cause itchy, dry, scaly skin (such as psoriasis and eczema), diabetes, reactive arthritis, a type of arthritis that develops in response to an infection somewhere in your body.

• #1 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537143/

  Although yeast infection is the most commonly identified cause of balanitis, numerous other potential causes must be considered, including both infectious and noninfectious agents. […] Infectious etiologies of balanitis include: Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus; Candida species (most commonly associated with diabetes); Chlamydia species; Gardnerella vaginalis; Human herpesvirus 1 and 2; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis. […] Noninfectious etiologies of balanitis include: Allergic reactions to condom latex and contraceptive jelly; Chemical irritants, such as spermicides, detergents, perfumed soaps and shower gels, fabric conditioners, and petroleum jelly; Poor personal hygiene (most common). […] The most common cause of balanitis is inadequate personal hygiene in uncircumcised males, particularly those with diabetes.

• #1 Balanitis: What Causes It and How To Treat It

  https://patient.info/mens-health/penis-problems/balanitis

  Balanitis is when the head of the penis (the glans) becomes inflamed. Balanitis is common and it can occur at any age. It more commonly affects boys aged under 5 years and also men who have not been circumcised. There is a form of balanitis that affects middle-aged or older men called Zoon’s balanitis. About one in 25 boys and about one in 30 uncircumcised men are affected with balanitis at some time in their lives. Not being circumcised increases the risk of balanitis. […] There are many different causes of balanitis. These include infectious and non-infectious causes. […] Poor hygiene around this area, combined with a tight foreskin, can lead to irritation by smegma. Smegma is a cheesy-like substance which forms under the foreskin if the end of the penis (the glans) under the foreskin is not cleaned. This is the most common cause of balanitis.

• #1 Balanitis: what is it, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/balanitis-what-is-it-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the skin that covers the head of the penis, that is, the glans. This infection is most common in children or adults who have not been circumcised. […] Poor hygiene and phimosis are related to this disease, as they lead to the proliferation of fungi under the foreskin, causing balanitis. […] Balanitis is a male genital infection that is usually caused by fungi. This disease involves inflammation of the penis, more specifically of the glans. […] Balanitis is more common in uncircumcised men. […] This condition of the glans can develop in any man or child, and is more common in those who have not been circumcised. […] This disease is associated with factors such as diabetes, bacteria and germs or allergic reactions due to synthetic fibres in underwear or irritants such as bath gels, etc.

• #1 The Inflammation of the Penis Head, or Balanitis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/balanitis-inflammation-of-the-penis-head-and-foreskin-2328496

  Balanitis is a condition affecting about 11% of adults with penises and 4% of children with penises. […] The exact cause of balanitis and balanoposthitis is often unclear. Poor hygiene is thought to play a central role. […] In people with foreskins, the accumulation of smegma can cause an inflammatory reaction that leads to swelling and redness. The warmth and moisture under the foreskin also provide the perfect environment for bacterial and fungal infections. […] Risk factors of balanitis include: Having a foreskin, Poor penile hygiene, Diabetes, Scented soaps or shower gels, Harsh detergents and fabric softeners, Overwashing the penis, Physical friction, Spermicidal lubricants, Allergies (such as an allergy to latex condoms), Antibiotic use. […] Infections, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal, can cause balanitis and balanoposthitis.

• #1 Balanitis Treatment & Surgery | Benenden Hospital

  https://www.benendenhospital.org.uk/health-news/mens-health/treatment-for-balanitis/

  Balanitis can occur in both uncircumcised and circumcised men, but its more common if you havent been circumcised or if you have a tight foreskin thats difficult to pull back (this is known as phimosis). […] There are several causes of balanitis, including: A yeast (Candida) infection, such as thrush, in the head of the penis or wrinkles of the foreskin […] A sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia […] A bacterial infection, usually from streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria, which can be transmitted from a female partner during sex […] Being overweight […] Diabetes, which affects your blood sugar level, causing an ideal environment for bacteria to grow […] An allergic reaction to medications such as tetracycline and aspirin […] An allergic reaction to some scented soaps, washing power or spermicidal jelly also known as contact dermatitis […] Some types of arthritis, such as Reiters syndrome […] Non-cancerous skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema […] Some pre-cancerous conditions such as Bowens disease (though this is very rare).

• #1 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis (head of the penis). It is a common condition that predominantly affects uncircumcised males, and as such the inflammation frequently involves the foreskin. […] Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. […] Mechanical or chemical irritation in boys, repeatedly playing with their foreskin. […] Chemical irritation from urine, soaps and other irritant substances. […] Infection: Candida, which is more common in people with diabetes or who have recently taken antibiotics. […] Bacterial infection eg streptococci. […] Anaerobic infection. […] Sexually transmitted infections. […] Inflammatory dermatoses: Eczema can cause significant inflammation of the glans penis or any part of the genital skin. […] Psoriasis tends to cause small scaly lesions that can affect any part of the genitalia, as opposed to a true balanitis.

• #1 Balanitis: Etiology, Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/balanitis.html

  Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is the manifestation of lichen sclerosus on the glans penis. BXO presents with porcelain white spots or papules on the glans with a sharp border. The atrophy leads to phimosis, meatal stenosis, urethral stricture of the fossa navicularis, or, in females, to kraurosis vulvae. Lichen sclerosus is sporadically associated with squamous cell carcinoma.

• #1 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  Lichen sclerosus is one of a number of conditions that causes BXO. […] In persistent and recalcitrant (poor response to treatment) cases a biopsy is usually needed to look for lichen sclerosus, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and squamous cell carcinoma; a confident clinical diagnosis is not always possible or safe. […] If the 'balanitis’ does not improve with the treatments referred to above then it is important to consider lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and occasionally squamous cell carcinoma. Manage accordingly.

• #1 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  Most commonly, balanitis is due to an infection (fungal, bacterial, viral, parasitic). There are also some noninfectious types, which include: Zoons balanitis, circinate balanitis, pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis (PKMB), fixed drug eruption, lichen planus. […] Theres also a link to some types of balanitis and precancerous or cancerous conditions, including: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, extramammary Pagets disease (EMPD). […] Untreated balanitis can cause chronic (long-term) inflammation. Lasting inflammation can lead to health issues, including: Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), phimosis. […] Rarely, theres a link between chronic inflammation and a higher risk of developing penile cancer.

• #1 Zoon’s balanitis – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/zoons-balanitis/

  Zoon balanitis describes inflammation of the head of the penis (glans penis) and foreskin. […] It is thought that Zoon balanitis is a reaction to another underlying condition. Dead skin cells, droplets of urine, soap particles and skin flora that are normally present on the skin are trapped by the foreskin that is not functioning normally. This leads to irritation and inflammation of the foreskin and the glans penis underneath it. Zoon balanitis is not caused by an infection, and cannot be passed on to a sexual partner. […] Zoon balanitis may be present on its own, or more often is a sign of an underlying skin condition such as lichen sclerosus or lichen planus. Lichen sclerosus can make the foreskin tight and more difficult to retract.

• #1 Balanitis: Etiology, Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/balanitis.html

  Balanitis in children usually arises from an infection of the smegma because of phimosis or adhesions of the prepuce. […] Balanitis caused by infection: Candida, bacteria, viruses (herpes). Oral therapy of diabetes mellitus with SGLT-2 inhibitors (e.g., dapagliflozin) leads to chronic glucosuria, which significantly increases the risk of external genital infections. […] Balanitis circinata presents with erosive plaques with slightly raised edges on the glans due to a Reiter syndrome. […] Balanitis in psoriasis: Manifestation of psoriasis (inversa) of the glans penis. […] Gangrenous balanitis: Fournier gangrene at the glans penis. Untreated disease can lead to organ destruction. […] Balanitis plasmacellularis (Zoon balanitis): Zoon balanitis presents with bright and sharply defined erythema of the glans. The inflammatory lesion of the glans of unknown etiology is relatively asymptomatic. Histology shows a plasmacellular infiltrate. A biopsy is necessary to rule out, e.g., erythroplasia of Queyrat.

• #1 Balanitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments – Edward Calleja

  https://www.edwardcalleja.com/blog-posts/balanitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Diabetes-associated balanitis: is one of the risk factors of balanitis that occurs especially in men with uncontrolled diabetes. […] The exact cause of BXO is unknown, but an autoimmune disorder is thought to be the underlying mechanism. […] The exact cause of Zoon’s balanitis is not known. Postulations include either a bacterial infection or an autoimmune disorder. […] The micaceous risk factors are unknown, but an autoimmune or allergic reaction to an unknown substance is thought to be responsible. […] Balanoposthitis can have a variety of causes, including infections, skin conditions, allergies, and irritation from irritants such as soaps or condoms. […] If left not addressed, balanitis can lead to several complications, including: Scarring: difficulty retracting the foreskin, painful erections, and sexual difficulties.

• #1 Balanitis Causes and Treatments | Ro ManRoRo

  https://ro.co/erectile-dysfunction/balanitis-causes-and-treatments/

  Balanitis may stem from several other medical conditions as well. These include allergic reactions, either to medications or skin contact irritants such as soaps, spermicides, or latex condoms. Some heart, liver, or kidney conditions can cause edema (swelling) in various parts of the body, including inflammation of the glans. It may also manifest from a skin condition such as psoriasis, eczema, or dermatitis (Wray, 2021). […] Men with type 2 diabetes mellitus are over twice as likely to have balanitis at least once in their lives (Unnikrishnan, 2018). The relationship is so strong that chronic or recurring balanitis may be an early sign of pre-diabetes. Patients with multiple bouts may wish to have their blood glucose levels checked (Wray, 2021). […] Other conditions that increase balanitis risk include morbid obesity, external catheter use, and living in a nursing home environment (Wray, 2021).

• #1 Balanitis: Infection of the Penis Tip and Foreskin

  https://www.webmd.com/men/penis-disorder-balanitis

  Balanitis usually happens because of a bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic infection. […] Most cases of balanitis develop in people who have a foreskin and don’t keep it clean and dry. That’s because the types of organisms that cause balanitis, such as fungi, thrive in that moist and warm environment. Fungal infections cause most cases of balanitis. […] Other cause of balanitis include: Poorly managed diabetes and some type 2 diabetes medications, such as dapagliflozin (Farxiga). The drug works by flushing sugar out of your body in your urine. Sugar creates a breeding place for yeast to grow. […] Balanitis is most common in kids under age 4. As with adults, bad hygiene is the most frequent culprit. Kids have a higher risk if they’re still in diapers because coming into contact with poop and pee — such as while wearing a dirty diaper — can trigger balanitis.

• #1 Balanitis: Signs, triggers, and how to treat it – Qoctor your quick online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/balanitis-signs-triggers-and-how-to-treat-it/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the head of the penis (glans). It can cause symptoms such as irritation of the glans, redness, discomfort, swelling, small spots or discharge that is white and thick (or cheesy). […] There are many causes of balanitis, including dermatitis, irritants, fungal infection, bacterial infection, physical rubbing, yeast infection, poor hygiene, and also overzealous cleaning. […] Balanitis is much more likely to occur in men who are uncircumcised because the glans is covered by the foreskin, which creates a moist, closed, and warm environment for bacteria and fungi to overgrow. […] Another condition, balanoposthitis, means inflammation of the foreskin and glans, which has the same triggers and causes as balanitis. […] Common triggers and causes of balanitis include diabetes, particularly if your diabetes is poorly controlled, because the high amount of sugar in your blood allows fungi and bacteria to overgrow, plus your immune system is not able to function as well as usual.

• #1 Balanitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, Prevention | Dr. Irfan Shaikh | Urolife Clinic, Pune

  https://urolife.in/balanitis-types-symptoms-causes-treatments-prevention/

  Balanitis is usually caused as a result of an infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans. In other cases, bacterial infections and sexually transmitted infections can also be the cause. The following reasons are the major causes: […] Unprotected intercourse. […] Poor hygiene. […] Tight foreskin. […] Use of a certain type of condoms, lubricants, perfumes, detergents, soaps, etc. […] Diabetes/excessive glucose in the body adds to the spreading of the infection quickly by helping the bacteria to multiply.

• #1 Balanitis: what is it, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/balanitis-what-is-it-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Some of the most common symptoms of balanitis are itching, redness and swelling of the area which, in most cases, is caused by the fungus Candida Albicans. […] Balanitis is a disease that affects the glans, that is, the head of the penis. It usually appears in men who have not been circumcised and have poor intimate hygiene. […] The skin of the foreskin that covers the glans keeps the area moist and makes the growth of fungi and bacteria more likely. […] However, there are many reasons why balanitis occurs, the most prominent being the following: Poor hygiene. […] Infections. […] Uncircumcised men. […] Allergies. […] Diabetes. […] Phimosis. […] Lichen sclerosis. […] Phimosis increases the risk of balanitis. […] Poor hygiene. […] Phimosis is related to this factor, as inability to retract the foreskin, it can be difficult to wash the skin underneath.

• #1 What is Balanitis and How Is It Treated? | Advanced Urology

  https://www.advancedurology.com/blog/what-is-balanitis-and-how-is-it-treated

  Young boys are at a high risk of contracting balanitis, as they are still forming their hygiene habits. Middle-aged men or older tend to be the second most likely group to be affected by this condition, especially those with diabetes as the glucose on their skin creates the ideal conditions for fungal growth.

• #1 Balanitis In Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Surgery & FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/balanitis.php

  Balanitis is an inflammation of the foreskin and occasionally the head of the penis. […] Balanitis in children can be associated with: […] Poor hygiene leading to the build-up of a material called smegma under the foreskin […] Irritation caused by urine that hasnt been dried after peeing […] Irritation from soaps, shower gels or other products […] Bacterial or fungal (yeast) infections […] Skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema […] Irritation due to children pulling or touching the foreskin too much. […] Boys who have diabetes can be more likely to develop balanitis. […] Balanitis in children can also be associated with a condition called phimosis, which happens when the foreskin remain too tight to retract. […] Balanitis in a small degree nearly affects all men with an intact foreskin. […] True infected balanitis occurs in approximately 5% of the population of boys of less than 5 years of age.

• #1 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/balanitis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Balanitis can result from a variety of causes, including infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), poor hygiene, allergic reactions, and underlying health conditions like diabetes. […] Balanitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, skin conditions, and other irritants. Here are the primary causes: […] Certain STIs, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, can lead to balanitis. […] Certain antibiotics or chemotherapy drugs can predispose individuals to infections that may result in balanitis.

• #1 Balanitis: Signs, triggers, and how to treat it – Qoctor your quick online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/balanitis-signs-triggers-and-how-to-treat-it/

  Soaps and shower gels clear all the good oil from the genitals, leaving the skin dry, irritated, and without the natural oil to protect it from bacteria and fungi that naturally live on the skin. […] A tight foreskin that does not fully retract can trap urine and smegma (normal penile lubricant), creating a moist environment that irritates the head of the penis and can trigger balanitis. […] Oral antibiotics can affect the normal bacteria on the body, leading to an overgrowth of fungus or yeast on the penis. […] Lubricants, cleansers, loofahs, latex, washing powders, sex, obesity, and other chemicals and physical irritants can inflame the glans. […] Medications such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides can also be a cause. […] Herpes simplex can cause balanitis, presenting with painful ulcers. However, other STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea are less likely to cause balanitis. […] Skin conditions like intertrigo, psoriasis, and lichen planus can affect the skin of the genitals, including the foreskin and glans.

• #1 Balanitis | Symptoms, Images, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/balanitis/

  Stress can trigger or worsen skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, and it is true for many genital skin conditions including Lichen sclerosus and Lichen planus which can cause balanitis. […] Inadequate personal hygiene may be due to a tight foreskin which does not allow the foreskin to be pulled back adequately to clean. […] Candida albicans, normally a harmless yeast present in our mouth, gut and genitals, can cause balanitis. […] Recurrent balanitis may be a sign of diabetes. […] Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN) is a precancerous condition where single or multiple lesions are seen on any part of penis, but more commonly on the glans penis, and thus can look like other causes of balanitis. […] Penile cancers are rare, but should be considered in those with suspicious lesions, in cases where the lesion fails to respond to treatment, and in those who have High-Risk HPV.

• #2 The Inflammation of the Penis Head, or Balanitis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/balanitis-inflammation-of-the-penis-head-and-foreskin-2328496

  Balanitis is a condition affecting about 11% of adults with penises and 4% of children with penises. […] The exact cause of balanitis and balanoposthitis is often unclear. Poor hygiene is thought to play a central role. […] In people with foreskins, the accumulation of smegma can cause an inflammatory reaction that leads to swelling and redness. The warmth and moisture under the foreskin also provide the perfect environment for bacterial and fungal infections. […] Risk factors of balanitis include: Having a foreskin, Poor penile hygiene, Diabetes, Scented soaps or shower gels, Harsh detergents and fabric softeners, Overwashing the penis, Physical friction, Spermicidal lubricants, Allergies (such as an allergy to latex condoms), Antibiotic use. […] Infections, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal, can cause balanitis and balanoposthitis.

• #2 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Balanitis can be best categorised as infectious versus non-infectious aetiologies. […] Infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: Fungal infection (most common overall cause) […] Bacterial infection (second most common overall cause) […] Viral infection […] Protozoal […] Parasitic […] Non-infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: Inflammatory conditions […] Premalignant conditions […] Malignant conditions […] Miscellaneous

• #2 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. […] Balanitis and balanoposthitis are primarily infectious in origin, with Candida being the most common etiologic organism. […] Many diseases, infections, and disorders affect the male genitalia, including inflammatory lesions, infectious processes, preneoplastic syndromes, and malignant conditions. However, the most common cause of balanitis is poor or inadequate personal hygiene in uncircumcised males, leading to candidal infection. […] Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans, are the most common identifiable infectious causes of balanitis and balanoposthitis. […] Diabetes is the most commonly identified underlying contributing disorder. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised males have a substantially lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that balanitis is associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer.

• #2 Balanitis/Balanoposthitis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/balanitis-balanoposthitis/

  While often nonspecific and caused by inadequate hygiene, contact dermatitis, or external irritants a thorough history and physical exam should assess for other etiologies: […] History of diabetes, HIV, obesity and/or white appearance with curd-like exudate suggests candida. […] High risk sexual history suggests STIs including trichomonas, HSV, HPV, scabies, chlamydia. […] Purulent and foul smelling exudate suggests bacterial infection. […] Vesicular or ulcerative lesions suggest HSV, syphilis. […] Erythematous plaques suggest psoriasis. […] History of dermatitis suggest psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema. […] Splitting, hemorrhagic blisters, and dyspareunia with white patches and structural changes suggest lichen sclerosis. […] Purple, well demarcated plaques suggest lichen planus.

• #2 Balanitis/Balanoposthitis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/balanitis-balanoposthitis/

  Balanoposthitis is broad term comprised of numerous penile conditions with similar clinical presentations affecting the glans penis and prepuce. […] Causes include: […] Infectious […] Candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis, streptococci, staphylococci, HSV, HPV, mycoplasma genitalium, scabies, syphilis, anaerobic bacteria. […] Inflammatory dermatoses […] Lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, Zoon’s balanitis, dermatitis, allergic reactions. […] Premalignant […] Bowen’s disease, Bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat. […] Other […] Inadequate hygiene, fixed drug eruption, reactive arthritis. […] Balanitis is much more common in uncircumcised men. […] Predisposed in those with diabetes, obesity, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, trauma, and those with inadequate hygiene.

• #2 Balanitis | Symptoms, Images, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/balanitis/

  Balanitis, posthitis, balanoposthitis and phimosis can be caused by a single or multiple underlying conditions. […] Yes, balanitis can result from the following STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Genital herpes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Syphilis (primary and secondary), Haemophilus ducreyi, Scabies. […] Circinate balanitis is the presence of circular red marks on the glans of the penis with raised margin this can be seen weeks/months after getting a Chlamydia infection. […] Allergens or Irritants: The skin of the glans is very sensitive and may become inflamed upon exposure to certain chemicals/irritants including soaps, shower gels, irritation to the skin from over washing and scrubbing, latex, lubricants and spermicides used in condoms, chemicals on the hands being transferred to the penis, washing powders, conditioners and detergents, drug side effects or allergies (eg. antibiotics are often linked with cases of candida/thrush which may cause balanitis inflammation).

• #2 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans, are the most common identifiable infectious causes of balanitis and balanoposthitis. […] Diabetes is the most commonly identified underlying contributing disorder. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised males have a substantially lower prevalence of balanitis (68%) compared to uncircumcised males and that balanitis is associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. […] Although yeast infection is the most commonly identified cause of balanitis, numerous other potential causes must be considered, including both infectious and noninfectious agents. […] Infectious etiologies of balanitis include: Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus; Candida species (most commonly associated with diabetes); Chlamydia species; Gardnerella vaginalis; Human herpesvirus 1 and 2; Human papillomaviruses; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Scabies; Treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis; Trichomonas species. […] Noninfectious etiologies of balanitis include: Allergic reactions to condom latex and contraceptive jelly; Chemical irritants, such as spermicides, detergents, perfumed soaps and shower gels, fabric conditioners, and petroleum jelly; Poor personal hygiene (most common).

• #2 Balanitis: causes | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/balanitis

  Inflammation of the glans (head of the penis) is indicated by redness and pain in the area. The inflammation is frequently caused by a fungal infection. However, it may also be caused by bacteria transmitted during sexual intercourse, skin irritation due to soap or an allergy to latex in condoms. […] Balanitis can be caused by a bacterial, viral or yeast infection. However, an irritation (for example, due to the use of perfumed soap) or an allergic reaction (e.g. to latex in condoms) may also cause this condition to develop. […] Balanitis may have a range of causes. It is frequently caused by poor intimate hygiene, which results in a build-up of smegma between the foreskin and the head of the penis. Smegma is a substance comprising a mixture of skin oil secreted by glands in the genital area, shed skin cells and bacteria, which provides a breeding ground for infections.

• #2 Balanitis: Signs, triggers, and how to treat it – Qoctor your quick online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/balanitis-signs-triggers-and-how-to-treat-it/

  Soaps and shower gels clear all the good oil from the genitals, leaving the skin dry, irritated, and without the natural oil to protect it from bacteria and fungi that naturally live on the skin. […] A tight foreskin that does not fully retract can trap urine and smegma (normal penile lubricant), creating a moist environment that irritates the head of the penis and can trigger balanitis. […] Oral antibiotics can affect the normal bacteria on the body, leading to an overgrowth of fungus or yeast on the penis. […] Lubricants, cleansers, loofahs, latex, washing powders, sex, obesity, and other chemicals and physical irritants can inflame the glans. […] Medications such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides can also be a cause. […] Herpes simplex can cause balanitis, presenting with painful ulcers. However, other STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea are less likely to cause balanitis. […] Skin conditions like intertrigo, psoriasis, and lichen planus can affect the skin of the genitals, including the foreskin and glans.

• #2 What Is Balanitis? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-is-balanitis/

  Balanitis is a condition involving inflammation of the head of the penis (glans). It can arise from various causes, such as infections, poor genital hygiene, skin conditions, skin irritations and allergies to toiletries or other products, diabetes, reactive arthritis, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] There are a variety of causes of balanitis including: Infection by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. This can be due to poor hygiene, sexual transmission, or diabetes (increased sugar secreted onto the skin can encourage the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi.) […] Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, or lichen planus that affect the penis skin […] Irritation due to shower gels, soaps, perfumes, chemicals in condoms or lubricants, or not rinsing off the soap completely when washing

• #2 Balanitis: Etiology, Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/balanitis.html

  Balanitis in children usually arises from an infection of the smegma because of phimosis or adhesions of the prepuce. […] Balanitis caused by infection: Candida, bacteria, viruses (herpes). Oral therapy of diabetes mellitus with SGLT-2 inhibitors (e.g., dapagliflozin) leads to chronic glucosuria, which significantly increases the risk of external genital infections. […] Balanitis circinata presents with erosive plaques with slightly raised edges on the glans due to a Reiter syndrome. […] Balanitis in psoriasis: Manifestation of psoriasis (inversa) of the glans penis. […] Gangrenous balanitis: Fournier gangrene at the glans penis. Untreated disease can lead to organ destruction. […] Balanitis plasmacellularis (Zoon balanitis): Zoon balanitis presents with bright and sharply defined erythema of the glans. The inflammatory lesion of the glans of unknown etiology is relatively asymptomatic. Histology shows a plasmacellular infiltrate. A biopsy is necessary to rule out, e.g., erythroplasia of Queyrat.

• #2 Balanitis: Infection of the Penis Tip and Foreskin

  https://www.webmd.com/men/penis-disorder-balanitis

  Balanitis can develop due to rough handling of the foreskin or penis injury, such as getting it caught in a zipper. Chemicals in some soaps also may cause balanitis. […] Another cause related to the foreskin: phimosis. This is a condition in which the foreskin can’t be pulled back — or retracted — over the head of the penis. This is normal in newborns. The foreskin typically becomes retractable in infancy, but phimosis can continue until age 5 or 6.

• #2 Penis irritation | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/penis-irritation

  Balanitis is a term to describe inflammation of the head of the penis. It’s a very common cause of penis irritation and can affect males at any age. Balanitis can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, chemicals, viruses or allergies. It can also occur when the inside of your foreskin isn’t kept clean. If you’ve been diagnosed with balanitis before but it keeps coming back, ask your doctor to test for any underlying conditions that may be causing it, such as diabetes. […] Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis. […] Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis. Balanitis is not sexually transmitted. It results from an overgrowth of organisms which are normally present on the skin of the glans. […] If you have a problem with recurring penis irritation, ask your doctor about a test for diabetes. Balanitis can be a sign of increased sugar in your urine, which may be encouraging bacterial or fungal growth under your foreskin.

• #2 Balanitis and balanoposthitis in children and adolescents: Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-and-balanoposthitis-in-children-and-adolescents-clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Balanoposthitis describes inflammation of the glans penis and the foreskin (prepuce) in uncircumcised males. Balanitis refers to the inflammation of the glans penis alone. Posthitis is inflammation of the prepuce alone. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably and inappropriately in clinical practice and in the literature. Balanoposthitis occurs only in uncircumcised males, with the rare exception of a circumcised boy with a large preputial remnant. […] Among Japanese boys, 1.5 percent of over 600 uncircumcised males had balanoposthitis on routine examination. Most cases occurred in toddlers. Other studies confirm that balanoposthitis occurs often in children between ages two and five years. […] Irritant and infectious balanoposthitis were most common among patients referred to genitourinary clinics. In addition, trauma from foreskin manipulation or sexual activity is sometimes a contributing cause.

• #2 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  Lichen sclerosus is one of a number of conditions that causes BXO. […] In persistent and recalcitrant (poor response to treatment) cases a biopsy is usually needed to look for lichen sclerosus, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and squamous cell carcinoma; a confident clinical diagnosis is not always possible or safe. […] If the 'balanitis’ does not improve with the treatments referred to above then it is important to consider lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and occasionally squamous cell carcinoma. Manage accordingly.

Zobacz więcej