Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. Patients with balanitis often present with penile pain, swelling, and erythema of the glans. Balanoposthitis describes the same condition that also involves the foreskin. Recurrent episodes are suggestive of diabetes. Balanitis and balanoposthitis are primarily infectious in origin, with Candida being the most common etiologic organism. Treatment of balanitis typically involves topical antifungals, which can be augmented by topical corticosteroids and oral antifungals. This activity reviews the risk factors, evaluation, and management of balanitis, highlighting the importance of the interprofessional team in enhancing care for affected patients. […] Identify the clinical presentation of balanitis. […] Select the appropriate diagnostic tools, including physical examination and potential biopsy, to evaluate persistent or unusual cases of balanitis.

• #2 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Diabetes mellitus is the most common underlying condition associated with balanitis in adults. […] In a study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment with dapagliflozin (a selective sodium-glucose transporter2 [SGLT2] inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion) was found to be associated with an increased risk of vulvovaginitis or balanitis, related to the induction of glucosuria.

• #3 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  Balanitis is a treatable condition that most commonly happens in uncircumcised males. […] Treatment often includes antifungal creams, antibiotics, regularly cleaning the area and, in some cases, circumcision. […] Balanitis treatment depends on its cause, but regularly washing and thoroughly drying your penis is often the best way to treat and prevent the condition. […] Healthcare providers diagnose balanitis with a physical examination to determine if an infection is causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may swab your urethral opening (the hole at the tip of your penis) and send the sample to a lab for testing. […] Your provider may also order a urine test (urinalysis) or blood test to check for diabetes and other infections. […] If you have pain, irritation and discoloration on your penis, you may have balanitis.

• #4 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/balanitis

  Balanitis can usually be diagnosed during a physical examination because most of its symptoms are visible. […] Other tests are needed to determine the cause. Which tests your clinician orders will depend on your symptoms. Tests can include: a swab of your urethral opening to check for STIs and other infections, urinalysis to check for signs of infection or diabetes, blood tests to check for signs of infections, diabetes, and other conditions, a skin scraping sample to examine for mites under a microscope. […] Prompt treatment of balanitis and any underlying causes can significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve your outlook.

• #5 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/balanitis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment June 18, 2024 […] Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, the rounded head of the penis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort. […] Balanitis can result from a variety of causes, including infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), poor hygiene, allergic reactions, and underlying health conditions like diabetes. […] Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining good hygiene, and using medications such as antifungal or antibacterial creams. If left untreated, balanitis can lead to complications like scarring and difficulty retracting the foreskin. […] Diagnosing balanitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. […] The healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, their duration, and any potential irritants or behaviors that could contribute to the condition, such as hygiene practices, sexual activity, or recent use of new products like soaps or lotions. […] A thorough examination of the genital area, including the glans and foreskin, will be conducted to look for signs of inflammation, infection, or other abnormalities. […] A swab of the affected area may be taken to check for bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. This can help identify the specific pathogen causing the inflammation. […] Blood tests can check for diabetes or other systemic conditions that may contribute to balanitis. […] If an allergic reaction is suspected, patch testing may be conducted to identify any specific allergens causing the irritation. […] Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be recommended if there is a history of unprotected sex or if the symptoms suggest an STI.

• #6 Balanitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/balanitis-a-to-z

  Balanitis is an infection or inflammation of the skin on the head (glans) of the penis. […] Your doctor usually can recognize balanitis immediately. Occasionally, a swab or scraping of skin may be examined under the microscope, or may be sent to the laboratory for further testing to confirm the diagnosis. […] When balanitis does not respond to treatment or appears different from a typical infection, your doctor may recommend that you see a dermatologist (skin specialist) or that a skin biopsy be done. In a biopsy, a small piece of skin is removed and examined in the laboratory. This is done to determine if you have an unusual type of infection or other type of skin condition that is causing your symptoms.

• #7 Balanitis: Infection of the Penis Tip and Foreskin

  https://www.webmd.com/men/penis-disorder-balanitis

  Balanitis Diagnosis […] In most cases, your doctor can diagnose balanitis based on your symptoms and by doing a physical exam. They may run tests to be sure, such as: […] Serum glucose test (to screen for diabetes) […] Lab tests of any discharge […] Tests to see if you have a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or other infection […] Tests for the medical conditions that cause balanitis […] A biopsy to remove a small piece of skin tissue for lab analysis.

• #8 Balanoposthitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/401

  Balanoposthitis refers to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. It is a descriptive term and not a diagnosis. […] The aim of diagnosis and management should be to exclude STI, mitigate sexual and urinary dysfunction, and reduce the risk of cancer of the penis. […] A specific causative condition should be identified and treated effectively. Nonspecific balanoposthitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Patients will typically present in a primary care setting. Input from specialists, particularly dermatologists and urologists, may be very helpful in the management of poorly responsive or complex cases. […] Key diagnostic factors include uncircumcised state. […] Other diagnostic factors include multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual behaviors, postinflammatory hypo- or hyperpigmentation, pruritus, red scaly patches, erosions, personal/family history of atopy (eczema, hay fever, asthma, type I allergies), personal/family history of psoriasis, urinary dribbling, hypopigmentation, purpura, red plaques, blisters, papules or micropapules, and pustules. […] 1st tests to order include swab for microbiology (Gram stain and culture) and Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), swab for virology, and dark-field microscopy. […] Tests to consider include skin biopsy and patch testing. […] Emerging tests include dermoscopy.

• #9 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/balanitis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment June 18, 2024 […] Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, the rounded head of the penis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort. […] Balanitis can result from a variety of causes, including infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), poor hygiene, allergic reactions, and underlying health conditions like diabetes. […] Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining good hygiene, and using medications such as antifungal or antibacterial creams. If left untreated, balanitis can lead to complications like scarring and difficulty retracting the foreskin. […] Diagnosing balanitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. […] The healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, their duration, and any potential irritants or behaviors that could contribute to the condition, such as hygiene practices, sexual activity, or recent use of new products like soaps or lotions. […] A thorough examination of the genital area, including the glans and foreskin, will be conducted to look for signs of inflammation, infection, or other abnormalities. […] A swab of the affected area may be taken to check for bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. This can help identify the specific pathogen causing the inflammation. […] Blood tests can check for diabetes or other systemic conditions that may contribute to balanitis. […] If an allergic reaction is suspected, patch testing may be conducted to identify any specific allergens causing the irritation. […] Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be recommended if there is a history of unprotected sex or if the symptoms suggest an STI.

• #10 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Pathogens that can cause balanitis include the following: Candidal species (most commonly associated with diabetes), Group B and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia species, Anaerobes (eg, Bacteroides), Human papillomavirus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trichomonal species, Borrelia vincentii and Borrelia burgdorferi.

• #11 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Implement appropriate treatment regimens, including topical and oral antifungals, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, based on the identified etiology of balanitis. […] Apply interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the evaluation and management of balanitis and optimize outcomes. […] Balanitis is not considered an STI. The condition itself is not transferable from one person to another, but the organisms that cause balanitis can be transferred. Recurrent episodes of balanoposthitis should raise concern for occult diabetes, so patients with recurrent episodes should undergo blood glucose testing. […] Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer.

• #12 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  Balanitis is a treatable condition that most commonly happens in uncircumcised males. […] Treatment often includes antifungal creams, antibiotics, regularly cleaning the area and, in some cases, circumcision. […] Balanitis treatment depends on its cause, but regularly washing and thoroughly drying your penis is often the best way to treat and prevent the condition. […] Healthcare providers diagnose balanitis with a physical examination to determine if an infection is causing your symptoms. […] Your provider may swab your urethral opening (the hole at the tip of your penis) and send the sample to a lab for testing. […] Your provider may also order a urine test (urinalysis) or blood test to check for diabetes and other infections. […] If you have pain, irritation and discoloration on your penis, you may have balanitis.

• #13 Balanitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184715

  Balanitis is an inflammation of the head of the penis or clitoris due to infection or another cause. It can be uncomfortable and sometimes painful, but is usually not serious. Symptoms include a tight foreskin and pain while urinating. […] Treatment for balanitis depends on the cause. A person should see a doctor to get the correct diagnosis and proper treatment for their condition. Once a doctor treats the underlying condition, the balanitis should clear on its own. […] A doctor can often diagnose balanitis by observing the inflammation of the glans. […] During an examination, they will need to rule out an STI and determine the underlying cause. […] As part of diagnosis, a doctor may order tests that could include: a swab from the glans to test for infection, a urine test, if they suspect diabetes, a blood test to determine glucose levels.

• #14 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  A failure of first-line therapy should raise concerns about a possible secondary infection or an underlying malignancy. In such cases, cultures should be obtained, and a tissue biopsy should be considered. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis is a descriptive and diagnostic term for a heterogeneous class of inflammatory or infectious dermatoses involving the glans penis, which require differentiation from potentially malignant conditions.

• #15 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Diagnosed clinically, proper history (including sexual history, autoimmunity) and a physical exam are essential. […] Swabs for microbiology (bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses). […] Dermoscopy and biopsy to further evaluate balanitis refractory to treatment and/or exclude malignancy.

• #16 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  In persistent and recalcitrant (poor response to treatment) cases a biopsy is usually needed to look for lichen sclerosus, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and squamous cell carcinoma; a confident clinical diagnosis is not always possible or safe. […] The main aims of management are to make the skin more comfortable, minimise urinary and sexual dysfunction, and to exclude premalignant/malignant disease. […] If the 'balanitis’ does not improve with the treatments referred to above then it is important to consider lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and occasionally squamous cell carcinoma. Manage accordingly.

• #17 Balanitis | Symptoms, Images, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/balanitis/

  Diagnosis of balanitis and finding its cause is best undertaken at a centre with expertise and experience in managing penile skin conditions. […] The following is the approach we undertake in managing cases of balanitis. […] The appropriate tests will be taken after discussion: STI screen (as appropriate) […] Penoscopy (where appropriate) It is not always possible to identify the underlying cause of balanitis from examination only. In such situations, examination of the penile skin under magnification can be undertaken to appreciate the finer details of the skin. […] Penile biopsy and histopathological examination (in select cases) A small sample of the affected penile tissue, taken painlessly with local anaesthesia, is sent to be examined under a microscope to ascertain the cause of the lesion and to rule out any precancerous or cancerous lesions.

• #18 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/balanitis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment June 18, 2024 […] Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, the rounded head of the penis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort. […] Balanitis can result from a variety of causes, including infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), poor hygiene, allergic reactions, and underlying health conditions like diabetes. […] Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining good hygiene, and using medications such as antifungal or antibacterial creams. If left untreated, balanitis can lead to complications like scarring and difficulty retracting the foreskin. […] Diagnosing balanitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. […] The healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, their duration, and any potential irritants or behaviors that could contribute to the condition, such as hygiene practices, sexual activity, or recent use of new products like soaps or lotions. […] A thorough examination of the genital area, including the glans and foreskin, will be conducted to look for signs of inflammation, infection, or other abnormalities. […] A swab of the affected area may be taken to check for bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. This can help identify the specific pathogen causing the inflammation. […] Blood tests can check for diabetes or other systemic conditions that may contribute to balanitis. […] If an allergic reaction is suspected, patch testing may be conducted to identify any specific allergens causing the irritation. […] Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be recommended if there is a history of unprotected sex or if the symptoms suggest an STI.

• #19 Balanitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-in-adults

  Balanitis is defined as inflammation of the glans penis. […] The diagnosis and treatment of balanitis in adults will be reviewed here. […] Most cases of balanitis are due to infection. However, in clinical practice, cases of balanitis can also be „nonspecific,” meaning that no associated condition or etiology is identified following diagnostic evaluation.

• #20 Balanitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18119

  Although yeast infection is the most commonly identified cause of balanitis, numerous other potential causes must be considered, including both infectious and noninfectious agents. […] Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. […] Risk factors for balanitis include poor personal hygiene, diabetes, and phimosis. […] Balanitis is typically diagnosed through visual examination, as the clinical presentation and appearance of the lesions are sufficient. […] One of the primary goals in the evaluation and management of balanitis is to exclude STIs, minimize problems with urinary and sexual function, and exclude cancer of the penis.

• #21 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Pathogens that can cause balanitis include the following: Candidal species (most commonly associated with diabetes), Group B and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia species, Anaerobes (eg, Bacteroides), Human papillomavirus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trichomonal species, Borrelia vincentii and Borrelia burgdorferi.

• #22 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis is typically diagnosed through visual examination, as the clinical presentation and appearance of the lesions are sufficient. However, further evaluation may be necessary based on the patient’s history and physical findings. […] One of the primary goals in the evaluation and management of balanitis is to exclude STIs, minimize problems with urinary and sexual function, and exclude cancer of the penis. […] Proper genital washing performed gently with normal saline is recommended as initial therapy for all patients with balanitis. […] Topical antifungals, typically applied twice daily for 1 to 2 weeks or until symptoms resolve, are the treatment of choice for most adult patients with balanitis or balanoposthitis. […] Treatment with an oral antibiotic (dicloxacillin 500 mg or cephalexin QID 7 days) and mupirocin topical cream applied TID for 7 to 14 days is appropriate if there is a concern for concomitant cellulitis or a secondary infection.

• #23 Balanoposthitis | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/11/clinical-review/balanoposthitis

  Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the glans penis and/or prepuce. A targeted medical history and clinical examination are needed for correct diagnosis and treatment. This clinical review is a summary of the diagnostic process and treatment of balanoposthitis. […] The diagnostic process should start with a medical history that maps skin diseases, contact allergies and hygiene (frequency, use of water/soap/oil). Sexual history should be taken with a specific emphasis on risks and any regular sexual partner(s). Previous treatment and the duration of such treatment should be documented. […] A sub-preputial swab is taken for bacterial and yeast culture to rule out infective cause as well as superinfection in another dermatosis if this is suspected. The growth of bacteria and/or fungi does not always indicate infection but typically represents normal skin flora and colonising microorganisms. Significant growth and/or pure culture increase the likelihood of clinical relevance and the efficacy of targeted treatment.

• #24 Balanitis | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540054/all/Balanitis

  Definition: a descriptive term for inflamed glans penis +/- prepuce (which is termed prosthitis, both = balanoposthitis). […] Hx: tender glans, discharge, difficult to retract prepuce +/- impotence/difficult urination. […] PE: penile erythema/edema/ulcers/plaques +/- discharge +/- phimosis. […] Various types: […] Infection: […] Candida: KOH prep and fungal culture. […] HPV: typical pathology with warts possible. […] Trichomonas vaginalis […] Herpes simplex virus […] Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Inflammatory dermatoses: […] Dx by biopsy. Associated with squamous cell CA in 4-6% of patients. 1% risk of malignant transformation. Annual f/u needed. […] Dx by biopsy. […] Biopsy shows squamous cell carcinoma in situ. […] If not responsive to initial therapy, involve dermatology or urology consultants for consideration of biopsy (rule-out penile CA, pre-malignant lesion).

• #25 Chronic balanitis: When should we be concerned?

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/chronic-balanitis

  An uncircumcised man aged 70 years presented to a dermatology clinic with a three-month history of a persistent erythematous rash of the glans penis. […] The differential diagnosis for balanitis is summarised in Table 1. […] To narrow the diagnosis, it is important to perform a careful examination of genitalia and foreskin. […] Helpful initial investigations include genital swabs with microscopy, culture and polymerase chain reaction testing for common infective causes such as: Candida spp., herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, syphilis, Trichomonas spp. […] Given the resistance to treatment with topical steroids, premalignant and malignant causes need to be ruled out via a punch biopsy for histopathological examination. […] The most likely diagnosis is Zoons balanitis, a benign disease occurring almost exclusively in uncircumcised older men and accounting for up to 10% of all reported balanitis cases.

• #26 Balanitis/Balanoposthitis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/balanitis-balanoposthitis/

  Balanoposthitis is broad term comprised of numerous penile conditions with similar clinical presentations affecting the glans penis and prepuce. […] Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis while posthitis is inflammation of the prepuce. […] Diagnosed by presence of inflamed and erythematous glans and/or prepuce. […] On examination, there is erythema with or without exudate, ulcerations, or other signs depending on the etiology such as edema, erosions, scarring, or purpura. […] Recommended investigations: […] Urinalysis for candida (high urine glucose) and other potential etiologies. […] Biopsy for to clarify the diagnosis and exclude malignant or pre-malignant causes. […] Goals of treatment are […] Exclude malignancy and treat premalignant conditions. […] Specific management depends on etiology if known. […] If no response to improved hygiene, can trial low dose corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone 1% bid x 1 week).

• #27 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  In persistent and recalcitrant (poor response to treatment) cases a biopsy is usually needed to look for lichen sclerosus, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and squamous cell carcinoma; a confident clinical diagnosis is not always possible or safe. […] The main aims of management are to make the skin more comfortable, minimise urinary and sexual dysfunction, and to exclude premalignant/malignant disease. […] If the 'balanitis’ does not improve with the treatments referred to above then it is important to consider lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and occasionally squamous cell carcinoma. Manage accordingly.

• #28 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Diabetes mellitus is the most common underlying condition associated with balanitis in adults. […] In a study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment with dapagliflozin (a selective sodium-glucose transporter2 [SGLT2] inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion) was found to be associated with an increased risk of vulvovaginitis or balanitis, related to the induction of glucosuria.

• #29 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Implement appropriate treatment regimens, including topical and oral antifungals, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, based on the identified etiology of balanitis. […] Apply interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the evaluation and management of balanitis and optimize outcomes. […] Balanitis is not considered an STI. The condition itself is not transferable from one person to another, but the organisms that cause balanitis can be transferred. Recurrent episodes of balanoposthitis should raise concern for occult diabetes, so patients with recurrent episodes should undergo blood glucose testing. […] Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer.

• #30 Balanitis – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/balanitis

  Balanitis is common in young boys with a non-retractile foreskin and in the elderly where there may be predisposing factors such as malignancy or diabetes. […] Presentation is with irritation or pain in the penis and discharge from beneath the foreskin. Inflammation is visible. Recurrent balanitis may cause a phimosis with disturbance of micturition. […] Referral for consideration for circumcision may be necessary once the inflammation has settled. (3) […] Older patients should be tested for diabetes. (1)

• #31 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Diabetes mellitus is the most common underlying condition associated with balanitis in adults. […] In a study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment with dapagliflozin (a selective sodium-glucose transporter2 [SGLT2] inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion) was found to be associated with an increased risk of vulvovaginitis or balanitis, related to the induction of glucosuria.

• #32 Noninfectious Penile Lesions | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p167.html

  Family physicians commonly diagnose and manage penile cutaneous lesions. Noninfectious lesions may be classified as inflammatory and papulosquamous, or neoplastic. […] The diagnosis and management of penile cutaneous lesions can be challenging for some physicians because of a lack of familiarity and patient embarrassment. Despite these challenges, primary care physicians are capable of diagnosing and managing many penile lesions, and determining which patients require subspecialist referral. […] Biopsy is indicated if the diagnosis is in doubt or neoplasm cannot be excluded. […] Lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) requires long-term follow-up to monitor for malignant transformation. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and prevent malignant transformation. […] Biopsy is indicated if squamous cell carcinoma is suspected.

• #33 Zoon’s balanitis – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/zoons-balanitis/

  Zoon balanitis describes inflammation of the head of the penis (glans penis) and foreskin. […] The diagnosis can be made by a doctor after carefully examining your skin. […] Sometimes a small skin sample may be taken from the skin of the penis and checked under the microscope to confirm the diagnosis and check for possible underlying conditions, as mentioned above. […] Zoon balanitis may be cured by circumcision, a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin. […] The treatment of Zoon balanitis depends on the underlying causes. Generally, steroid creams or ointments of mild to potent strength, with or without the addition of anti-bacterial or anti-yeast agents may be prescribed by your doctor and can be used for short periods intermittently.

• #34 Zoon Balanitis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.pristyncare.com/treatment/balanitis/zoon/

  Zoon balanitis is the most common type of balanitis and is a chronic, benign, rare inflammatory disorder that appears as lesions on the glans penis and prepuce. It typically occurs in middle-aged and elderly uncircumcised men. […] A urologist makes the diagnosis of zoon balanitis after carefully examining the skin. A small skin sample is taken from the skin of the penis and checked under the microscope to confirm the diagnosis and check for possible underlying conditions. This procedure, known as skin biopsy, needs a local anesthetic injection and possibly stitches to close the wound. […] The treatment of zoon balanitis depends on the underlying causes. Normally, ointments or steroid creams of mild to strong strength, with or without the presence of anti-yeast or anti-bacterial agents, may be prescribed by the doctor and can be used for short periods intermittently.

• #35 Male Genital Conditions: Zoon’s Balanitis: – Dr Davin Lim

  https://drdavinlim.com/zoon-balanitis/

  Zoon balanitis is a relatively common condition affecting the glans or head of the penis in uncircumcised males. It presents as a reddish patch that can be mistaken for other skin conditions including skin cancer, STDs other forms of skin inflammation. Dermatologists can diagnose treat Zoon. My colleague, Dr Sarath at Cutis Dermatology Brisbane treats this condition. […] Zoon balanitis presents as a red to brown patch on the head of the penis. […] Zoons may mimic other inflammatory infective conditions, hence it is important to see a dermatologist for a definitive diagnosis. […] The mainstay of treatment is with pulsed topical corticosteroids. Dr Sarath will prescribe a treatment plan based upon the severity of your balanitis. […] A differential diagnosis can be made online, however in some cases a biopsy swab is required. On this basis it is important to see a dermatologist in real time.

• #36 Chronic balanitis: When should we be concerned?

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/chronic-balanitis

  An uncircumcised man aged 70 years presented to a dermatology clinic with a three-month history of a persistent erythematous rash of the glans penis. […] The differential diagnosis for balanitis is summarised in Table 1. […] To narrow the diagnosis, it is important to perform a careful examination of genitalia and foreskin. […] Helpful initial investigations include genital swabs with microscopy, culture and polymerase chain reaction testing for common infective causes such as: Candida spp., herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, syphilis, Trichomonas spp. […] Given the resistance to treatment with topical steroids, premalignant and malignant causes need to be ruled out via a punch biopsy for histopathological examination. […] The most likely diagnosis is Zoons balanitis, a benign disease occurring almost exclusively in uncircumcised older men and accounting for up to 10% of all reported balanitis cases.

• #37 Noninfectious Penile Lesions | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p167.html

  Family physicians commonly diagnose and manage penile cutaneous lesions. Noninfectious lesions may be classified as inflammatory and papulosquamous, or neoplastic. […] The diagnosis and management of penile cutaneous lesions can be challenging for some physicians because of a lack of familiarity and patient embarrassment. Despite these challenges, primary care physicians are capable of diagnosing and managing many penile lesions, and determining which patients require subspecialist referral. […] Biopsy is indicated if the diagnosis is in doubt or neoplasm cannot be excluded. […] Lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) requires long-term follow-up to monitor for malignant transformation. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and prevent malignant transformation. […] Biopsy is indicated if squamous cell carcinoma is suspected.

• #38 Balanitis | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540054/all/Balanitis

  Definition: a descriptive term for inflamed glans penis +/- prepuce (which is termed prosthitis, both = balanoposthitis). […] Hx: tender glans, discharge, difficult to retract prepuce +/- impotence/difficult urination. […] PE: penile erythema/edema/ulcers/plaques +/- discharge +/- phimosis. […] Various types: […] Infection: […] Candida: KOH prep and fungal culture. […] HPV: typical pathology with warts possible. […] Trichomonas vaginalis […] Herpes simplex virus […] Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Inflammatory dermatoses: […] Dx by biopsy. Associated with squamous cell CA in 4-6% of patients. 1% risk of malignant transformation. Annual f/u needed. […] Dx by biopsy. […] Biopsy shows squamous cell carcinoma in situ. […] If not responsive to initial therapy, involve dermatology or urology consultants for consideration of biopsy (rule-out penile CA, pre-malignant lesion).

• #39 Noninfectious Penile Lesions | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p167.html

  Long-term follow-up is appropriate to monitor for malignant transformation. […] Penile carcinoma in situ is a premalignant lesion restricted to the skin. […] Biopsy is needed for the diagnosis of penile carcinoma in situ; shave biopsy is generally adequate. […] The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma is confirmed with biopsy.

• #40 Balanitis | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540054/all/Balanitis

  Definition: a descriptive term for inflamed glans penis +/- prepuce (which is termed prosthitis, both = balanoposthitis). […] Hx: tender glans, discharge, difficult to retract prepuce +/- impotence/difficult urination. […] PE: penile erythema/edema/ulcers/plaques +/- discharge +/- phimosis. […] Various types: […] Infection: […] Candida: KOH prep and fungal culture. […] HPV: typical pathology with warts possible. […] Trichomonas vaginalis […] Herpes simplex virus […] Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Inflammatory dermatoses: […] Dx by biopsy. Associated with squamous cell CA in 4-6% of patients. 1% risk of malignant transformation. Annual f/u needed. […] Dx by biopsy. […] Biopsy shows squamous cell carcinoma in situ. […] If not responsive to initial therapy, involve dermatology or urology consultants for consideration of biopsy (rule-out penile CA, pre-malignant lesion).

• #41 Circinate Balanitis – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.pristyncare.com/treatment/balanitis/circinate/

  Circinate balanitis is a result of reactive arthritis. […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of circinate balanitis after carefully examining the skin. A small skin sample is taken from the skin of the penis and inspected under the microscope to confirm the presence of circinate balanitis. […] Cortisone creams are the most commonly used treatment for circinate balanitis. Since reactive arthritis cannot be healed as such, patients are advised to follow a continuous topical treatment – otherwise, they might notice the symptoms again after 3-4 days of the treatment. […] Circinate balanitis, if recurrent, requires circumcision. Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis. In the absence of the foreskin, there is no longer an environment for an infection or inflammation that can result in circinate balanitis.

• #42 Circinate Balanitis – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.pristyncare.com/treatment/balanitis/circinate/

  Circinate balanitis is a result of reactive arthritis. […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of circinate balanitis after carefully examining the skin. A small skin sample is taken from the skin of the penis and inspected under the microscope to confirm the presence of circinate balanitis. […] Cortisone creams are the most commonly used treatment for circinate balanitis. Since reactive arthritis cannot be healed as such, patients are advised to follow a continuous topical treatment – otherwise, they might notice the symptoms again after 3-4 days of the treatment. […] Circinate balanitis, if recurrent, requires circumcision. Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis. In the absence of the foreskin, there is no longer an environment for an infection or inflammation that can result in circinate balanitis.

• #43 Circinate Balanitis – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.pristyncare.com/treatment/balanitis/circinate/

  Circinate balanitis is a result of reactive arthritis. […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of circinate balanitis after carefully examining the skin. A small skin sample is taken from the skin of the penis and inspected under the microscope to confirm the presence of circinate balanitis. […] Cortisone creams are the most commonly used treatment for circinate balanitis. Since reactive arthritis cannot be healed as such, patients are advised to follow a continuous topical treatment – otherwise, they might notice the symptoms again after 3-4 days of the treatment. […] Circinate balanitis, if recurrent, requires circumcision. Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis. In the absence of the foreskin, there is no longer an environment for an infection or inflammation that can result in circinate balanitis.

• #44 Circinate Balanitis – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.pristyncare.com/treatment/balanitis/circinate/

  It is always recommended to seek medical attention from an experienced urologist as soon as you experience symptoms of circinate balanitis. Your urologist will evaluate the root cause of the medical condition and then suggest suitable treatment options to treat circinate balanitis. If your medical condition does not improve using topical treatments and the problem persists, your urologist may suggest circumcision. […] The cost of circinate balanitis surgery in India ranges between Rs. […] However, the final cost of circinate balanitis surgery is calculated after assessing numerous factors, including the city and hospital where the surgery takes place, the type of surgery, the experience of the surgeon, etc.

• #45 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  A failure of first-line therapy should raise concerns about a possible secondary infection or an underlying malignancy. In such cases, cultures should be obtained, and a tissue biopsy should be considered. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis is a descriptive and diagnostic term for a heterogeneous class of inflammatory or infectious dermatoses involving the glans penis, which require differentiation from potentially malignant conditions.

• #46 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  The treatment for balanitis depends on what’s causing the condition. […] If a yeast infection is causing balanitis, your provider will prescribe an antifungal cream such as clotrimazole to treat the infection. […] If a sexually transmitted infection is the cause of your symptoms, your provider will treat the infection with antibiotics. […] Your provider will recommend that you regularly wash and dry under your foreskin to reduce the risk of balanitis returning. […] If you have diabetes, your provider will show you how to manage the condition. […] If you have recurring symptoms of balanitis, your provider may recommend circumcision. […] Most cases of balanitis require some kind of treatment. […] The fastest way to cure balanitis is to talk to a healthcare provider. […] With a proper diagnosis and treatment, you should make a full recovery. […] Most people with balanitis recover with treatment. […] If you have symptoms of balanitis, you should visit your provider. […] Your provider will test you for infection and recommend good hygiene practices.

• #47

  https://patient.info/doctor/balanitis-pro

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. If the foreskin is also inflamed, the correct term is balanoposthitis, although balanitis is commonly used to refer to both. […] A Portuguese retrospective study found that balanitis was diagnosed in 10.7% of men attending a sexual health clinic between 1995 and 2004. […] Blood/urine testing for glucose if diabetes mellitus is possible. […] Swab of discharge for microscopy, Gram staining, culture and sensitivity. […] If syphilis or another sexually transmitted infection (STI) is suspected, refer to a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. […] Surgical referral for consideration of circumcision if balanitis is recurrent or pathological phimosis is present. […] Episodes of balanitis can be short-lived lasting a few days, persistent (lasting for more than a few weeks), or recurrent. Most will improve following accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the underlying cause. […] There is a low risk of malignant transformation. Concern is particularly significant with non-healing eroded or ulcerated nodules. In these instances, biopsy with histopathological interpretation is mandatory.

• #48 Balanitis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/balanitis

  Your GP should be able to tell if you have balanitis by looking at your penis and asking a few questions. […] If treatment doesn’t start to work within seven days, your GP may suggest some tests. This is to see if there’s an infection or something more serious. […] If your GP isn’t sure what’s causing your balanitis, they may refer you to: a skin specialist called a dermatologist, a urologist, who treats penis problems, a sexual health clinic.

• #49 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  A failure of first-line therapy should raise concerns about a possible secondary infection or an underlying malignancy. In such cases, cultures should be obtained, and a tissue biopsy should be considered. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis is a descriptive and diagnostic term for a heterogeneous class of inflammatory or infectious dermatoses involving the glans penis, which require differentiation from potentially malignant conditions.

• #50 How is balanitis diagnosed?

  https://cliniquelactuel.com/how-is-balanitis-diagnosed

  How is balanitis diagnosed? This is NOT a painful procedure! […] Most cases of Balanitis will be diagnosed based on the physical examination that will be performed in the clinic. Remember, it is important to exclude other causes of serious or transmissible skin diseases. When balanitis is the cause, the diagnosis is often quick and reassuring. At times, in an attempt to confirm the diagnosis your physician may swab a sample from the surface (not inside the urethra) of the glans of your penis and visualize the specimen under the microscope for the presence of yeast and or bacteria. This is a short and simple procedure…no pain involved! On rare occasions when your balanitis is recurrent, and before more drastic measures are contemplated, your physician may send a swab to be grown in the laboratory in an effort to identify resistant bugs (this may help to choose the appropriate successful therapy when standard treatments fail).

• #51 Balanoposthitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/401

  Balanoposthitis refers to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. It is a descriptive term and not a diagnosis. […] The aim of diagnosis and management should be to exclude STI, mitigate sexual and urinary dysfunction, and reduce the risk of cancer of the penis. […] A specific causative condition should be identified and treated effectively. Nonspecific balanoposthitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Patients will typically present in a primary care setting. Input from specialists, particularly dermatologists and urologists, may be very helpful in the management of poorly responsive or complex cases. […] Key diagnostic factors include uncircumcised state. […] Other diagnostic factors include multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual behaviors, postinflammatory hypo- or hyperpigmentation, pruritus, red scaly patches, erosions, personal/family history of atopy (eczema, hay fever, asthma, type I allergies), personal/family history of psoriasis, urinary dribbling, hypopigmentation, purpura, red plaques, blisters, papules or micropapules, and pustules. […] 1st tests to order include swab for microbiology (Gram stain and culture) and Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), swab for virology, and dark-field microscopy. […] Tests to consider include skin biopsy and patch testing. […] Emerging tests include dermoscopy.

• #52

  https://patient.info/doctor/balanitis-pro

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. If the foreskin is also inflamed, the correct term is balanoposthitis, although balanitis is commonly used to refer to both. […] A Portuguese retrospective study found that balanitis was diagnosed in 10.7% of men attending a sexual health clinic between 1995 and 2004. […] Blood/urine testing for glucose if diabetes mellitus is possible. […] Swab of discharge for microscopy, Gram staining, culture and sensitivity. […] If syphilis or another sexually transmitted infection (STI) is suspected, refer to a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. […] Surgical referral for consideration of circumcision if balanitis is recurrent or pathological phimosis is present. […] Episodes of balanitis can be short-lived lasting a few days, persistent (lasting for more than a few weeks), or recurrent. Most will improve following accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the underlying cause. […] There is a low risk of malignant transformation. Concern is particularly significant with non-healing eroded or ulcerated nodules. In these instances, biopsy with histopathological interpretation is mandatory.

• #53 Balanitis – causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/balanitis

  A complication of balanitis is a bacterial skin infection. […] Keeping your penis clean and dry can help to prevent balanitis. […] You should see your doctor if you can’t comfortably pull your foreskin back to expose the glans penis. […] It’s normal for a child’s foreskin to adhere (stick) to the head of the penis if it doesn’t retract easily, don’t pull on it.

• #54 Balanitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18119

  Proper genital washing performed gently with normal saline is recommended as initial therapy for all patients with balanitis. […] Topical antifungals, typically applied twice daily for 1 to 2 weeks or until symptoms resolve, are the treatment of choice for most adult patients with balanitis or balanoposthitis. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis can be the first presenting sign of underlying diabetes. […] A distinct growth or ulcer on the foreskin or glans, easy bleeding, and failure of initial balanitis therapy should indicate the need to consider a diagnosis of penile carcinoma and suggest a possible biopsy or excision.

• #55 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  A failure of first-line therapy should raise concerns about a possible secondary infection or an underlying malignancy. In such cases, cultures should be obtained, and a tissue biopsy should be considered. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis is a descriptive and diagnostic term for a heterogeneous class of inflammatory or infectious dermatoses involving the glans penis, which require differentiation from potentially malignant conditions.

• #56 Balanitis – causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/balanitis

  Balanitis is when the head of your penis (the glans) becomes inflamed. […] If you have balanitis, the head of your penis can be red, swollen, itchy or sore. […] Treatment depends on the cause and includes self-care treatments such as avoiding irritants and soaking in salty water. […] Balanitis can often be prevented with good hygiene. […] See your doctor if the head of your penis is sore, red, swollen or itchy. […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and examine you and your penis. […] In some cases, your doctor may take a swab or urine sample for testing. […] If a skin condition is suspected, your doctor may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist). […] Treatment for balanitis will depend on the cause. […] A bath in salty water might help. […] Your doctor may recommend using an over-the-counter mild steroid or antifungal cream.

• #57 Balanoposthitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/401

  Balanoposthitis refers to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. It is a descriptive term and not a diagnosis. […] The aim of diagnosis and management should be to exclude STI, mitigate sexual and urinary dysfunction, and reduce the risk of cancer of the penis. […] A specific causative condition should be identified and treated effectively. Nonspecific balanoposthitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Patients will typically present in a primary care setting. Input from specialists, particularly dermatologists and urologists, may be very helpful in the management of poorly responsive or complex cases. […] Key diagnostic factors include uncircumcised state. […] Other diagnostic factors include multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual behaviors, postinflammatory hypo- or hyperpigmentation, pruritus, red scaly patches, erosions, personal/family history of atopy (eczema, hay fever, asthma, type I allergies), personal/family history of psoriasis, urinary dribbling, hypopigmentation, purpura, red plaques, blisters, papules or micropapules, and pustules. […] 1st tests to order include swab for microbiology (Gram stain and culture) and Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), swab for virology, and dark-field microscopy. […] Tests to consider include skin biopsy and patch testing. […] Emerging tests include dermoscopy.

• #58 Balanitis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/balanitis

  Your GP should be able to tell if you have balanitis by looking at your penis and asking a few questions. […] If treatment doesn’t start to work within seven days, your GP may suggest some tests. This is to see if there’s an infection or something more serious. […] If your GP isn’t sure what’s causing your balanitis, they may refer you to: a skin specialist called a dermatologist, a urologist, who treats penis problems, a sexual health clinic.

• #59

  https://patient.info/doctor/balanitis-pro

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. If the foreskin is also inflamed, the correct term is balanoposthitis, although balanitis is commonly used to refer to both. […] A Portuguese retrospective study found that balanitis was diagnosed in 10.7% of men attending a sexual health clinic between 1995 and 2004. […] Blood/urine testing for glucose if diabetes mellitus is possible. […] Swab of discharge for microscopy, Gram staining, culture and sensitivity. […] If syphilis or another sexually transmitted infection (STI) is suspected, refer to a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. […] Surgical referral for consideration of circumcision if balanitis is recurrent or pathological phimosis is present. […] Episodes of balanitis can be short-lived lasting a few days, persistent (lasting for more than a few weeks), or recurrent. Most will improve following accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the underlying cause. […] There is a low risk of malignant transformation. Concern is particularly significant with non-healing eroded or ulcerated nodules. In these instances, biopsy with histopathological interpretation is mandatory.

• #60 Pediatric Balanitis and Balanoposthitis — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/pediatric-balanitis-and-balanoposthitis/

  Most often based on history and physical examination alone. […] In pre-pubertal children, likely no testing needed unless refractory symptoms. […] Could do a sub-preputial swab to evaluate for yeast or bacterial infection if necessary. […] In adolescents, especially if they are sexually active, testing should be done for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomonas, and HSV. […] Consider testing for diabetes or causes of immunosuppression if symptoms are refractory or severe. […] Biopsies are rarely necessary but could be helpful if concerned for malignancy, refractory cases, or systemic inflammatory/autoimmune cause. […] Up to 1/3 of cases cannot find a definitive cause.

• #61 Balanitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184715

  Balanitis is an inflammation of the head of the penis or clitoris due to infection or another cause. It can be uncomfortable and sometimes painful, but is usually not serious. Symptoms include a tight foreskin and pain while urinating. […] Treatment for balanitis depends on the cause. A person should see a doctor to get the correct diagnosis and proper treatment for their condition. Once a doctor treats the underlying condition, the balanitis should clear on its own. […] A doctor can often diagnose balanitis by observing the inflammation of the glans. […] During an examination, they will need to rule out an STI and determine the underlying cause. […] As part of diagnosis, a doctor may order tests that could include: a swab from the glans to test for infection, a urine test, if they suspect diabetes, a blood test to determine glucose levels.

• #62 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. Patients with balanitis often present with penile pain, swelling, and erythema of the glans. Balanoposthitis describes the same condition that also involves the foreskin. Recurrent episodes are suggestive of diabetes. Balanitis and balanoposthitis are primarily infectious in origin, with Candida being the most common etiologic organism. Treatment of balanitis typically involves topical antifungals, which can be augmented by topical corticosteroids and oral antifungals. This activity reviews the risk factors, evaluation, and management of balanitis, highlighting the importance of the interprofessional team in enhancing care for affected patients. […] Identify the clinical presentation of balanitis. […] Select the appropriate diagnostic tools, including physical examination and potential biopsy, to evaluate persistent or unusual cases of balanitis.

• #63 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21186-balanitis

  The treatment for balanitis depends on what’s causing the condition. […] If a yeast infection is causing balanitis, your provider will prescribe an antifungal cream such as clotrimazole to treat the infection. […] If a sexually transmitted infection is the cause of your symptoms, your provider will treat the infection with antibiotics. […] Your provider will recommend that you regularly wash and dry under your foreskin to reduce the risk of balanitis returning. […] If you have diabetes, your provider will show you how to manage the condition. […] If you have recurring symptoms of balanitis, your provider may recommend circumcision. […] Most cases of balanitis require some kind of treatment. […] The fastest way to cure balanitis is to talk to a healthcare provider. […] With a proper diagnosis and treatment, you should make a full recovery. […] Most people with balanitis recover with treatment. […] If you have symptoms of balanitis, you should visit your provider. […] Your provider will test you for infection and recommend good hygiene practices.

• #64 Balanitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18119

  Proper genital washing performed gently with normal saline is recommended as initial therapy for all patients with balanitis. […] Topical antifungals, typically applied twice daily for 1 to 2 weeks or until symptoms resolve, are the treatment of choice for most adult patients with balanitis or balanoposthitis. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis can be the first presenting sign of underlying diabetes. […] A distinct growth or ulcer on the foreskin or glans, easy bleeding, and failure of initial balanitis therapy should indicate the need to consider a diagnosis of penile carcinoma and suggest a possible biopsy or excision.

• #65 Balanoposthitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/401

  Balanoposthitis refers to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. It is a descriptive term and not a diagnosis. […] The aim of diagnosis and management should be to exclude STI, mitigate sexual and urinary dysfunction, and reduce the risk of cancer of the penis. […] A specific causative condition should be identified and treated effectively. Nonspecific balanoposthitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Patients will typically present in a primary care setting. Input from specialists, particularly dermatologists and urologists, may be very helpful in the management of poorly responsive or complex cases. […] Key diagnostic factors include uncircumcised state. […] Other diagnostic factors include multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual behaviors, postinflammatory hypo- or hyperpigmentation, pruritus, red scaly patches, erosions, personal/family history of atopy (eczema, hay fever, asthma, type I allergies), personal/family history of psoriasis, urinary dribbling, hypopigmentation, purpura, red plaques, blisters, papules or micropapules, and pustules. […] 1st tests to order include swab for microbiology (Gram stain and culture) and Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), swab for virology, and dark-field microscopy. […] Tests to consider include skin biopsy and patch testing. […] Emerging tests include dermoscopy.

• #66 Balanitis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/balanitis

  In persistent and recalcitrant (poor response to treatment) cases a biopsy is usually needed to look for lichen sclerosus, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and squamous cell carcinoma; a confident clinical diagnosis is not always possible or safe. […] The main aims of management are to make the skin more comfortable, minimise urinary and sexual dysfunction, and to exclude premalignant/malignant disease. […] If the 'balanitis’ does not improve with the treatments referred to above then it is important to consider lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and occasionally squamous cell carcinoma. Manage accordingly.

• #67 Balanitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184715

  The goals of treatment typically involve reducing sexual or urinary dysfunction and reducing the risk of developing cancer in the area. […] Practicing good hygiene, including cleaning the penis daily and keeping the area under the foreskin clean and dry, is the most important step a person can take to prevent balanitis. […] When diagnosing the condition, a doctor will likely check for underlying conditions and treat them to help the balanitis clear.

• #68 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  A failure of first-line therapy should raise concerns about a possible secondary infection or an underlying malignancy. In such cases, cultures should be obtained, and a tissue biopsy should be considered. […] Circumcision is recommended for recurrent and intractable episodes, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients with significant phimosis. […] Balanitis is a descriptive and diagnostic term for a heterogeneous class of inflammatory or infectious dermatoses involving the glans penis, which require differentiation from potentially malignant conditions.

• #69 Balanitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184715

  The goals of treatment typically involve reducing sexual or urinary dysfunction and reducing the risk of developing cancer in the area. […] Practicing good hygiene, including cleaning the penis daily and keeping the area under the foreskin clean and dry, is the most important step a person can take to prevent balanitis. […] When diagnosing the condition, a doctor will likely check for underlying conditions and treat them to help the balanitis clear.

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