Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #2 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. […] Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] Morbidity is associated with the complications of phimosis. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. […] Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. […] Older age has been identified as a risk factor for candidal balanitis. […] Zoon balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis) is an inflammatory condition that is thought to result from chronic irritation and that presents as a well-demarcated shiny erythematous patch or plaque over the genital mucosa.

• #3 Balanitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-in-adults

  Balanitis accounts for approximately 11 percent of males seen in urology clinics. Approximately 3 percent of uncircumcised patients are affected globally. […] Most cases of balanitis are due to infection. However, in clinical practice, cases of balanitis can also be „nonspecific,” meaning that no associated condition or etiology is identified following diagnostic evaluation.

• #4 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #5 Balanitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis

  Balanitis „is a common condition affecting 11% of adult men seen in urology clinics and 3% of children” in the United States; globally, balanitis „may occur in up to 3% of uncircumcised males”.[14]

• #6 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #7 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #8

  https://patient.info/doctor/balanitis-pro

  Balanitis is more common in boys than in men. […] Balanitis affects about 4% of uncircumcised boys between the ages of 2-5 years. As the foreskin matures, it becomes less susceptible to this condition, so it is less common in older boys. […] Balanitis is uncommon in circumcised boys and men, partly because circumcision reduces the risk of inflammatory skin conditions which may cause balanitis. […] A Portuguese retrospective study found that balanitis was diagnosed in 10.7% of men attending a sexual health clinic between 1995 and 2004.

• #9 Balanitis: What Causes It and How To Treat It

  https://patient.info/mens-health/penis-problems/balanitis

  Balanitis is common and it can occur at any age. It more commonly affects boys aged under 5 years and also men who have not been circumcised. About one in 25 boys and about one in 30 uncircumcised men are affected with balanitis at some time in their lives. Not being circumcised increases the risk of balanitis. […] Zoon’s Balanitis affects middle-aged and older men, usually if they are not circumcised. […] A doctor can easily diagnose balanitis by the red and inflamed look of the end of the penis (the glans). […] If your doctor is not sure about the cause, or the balanitis does not clear with treatment, one or more of the following tests may be suggested: […] If balanitis is caused by an infection you should avoid having sex until the infection has been treated and cleared.

• #10 Balanitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & FAQs

  https://www.yashodahospitals.com/diseases-treatments/balanitis-types-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Balanitis usually affects uncircumcised middle-aged males. […] Balanitis is known to affect approximately 1 in 30 uncircumcised males at some time in their life. […] Balanitis is a treatable inflammation of the penis head, commonly occurring in uncircumcised middle-aged men. Common causes include poor hygiene, reaction to personal grooming products, genital yeast infection, sexually transmitted diseases, eczema, scabies, antibiotic side effects, reactive arthritis, and uncontrolled diabetes.

• #11 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #12 Balanitis and balanoposthitis in children and adolescents: Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-and-balanoposthitis-in-children-and-adolescents-clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Balanoposthitis affects males of all ages and ethnicities worldwide. Among Japanese boys, 1.5 percent of over 600 uncircumcised males had balanoposthitis on routine examination. Most cases occurred in toddlers. Other studies confirm that balanoposthitis occurs often in children between ages two and five years. Reports from China and Japan that include toilet-trained and school-age uncircumcised boys have found prevalences less than 1 in 1000 patients. […] Limited data are available for the incidence or prevalence of balanoposthitis in adolescents. Among over 70,000 conscripted Korean military men (age 18 to 30 years), annual incidence of balanoposthitis ranged from 0.5 to 2.6 cases per 1000 persons. Another report identified balanoposthitis in 11 percent of uncircumcised male patients undergoing urologic referral.

• #13 Balanoposthitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124734-overview

  To date, no studies of the incidence of balanoposthitis have been performed in the United States. […] In a Japanese study, balanoposthitis was found in nine (1.5%) of 603 uncircumcised Japanese boys aged 0-15 years. […] In a study from Hong Kong, only one of 2149 elementary schoolchildren had balanoposthitis. […] In a British study, Candida species were identified as the cause of balanoposthitis in 35% of 450 men examined. […] An Italian study found balanoposthitis in 51 (16%) of 321 patients with genital dermatoses. […] A long-term Japanese study revealed an incidence of 3-7% per annum. […] Although balanoposthitis is known to occur over a wide age range, most studies have centered on the juvenile population (0-5 y) or on sexually active adult males. […] By definition, balanoposthitis occurs only in males. […] Although balanoposthitis, because of its heterogenous etiology, has been described in individuals of many races and ethnic backgrounds, no breakdowns of frequency on the basis of such categories have been performed.

• #14 Balanitis and balanoposthitis in children and adolescents: Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-and-balanoposthitis-in-children-and-adolescents-clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Balanoposthitis affects males of all ages and ethnicities worldwide. Among Japanese boys, 1.5 percent of over 600 uncircumcised males had balanoposthitis on routine examination. Most cases occurred in toddlers. Other studies confirm that balanoposthitis occurs often in children between ages two and five years. Reports from China and Japan that include toilet-trained and school-age uncircumcised boys have found prevalences less than 1 in 1000 patients. […] Limited data are available for the incidence or prevalence of balanoposthitis in adolescents. Among over 70,000 conscripted Korean military men (age 18 to 30 years), annual incidence of balanoposthitis ranged from 0.5 to 2.6 cases per 1000 persons. Another report identified balanoposthitis in 11 percent of uncircumcised male patients undergoing urologic referral.

• #15 Balanoposthitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124734-overview

  To date, no studies of the incidence of balanoposthitis have been performed in the United States. […] In a Japanese study, balanoposthitis was found in nine (1.5%) of 603 uncircumcised Japanese boys aged 0-15 years. […] In a study from Hong Kong, only one of 2149 elementary schoolchildren had balanoposthitis. […] In a British study, Candida species were identified as the cause of balanoposthitis in 35% of 450 men examined. […] An Italian study found balanoposthitis in 51 (16%) of 321 patients with genital dermatoses. […] A long-term Japanese study revealed an incidence of 3-7% per annum. […] Although balanoposthitis is known to occur over a wide age range, most studies have centered on the juvenile population (0-5 y) or on sexually active adult males. […] By definition, balanoposthitis occurs only in males. […] Although balanoposthitis, because of its heterogenous etiology, has been described in individuals of many races and ethnic backgrounds, no breakdowns of frequency on the basis of such categories have been performed.

• #16 Balanitis and balanoposthitis in children and adolescents: Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/balanitis-and-balanoposthitis-in-children-and-adolescents-clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Balanoposthitis affects males of all ages and ethnicities worldwide. Among Japanese boys, 1.5 percent of over 600 uncircumcised males had balanoposthitis on routine examination. Most cases occurred in toddlers. Other studies confirm that balanoposthitis occurs often in children between ages two and five years. Reports from China and Japan that include toilet-trained and school-age uncircumcised boys have found prevalences less than 1 in 1000 patients. […] Limited data are available for the incidence or prevalence of balanoposthitis in adolescents. Among over 70,000 conscripted Korean military men (age 18 to 30 years), annual incidence of balanoposthitis ranged from 0.5 to 2.6 cases per 1000 persons. Another report identified balanoposthitis in 11 percent of uncircumcised male patients undergoing urologic referral.

• #17 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Risk factors for balanitis include: Use of condom catheters, Contact allergic responses, Diabetes, particularly when undiagnosed or poorly controlled, likely due to high skin glucose levels that promote bacterial and fungal growth, Edematous conditions, such as heart failure, nephrosis, anasarca, and cirrhosis, Failing to retract the foreskin, Use of glycosuric drugs in diabetes, Immunocompromised state, Morbid obesity, Nursing home environment, Overwashing, Penile trauma, Phimosis, Poor personal hygiene, Reactive arthritis, Sensitivity to common chemicals, such as soaps and lubricants, STIs, Unauthorized application of topical treatments to the glans, Uncircumcised state, Use of glycosuric agents, such as canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.

• #18 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #19 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/index.php/de/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Balanitis is especially common in uncircumcised boys with phimosis compared with those without phimosis: 25% vs. 6%, respectively, for ages less than 5 years and 24% vs. 12% for males older than 5 years. […] A meta-analysis of relevant studies found that the prevalence of balanitis was 68% lower in circumcised vs. uncircumcised males (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% CI 0.200.52). […] Thus, inflammatory dermatoses of the penis are 3.2 times (95% CI 1.95.0) higher in uncircumcised males. […] The definitive treatment is circumcision. […] Based on the evidence, circumcision of males, particularly early in life, substantially reduced the risk of penile inflammatory conditions. […] Protection in infancy against penile inflammation was emphasized in the 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics infant male circumcision policy recommendations. […] Coupled with its other lifetime benefits, circumcision of all infant males would seem desirable from a public health perspective.

• #20 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #21

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2021/10060/a_descriptive_study_of_the_clinical_and.24.aspx

  Both infectious and noninfectious causes contribute to the etiology of balanoposthitis with former being the most common. […] The factors which predispose to candidal balanoposthitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, uncircumcised penis, poor hygiene of the genitals, and tight prepuce. […] In our study, diabetes mellitus was present in 33% of total patients (both infectious and noninfectious) and in 61.22% of patients with candidal balanoposthitis. Thus, diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for candidal balanoposthitis (significant association noted in our study). […] This suggests that candidal infection and diabetes mellitus, when present together, increase the incidence of phimosis.

• #22 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #23 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. […] Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] Morbidity is associated with the complications of phimosis. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. […] Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. […] Older age has been identified as a risk factor for candidal balanitis. […] Zoon balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis) is an inflammatory condition that is thought to result from chronic irritation and that presents as a well-demarcated shiny erythematous patch or plaque over the genital mucosa.

• #24 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Risk factors for balanitis include: Use of condom catheters, Contact allergic responses, Diabetes, particularly when undiagnosed or poorly controlled, likely due to high skin glucose levels that promote bacterial and fungal growth, Edematous conditions, such as heart failure, nephrosis, anasarca, and cirrhosis, Failing to retract the foreskin, Use of glycosuric drugs in diabetes, Immunocompromised state, Morbid obesity, Nursing home environment, Overwashing, Penile trauma, Phimosis, Poor personal hygiene, Reactive arthritis, Sensitivity to common chemicals, such as soaps and lubricants, STIs, Unauthorized application of topical treatments to the glans, Uncircumcised state, Use of glycosuric agents, such as canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.

• #25 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Risk factors for balanitis include: Use of condom catheters, Contact allergic responses, Diabetes, particularly when undiagnosed or poorly controlled, likely due to high skin glucose levels that promote bacterial and fungal growth, Edematous conditions, such as heart failure, nephrosis, anasarca, and cirrhosis, Failing to retract the foreskin, Use of glycosuric drugs in diabetes, Immunocompromised state, Morbid obesity, Nursing home environment, Overwashing, Penile trauma, Phimosis, Poor personal hygiene, Reactive arthritis, Sensitivity to common chemicals, such as soaps and lubricants, STIs, Unauthorized application of topical treatments to the glans, Uncircumcised state, Use of glycosuric agents, such as canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.

• #26 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Balanitis is present in up to 6% of young men and has an approximate overall prevalence of 3-11%. […] Uncircumcised men are at greater risk (approximately 68% increased lifetime incidence) as microorganisms, epithelial debris, and secretions may accumulate between the glans penis and overlying prepuce. […] Other risk factors include: Morbid obesity, Condom catheter use, Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Poverty, Poor hygiene, Certain drugs e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Autoinflammatory conditions e.g. genital lichen planus and psoriasis. […] Diagnosed clinically, proper history (including sexual history, autoimmunity) and a physical exam are essential. […] Recurrent genital infections (such as yeast) is uncommon in healthy individuals and may warrant screening for immunocompromised conditions (HIV, diabetes, cancer). […] Most individuals with balanitis recover without complications with appropriate treatment and genital hygiene measures. In those who are uncircumcised, it is not uncommon for balanitis to recur.

• #27 Updates on the epidemiology and risk factors for penile cancer – Douglawi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15046/html

  While invasive penile malignancies are known to most commonly afflict men in their 6th decade of life, any male can be affected. Numerous risk factors have been shown to increase the risk of developing invasive disease. […] The lack of circumcision is a well-accepted risk factor for penile cancer. […] Phimosis is a pathologic inability to retract the foreskin and can be found in 2575% of penile cancer patients. […] Chronic inflammation is a proposed mechanism for carcinogenesis in multiple types of malignancies. A history of posthitis and balanitis respectively has been reported in 45% of penile cancer patients compared to 8% of controls. […] Socioeconomic disparities are associated with increased cancer incidence in general. The literature examining these relationships with penile cancer is scarce.

• #28 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #29 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/index.php/de/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Inflammatory skin conditions of the glans (balanitis) and foreskin (posthitis) are common in uncircumcised males of all ages. […] Reducing the prevalence of penile inflammation is therefore important. […] The degree of reduction in prevalence of balanitis by circumcision was found to be 68% in a meta-analysis (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.200.52). […] Another meta-analysis showed that balanitis is associated with a 3.8-fold increased risk of penile cancer (95% CI 1.69.1). […] Recent evidence-based policy statements recognize the protection afforded by circumcision against penile inflammatory conditions. […] It was not our intention to cover penile lesions caused by sexually transmitted infections such as herpes simplex and human papillomavirus that are considered in other chapters. […] The prevalence of balanitis was reported as being twice as high in those who were not circumcised.

• #30 Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review

  https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/

  The features of anaerobic balanitis are superficial erosions, foul smelling subpreputial discharge, preputial oedema an inguinal adenitis. […] In unselected men the prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis isolation is 7.2-8.0% with a significantly higher isolation rate in men with balanoposthitis. […] It is likely to be sexually acquired and partners of women with Gardnerella vaginalis have high isolation rates from the urethra or urine. […] The symptoms of pure Gardnerella vaginalis balanitis are milder than those in anaerobic infection with irritation of the prepuce and glans penis, macular erythema and a fishy sub-preputial discharge. […] Many balantides are non-specific and no aetiological agent can be found. […] It has been suggested that these are often due to irritation, particularly if symptoms are persistent or recurrent. […] Balanitis may occur with both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. […] Many balantides prove difficult to diagnose and any condition which persists warrants further investigation.

• #31 Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review

  https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/

  Balanitis is a common condition among genitourinary medicine clinic attendees, the cause often remaining undiagnosed. […] Balanitis is defined as inflammation of the glans penis, which often involves the prepuce (balanoposthitis). It is a common condition affecting 11% of male genitourinary clinic attendees in one study and it can be a recurrent or persistent condition. […] Underlying medical conditions can also predispose to balanitis, which may be more severe. […] Inflammation of the glans and prepuce may also provide a route for the acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. […] The presence of anaerobes on the glans penis, particularly in the uncircumcised male has been associated with non specific urethritis (NSU) and balanitis. […] In this study anaerobes were isolated in only 21% of healthy controls, but in 76% with balanoposthitis and 67% with NSU, whilst in those with both NSU and balanitis 95% had anaerobic bacteria, bacteroides species being the most common.

• #32 Balanitis xerotica obliterans: An observational, descriptive and retrospective clinical study

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2022.11288

  Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that can occur in the genital area of both sexes. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) occurs only in the genital area of men and typically affects the foreskin, penile glans, and/or the meatus. […] In the present report, an observational, descriptive, and retrospective epidemiological clinical study of available data between January 2006 and December 2020 in patients diagnosed with BXO from the casuistic of CMI DERMAMED (Trgu Mure, Romania) was performed. […] During this 15-year period, 164 patients were diagnosed with BXO, of whom 70 (42.8%) were in the 51-60 year old age group. […] In general, BXO is a rare, acquired, noninfectious and chronically inflammatory (autoimmune) skin disease that has an unknown etiology. […] Although the risk of developing this condition is particularly high in patients in the 40-60 year old age group, it can occur at any age.

• #33 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  Reporting on the prevalence of this condition is challenging, as patients initially present to a wide range of physician specialties. Studies have indicated that the prevalence rates of male genital lichen sclerosus are approximately 0.1% to 0.3% (1 case per 300 to 1,000 men) overall. […] In children, the consensus is that the peak age of balanitis xerotica obliterans is 7 to 8 years, although the incidence in boys is thought to be significantly underestimated. Some published reports suggest that the actual incidence is 5% to 6% and as high as 8.9% in uncircumcised boys. […] In adults, balanitis xerotica obliterans is most often found in middle-aged and older men. A large U.S. Department of Defense database found that the incidence of male lichen sclerosus more than doubled in adults older than 60.

• #34 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  Reporting on the prevalence of this condition is challenging, as patients initially present to a wide range of physician specialties. Studies have indicated that the prevalence rates of male genital lichen sclerosus are approximately 0.1% to 0.3% (1 case per 300 to 1,000 men) overall. […] In children, the consensus is that the peak age of balanitis xerotica obliterans is 7 to 8 years, although the incidence in boys is thought to be significantly underestimated. Some published reports suggest that the actual incidence is 5% to 6% and as high as 8.9% in uncircumcised boys. […] In adults, balanitis xerotica obliterans is most often found in middle-aged and older men. A large U.S. Department of Defense database found that the incidence of male lichen sclerosus more than doubled in adults older than 60.

• #35 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  Reporting on the prevalence of this condition is challenging, as patients initially present to a wide range of physician specialties. Studies have indicated that the prevalence rates of male genital lichen sclerosus are approximately 0.1% to 0.3% (1 case per 300 to 1,000 men) overall. […] In children, the consensus is that the peak age of balanitis xerotica obliterans is 7 to 8 years, although the incidence in boys is thought to be significantly underestimated. Some published reports suggest that the actual incidence is 5% to 6% and as high as 8.9% in uncircumcised boys. […] In adults, balanitis xerotica obliterans is most often found in middle-aged and older men. A large U.S. Department of Defense database found that the incidence of male lichen sclerosus more than doubled in adults older than 60.

• #36 Balanitis xerotica obliterans: An observational, descriptive and retrospective clinical study

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2022.11288

  Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that can occur in the genital area of both sexes. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) occurs only in the genital area of men and typically affects the foreskin, penile glans, and/or the meatus. […] In the present report, an observational, descriptive, and retrospective epidemiological clinical study of available data between January 2006 and December 2020 in patients diagnosed with BXO from the casuistic of CMI DERMAMED (Trgu Mure, Romania) was performed. […] During this 15-year period, 164 patients were diagnosed with BXO, of whom 70 (42.8%) were in the 51-60 year old age group. […] In general, BXO is a rare, acquired, noninfectious and chronically inflammatory (autoimmune) skin disease that has an unknown etiology. […] Although the risk of developing this condition is particularly high in patients in the 40-60 year old age group, it can occur at any age.

• #37 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  An uncircumcised status is the strongest risk factor for developing balanitis xerotica obliterans, regardless of age. In one study, 98% of patients diagnosed with balanitis xerotica obliterans were uncircumcised. […] While no specific racial or ethnic predilection exists, Black and Hispanic cohorts report a higher frequency of balanitis xerotica obliterans, about double that of White patients, likely due to lower circumcision rates in these populations.

• #38 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  An uncircumcised status is the strongest risk factor for developing balanitis xerotica obliterans, regardless of age. In one study, 98% of patients diagnosed with balanitis xerotica obliterans were uncircumcised. […] While no specific racial or ethnic predilection exists, Black and Hispanic cohorts report a higher frequency of balanitis xerotica obliterans, about double that of White patients, likely due to lower circumcision rates in these populations.

• #39 Noninfectious Penile Lesions | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p167.html

  Lichen sclerosus, also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans, occurs in males of all ages. The estimated prevalence may be as high as one in 300 males. Lichen sclerosus is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in 4 to 6 percent of patients. Many physicians consider genital lichen sclerosus in males to be a precancerous condition that is similar to its counterpart in females. […] Lichen sclerosus requires long-term follow-up to monitor for malignant transformation.

• #40 Noninfectious Penile Lesions | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p167.html

  Lichen sclerosus, also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans, occurs in males of all ages. The estimated prevalence may be as high as one in 300 males. Lichen sclerosus is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in 4 to 6 percent of patients. Many physicians consider genital lichen sclerosus in males to be a precancerous condition that is similar to its counterpart in females. […] Lichen sclerosus requires long-term follow-up to monitor for malignant transformation.

• #41 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. […] Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] Morbidity is associated with the complications of phimosis. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. […] Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. […] Older age has been identified as a risk factor for candidal balanitis. […] Zoon balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis) is an inflammatory condition that is thought to result from chronic irritation and that presents as a well-demarcated shiny erythematous patch or plaque over the genital mucosa.

• #42 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  It typically occurs in middle-aged and older men who are uncircumcised. […] Because Zoon balanitis often complicates other dermatoses especially lichen sclerosus, but also precancerous lesions and cancer its frequency, and even its existence as an independent entity, has been called into question.

• #43 Balanitis: What Causes It and How To Treat It

  https://patient.info/mens-health/penis-problems/balanitis

  Balanitis is common and it can occur at any age. It more commonly affects boys aged under 5 years and also men who have not been circumcised. About one in 25 boys and about one in 30 uncircumcised men are affected with balanitis at some time in their lives. Not being circumcised increases the risk of balanitis. […] Zoon’s Balanitis affects middle-aged and older men, usually if they are not circumcised. […] A doctor can easily diagnose balanitis by the red and inflamed look of the end of the penis (the glans). […] If your doctor is not sure about the cause, or the balanitis does not clear with treatment, one or more of the following tests may be suggested: […] If balanitis is caused by an infection you should avoid having sex until the infection has been treated and cleared.

• #44 Chronic balanitis: When should we be concerned?

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/chronic-balanitis

  The most likely diagnosis is Zoons balanitis, a benign disease occurring almost exclusively in uncircumcised older men and accounting for up to 10% of all reported balanitis cases. Its aetiology is thought to be associated with inadequate bathing and/or contextual dysfunction of the prepuce, causing either urine retention, smegma build-up, friction or heat, which ultimately results in chronic irritation of the mucosa. […] Given concerns regarding malignancy (eg Erythroplasia of Queyrat), it is recommended to maintain regular follow-up for at least five years, with intervals dependent on the clinical progression and treatment used. […] There is a variety of aetiologies for balanitis, including infective, inflammatory and neoplastic. […] Lesions that have not resolved despite treatment should be biopsied to rule out malignancy. […] Circumcision is an important management option for patients with balanitis.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2024/01000/zoon_s_balanitis___update_of_clinical_spectrum_and.10.aspx

  Known to be a disease of males over 30 years of age, it has also been reported in paediatric patients as young as 7 months of age. […] It is generally considered to be a benign condition, and its association with malignancies has been rarely reported (only three case reports so far). […] A possible association between Zoons balanitis and penile cancer could be that of chronic inflammation. […] This highlights the importance of long-term follow-up and adequate treatment of Zoons balanitis. […] Histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis despite emerging diagnostic modalities like reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and dermoscopy. […] The management is still a challenge for the dermatologist. […] Since there have been reports of association of this condition with malignancy, prompt diagnosis and long-term follow-up are advised.

• #46

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2024/01000/zoon_s_balanitis___update_of_clinical_spectrum_and.10.aspx

  Known to be a disease of males over 30 years of age, it has also been reported in paediatric patients as young as 7 months of age. […] It is generally considered to be a benign condition, and its association with malignancies has been rarely reported (only three case reports so far). […] A possible association between Zoons balanitis and penile cancer could be that of chronic inflammation. […] This highlights the importance of long-term follow-up and adequate treatment of Zoons balanitis. […] Histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis despite emerging diagnostic modalities like reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and dermoscopy. […] The management is still a challenge for the dermatologist. […] Since there have been reports of association of this condition with malignancy, prompt diagnosis and long-term follow-up are advised.

• #47 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/1422

  Zoon’s balanitis is a benign disease characterized by an asymptomatic, chronic, solitary, shiny, red-orange plaque of the glans and/ or prepuce. In rare cases of Zoons disease, penile squamous cell carcinoma developed in the chronic inflammatory lesions. […] Coexistence of both lesions in contrast to the development of cancerous lesions within pre-existent Zoons disease is a very rare observation.

• #48 Balanitis, Symptoms and Treatment | Urban Medical

  https://urbanmedical.com.hk/en/disease-info/balanitis/overview

  Balanitis refers to acute or chronic skin inflammation of the glans (the head of the penis), commonly seen in uncircumcised men. Studies show that approximately 3-11% of men experience balanitis at least once in their lifetime, with diabetic patients having a threefold higher risk. […] Balanitis is often caused by bacterial, fungal or other pathogenic infection of the head of the penis. However, the irritation of the glans skin by chemicals can also lead to balanitis. […] It can be classified by bacteria, molds or pathogens that cause balanitis. […] The incidence of male candidal balanitis is increasing, and the main reason is related to sexual contact. Anyone who has sexual intercourse with women suffering from candidal vaginitis is easily infected; secondly, contact with indirect objects, such as other people’s underwear and bath towels, baths, etc., plus if the foreskin is too long, Candida proliferates in the inner plate of the foreskin, the coronal sulcus and the glans.

• #49 Balanoposthitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124734-overview

  To date, no studies of the incidence of balanoposthitis have been performed in the United States. […] In a Japanese study, balanoposthitis was found in nine (1.5%) of 603 uncircumcised Japanese boys aged 0-15 years. […] In a study from Hong Kong, only one of 2149 elementary schoolchildren had balanoposthitis. […] In a British study, Candida species were identified as the cause of balanoposthitis in 35% of 450 men examined. […] An Italian study found balanoposthitis in 51 (16%) of 321 patients with genital dermatoses. […] A long-term Japanese study revealed an incidence of 3-7% per annum. […] Although balanoposthitis is known to occur over a wide age range, most studies have centered on the juvenile population (0-5 y) or on sexually active adult males. […] By definition, balanoposthitis occurs only in males. […] Although balanoposthitis, because of its heterogenous etiology, has been described in individuals of many races and ethnic backgrounds, no breakdowns of frequency on the basis of such categories have been performed.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2021/10060/a_descriptive_study_of_the_clinical_and.24.aspx

  Balanoposthitis is defined as an inflammatory condition of glans penis and prepuce. There are wide variety of etiologies including both infectious and noninfectious conditions. This study attempts to throw light on information regarding clinical and microbiological aspects of balanoposthitis. […] To study various clinical patterns, etiologies, and predisposing factors of balanoposthitis. […] In our study, infectious etiology was the most common and was found in 77.36% cases. Noninfectious etiology was found in 22.64% cases. The most common infectious cause of balanoposthitis was candida, noted in 59.76% cases, followed by herpes simplex virus (19.51%), human papilloma virus (13.41%), and scabies (8.54%). […] Identifying the etiology facilitates early treatment and hence reduces the infectivity and transmission of disease and also the disease complications like phimosis.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2021/10060/a_descriptive_study_of_the_clinical_and.24.aspx

  Both infectious and noninfectious causes contribute to the etiology of balanoposthitis with former being the most common. […] The factors which predispose to candidal balanoposthitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, uncircumcised penis, poor hygiene of the genitals, and tight prepuce. […] In our study, diabetes mellitus was present in 33% of total patients (both infectious and noninfectious) and in 61.22% of patients with candidal balanoposthitis. Thus, diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for candidal balanoposthitis (significant association noted in our study). […] This suggests that candidal infection and diabetes mellitus, when present together, increase the incidence of phimosis.

• #52 Infectious balanitis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Infectious_balanitis

  Balanitis is inflammation of glans penis. […] Studies have shown that balanitis commonly occurs around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinics, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying the incidence and prevalence of balanoposthitis in general population. A recent study has shown that balanitis commonly occurs in around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinic, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying demographics of balanoposthitis in general population. […] There is no established screening guidelines for infectious balanitis. […] Prognosis is usually good with treatment. […] Primary prevention of infectious balanitis include: Safe sex practices, Maintaining proper penile hygiene. […] There are no specific secondary preventive measures for infectious balanitis.

• #53 Infectious balanitis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Infectious_balanitis

  Balanitis is inflammation of glans penis. […] Studies have shown that balanitis commonly occurs around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinics, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying the incidence and prevalence of balanoposthitis in general population. A recent study has shown that balanitis commonly occurs in around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinic, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying demographics of balanoposthitis in general population. […] There is no established screening guidelines for infectious balanitis. […] Prognosis is usually good with treatment. […] Primary prevention of infectious balanitis include: Safe sex practices, Maintaining proper penile hygiene. […] There are no specific secondary preventive measures for infectious balanitis.

• #54 New Guidelines Issued for Managing Patients With Balanoposthitis

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/news/new-guidelines-managing-balanoposthitis/

  New European guidelines outline the management of balanoposthitis in patients with penile skin conditions, as published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology Venereology. […] The overall goals of managing patients with balanoposthitis are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted diseases. […] The recommendations were made and graded on the basis of the best available evidence, conclude the study authors. However, high-quality evidence specific to the management of penile disease is not available for all the conditions described.

• #55 Infectious balanitis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Infectious_balanitis

  Balanitis is inflammation of glans penis. […] Studies have shown that balanitis commonly occurs around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinics, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying the incidence and prevalence of balanoposthitis in general population. A recent study has shown that balanitis commonly occurs in around 10% of the patient population visiting the STD clinic, with infectious etiology responsible for around 50% of the cases. […] There are no comprehensive studies studying demographics of balanoposthitis in general population. […] There is no established screening guidelines for infectious balanitis. […] Prognosis is usually good with treatment. […] Primary prevention of infectious balanitis include: Safe sex practices, Maintaining proper penile hygiene. […] There are no specific secondary preventive measures for infectious balanitis.

• #56 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Balanitis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80027.html

  Balanitis is a common condition that can occur in both circumcised and uncircumcised men. But uncircumcised men are more at risk for balanitis due to the presence of foreskin. The environment under the foreskin is warm and moist, and these conditions often favour the growth of the organisms that cause balanitis. […] Men with certain diseases (such as diabetic mellitus) will be more susceptible to balanitis. […] Good personal hygiene can prevent most cases of balanitis. During bathing, the foreskin should be retracted gently to adequately clean and dry the area beneath it.

• #57 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/index.php/de/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Balanitis is especially common in uncircumcised boys with phimosis compared with those without phimosis: 25% vs. 6%, respectively, for ages less than 5 years and 24% vs. 12% for males older than 5 years. […] A meta-analysis of relevant studies found that the prevalence of balanitis was 68% lower in circumcised vs. uncircumcised males (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% CI 0.200.52). […] Thus, inflammatory dermatoses of the penis are 3.2 times (95% CI 1.95.0) higher in uncircumcised males. […] The definitive treatment is circumcision. […] Based on the evidence, circumcision of males, particularly early in life, substantially reduced the risk of penile inflammatory conditions. […] Protection in infancy against penile inflammation was emphasized in the 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics infant male circumcision policy recommendations. […] Coupled with its other lifetime benefits, circumcision of all infant males would seem desirable from a public health perspective.

• #58 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/index.php/de/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Balanitis is especially common in uncircumcised boys with phimosis compared with those without phimosis: 25% vs. 6%, respectively, for ages less than 5 years and 24% vs. 12% for males older than 5 years. […] A meta-analysis of relevant studies found that the prevalence of balanitis was 68% lower in circumcised vs. uncircumcised males (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% CI 0.200.52). […] Thus, inflammatory dermatoses of the penis are 3.2 times (95% CI 1.95.0) higher in uncircumcised males. […] The definitive treatment is circumcision. […] Based on the evidence, circumcision of males, particularly early in life, substantially reduced the risk of penile inflammatory conditions. […] Protection in infancy against penile inflammation was emphasized in the 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics infant male circumcision policy recommendations. […] Coupled with its other lifetime benefits, circumcision of all infant males would seem desirable from a public health perspective.

• #59 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/index.php/de/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Balanitis is especially common in uncircumcised boys with phimosis compared with those without phimosis: 25% vs. 6%, respectively, for ages less than 5 years and 24% vs. 12% for males older than 5 years. […] A meta-analysis of relevant studies found that the prevalence of balanitis was 68% lower in circumcised vs. uncircumcised males (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% CI 0.200.52). […] Thus, inflammatory dermatoses of the penis are 3.2 times (95% CI 1.95.0) higher in uncircumcised males. […] The definitive treatment is circumcision. […] Based on the evidence, circumcision of males, particularly early in life, substantially reduced the risk of penile inflammatory conditions. […] Protection in infancy against penile inflammation was emphasized in the 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics infant male circumcision policy recommendations. […] Coupled with its other lifetime benefits, circumcision of all infant males would seem desirable from a public health perspective.

• #60 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Balanitis is present in up to 6% of young men and has an approximate overall prevalence of 3-11%. […] Uncircumcised men are at greater risk (approximately 68% increased lifetime incidence) as microorganisms, epithelial debris, and secretions may accumulate between the glans penis and overlying prepuce. […] Other risk factors include: Morbid obesity, Condom catheter use, Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Poverty, Poor hygiene, Certain drugs e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Autoinflammatory conditions e.g. genital lichen planus and psoriasis. […] Diagnosed clinically, proper history (including sexual history, autoimmunity) and a physical exam are essential. […] Recurrent genital infections (such as yeast) is uncommon in healthy individuals and may warrant screening for immunocompromised conditions (HIV, diabetes, cancer). […] Most individuals with balanitis recover without complications with appropriate treatment and genital hygiene measures. In those who are uncircumcised, it is not uncommon for balanitis to recur.

• #61

  https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Balanitis.html

  Inflammation has many possible causes, including irritation by environmental substances, physical trauma, and infection by a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, or fungus each of which require a particular treatment (Edwards, 1996). […] Escala and Rickwood, in a 1989 examination of 100 cases of balanitis in childhood, concluded that the risk „in any individual, uncircumcised boy appears to be no greater than 4%.” (Escala, 1989). […] While any man can develop balanitis, the condition is most likely to occur in men who have a tight foreskin that is difficult to pull back, or who have poor hygiene. Diabetes can make balanitis more likely, especially if the blood sugar is poorly controlled. […] Some studies indicate balanitis to be more common in uncircumcised boys (Fergusson, 1988; Herzog, 1986; Fakjian, 1990; Leber, 2005; Waskett, 2005), but Van Howe found balanitis only in circumcised boys (Van Howe, 1997). […] Many studies of balanitis do not examine the subjects’ genital washing habits. However, O’Farrell et al. report that failure to wash the whole penis, including retraction of the foreskin in uncircumcised men, is more common among balanitis sufferers (O’Farrell, 2005).

• #62 Balanitis xerotica obliterans: An observational, descriptive and retrospective clinical study

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2022.11288

  The majority of the patients presented after a long period of disease development, such that they were already in advanced stages of the condition with clinically subjective symptoms and severe sexual problems. […] This delay in diagnosis has several causes, including misdiagnosis, psychological issues, and sexual behavior. […] Diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity tended to be important comorbidities of BXO since the majority of the patients were also affected by these conditions. […] The first-line treatment option for this condition is the local application of potent steroids, with favorable effects. […] Due to the risk of malignant transformation as a result of BXO, it is recommended that these patients should be followed up for a longer period. […] In terms of the age distribution of the disease, Kyriakis et al (16) performed a clinical study on 51 cases of BXO, where among 20909 male patients, it was found that the majority of cases fell in the 51-60 years old age groups.

• #63 Balanitis xerotica obliterans: An observational, descriptive and retrospective clinical study

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2022.11288

  The reason could be that at that age, men are more prone to hormonal dysregulations, such that the risk of auto/immunological disorders is correspondingly increased (17). […] The data showed that 124 (75.6%) cases of the 164 in total seek medical consultation when they were already in a stage III of the disease. […] Another cause of this delayed diagnosis could be the absence of a precise diagnosis protocol for physicians, due to the lack of knowledge and early diagnostic indications of this disease. […] The most frequent comorbidities in the studied group in the present study were diabetes and obesity. […] It was found that 81 (49.3%) of the studied patients presented with diabetes mellitus, where 91 (55.4%) of the patients were either obese or overweight. […] These comorbidities may serve to be important etio-pathological factors in the development of BXO, in addition to the genetic or autoimmune disposition.

• #64 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Male Penile Lichen Sclerosus) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18121

  Reporting on the prevalence of this condition is challenging, as patients initially present to a wide range of physician specialties. Studies have indicated that the prevalence rates of male genital lichen sclerosus are approximately 0.1% to 0.3% (1 case per 300 to 1,000 men) overall. […] In children, the consensus is that the peak age of balanitis xerotica obliterans is 7 to 8 years, although the incidence in boys is thought to be significantly underestimated. Some published reports suggest that the actual incidence is 5% to 6% and as high as 8.9% in uncircumcised boys. […] In adults, balanitis xerotica obliterans is most often found in middle-aged and older men. A large U.S. Department of Defense database found that the incidence of male lichen sclerosus more than doubled in adults older than 60.

• #65 Causes, symptoms and details of Balanitis – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/balanitis/

  Balanitis is a common condition affecting males of all ages, but is more prevalent in those with poorly controlled diabetes, uncircumcised males, and those with a history of poor genital hygiene. […] While exact prevalence rates in the UK are difficult to ascertain, it is a frequent reason for consultation in primary care and urology clinics.

• #66 Balanoposthitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124734-overview

  To date, no studies of the incidence of balanoposthitis have been performed in the United States. […] In a Japanese study, balanoposthitis was found in nine (1.5%) of 603 uncircumcised Japanese boys aged 0-15 years. […] In a study from Hong Kong, only one of 2149 elementary schoolchildren had balanoposthitis. […] In a British study, Candida species were identified as the cause of balanoposthitis in 35% of 450 men examined. […] An Italian study found balanoposthitis in 51 (16%) of 321 patients with genital dermatoses. […] A long-term Japanese study revealed an incidence of 3-7% per annum. […] Although balanoposthitis is known to occur over a wide age range, most studies have centered on the juvenile population (0-5 y) or on sexually active adult males. […] By definition, balanoposthitis occurs only in males. […] Although balanoposthitis, because of its heterogenous etiology, has been described in individuals of many races and ethnic backgrounds, no breakdowns of frequency on the basis of such categories have been performed.

• #67 Balanitis: Causes, Symptoms, Management, and More — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/balanitis

  Balanitis is present in up to 6% of young men and has an approximate overall prevalence of 3-11%. […] Uncircumcised men are at greater risk (approximately 68% increased lifetime incidence) as microorganisms, epithelial debris, and secretions may accumulate between the glans penis and overlying prepuce. […] Other risk factors include: Morbid obesity, Condom catheter use, Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Poverty, Poor hygiene, Certain drugs e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Autoinflammatory conditions e.g. genital lichen planus and psoriasis. […] Diagnosed clinically, proper history (including sexual history, autoimmunity) and a physical exam are essential. […] Recurrent genital infections (such as yeast) is uncommon in healthy individuals and may warrant screening for immunocompromised conditions (HIV, diabetes, cancer). […] Most individuals with balanitis recover without complications with appropriate treatment and genital hygiene measures. In those who are uncircumcised, it is not uncommon for balanitis to recur.

• #68 What is Balanitis and How Is It Treated? | Advanced Urology

  https://www.advancedurology.com/blog/what-is-balanitis-and-how-is-it-treated

  Approximately 3 to 11 percent of men are affected by this common condition of the penis. […] This condition is more prevalent in men who still have their foreskin. […] Young boys are at a high risk of contracting balanitis, as they are still forming their hygiene habits. Middle-aged men or older tend to be the second most likely group to be affected by this condition, especially those with diabetes as the glucose on their skin creates the ideal conditions for fungal growth. […] Yes, circumcised people can contract balanitis, which affects the head and glans of the penis. It’s important to remember that for populations that may contract balanitis, circumcised men aren’t necessarily exempt! While those with a circumcised penis have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis, they still may contract certain forms of the condition, like circinate balanitis (a type of reactive arthritis) or balanitis relating to herpes.

• #69 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #70 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #71 Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview

  Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis and is a common condition that affects an estimated 3-11% of males. […] Balanitis can occur in males at any age. […] Morbidity is associated with the complications of phimosis. […] According to European guidelines outlining the current management of balanoposthitis, the aims of management are to minimize sexual dysfunction and urinary dysfunction, exclude penile cancer, treat premalignant disease, and diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections. […] Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. […] Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. […] Older age has been identified as a risk factor for candidal balanitis. […] Zoon balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis) is an inflammatory condition that is thought to result from chronic irritation and that presents as a well-demarcated shiny erythematous patch or plaque over the genital mucosa.

• #72 Balanitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537143/

  Balanitis can occur at any age, affecting approximately 1 in every 25 boys and 1 in 30 uncircumcised men during their lifetime. Boys younger than 4 years and uncircumcised men are the highest-risk groups. Balanitis accounts for approximately 11% of all male patients treated by urologists in the United States. Globally, about 3% of all uncircumcised men are affected. […] Data from meta-analyses show that circumcised men have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis compared to uncircumcised males and that individuals with balanitis have a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of penile cancer. Diabetes is the most common underlying condition predisposing adult males to balanitis. Overall, balanitis affects about 16% of men with diabetes compared to just 5.8% of men without diabetes. […] An association exists between nonspecific balanoposthitis and an uncircumcised penis, especially with phimosis. The data strongly suggest that circumcision prevents or protects against common infective penile dermatoses, although there may not be a direct causation.

• #73 Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis | Publisso

  https://series.publisso.de/en/publisso_gold/publishing/books/overview/52/22

  Balanitis and related inflammatory conditions affecting the penis are common in uncircumcised males of all ages. Reducing the prevalence of penile inflammation is therefore important. The degree of reduction in prevalence of balanitis by circumcision was found to be 68% in a meta-analysis. Another meta-analysis showed that balanitis is associated with a 3.8-fold increased risk of penile cancer. The prevalence of penile inflammatory conditions greatly exceeds the incidence of adverse events associated with circumcision procedures. Recent evidence-based policy statements recognize the protection afforded by circumcision against penile inflammatory conditions. Balanitis affects approximately 4% of boys, most commonly during the pre-school years. Lack of circumcision is a predisposing factor, especially when the foreskin is partly or completely non-retractable. In boys, the incidence of balanitis was reported as being twice as high in those who were not circumcised. Balanitis is especially common in uncircumcised boys with phimosis compared with those without phimosis. Circumcision of men reduces the risk of bacterial vaginosis in their female partners. A meta-analysis of relevant studies found that the prevalence of balanitis was 68% lower in circumcised vs. uncircumcised males. The definitive treatment for balanitis is circumcision. The benefits of male circumcision in reducing the prevalence and incidence of penile inflammation and other adverse medical conditions have to be weighed against the risks of adverse events arising from the circumcision procedures. The compelling evidence for benefits of male circumcision in protection against penile inflammatory conditions raises several issues for further research.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2024/01000/zoon_s_balanitis___update_of_clinical_spectrum_and.10.aspx

  Known to be a disease of males over 30 years of age, it has also been reported in paediatric patients as young as 7 months of age. […] It is generally considered to be a benign condition, and its association with malignancies has been rarely reported (only three case reports so far). […] A possible association between Zoons balanitis and penile cancer could be that of chronic inflammation. […] This highlights the importance of long-term follow-up and adequate treatment of Zoons balanitis. […] Histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis despite emerging diagnostic modalities like reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and dermoscopy. […] The management is still a challenge for the dermatologist. […] Since there have been reports of association of this condition with malignancy, prompt diagnosis and long-term follow-up are advised.

• #75 Chronic balanitis: When should we be concerned?

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/chronic-balanitis

  The most likely diagnosis is Zoons balanitis, a benign disease occurring almost exclusively in uncircumcised older men and accounting for up to 10% of all reported balanitis cases. Its aetiology is thought to be associated with inadequate bathing and/or contextual dysfunction of the prepuce, causing either urine retention, smegma build-up, friction or heat, which ultimately results in chronic irritation of the mucosa. […] Given concerns regarding malignancy (eg Erythroplasia of Queyrat), it is recommended to maintain regular follow-up for at least five years, with intervals dependent on the clinical progression and treatment used. […] There is a variety of aetiologies for balanitis, including infective, inflammatory and neoplastic. […] Lesions that have not resolved despite treatment should be biopsied to rule out malignancy. […] Circumcision is an important management option for patients with balanitis.

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