Materiały źródłowe

• #1 White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8477625/

  Peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.42% in Europe and the United States. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy in the United States has been reported to have increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades, from 0.4% in 1997 to 0.8% in 2002 and 1.4% in 2008. […] Currently, 12% of children are affected in the Western world. […] The reasons for the increase in prevalence of peanut allergy are not known and are likely multifaceted; however, sensitization via the skin appears to be associated with the later development of peanut allergy and atopic eczema in infancy is associated with a high risk of developing peanut allergy.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  The percentage of the U.S. adult population living with peanut allergy has been estimated at 3 percent in 20152016, compared to less than 1 percent in 1999.5 […] In the U.S., childhood food allergy prevalence has increased at faster rates among Black Americans (2.1 percent per decade) and Hispanic Americans (1.2 percent per decade) than among White Americans (1 percent per decade), according to a study of self-reported allergy.13 […] Each year in the U.S., 3.4 million patients (about the population of Oklahoma) have a food allergy related emergency room visit. This means that every 10 seconds a food allergy reaction sends a patient to the emergency room.7,8,9 […] More than 40 percent of children with food allergies have experienced a severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis.9 […] Anaphylaxis (a-nuh-fuh-LAK-suhs) is a serious allergic response that often involves swelling, hives, lowered blood pressure and in severe cases, shock.

• #1 Peanut, tree nut, and seed allergy: Clinical features – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peanut-tree-nut-and-seed-allergy-clinical-features

  Peanut, tree nut, and seed allergies are some of most common food allergies in both children and adults. These allergies tend to cause severe reactions and usually persist over time. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of peanut, tree nut, and seed allergies are presented in this topic review. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy is variable worldwide. The highest rates are seen in westernized countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, where the prevalence is approximately 1 to 2 percent. However, rates are lower in other westernized countries such as France (0.3 to 0.7 percent), Denmark (0.2 to 0.6 percent), and Israel (0.04 to 0.17 percent). Peanut allergy is rare in Asia, where peanut is often not found on the list of most common allergenic foods.

• #1 Peanut, tree nut, and seed allergy: Clinical features – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peanut-tree-nut-and-seed-allergy-clinical-features

  Data suggest that the rate of peanut allergy is increasing in some countries, such as the US and UK, although it may be leveling off. The rate appears stable in other countries including Canada. […] Tree nuts and seeds are also common food allergens. Sesame and mustard are the most common seed allergies reported, but allergy to other seeds can occur. The reported prevalence of sesame seed allergy in France, based upon data from the national databank, was 2 percent in children and 5 percent in adults. However, patient-reported food allergy typically exceeds challenge-proven symptomatic allergy. Studies in the US using symptom-report criteria convincing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated allergy reported a sesame allergy prevalence of 0.2 percent, and an Australian study of food challenge-confirmed allergy found a sesame allergy prevalence of 0.8 percent. The prevalence of tree nut allergy was similar to that of peanut allergy in a general population survey in the United States.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Epidemic Infographic Click here to download this infographic Download „Food Allergy Facts and Statistics for the U.S.” (includes citations) Click here […] In 2004, eight major food allergensmilk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish and crustacean shellfishwere identified as responsible for at least 90 percent of the serious food allergy reactions in the U.S.1 […] The most common food allergies in children are allergies to peanut, milk, shellfish, and tree nut.9 […] Approximately 33 million people in the United States have at least one food allergy.7,8,9 […] In the United States, the prevalence of self-reported peanut or tree nut allergy in children more than tripled between 1997 and 2008.12 […] An analysis of health insurance claims data found that annual incidence of peanut allergy in one-year-olds tripled between 2001 and 2017.75

• #1 Time trends in the prevalence of peanut allergy: three cohorts of children from the same geographical location in the UK. – ePrints Soton

  https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/146355/

  Time trends in the prevalence of peanut allergy: three cohorts of children from the same geographical location in the UK. Background: This article investigated the prevalence of peanut allergy in three cohorts of children born in the same geographical location, Isle of Wight, UK and seeks to determine whether the prevalence of peanut allergy has changed between 1994 and 2004. […] Results: Peanut sensitization increased significantly from 1.3% in Cohort A to 3.3% (P = 0.003) in Cohort B before falling back to 2.0% in Cohort C (P = 0.145). Similarly, clinical peanut allergy increased significantly from 0.5% in Cohort A to 1.4% (P = 0.023) in Cohort B, with a subsequent fall to 1.2% in Cohort C (P = 0.850). […] Conclusions: Our data from three cohorts of 3- to 4-year-old children born in the same geographical area shows that peanut allergy prevalence has changed over time. Peanut sensitization and reported allergy in children born in 1994-1996 increased from 1989 but seems to have stabilized or slightly decreased since the late 1990s, although not significant.

• #1 The prevalence, natural history and time trends of peanut allergy over the first 10 years of life in two cohorts born in the same geographical location 12 years apart – ePrints Soton

  https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/431190/

  The aim of this study was to explore the natural history of peanut allergy in childhood in two birth cohorts from the same geographical region in the South of England. […] In the FAIR cohort, the prevalence of sensitization to peanut was 0.4%, 2.0%, 2.0% and 2.4% at 1, 2, 3 and 10 years, respectively. At 10 years of age, 12 of 828 (1.5%) children were diagnosed with peanut allergy. […] Over the first 10 years of life, 13 of 934 (1.4%) children were diagnosed with peanut allergy. […] In the IOW cohort, 6 of 1034 (0.58%) were diagnosed with peanut allergy at 10 years. […] Peanut allergy appears to be stable over the first 10 years of life in our cohorts. There was no significant difference in peanut sensitization or clinical peanut allergy between 1989 and 2001.

• #1 Peanut Allergy Market Size, Trends and Forecast 2025-2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/peanut-allergy-market

  The estimated prevalence of peanut allergy among US adults was 1.8%, with more than one in every six persons with peanut allergy having adult-onset allergy. […] Peanut allergy commonly develops in childhood, with symptoms appearing as early as four months of age and frequently within the first two years of life. […] According to certain studies, the severity of peanut-related symptoms increases with age. […] Approximately 20% of children will naturally overcome their peanut allergy and tolerate it without incident later in life. […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2019-2035) of peanut allergy across the seven major markets? […] What is the size of the peanut allergy patient pool (2019-2024) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2025-2035) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of peanut allergy? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?

• #1 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. […] Considering the epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%-8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%-4% that remain stable through the years.

• #1 Epidemiology of childhood peanut allergy: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2015/00000036/00000001/art00011

  Although peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies, no study has comprehensively described the epidemiology of the condition among the general pediatric population. Our objective was to better characterize peanut allergy prevalence, diagnosis trends, and reaction history among affected children identified from a representative sample of United States households with children. […] Of the 3218 children identified with food allergy, 754 (24.8%) were reported to have a peanut allergy. Peanut allergy was reported most often among 6- to 10-year-old children (25.5%), white children (47.7%), and children from households with an annual income of $50,000$99,999 (41.7%). […] Although peanut allergy was diagnosed by a physician in 76% of cases, significantly more peanut allergy reactions were severe as compared with reactions to other foods (53.7% versus 41.0%, p

• #1 State-By-State Data for Food Allergy – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/state-state-data-food-allergy

  FAIR Health found that peanuts were the most common specifically identified food causing anaphylaxis, accounting for 26 percent of claim lines with anaphylactic food reaction. […] Different allergies were associated with different age groups. In the period 2007-2016, the age group 6-10 years accounted for 28 percent of all claim lines with peanut allergy diagnosesbut only 9 percent of all claim lines with food additive allergy diagnoses. […] Food allergies are commonly thought of as a childhood condition, but FAIR Health data show they are a broader issue. About two-thirds (66 percent) of all claim lines with diagnoses of history of food allergy from 2007 to 2016 were attributable to patients 18 years old and younger, but about a third (34 percent) were attributable to those over 18 years old. […] The increase in claim lines with diagnoses of history of food allergy from 2007 to 2016 was greater in rural (110 percent) than urban (70 percent) areas, FAIR Health data show. This finding is striking, given the common thinking that food allergies are much more of an urban than a rural problem.

• #1 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  Among children, males appear to be more affected; among adults, females are more frequently affected. The prevalence of food allergies has been estimated to be up to 8% in infants and children and 3.7 % in adults. However, variations in prevalence have been reported according to method used (self-report, testing, physician evaluation), geographic region, and foods included in the assessment. In a population-based survey study of 40,443 US adults, an estimated 10.8% were food allergic at the time of the survey, whereas nearly 19% of adults believed that they were food allergic. Nearly half of food-allergic adults had at least 1 adult-onset food allergy, and 38% reported at least 1 food allergy-related ED visit in their lifetime. Studies in the United States and the United Kingdom indicate a rise in peanut allergy among young children in the past decade. One study showed an increase of peanut allergy in children from 0.4% in 1997 to 0.8% in 2002. Studies from Canada and the United Kingdom indicate allergy rates to peanut of over 1% in children. A report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicated that 5.8% of children nationwide had a food allergy in 2021. The percentage of children with a food allergy increased with age, from 4.4% in children 05 years old to 5.8% in children 611 years old, and 7.1% in children 1217 years old. Based on available studies, estimations of the rate of food allergies in children have been summarized as follows for common food allergens: Cow milk – 2.5%, Eggs – 1.3%, Peanuts – 0.8%, Wheat – 0.4%, Soy – 0.4%.

• #1 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  Racial and ethnic disparities […] Research indicates that racial and socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of food allergy prevalence, access to care, and health outcomes. According to a 2023 study, in the United States, Hispanic, Black, and Asian individuals experience higher rates of allergies across all age groups. Prevalence rate was 10.6% in Hispanic and Black individuals, 10.5% in Asian individuals, and 9.5% in White individuals. The study also found that prevalence of food allergies was lowest among households in the highest income bracket ( $150,000 annually). Another study found that people of color are less likely to have an allergy diagnosis but have higher rates of food-induced anaphylaxis.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Black children are two to three times more likely than White children to suffer a fatal allergic reaction to food.74 […] Food allergy reactions typically involve foods that are believed to be safe. […] Reports suggest that the majority of fatal food allergy reactions are triggered by food consumed outside the home.18,19,20 […] More than 15 percent of school-aged children with food allergies have had a reaction in school.43,44 […] In a 20132014 survey of over 600 schools participating in a program to provide undesignated (stock) epinephrine for emergency use, more than 10 percent reported at least one case of anaphylaxis.45 […] Approximately 2025 percent of epinephrine administrations in schools involve individuals whose allergy was unknown at the time of the reaction.46

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Pediatric hospitalizations for food allergy tripled between the late 1990s and the mid-2000s.10 […] Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis resulting from food increased by 377 percent between 2007 and 2016.68 […] More than one-quarter of parents surveyed during food allergy appointments report that their children do not participate in camp or sleepovers because of food allergy. […] Compared to children who do not have a medical condition, children with food allergy are twice as likely to be bullied.25 […] Compared to non-Hispanic White children, African American children are at significantly elevated risk of developing food allergy.9 […] Among children on Medicaid, Black children are 7 percent more likely to develop food allergies than White children.16 […] Although a severe or fatal reaction can happen at any age, teenagers and young adults with food allergies are at the highest risk of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis.18,19,20

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  In recent years some cohort studies of children followed from birth, are being carried out in several Latin American countries; this has allowed a better understanding of the characteristics of allergic diseases in the tropics and to identify potential risk factors for food allergy and food sensitization. […] The only Latin American study which evaluated the frequency of AFR was conducted in Cartagena, a city on Colombia’s Caribbean coast, by Marrugo et al. […] Frequency of food sensitization has been reported in some cities from six Latin American countries: Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile and Venezuela. […] The results found in Mexico show that in general, sensitization to egg and peanuts is less than that reported in the United States and Europe, where these sources account for almost 80% of FA.

• #1 Peanut allergy among Mexican adults with allergic respiratory diseases: prevalence and clinical manifestations

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-91902019000300314

  Peanut allergy among adults with respiratory diseases has seldom been studied within Mexico. […] To establish the prevalence of peanut allergy among adults that have been diagnosed with either asthma or allergic rhinitis; we will also be describing the symptoms that are associated with peanut allergy. […] From our sample of 257 patients, 18 tested positive to peanut sensitization, (7.0%; 95% CI = 3.9% to 10.1%); among these 18 participants, 7 were considered to be allergic to peanuts (2.7%; 95% IC: 0.7% to 4.7%). […] In our study, peanut allergy among adults with allergic respiratory diseases is not an uncommon occurrence. […] In Mexico, peanut sensitization appears to be less frequent than in the United States and Europe, where it represents about 80% of food allergies. […] Given these circumstances, the objectives of our study were: Firstly, to determine the prevalence of peanut allergy among a sample group with allergic respiratory diseases, and secondly, to describe the symptoms that are most frequently triggered by peanut ingestion among our sample group of patients.

• #1

  https://www.termedia.pl/Peanut-allergy-epidemiology-pathomechanism-risk-factors-r-nroutes-of-exposure-symptoms-and-prognosis,123,47744,0,1.html

  Peanut allergy is one of the most common types of food allergy worldwide. […] Risk factors for the development of peanut allergy include coexisting atopy, particularly atopic dermatitis, sensitization to egg white, mutation in the filaggrin gene, and a family history of peanut allergy. […] It is currently recognized that the primary route of exposure to peanuts is important for the development of sensitization or tolerance early oral exposure favors tolerance, while transdermal exposure the development of allergy. […] Most allergic children react to the first oral exposure to the allergen, even if they have not previously consumed it. […] Symptoms after peanut ingestion develop similarly to those in a typical IgE-mediated reaction, i.e., within seconds to 2 h after contact with the allergen.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241022/Study-finds-connection-between-air-pollution-and-childhood-peanut-allergies.aspx

  Exposure to higher levels of air pollution as a baby is linked to having a peanut allergy throughout childhood, according to a new study. […] The study found that higher levels of air pollution was a risk factor for the development and persistence of peanut allergies. […] Policies aimed at tackling air pollution could potentially reduce the development and persistence of peanut allergy. […] The research highlights the importance of early-life interventions aimed at reducing exposure to air pollution, which could potentially prevent peanut allergies and other poor child health outcomes. […] Multiple factors are behind the allergy epidemic and if higher levels of air pollution are impacting the prevalence and persistence then that’s an important discovery for families.

• #1 White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8477625/

  Peanut and hazelnut allergies frequently occur at preschool age, in 55% of children by 2 years of age and in 92% by 7 years of age. […] The daily burden due to peanut allergy can be substantial. […] Peanut-allergic children have a poorer quality of life than children with diabetes mellitus, mainly due to the potential dangers in the everyday environment and the fear of fatal anaphylaxis. […] A recent Europe-wide study shows that peanut allergy has a day-to-day impact on more than 80% of affected children and their parents/caregivers. […] The presence of peanut allergy leads to high costs for the healthcare system. […] The standard of care to date has been to educate patients, caregivers, and families to avoid peanuts and peanut-containing products and to prescribe emergency medications.

• #1 Allergy to Peanuts imPacting Emotions And Life (APPEAL): The impact of peanut allergy on children, teenagers, adults and caregivers in the UK and Ireland | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262851

  The Allergy to Peanuts imPacting Emotions And Life study (APPEAL) explored the psychosocial burden of living with self-reported peanut allergy experienced by children, teenagers, adults and caregivers in the UK and Ireland. In the UK and Ireland peanut allergy (PA) is the third most common food allergy, affecting between 0.5-2.5% of children and up to 0.5% of adults. The APPEAL study was conducted to explore the psychosocial burden of living with PA in Europe. The results of the study overall have been published; however, this article focuses on the results collected from participants in the UK and Ireland only because they have similar cultures, food habits, and healthcare systems. The survey phase of the study showed the high proportion of people with PA and their caregivers reporting negative emotions such as frustration, stress, worry and uncertainty due to PA. The qualitative data highlight the different coping strategies used and the wide variation in the level of impact, with some participants reporting high levels of burden while others with the same perceived severity of PA report minimal burden. This large survey and interview study highlights the psychosocial burden of PA in the UK and Ireland for adults, teenagers, children and caregivers. The results demonstrate the wide variation in level of impact of PA and the unmet need for those individuals who experience a substantial burden from living with PA.

• #1 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/

  In the same year, 19.2% of emergency admissions were for anaphylactic reactions and 19.2% were for ‘Other’ allergic reactions. The lowest number of emergency admissions was for allergic rhinitis (1.0%). (HSCIC, 2014) […] In the UK, allergic diseases across all ages costs the NHS an estimated £900 million a year, mostly through prescribed treatments in primary care, representing 10% of the GP prescribing budget. (Venter, 2009) […] Food allergies are a cause of particular concern in young children, where the incidence of food allergy (often life threatening) is estimated to be greater in toddlers (5-8%) than in adults (1-2%) (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Food allergy affects 3-6% of children in the developed world (3). In the UK, it is estimated that the prevalence for food allergy is 7.1% in breast-fed infants, with 1 in 40 developing peanut allergy and 1 in 20 developing egg allergy (BSACI, 2011)

• #1 Peanut allergy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_allergy

  Peanut allergy is one of the most dangerous food allergies, and one of the least likely to be outgrown. In Western countries, the incidence of peanut allergy is between 1.5% and 3%. There has been a sudden increase in number of cases in the early 21st century. […] It is one of the most common causes of food-related deaths. A meta-analysis found that death due to overall food-induced anaphylaxis was 1.8 per million person-years in people having food allergies, with peanut as the most common allergen. […] The percentage of people with peanut allergies is approximately 0.6% in the United States. In a 2008 study, self-reported incidence of peanut allergy was estimated to affect 1.4% of children in the United States, triple the 0.4% rate found in a 1997 study. […] Frequency among adults and children is similar around 1% but one study showed self-reports of peanut allergy are on the rise in children in the United States. The number of young children self-reporting the allergy doubled between 1997 and 2002. Studies have found that self-reported rates of food allergies is higher than clinically observed rates of food allergies. The rates in self-reported incidence of the allergy, previously thought to be rare, may not be correlated with medical data confirming the self-reported incidence.

• #1 White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8477625/

  The risk of accidental exposure to peanut is still high among individuals with peanut allergy. […] A comprehensive education and management plan that includes verbal and written advice on nut avoidance and treatment of allergic reactions can effectively reduce both the severity and the number of future reactions. […] Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies in Western nations and is often a lifelong condition. […] Allergy to peanut is among the common causes of food-allergy-related anaphylaxis and emergency department admissions.

• #1 New National Push to Improve Anaphylaxis Response in Childcare Centers, with Alice Hoyt, MD

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/new-national-push-to-improve-anaphylaxis-response-in-childcare-centers-with-alice-hoyt-md

  Approximately 12 million children 5 years attend childcare in the US, and up to one-third of food allergic reactions at these centers or schools occur without a food allergy diagnosis. […] According to Food Allergy Research Education (FARE), the food allergy prevalence has been rising for decades, increasing 50% between 1997 and 2011 and again by 50% between 2007 and 2021. […] People started reporting food allergies in the 1990s, and it wasn’t until the 1990s that people saw an uptick in peanut allergy. […] Around 2015, a study showed that early introduction of peanuts could significantly reduce the likelihood of infants developing a peanut allergy. […] Hoyt said a large gap in early recognition and response to anaphylaxis in children 5 years is misunderstanding the symptoms. […] In children, anaphylaxis occurs within the first 30 minutes of allergen exposure and presents with symptoms from 2 systems, such as the respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, or nervous systems. […] It’s really important that we provide early childcare professionals with evidence-based up to date information on what anaphylaxis looks like, how to prevent it, how to recognize it, and how to respond to it.

• #1 FOOD ALLERGY NEWS: Eating gradually increasing doses of store-bought, home-measured peanut butter for about 18 months in a clinical trial enabled 100% of children with #PeanutAllergy who initially could tolerate at least half a peanut to eat three tablesp

  https://www.facebook.com/niaid.nih/posts/food-allergy-news-eating-gradually-increasing-doses-of-store-bought-home-measure/1028474312641511/

  FOOD ALLERGY NEWS: Eating gradually increasing doses of store-bought, home-measured peanut butter for about 18 months in a clinical trial enabled 100% of children with #PeanutAllergy who initially could tolerate at least half a peanut to eat three tablespoons of peanut butter without an allergic reaction. This easy-to-implement treatment strategy could potentially fulfill an unmet need for about half of children with peanut allergy, who already can tolerate the equivalent of at least half a peanut. […] The findings come from a study sponsored and funded by #NIAID and published in the journal NEJM Evidence.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043

  There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. […] Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] In Western countries, challenge-diagnosed food allergy has been reported to be as high as 10%, with the greatest prevalence noted among younger children. […] There is also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in developing countries, with rates of challenge-diagnosed food allergy in China and Africa reported to be similar to that in Western countries. […] An important consideration when evaluating time trends in food allergy prevalence is that the point prevalence is determined by the combined impact of new incident cases and resolution of existing cases.

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  Food allergy is growing worldwide at an alarming rate. […] The objective of this review was to analyse the epidemiological studies in Latin America about food allergy and to compare them with the studies in the United States and Europe. […] Currently, the prevalence of food allergies varies widely between studies: in self-report studies higher frequencies are found (10-15%) than when objective methods such as oral provocation are used (1-3%). […] Most studies on food allergy have been conducted in Europe and United States and little is known about food allergy in Latin America, where there is a high cultural diversity which makes dietary habits and food preparation different to European countries and the United States. […] Although several Latin American groups are describing allergenic proteins and trying to produce hypoallergenic foods, little is known about the frequency of sensitization to foods and possible risk factors in Latin America, so the aim of this article is to review the available information on the epidemiology of sensitization and food allergy in Latin America and see if there are important differences with the frequency reported in Europe and the United States.

• #1 Prevalence and characteristics of peanut allergy in US adults – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579526/

  Peanut allergy (PA) is the leading pediatric food allergy and a common cause of anaphylaxis. Little is known, however, on the prevalence and characteristics of PA in the adult population and whether phenotypic differences exist between adult-onset and childhood-onset PA. […] The prevalence of current self-reported PA was 2.9% among US adults, with 1.8% having convincing PA. Over 17% of adults with peanut allergy reported onset of their PA in adulthood. […] Approximately 4.6 million US adults have PA-over 800,000 of whom appear to have developed their PA after age 18 years. Further examination of phenotypic differences between childhood-onset and adult-onset PA may improve understanding and management of adult PA.

• #1 Peanut Allergy: Epidemiology Forecast to 2027

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/peanut-allergy-epidemiology-forecast-to-2027/

  In the 8MM, GlobalData epidemiologists forecast the probable diagnosed prevalent cases of peanut allergy to increase from 6,899,534 cases in 2017 to 7,271,769 cases in 2027, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 0.54%. The US will have the highest number of probable diagnosed prevalent cases of peanut allergy throughout the forecast period. […] The peanut allergy Epidemiology Forecast Report and Epidemiology Forecast Model provide an overview of the risk factors and global trends of peanut allergy in the seven major markets (8MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Australia, and Canada). […] This report also includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the following segmentations in all ages across the 8MM: probable diagnosed prevalent cases of peanut allergy; probable diagnosed prevalent cases of peanut allergy with associated comorbidity, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, tree nut allergy, and other food allergy; and the probable diagnosed prevalent cases of peanut allergy by severity. The peanut allergy epidemiology forecast report and model were written and developed by Masters- and PhD-level epidemiologists.

• #1 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  The management of respiratory allergies mainly consists of allergen exposure avoidance measures and pharmacotherapy to control symptoms and underlying inflammation. However, a significant proportion of patients continue to experience symptoms in spite of receiving the standard of care. […] The first biologic agents approved for children aged more than 6 years were omalizumab and mepolizumab. Recently, dupilumab has also been approved for treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• #1 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The management of respiratory allergies mainly consists of allergen exposure avoidance measures and pharmacotherapy to control symptoms and underlying inflammation. […] Inhalant allergen immunotherapy was a pioneering empirical treatment first introduced by Noon more than 100 years ago. […] The first biologic agents approved for children aged more than 6 years were omalizumab and mepolizumab. […] There is no question that biologic therapy has advanced the management of allergic diseases, with an impact not only on the outcomes of disease but also on the quality of life of patients.

• #2 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/

  The prevalence of peanut allergy among children in Western countries has doubled in the past 10 years, and peanut allergy is becoming apparent in Africa and Asia (Du Toit, 2015) […] Extrapolating the currently estimated prevalence, this translates to nearly 100,000 new cases annually (in the United States and United Kingdom), affecting some 1 in 50 primary school-aged children in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia (Fleischer, et al., 2015) […] Peanut/tree nuts anaphylaxis is estimated to have a prevalence of 0.25% to 0.95% in the United Kingdom and United States paediatric populations, and appears to be on the increase in the last decade (Cianferoni, 2012)

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z

  Peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.42% in Europe and the United States. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy in the United States has been reported to have increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades, from 0.4% in 1997 to 0.8% in 2002 and 1.4% in 2008. […] Currently, 12% of children are affected in the Western world. […] Although the trend in increased prevalence of peanut allergy is seen in most regions, it is also important to note that the variability of estimates is in part due to the different diagnostic methods, the age of the cohorts, and the populations studied. […] The reasons for the increase in prevalence of peanut allergy are not known and are likely multifaceted; however, sensitization via the skin appears to be associated with the later development of peanut allergy and atopic eczema in infancy is associated with a high risk of developing peanut allergy.

• #2 Prevalence and characteristics of peanut allergy in US adults – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579526/

  Peanut allergy (PA) is the leading pediatric food allergy and a common cause of anaphylaxis. Little is known, however, on the prevalence and characteristics of PA in the adult population and whether phenotypic differences exist between adult-onset and childhood-onset PA. […] The prevalence of current self-reported PA was 2.9% among US adults, with 1.8% having convincing PA. Over 17% of adults with peanut allergy reported onset of their PA in adulthood. […] Approximately 4.6 million US adults have PA-over 800,000 of whom appear to have developed their PA after age 18 years. Further examination of phenotypic differences between childhood-onset and adult-onset PA may improve understanding and management of adult PA.

• #2 Peanut, tree nut, and seed allergy: Clinical features – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peanut-tree-nut-and-seed-allergy-clinical-features/print

  Peanut, tree nut, and seed allergies are some of most common food allergies in both children and adults. These allergies tend to cause severe reactions and usually persist over time. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy is variable worldwide. The highest rates are seen in westernized countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, where the prevalence is approximately 1 to 2 percent. However, rates are lower in other westernized countries such as France (0.3 to 0.7 percent), Denmark (0.2 to 0.6 percent), and Israel (0.04 to 0.17 percent). Peanut allergy is rare in Asia, where peanut is often not found on the list of most common allergenic foods. […] Data suggest that the rate of peanut allergy is increasing in some countries, such as the US and UK, although it may be leveling off. The rate appears stable in other countries including Canada.

• #2 Peanut allergy among Mexican adults with allergic respiratory diseases: prevalence and clinical manifestations

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-91902019000300314

  The prevalence of individuals with peanut allergy (7/257) was 2.7% (95% CI = 0.7-4.7). […] One of our most notable findings was a peanut allergy prevalence of 2.7% among adults with respiratory diseases; additionally, itchiness of throat and palatine stood out, among digestive symptoms associated with this problem. […] Previous studies in Mexico were carried out among children with allergic diseases, where it was observed that peanut allergy prevalence was at 3.3%. […] In our analysis, sensitization to tree pollens, especially the oak, mesquite and alder pollens, was present in almost 80% of the patients. […] It would seem that peanut allergy prevalence is likely triggered by a reactive pollen mixture, especially mixtures found in grasses. […] In closing, there are a considerable number of patients with allergic asthma or rhinitis that are also sensitized to the peanut; among them, almost 40% manifested symptoms, primarily oral symptoms that were linked to peanut ingestion.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z

  Peanut and hazelnut allergies frequently occur at preschool age, in 55% of children by 2 years of age and in 92% by 7 years of age. […] In a recent prospective study of cross-allergy in peanut and nut allergic patients by Brough et al., approximately 30% of patients also reacted to cashew, 28% to walnut and pistachio, 22% to hazelnut, and 20% to pecan. […] Peanut allergy represents a considerable burden on the lives of affected individuals, their families, and caregivers. […] The presence of peanut allergy leads to high costs for the healthcare system. […] While many studies examining the socioeconomic impact of peanut allergy have limitations, the overall trend toward increased cost to the healthcare system is apparent.

• #2 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  Food allergy is growing worldwide at an alarming rate. […] The objective of this review was to analyse the epidemiological studies in Latin America about food allergy and to compare them with the studies in the United States and Europe. […] Currently, the prevalence of food allergies varies widely between studies: in self-report studies higher frequencies are found (10-15%) than when objective methods such as oral provocation are used (1-3%). […] Most studies on food allergy have been conducted in Europe and United States and little is known about food allergy in Latin America, where there is a high cultural diversity which makes dietary habits and food preparation different to European countries and the United States. […] The aim of this article is to review the available information on the epidemiology of sensitization and food allergy in Latin America and see if there are important differences with the frequency reported in Europe and the United States, taking into account the main foods involved, the underlying immune mechanism, and the clinical symptoms associated with allergic reactions.

• #2 New National Push to Improve Anaphylaxis Response in Childcare Centers, with Alice Hoyt, MD

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/new-national-push-to-improve-anaphylaxis-response-in-childcare-centers-with-alice-hoyt-md

  Approximately 12 million children 5 years attend childcare in the US, and up to one-third of food allergic reactions at these centers or schools occur without a food allergy diagnosis. […] According to Food Allergy Research Education (FARE), the food allergy prevalence has been rising for decades, increasing 50% between 1997 and 2011 and again by 50% between 2007 and 2021. […] People started reporting food allergies in the 1990s, and it wasn’t until the 1990s that people saw an uptick in peanut allergy. […] Around 2015, a study showed that early introduction of peanuts could significantly reduce the likelihood of infants developing a peanut allergy. […] Hoyt said a large gap in early recognition and response to anaphylaxis in children 5 years is misunderstanding the symptoms. […] In children, anaphylaxis occurs within the first 30 minutes of allergen exposure and presents with symptoms from 2 systems, such as the respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, or nervous systems. […] It’s really important that we provide early childcare professionals with evidence-based up to date information on what anaphylaxis looks like, how to prevent it, how to recognize it, and how to respond to it.

• #2 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The management of respiratory allergies mainly consists of allergen exposure avoidance measures and pharmacotherapy to control symptoms and underlying inflammation. […] Inhalant allergen immunotherapy was a pioneering empirical treatment first introduced by Noon more than 100 years ago. […] The first biologic agents approved for children aged more than 6 years were omalizumab and mepolizumab. […] There is no question that biologic therapy has advanced the management of allergic diseases, with an impact not only on the outcomes of disease but also on the quality of life of patients.

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