Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Peanut allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376181

  The standard approach to care for peanut allergy is to avoid foods that contain peanuts. Yet researchers continue to study different therapies that will lessen the chance of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment that is meant to train the immune system not to react to certain triggers. This process also is known as desensitization. These therapies may not cure peanut allergy, and they cannot replace emergency treatment for anaphylaxis. However, they may reduce the risk of future severe reactions if contact with peanuts happens. […] Immunotherapy for peanut allergy includes oral immunotherapy (OIT). In OIT, doses of food with peanuts are given to those with or at risk of developing a peanut allergy. These doses are slowly increased over time until the highest tolerated dose is reached.

• #2 Peanut Allergy Treatment | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/peanut-allergy-treatment/

  Peanut allergy immunotherapy is a treatment that focuses on building tolerance to peanut. It desensitizes the body to the allergen. […] Peanut allergy immunotherapy is a treatment, not a cure. It is designed to reduce the frequency and severity of allergic reactions. This includes life-threatening anaphylaxis. […] Peanut allergy immunotherapy should only be done in a medical setting. Emergency treatment should be immediately available in case of an allergic reaction to immunotherapy. Do NOT attempt peanut allergy immunotherapy on your own. […] Peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) is the most common peanut allergy treatment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved one peanut allergy treatment. […] Omalizumab (Xolair) is the first biologic medication approved as a food allergy therapy. It is available to treat peanut allergy.

• #3 Peanut allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376181

  The only way to prevent a reaction is to avoid peanuts and peanut products altogether. However, peanuts are common. Even when you try your best, you’re likely to come into contact with peanuts at some point. […] For a severe allergic reaction, you may need an emergency injection of epinephrine and a visit to the emergency room. Many people with allergies carry an epinephrine autoinjector. This device is a syringe and hidden needle that injects a single dose of medicine when pressed against your thigh. […] Talk with your doctor about carrying emergency medicines in case of a severe reaction.

• #4 Nut and Peanut Allergy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/food-allergy-and-intolerance/nut-allergy

  How to treat a nut allergy […] Avoid nuts wherever possible […] Preventing an allergic reaction from happening in the first place is a key part of living with a nut allergy. So, learn to recognise foods that may contain nuts and avoid them. You may be referred to a dietician to help with this. Advice may include: […] Check the ingredients and food packaging […] Always check food labels, even for products you know, as ingredients can change. Avoiding whole nuts is relatively easy. What is more difficult is avoiding nuts in processed foods. Nuts are not always obviously listed on ingredient labels. For example, peanut can be listed as groundnut, earth nut, monkey nut, mixed nuts, peanut butter, peanut oil, arachis oil and groundnut oil. […] Get a list of nut-free foods from your local supermarket. Take care when you are not preparing your food

• #5 Peanut allergy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376175

  Peanut allergy is the most common cause of anaphylaxis due to food. This medical emergency requires treatment with an epinephrine autoinjector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) and a trip to the emergency room. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline. […] Talk to your care team if you have had any signs or symptoms of peanut allergy. Seek emergency treatment if you have a severe reaction to peanuts. […] Studies have shown a strong link between early peanut exposure and lower food allergy risk. In the studies, peanuts were introduced to high-risk babies and children from 4 months to 3 years old. By doing so, their food allergy risk was reduced up to 80%. Children at risk of peanut allergy include those with mild to severe eczema, egg allergy, or both. Before introducing your child to peanuts, discuss the best approach with your child’s healthcare professional. […] The current state of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for the treatment of food allergy. […] Oral Immunotherapy.

• #6 Food Allergy Treatment & Management | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/food-allergy-treatment-and-management/

  Xolair is an added layer of protection against an allergic reaction. It allows people with food allergies to tolerate an accidental exposure to a food allergen. It also reduces the risk of an allergic reaction. […] The best treatment for a severe food-allergic reaction is epinephrine. This is the only medication that will safely and effectively treat life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis. Use epinephrine first and fast. […] Benadryl is an antihistamine that can treat mild food-allergic reactions. It is not used to treat severe food-allergic-reactions. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for a severe allergic reaction. […] When responding to symptoms of a life-threatening or severe allergic reaction to food, it is critical to use epinephrine immediately. Food allergy research shows that delaying giving epinephrine is the most common cause of death from food allergies.

• #7 Peanut Oral Immunotherapy (OIT)

  https://acaai.org/health-care-providers/peanut-oral-immunotherapy-oit/

  Peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) with peanut allergen powder-dnfp (Palforzia) is an FDA-approved treatment for children ages 4 to 17 years that can help reduce the risk and severity of allergic reactions to peanuts, including anaphylaxis. The therapy consists of daily exposure to peanut protein powder in increasingly larger doses over a six-month period to help your child develop tolerance, followed by daily maintenance doses to maintain effectiveness. […] Treatment requires a commitment to a daily therapy that has likely side effects – such as allergic reactions – that can become less severe over time. Your child must still avoid eating peanuts and carry two epinephrine auto-injectors in case of an accidental exposure. If the therapy is stopped, the benefits will gradually wear off. […] To find out if peanut OIT is right for your child, please see our Peanut Allergy Treatment Shared Decision-Making Tool and consult your allergist. The cost of peanut OIT is often covered or partially covered by health insurance. Work with your allergist to determine the cost based on your insurance coverage.

• #8 Peanut allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376181

  The medicine Peanut Allergen Powder-dnfp (Palforzia) is an FDA-approved form of oral immunotherapy. It is meant to treat children ages 4 to 17 years with a confirmed peanut allergy. This treatment isn’t recommended for people with uncontrolled asthma or certain conditions, including eosinophilic esophagitis. […] Antibody treatment is another method. This medicine is given through injection. Although antibody treatments also involve the immune system, they work differently from other forms of immunotherapy. […] These medicines work by binding to a special protein in the bloodstream that causes a certain allergic reaction. These protective proteins are called antibodies. Once bound to the antibody, the medicine makes the immune system much less sensitive to a certain allergic trigger. Antibody treatments for peanut allergy include omalizumab (Xolair).

• #9 FDA approves first drug for treatment of peanut allergy for children | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-treatment-peanut-allergy-children

  Today the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Palforzia [Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-dnfp] to mitigate allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanuts. Treatment with Palforzia may be initiated in individuals ages 4 through 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy and may be continued in individuals 4 years of age and older. […] When used in conjunction with peanut avoidance, Palforzia provides an FDA-approved treatment option to help reduce the risk of these allergic reactions in children with peanut allergy. […] Treatment with Palforzia consists of three phases: Initial Dose Escalation, Up-Dosing, and Maintenance. […] The effectiveness of Palforzia is supported by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in the U.S., Canada and Europe in approximately 500 peanut-allergic individuals. […] To mitigate the risk of anaphylaxis associated with Palforzia, the FDA is requiring a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) with this approval, which includes elements to assure safe use.

• #10 Food Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) – Colorado Allergy & Asthma Centers, P.C.

  https://coloradoallergy.com/services/oral-immunotherapy-oit/

  OIT can be effective in children to reduce the likelihood of symptoms with accidental exposure of allergenic foods. […] Some individuals may be able to consume food freely in their diet after completing their OIT treatment program. […] After completing the initial dose escalation day and up-dosing (gradually increasing servings as directed by a physician), OIT can safely be administered at home. […] The typical patient can get to the top dose of OIT in 5-6 months. It could take longer if we have to slow down due to food reactions, infections, or scheduling conflicts on your end.

• #11 Oral Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy in Children – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/oral-immunotherapy

  Appointments are every two weeks while your child is in the build-up phase, which lasts about 6-9 months. Once your child has reached the maintenance Palforzia dose, appointments are every few months. […] Researchers believe that Palforzia will be a life-long treatment. […] Palforzia was approved by the FDA after careful review of the findings from the clinical trials. Research found that 67 percent of patients treated with Palforzia were able to eat the equivalent of two peanuts after treatment without symptoms, compared with 4 percent of those that were not treated with Palforzia. […] The most common side effects of Palforzia in clinical trials were itching of the mouth and throat, as well as stomach discomfort. Allergic reactions, including some that required treatment with epinephrine, also occurred in some patients. Side effects were more common when patients were in the build-up phase and usually less frequent as treatment continued.

• #12 Palforzia Peanut Allergy Treatment & Symptoms

  https://uptownallergyasthma.com/peanut-allergy-treatment-palforzia/

  Palforzia cannot cure peanut allergies, but it can be taken for severe peanut allergy treatment and to make all reactions to peanuts less severe. […] Palforzia is only available through a restricted program known as the PALFORZIA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) due to the increased risk of anaphylaxis. […] There are multiple peanut allergy treatments. However, current treatments are not curative. […] Palforzia is a new peanut allergy oral immunotherapy that can help prevent severe allergic reactions. […] If peanut allergies are complicating your life, see a peanut allergy specialist in New Orleans, LA. Doctor Mehta has a reputation for developing strong relationships with her patients and being exceptionally attentive to their needs and concerns. Now offering Palforzia for peanut allergy treatments.

• #13 Peanut Allergy Treatment | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/peanut-allergy-treatment/

  SLIT is another form of peanut allergy treatment. It is not FDA approved. […] Researchers are evaluating Viaskin Peanut (DBV Technologies) is another type of peanut allergy treatment. It is commonly referred to as the peanut patch. […] Peanut allergy OIT is not a cure. Patients must continue to avoid peanut products. […] Important: OIT should only be done under a doctor’s supervision; do NOT try OIT on your own. […] Peanut allergy oral immunotherapy (including Palforzia) is not a home treatment. It is only taken under the care of a qualified allergy specialist and at a medical facility. […] The decision to consider peanut allergy treatment is often a highly personal one for families. […] Talk with a board-certified allergist who specializes in peanut OIT to learn about treatment options for your child.

• #14 Peanut Allergy: Symptoms, Reaction, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21511-peanut-allergy

  Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) works like OIT: You’re exposed to a small amount of peanut protein every day to develop tolerance to it. The difference with SLIT is that you put a liquid containing peanut protein under your tongue and let it dissolve. SLIT must be supervised by a healthcare provider for safety. […] If you’re accidentally exposed to peanuts and have an allergic reaction, your provider might give you or recommend you take or carry: An epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen or Auvi-Q) to use at the first signs of a severe allergic reaction.

• #15 Novel Peanut Allergy Treatment Shown to be Safe, Effective, and Lasting | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2023/02/novel-peanut-allergy-treatment-shown-to-be-safe-effective-and-lasting/

  A four-year phase 2 clinical trial demonstrated that a peanut allergy treatment called sublingual immunotherapy, or SLIT, is effective and safe, while offering durable desensitization to peanuts in peanut-allergic children. […] The research led by corresponding author Edwin Kim, MD, associate professor of pediatrics at the UNC School of Medicine and member of the UNC Childrens Research Institute, shows that a 4 mg dose of peanut SLIT provides strong desensitization that would be expected to protect against accidental exposures to peanut in the majority of children. And most importantly, the clinical study suggests the treatment is safe. […] This study shows that SLIT can desensitize the majority of peanut-allergic children which we think should provide a buffer of protection against these unexpected situations. […] Sublingual immunotherapy is not a cure, but by striking that balance of protecting against allergic reactions while still being easy and safe to do, it could have the potential to help a lot of peanut-allergic patients and their families. Kim said.

• #16 Novel peanut allergy treatment shown to be safe, effective and lasting – The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  https://www.unc.edu/posts/2023/03/28/novel-peanut-allergy-treatment-shown-to-be-safe-effective-and-lasting/

  A four-year phase 2 clinical trial demonstrated that a peanut allergy treatment called sublingual immunotherapy, or SLIT, is effective and safe, while offering durable desensitization to peanuts in peanut-allergic children. […] The research led by corresponding author Dr. Edwin Kim, associate professor of pediatrics at the UNC School of Medicine, shows that a 4 mg dose of peanut SLIT provides strong desensitization that would be expected to protect against accidental exposures to peanut in the majority of children. And most importantly, the clinical study suggests the treatment is safe. […] This study shows that SLIT can desensitize the majority of peanut-allergic children, which we think should provide a buffer of protection against these unexpected situations. […] Sublingual immunotherapy is not a cure, but by striking that balance of protecting against allergic reactions while still being easy and safe to do, it could have the potential to help a lot of peanut-allergic patients and their families, Kim said.

• #17 Food Immunotherapy | Anaphylaxis UK

  https://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/fact-sheet/food-immunotherapy/

  Epicutaneous immunotherapy uses stick-on skin patches to reduce your sensitivity to your food allergen. […] Clinical trials have shown that epicutaneous immunotherapy can work well for peanut allergy. […] EPIT is still an experimental treatment and is only available as part of clinical trials in the UK. […] Many researchers are looking into new ways to improve immunotherapy for food allergies, mainly for peanut, milk and egg.

• #18 Peanut Patch Treatment for Toddlers: Your Questions Answered | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/peanut-patch-treatment-toddlers-your-questions-answered

  A new study involving researchers from Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) found daily use of a peanut patch for one year was effective in desensitizing two-thirds of peanut-allergic toddlers and lessening the likelihood of an allergic reaction upon accidental exposure. […] The peanut patch is not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Currently, it is only available through research trials like the one reported recently in the New England Journal of Medicine, of which CHOP was part. […] There have been studies in older children with peanut allergies, but authors of this study wanted to focus on younger age groups and assess responses to the peanut patch from a safety and efficacy standpoint. […] Patients who are in the peanut patch study are trying to change their immune system through the skin, known as epicutaneous immunotherapy.

• #19 Peanut Patch Treatment for Toddlers: Your Questions Answered | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/peanut-patch-treatment-toddlers-your-questions-answered

  The most common side effects of the peanut patch are redness, itchiness and irritation at the site of the patch, which seems to go away over time. […] The patch is NOT a cure for peanut allergies. Unfortunately, we do not have a cure for peanut allergies. Patients wearing the patch cannot freely eat peanuts. […] The goal of the peanut patch and this type of therapy is to increase the amount (also known as the threshold dose) that may trigger an allergic reaction. […] Two-thirds of the patients tolerated significantly more peanut than they did prior to wearing the patch. […] This was a one-year study. The extension study will tell us more about this age group and whether wearing the patch longer is beneficial. […] Yes, this is the same patch the FDA considered a few years ago and recommended improving the adhesive properties of the patch. […] Researchers (including at CHOP) have looked at using a milk patch for patients with immediate severe allergic reactions to milk. […] As allergists and researchers, we are excited to one day be able to offer patients and their families with food allergy options for therapy over time.

• #20 Got Food Allergies? Omalizumab is a Game Changer in Preventing Severe Reactions | URMC Newsroom

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/publications/health-matters/got-food-allergies

  Finally, some relief has arrived with the drug omalizumab (brand name Xolair), commonly used to treat asthma, nasal polyps, and hives. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that the drug also prevented severe reactions in people with food allergies. […] By taking omalizumab every two or four weeks, many patients had significant protection against allergic reactions from food allergen contamination, particularly life-threatening conditions like anaphylactic shock. In the trial, 79 of the 118 participants who received omalizumab (67%) were able to consume a single dose of at least 600 mg of peanut protein the equivalent of two peanuts without allergic reaction symptoms during the post-treatment challenge, as compared with 4 of the 59 participants who received placebo (7%) demonstrating significant benefit for the treatment group.

• #21 Got Food Allergies? Omalizumab is a Game Changer in Preventing Severe Reactions | URMC Newsroom

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/publications/health-matters/got-food-allergies

  The authors of this study were able to demonstrate the benefit of omalizumab in preventing life threatening allergic reactions resulting from lower dose exposure to multiple food allergens for many patients, said Weis. […] Essentially, omalizumab’s primary benefit is to prevent the negative effects of accidental ingestion. Those with food allergies will still need to avoid directly consuming the foods they are allergic to, and tools to control potentially life-threatening symptoms like intramuscular epinephrine (epi-pens) will still be needed on hand. […] Omalizumab is already available for the public, since it is an existing treatment for other allergic disorders. The URMC allergy team began working with clinical staff and pharmacy even before the study was officially published to make sure processes are in place and to foster equitable access to treatment. Currently, patients aged 1 and over at risk for immediate allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are potential candidates for this medication.

• #22 Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Peanut Allergy Treatment—Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/6/1902

  Peanut allergy is a prevalent and potentially life-threatening condition affecting millions of people worldwide, necessitating strict dietary vigilance. […] Despite its widespread impact, current treatment options are predominantly limited to allergen avoidance and emergency management of allergic reactions. This review explores contemporary immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at achieving long-term relief for individuals with peanut allergy. […] We conducted a comprehensive literature review to discuss different treatment approaches, such as subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), oral immunotherapy (OIT), and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), focusing on their mechanisms, efficacy, and safety profiles. […] Additionally, the review delves into novel approaches such as monoclonal antibodies targeting IgE and other critical immune pathways, adjuvanted therapies utilizing nanoparticles and gut microbiota, and advances in adoptive cell therapy including CAR-T cells and regulatory T cells. […] Furthermore, we highlight some clinical trials that test the efficacy and safety of these novel immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with peanut allergy. […] Collectively, we provide an overview of advancements in immunotherapeutic interventions for peanut allergy and recommendations for personalized immunotherapy regimens, ultimately paving the way for more effective treatment strategies.

• #23 Peanut Allergy Treatment: Your Options

  https://www.healthline.com/health/peanut-allergy-treatment

  Oral immunotherapy involves consuming small, gradually increasing amounts of peanut protein by mouth to build tolerance. […] Epicutaneous immunotherapy involves using a skin patch containing a small amount of peanut protein to desensitize the immune system gradually. […] Biologics for peanut allergies are advanced medications designed to target specific immune system components involved in allergic reactions. […] Research indicates that when used before or alongside oral immunotherapy, omalizumab helps individuals tolerate higher amounts of peanuts and speeds up reaching maintenance doses. […] No cure is currently available for peanut allergies. However, immunotherapy, including oral, epicutaneous, and sublingual methods, has helped some people achieve remission (no symptoms) or decreased sensitivity to peanuts.

• #24 Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Peanut Allergy Treatment—Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/6/1902

  Monoclonal antibodies targeting IgE represent a promising category of immunotherapeutic interventions for peanut allergy. […] These antibodies selectively bind to IgE, thereby attenuating its capacity to initiate allergic reactions in individuals afflicted with peanut allergy. […] Omalizumab, or Xolair by trade, a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, specifically targets an epitope on the CH3 domain of the IgE heavy chain, crucial for its interaction with both high-affinity and low-affinity IgE receptors. […] The clinical trial leading to FDA approval of Omalizumab for food allergy therapy demonstrated a substantial elevation in the threshold for peanut and other food allergens compared to a placebo effect among participants. […] Adjuvanted therapy in peanut allergy involves the use of adjuvants to potentiate the immune response to peanut allergens. […] Nanoparticles, composed of polymers and macromolecules, serve as adjuvants in allergy immunotherapy to enhance the delivery of antigens to the immune system. […] For example, CpG-coated PLGA nanoparticles containing peanut extract have been investigated for their ability to safely deliver peanut allergens in a therapeutic context.

• #25 Peanut Allergy Treatment | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/peanut-allergy-treatment/

  The research suggests that starting peanut OIT at ages 1 to 3 offers a chance of remission. […] Important: do not try peanut OIT with a child at home. There is a risk of a severe allergic reaction. Peanut OIT should only be done under the care of a doctor who specializes in the treatment. […] Most people living with a food allergy simply want protection against accidental exposure. Talk with your allergist about the pros and cons of peanut immunotherapy. Determine whether benefits outweigh the risks. […] For others, peanut OIT may be recommended if accidental exposure to peanut leads to severe allergic reactions; you want to consume peanut as part of your diet.

• #26 Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy in young children | National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/oral-immunotherapy-peanut-allergy-young-children

  Giving peanut oral immunotherapy daily doses of peanut flour to children ages 1 to 3 with peanut allergies desensitized most and induced remission of the allergy in 21%. […] Researchers have been exploring oral immunotherapy to treat peanut allergy. This involves giving people increasing doses of peanut flour over time in order to desensitize them to peanut. […] A new clinical trial further assessed whether oral immunotherapy could treat peanut allergy in very young children. […] The trial included 146 children ages 1 through 3 at five U.S. medical centers. […] Over 30 weeks, the children in the treatment group ate gradually increasing daily doses of peanut protein. […] The researchers found that 71% of children who had received peanut flour were desensitized to peanut, compared to only 2% of those who had received the placebo flour.

• #27 Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy in young children | National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/oral-immunotherapy-peanut-allergy-young-children

  The team found that 21% of children who had received peanut flour could eat peanut six months after treatment without having an allergic reaction. […] The landmark results of the trial suggest a window of opportunity in early childhood to induce remission of peanut allergy through oral immunotherapy, says NIAID Director Dr. Anthony Fauci. It is our hope that these study findings will inform the development of treatment modalities that reduce the burden of peanut allergy in children.

• #28 Boiled Peanut Oral Immunotherapy Continues to Show Promise as a Safe and Effective Allergy Treatment

  https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/news/boiled-peanut

  Research from a UK clinical trial presented at AAAAI Annual Meeting finds a new oral immunotherapy option provides sustained unresponsiveness one year after treatment. A new oral immunotherapy (OIT) treatment using boiled peanut has been found to be both effective and safe, following a Phase 2b/3 randomized controlled trial. Those who completed one year of treatment were all able to tolerate at least 6-8 peanuts. Of the 24 patients who achieved initial desensitization to peanut, 54% demonstrated sustained unresponsiveness and all 24 were still able to tolerate at least 2 peanuts. These results suggest boiled peanut OIT has a favorable safety profile. Boiling peanut results in a modified, hypoallergenic product that can be used to desensitize patients. We’re hopeful that this type of immunotherapy will continue to demonstrate positive results, which will hopefully open doors to safer, more affordable immunotherapy options for patients with peanut allergy.

• #29 Peanut Immunotherapy – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/900_999/0968.html

  Palforzia use is contraindicated for uncontrolled asthma, history of eosinophilic esophagitis or other eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease. […] The FDA requires enrollment in the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program called the Palforzia REMS Program. […] Jones et al (2022) noted that for young children with peanut allergy, dietary avoidance is the current standard of care (SOC). […] The authors concluded that in children with a peanut allergy, initiation of peanut OIT before age 4 years was associated with an increase in both desensitization and remission. […] Casale and Irani (2023) stated that peanut allergy could result in severe, sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions that place a considerable burden on the lives of patients. […] Portnoy et al (2023) noted that PTAH is the 1st oral immunotherapy indicated for children aged 4 to 17 years with peanut allergy. […] In July 2024, the FDA approved a Palforzia label expansion that lowers the age requirement from 4 years of age to 1 year of age and older.

• #30 PALFORZIA | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/allergenics/palforzia

  PALFORZIA is an oral immunotherapy indicated for the mitigation of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut. […] PALFORZIA is approved for use in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy. Initial Dose Escalation may be administered to patients aged 1 through 17 years. Up-Dosing and Maintenance may be continued in patients 1 year of age and older. […] PALFORZIA is to be used in conjunction with a peanut-avoidant diet. Limitation of Use: Not indicated for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.

• #31 PALFORZIA [Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-dnfp]

  https://www.palforzia.com/

  PALFORZIA can help reduce the severity of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut. […] Treatment with PALFORZIA gives children with a peanut allergy controlled exposure to consistent, precise amounts of peanut protein every day, which may help them decrease their sensitivity to small amounts of peanuts over time. […] Treatment with PALFORZIA can help reduce the severity of an allergic reaction from accidental peanut exposure. […] PALFORZIA is a treatment for people who are allergic to peanuts. PALFORZIA can help reduce the severity of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut. […] Because of the risk of severe allergic reactions, PALFORZIA is only available through a restricted program called the PALFORZIA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program. […] PALFORZIA can cause severe allergic reactions called anaphylaxis that may be life-threatening.

• #32 Allergy and Immunology Peanut Allergy Treatment | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/allergy-immunology/peanut-allergy-treatment

  The goal is to reach a daily dose which will protect you against accidental exposure. Over time (usually months) of continued (daily) treatment, most patients (not all) will be able to tolerate larger amounts of the allergenic food. The daily maintenance dose must be ingested in order to maintain desensitization. […] Protection from accidental exposure is the main benefit of Food OIT. Improvement in quality of life has also been reported in research studies. […] Food oral immunotherapy may cause allergic symptoms including sneezing, runny nose, hives and angioedema (swelling below the surface of the skin), flushing, flares of eczema, itching of the eyes, nose, mouth or throat, nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort or pain, cramping, cough, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath. […] It is crucial that emergency medication is ALWAYS available with you/your child as reactions can be unexpected during food OIT. […] All patients undertaking treatment with Palforzia for peanut OIT will need to be enrolled in the Palforzia Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program.

• #33 Peanut Oral Immunotherapy (OIT)

  https://acaai.org/health-care-providers/peanut-oral-immunotherapy-oit/

  After confirming that your child is a good candidate for this treatment, your allergist will work with the product manufacturer, your insurance, and a specialty pharmacy to get your child started on the three-phase treatment process. […] After your child has successfully completed the up-dosing phase, they must continue to take 300 mg of peanut OIT every day at home. This helps your child continue to tolerate small amounts of peanut protein and is necessary for your child’s treatment to remain effective. […] Peanut OIT can cause anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that may be life-threatening. If your child has any of the following symptoms, they should stop taking the therapy, use their epinephrine auto-injector, and seek emergency medical treatment right away. […] For additional information on the possible side effects of peanut OIT, talk with your allergist.

• #34 What a New Peanut Allergy Treatment Means for Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/is-new-peanut-allergy-treatment-potential-cure

  Injectable and combination therapies are also being researched, and new studies are focusing on expanding treatment options to younger children. […] Even with new therapies on the horizon, Dr. Bird cautions that the best treatment for a food allergy will vary for each child. […] Avoidance of the allergen is still a viable option that many families choose until safer and more effective treatments are available.

• #35 Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Peanut Allergy Treatment—Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/6/1902

  Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) may be emerging as a promising approach for addressing peanut allergy. […] This therapy involves the transfer of cells into a patient, which can be sourced from either the patient or a donor, typically derived from the immune system. […] Specific to allergies, Tregs can be infused to regulate the immune response against allergens, such as those responsible for peanut allergy. […] Researchers might consider investigating the administration of Tregs as an innovative therapeutic strategy tailored to peanut proteins. […] Despite advancements in various immunotherapeutic approaches, significant knowledge gaps remain, hindering their efficacy and application. […] Future directions for immunotherapeutic approaches to peanut allergy should focus on exploring the precise immune mechanisms underlying desensitization. […] Personalized medicine approaches are essential for tailoring treatments to individual patient profiles, thereby enhancing efficacy and minimizing variability in responses.

• #36 Kim Receives $1-Million Grant for Novel Multi-nut Allergy Treatment Study | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2024/11/kim-receives-1-million-grant-for-novel-multi-nut-allergy-treatment-study/

  Edwin Kim, MD, MS, director of the UNC Food Allergy Initiative at the UNC School of Medicine, will lead the first study of sublingual immunotherapy to address the feasibility and safety of treating multiple tree nut allergens simultaneously in children. […] An experimental treatment called sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been pioneered at the UNC School of Medicine and shown for peanut allergy to fully desensitize the majority of children under 4 years old allowing them to eat up to 15 peanuts without allergic symptoms. […] The safety seen with SLIT for peanut allergy, commonly recognized as one of the most severe allergies, makes it ideal for multiple tree nut allergy therapy, Kim said. […] Researchers hypothesize tree nut SLIT will be both safe and effective at desensitizing against single and multiple tree nut allergies.

• #37 Kim Receives $1-Million Grant for Novel Multi-nut Allergy Treatment Study | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2024/11/kim-receives-1-million-grant-for-novel-multi-nut-allergy-treatment-study/

  This will be the first study addressing the feasibility and safety of treating multiple food allergens simultaneously with SLIT. […] Kim believes that showing efficacy to foods beyond peanut, and to multiple foods simultaneously, combined with the simplicity and safety of SLIT, could show that SLIT has high potential to be translated into widespread clinical practice.

• #38 Positive mindset about side effects of peanut-allergy treatment improves outcomes | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/02/positive-mindset-about-side-effects-of-peanut-allergy-treatment.html

  The researchers found that participants who were told that mild symptoms were positive were less anxious when they experienced these reactions during treatment compared with those in the „symptoms as side effects” group. […] Families in the „symptoms as positive signals” group were also less likely to skip or reduce doses because of symptom-related anxiety: 4 percent missed a dose compared with 21 percent in the control group. […] By the end of their six-month immunotherapy treatment, when doses increased, children in the „symptoms as positive signals” group experienced fewer non-life-threatening symptoms: 1.2 percent versus 3.5 percent. […] We have shown that a simple change in the way we frame and discuss side effects of a treatment can have a meaningful impact not only on anxiety and adherence but also on the physiological benefits of that treatment. […] We hope that this intervention can be successfully adapted into clinical practice to help [oral immunotherapy] practitioners reduce anxiety among their patients and to make this very promising treatment even more effective and stress-free for patients and their families.

• #39 Peanut Allergy Treatment: Is There a Cure?

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/can-peanut-allergy-be-cured-in-children

  Of the children in the Cleveland Clinic program, more than 80% develop bite-proof tolerance or are building up to that level. […] In 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a medication called Palforzia to lessen allergic reactions to peanuts in children ages 4 to 17. Its the first treatment drug for children with peanut allergies. […] In addition, theres work being done on epicutaneous immunotherapy, where a patch with small amounts of peanut allergen sends peanut protein through the skin to build tolerance. […] Dr. Hong believes the number of children with severe peanut allergies will soon begin to decline. […] Were moving toward a cure, she says, and a lot less worry for families.

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